grammar book new
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Grammar Book #2Anita Sherry
1st period
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Table of Contents (2nd semester)> Conditional + irregulars> Perfect Tenseso Presento Pasto Present perfect irregularso Subjunctive perfect>tanto y tan> Impersonal ‘se’> Saber vs. Conocer> Los Mandatos> Informal/Formalo Affirmativeo Negativeo Irregularo DOP + IOP placement> Nosotros commando -mono verbs> Subjunctive + irregularso Trigger phrases □ Impersonal expressions □ Expressions of emotion □ Conjunctions of time> Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
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Conditional Tense• Used to make a request or for probability• Conditional = English “would”• NOT for past tense
-ía
-ías
-ías -ían
-íaís
-íamos
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Conditional Irregulars• Hacer
• Saber
• Tener
• Habría
• Sabría
• Tendría
Example: Si pudiera vivir nuevamentemi vida… En la proxima trataría de
cometer más errores
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Perfect Tenses
PresentFormed by combining “has/have” with past participle. Haber he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, hanExample: He comido. ( I have eaten.)
PastFormed by combining “had” with past participle.Haber Había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían. Example: Había
vivido. ( I have lived. )
FutureFormed by combining “haber” with past participle.Haber Habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habránExample: Habré escrito el libro antes de escuela.
SubjunctiveFormed by combining
present subjunctive with past participleHaberHaya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayais, hayan
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Tan
Adj. and adv.
Tan…comoAs..as
Tanto
Nouns and verbs
As much as
Tanto…como
Tan y Tanto
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Impersonal “se” Forming
Verbs are always 3rd person singular and commonly followed by a direct object
Se + 3rd person singular
When is it used?* Impersonal se is used when the subject of a sentence is not specified but it IS human
ExamplesSe habla espanol aqui.
Se prohibe fumar.
No se permite fotos aqui.
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SaberSaber is used with to know “how” information
For example, “Yo sé jugar las cartas.”
Conocer
Sé, sabes, sabe, supe, supiste, supo
For example, “Yo conozco a el.”
Saber vs. Conocer
Conocer is used to refer to people, places, literature…
Conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocen
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Usted Commands“yo” form drop O add opp. ending
Ustedes Commands“yo” form drop O add opp./plural
ending
IrregularsGO to GA (Present tense irregular “yo”
verbs)
Formal Commands
-ar verbs (e) and –er verbs (a)
-ar verbs (en) and –er verbs (an)
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Affirmative vs. Negative Commands
Affirmative Tu
3rd person verb (-a) or
(-e)Example:
Hablar- Habla
Negative Tu“yo” form
drop O add opp. Ending
Example: Hablar-Hables
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DOP Placement
Affirmative commands
DOP goes at the end
Example: Cómpralas
Negative CommandsDOP in front
of commandExample:
No las compres
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Nosotros Commands
How
•Yo form of the verb in present tense
•Drop O and add opposite ending
Example
•Hablar: HablEMOS
•Comer: ComAMOS
Monos
•Drop final “s” with reflexive verbs
•Non-example: HableMOSNOS
•Example: HableMONOS
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Objectivity Subjectivity
Certainty Possibility
Facts Hypothetical
Indicative SubjunctiveSubjunctive: attitudes towards events or actions, uncertain, hypothetical
Indicative mood: facts, real, definite
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Add opposite ending
Drop the ending of the
verb
Start with the infinitive/ “yo”
form of the verb
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Dar• “To give”• Dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den
Estar• “To be”• Esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén
Haber• “To have”• Haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan
Ir• “To go” • Vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan
Saber• “To know”• Sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan
Ser
• “To be” • Sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean
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How to introduce the subjunctive:• Because there must be some uncertainty to use the
subjunctive, a dependent clause will introduce it.
es necesario que ...It’s necessary That…
es imposible que ...It’s impossible That…
es importante que ...It’s important That…
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Expressions of Emotion
Ojala que…
I hope/wish that…
Esperar que…
To wait that…Alegrarse de…
To be happy that…
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Conjunctions of Time
Despues de que…
After…
Cuando…
When…Así que…
As soon as…
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Demonstrative Adjectives*Used to point at something
Typesplural masculine estos (these) esos (those)
aquellos (those)
plural feminine estas (those) esas (that)
aquellas (those)
Typessingular feminine
esta (these) esa (that)
aquella (that)
ese (that) aquel (that)