grammar book semester 2
TRANSCRIPT
Grammar
Diana von Mehren Period 1
Table of Contents (Semester 1)1- Introduction2- Table of Contents3-9 Preterite– 4 Charts – 5 Trigger words– 6 -car, -gar, -zar– 7 spock verbs– 8 Snake – 9 Snakey– 10 Cucaracha
11-14 Imperfect – 12 Charts– 13 Trigger Words– 14 Irregulars
15 Preterite vs. Imperfect16 Ser17 Estar
18 Verbs like Gustar19 Comprartives and
Superlatives20 Transition words21-23 Future24 Por25 Para
Table of Contents (Semester 2)
27-29 Conditional30-35 Perfect Tenses– Present – Past– Irregulars– Subjunctive Perfect
36 Tanto y Tan37 Impersonal “Se”38 Saber vs. Conocer39-48 Commands
49 Subjunctive50 Impersonal
Expressions51-52 Expressions of
Emotions53-54 Conjunctions of
Time55 Demonstrative
Adjectives and Pronouns
PRETERITE
-AR
è amos
aste
ò aron
-ER/-IR
ì imos
iste
iò ieron
Regular Preterite
Trigger Words
• Un día• Una vez• Ayer• Hace un año• Ya• El martes• El mes pasado• Anteayer• Por una hora
-car, -gar, -zar
• to get the same sound for certain verbs, the ending must change.
• Ejemplos:– to get the hard “c” from buscar, you must replace the “c”
with a “qu”:
buscar + -é = busquéto get the hard “g” sound in pagar in the yo form,change the “ge” to a “gu”:
pagar + -é = paguéto get the soft “z” sound in almorzar, in the yo form change the “z” to a “c”
almorzar + -é = almorcé
Spock Words
DarVer
Ir Ser
Hace
r
Dar/Ver
d/v -i d/v -imos
d/v -iste
d/v -io d/v -ieron
Ir/Ser
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste
Fue Fueron
Hacer
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste
Hizo Hicieron
Snake• These verbs are stem changers in the “usted” and
“ustedes” form. • e > i
pedirpreferircompetirrepetirservirsentir
• o > udormirmorir
Snakey
• They need to have a “y” in the usted and ustedes.
• Verbs like leer and oir.
Leer
leí leímos
leiste leísteis
leyó leyeron
Cucaracha
• These verbs change form for preterite.
• These verbs need only the normal preterite ending.
• The verbs in red are the only exceptions• In the plural verb form,
these verbs add “-eron” instead of “-ieron” because they end in “j”s
andar anduv-estar estuv-poder pud-poner pus-querer quis-saber sup-tener tuv-venir vin-decir dij-traer traj-conducir conduj-producir produj-traducir traduj-
Imperfect
-AR
aba ábamos
abas
aba aban
-ER/-IR
ìa ìamos
ìas
ìa ìan
Irregulars
ser ir ver
era iba veìa
eras ibas veìas
era iba veìa
èramos ìbamos veìamos
eran iban veìan
Trigger Words
• A veces • Siempre • Todo los días• Cada día• Muchas veces• Los lunes• Frecuentemente
IrregularsIR
iba íbamos
ibas
iba iban
Verveía veíamos
veías
veía veían
Ser
era éramos
eras
era eran
Preterite vs. Imperfect
Preterite• Actions viewed by the
speaker as completed• Express the beginning or
end of a past action• Narrate a series of past
actions• Used for specific events
imperfect• Ongoing past actions with no
reference to the beginning or end
• Express habitual past actions and events
• Describe physical and emotional states and characteristics
• Used for background information such as time, weather, location.
Ser
•description
D
•origins
O•c
lassifications
C•t
ime
T
•occupation
O
•relationships
R
•possession
P
•events
E
•dates
D
Ser
soy somos
eres sois
es son
Estar
•health
H
•emotions
E
•locations/conditions
L
•present condition
P
•-ar = ando
•-er/ir = iendo
“ING”
Estar
estoy estamos
estás
está estan
Verbs like gustar
• When followed by one or more verbs in the infinitve, the singluar form is used
• Gustar is often used in the conditional to soften a request
• Some examples are:– Aburrir– Encantar– Faltar– Importar– Doler– Interesar
Comparatives and Superlatives
• Comparatives– Más + adjective + que – Menos + adjective + que
• Superlatives– El/la Más + adjective + de – El/la Menos + adjective + de
• Irregulars– Bueno Mejor– viejo mayor– Malo peor– Joven menor
Transition Words
• A pesar de• Aunque• Mientras• Pero• Por lo tanto• Sin embargo• No obstante • también
Future
AR/ER/IRé emosás éisá án
Irregulars
• Decir• Hacer• Poner• Salir• Tener• Valer• Venir• Poder• Querer• Saber• Caber• Haber
• Dir• Har• Pondr• Saldr• Tendr• Valdr• Vendr• Poor• Querr• Sabr• Cabr• Habr
Trigger Words
• El proximo ______– Día, año, semana, hora, etc
• Mañana• En (number)– Día, año, semana, hora, etc
Por
• Passing through• General rather than specific• Location• How long something lasts• The cause of something• An exchange• Doing something of or instead of someone else• A means of transportation• Numbers and time
Para
• For whom something is done• Destination• The purpose for which something is done• To express an opinion• To compare or contrast• To express the idea of a deadline
Conditional Tense
• When is it used?– Possibility– Probability– Wonder– “Would, could, must have, or probably”
Conditional Tense
Conditional Conjugations
ía íamos
ías
ía ían
Conditional Tense
• Irregulars– Caber: yo cabría– Poner: yo pondría– Decir: yo diría– Haber: yo habría– Salir: yo saldría– Hacer: yo haría– Poder: yo podría– Tener: yo tendría– Querer: yo querría– Valer: yo valdría– Saber: yo sabría– Venir: yo vendría
Present Perfect
• Compound tense• Ways to use Perfect Tense– When speaking about something (an action) that
was true in the past and is still true in the present– To indicate an action was completed recently – To tell what you have or have not done
Present Perfect
EndingsAR ADO
IR IDO
ER IDO
HABER
He Hemoes
Has
Ha Han
Past Perfect
• combine the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle
• Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.
Haberhabía habíamos
habías
había habían
Present Perfect
• Irregulars– Abrir- abierto– Cubrir- cubierto– Decir- dicho– Escribir- escrito– Hacer- hecho– Morir- muerto– Poner- puesto– Resolver- resuelto– Romper- roto– Ver- visto– Volver- vuelto– Ir -ido
Subjuntivo Perfecto
• used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect.
• The present subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the present or future, while the present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past.
• Example: Dudo que lo hayas hecho.
Haber + past participle
Haber
Haya hayamos
Hayas
Haya hayan
Tanto y tan
• tan + adjective (adverb) + como– Example: El libro es tan bueno como la película.
• tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como– Example: Juan tiene tanto dinero como María
“Se” Impersonal
• Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb
• When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person
• Se can be used in all tenses
Conocer and saber
• Conocer–People, places, literature
• Saber– Facts and information
Sabersé sabemos
sabes
sabe saben
ConocerConozco conocemos
conoces
conoce conocen
Mandatos
Formal (Ud./Uds.)
• Yo form of a verb• Drop the “o” and add the opposite ending– Ar: “e” – Ir/Er: “a”
• Plural- add an “n”• Examples– hablar:- hable/n– Comer- coma/n
Formal (Ud./Uds.) Irregular• Tener- tengo --> tengue/en
• Venir- vengo --> venga/an
• Dar/Decir- dé/en or diga/an
• Ir- voy --> vaya/an
• Ser-sea/an
• Hacer- hago --> haga/an
• Estoy- estoy --> esté/en
• Saber- sepá/an
Tú Affirmative
• Conjugate the verb in the tú form and drop the “s”
• Examples– Hablar: habla– Comer: come
Tú Affirmative- Irregulars
• Decir- di• Hacer- haz• Ir- ve• Poner- pon• Salir- sal• Tener- ten• Venir- ven
Negative Tú Mandatos
• Yo form then drop the “o”• Add the opposite tú ending• Examples– Hablar: No hables– Comer: No comas
Negative Tú Mandatos- Irregulars
• Tener- tengas
• Venir- vengas
• Decir- digas
• Ir- vayas
• Ser-sayas
• Hacer- hagas
• Estoy- estes
• Saber- sepas
Nosotros Mandatos
• Yo form of the verb in present tense, drop the “o” and add the opposite nosotros ending
• Example– Hablar: hablemos– Comer: comamos
• With reflexive verbs, you drop the final “S” of the command form before attaching the reflexive pronoun– Levantemos: nos levantèmonos
IOP/DOP Placement
• Commands– object pronouns are attached directly to the end
of the imperative form of the verb• Example: Cómprelo Ud• Example: Cómpralo
– If both direct and indirect object pronouns are attached, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun• Example: Cómprelo Ud. Cómpremelo Ud.
IOP/DOP Placement
• Negative Commands– the object pronouns come before the imperative
form of the verb• Example: No lo compre.
– If there are both direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun.• Example: No me lo compre.
Present SubjunctiveAttitudes, uncertain, hypothetical
Yo form drop "o"change to opposite
vowel
Example:
Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
(I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.)
Irregulars: Tener-tenga, Venir- venga, Decir- diga Dar- dé, Ir- vaya, Ser- se, Hacer- haga Haber- haya, Estar- este, Saber- sepa
Impersonal
•Es bueno que…
•Es mejor que…
Example: Es bueno que vaya el doctor.
•Es malo que…
•Es importante que…
Example: Es muy importante que
aprendas el subjuntivo.
•Es necesario que…
•Es fácil que…
Example: Es necesario que estudien para el
examen.
Expressions of Emotions
Main clause: hope, fear, joy, pity, and
suprise
Subordinante clause: Use Subjunctive
Example: Nos alegramos que te gustan las floras.
Expressions of Emotions
When there is not a change of subject, use the infinitive Example: Temo llegar tarde.
Expressions of Emotions: •Alegarse, esperar, sentir, soprender,
temer, es triste, ojalá que
Conjunctions of Time• take the indicative when the action in the
subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future
• Example: Trabajé hasta que mis niños me llamaron.– I worked until my kids called
Conjunctions of TimeConjunctions of Time
así que as soon as
cuando when
despues de que after
en cuanto as soon as
hasta que until
luego que as soon as
tan pronto como as soon as
Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
• “this” “that “these” “those”• Ejemplos:– Adjectives:
• Este libro es facil.– This book is easy.
• Yo quiero esta taza.– I want that cup
– Pronouns• Yo quiero este.
– I want that.
• ¿Que es ese?– What is that?
Singular
Male Female
este esta (this)
ese esa (that)
aquel aquella (that over there)
Plural
Male Female
estos estas (this)
esos esas (that)
aquellos aquellas (that over there)