S A N C H O H A Y E S

GRAMMAR BOOK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Nationalities

2. Stem changers3. Para4. Adjectives5. Object Pronoun Placement6. DOP7. IOP8. Ser vs. estar9. -isimo10. Verbs like gustar11. Affirmatives and negative words12. Pero vs. sino13. DOP/IOP/Se14. Reflexive verbs15. Tu commands, aff. and neg.16. Adverbios17. Modal verbs18. Past participles as adjectives

19. Preterite

NATIONALITIES

País Nacionalidad

México Mexicano

Guatemala Guatemalteco

Honduras Hondureño

El Salvador Salvadoreño

Nicaragua Nicaragüense

Costa Rica Costarricense

Panamá Panameño

Cuba Cubano

Republica dominicana Dominicano

Puerto Rico Puertorriqueño

Venezuela Venezolano

País Nacionalidad

Perú Peruano

Paraguay Paraguayo

Bolivia Boliviano

Chile Chileno

Argentina Argentino

Uruguay Uruguayo

España Español

Guinea

ecuatorial

Guineano

Ecuador Ecuatoriano

Colombia Colombiano

STEM CHANGING VERBS

O-ue verbs

Ex. poder

puedo podemos

puedes podeis

puede pueden

E-I verbs

Ex. peder

pido pidemos

pides pidéis

pide piden

PARA

Physical location

Most often used for

Recipients

Deadlines

Goals

Ex. Viajo por Santiago mañana.

Ex. La Flora es por Kara

Ex. Necesita la presentación por jueves.

Ex. Trabaja mucho por ganar mas dinero.

ADJECTIVES

Nouns ending in a vowel +s

El lago los lagos

Nouns ending in a consanant + es

El arbol los arboles

Nouns ending in z -ces

El lapiz los lapices

If adj. ends in a e +s

If adj ends in a consanant +es

If adj is referred to a nationality it must match

BUT

las muchachas inglesas

Los muchachos ingleses.

PRONOUN PLACEMENT

• Attatch the pronoun to the infinitive

• Voy a comerlo

• 2. Attatch the pn to a progressive

• Estoy comiendolo

• attatch the prn to an affirmative command

• !Comolo!

• Place the pn b4 a conjugated verb

• Lo voy a comer

DOP

• Put before the verb or attached to an affirmative

command or a present progressive verb.

• The object the verb is doing

• Ex. Miro la tele La miro

Me Nos

Te Os

Lo/la Los/las

IOP

• Put before the DOP and the verb

• Tells to whom or for whom the verb is

talking about

• Ex. Doy el lápiz a Spencer. Le doy

el lápiz.

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

SER VS ESTAR

Ser Estar

• Identify people To be • Physical States/Conditions

• Used with de to show possession

• Emotional states

• Occupation• Nationalities• What something is made

of• Date• Where/ when an event

takes place• General observations• Mala= bad

• Location/ spatial relationships

• Health• Weather expressions• Ongoing expressions• Variable or changing

characteristics.• Mala= sick

Soy Somos Estoy Estamos

Eres Soís Estas Estaís

Es Son Esta Estan

-ISIMO

-isimo is used to express extremes.

Ex.-

Rico Riquísimo

Feliz Felicísimo

Largo larguísimo

*** g gu

cqu

zc

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR

• Usually used with an infinitive

• Use pronoun before verb to show subject

• Ex. Me gustan los aviones

• “me” is not the subject, “los aviones” are.

Verb conjugates depending on the REAL

subject not the object in front.

• Ex. Me gustas tú.

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS

• Used to talk about indefinite situations or things.

• Positive

• Algo- something

• Alguien- someone

• Alguno- any

• Negative

• Nada- nothing

• Nadie- no one

• Ninguno- none

PERO VS. SINO

• Pero- using but when not negating the first idea

• Ex. No soy español pero hablo bien la lengua.

• Sino- saying two negating things.

• Ex. No voy a estudiar español sino matemáticas.

• Sino que- used the same as sino but with two

conjugated verbs.

• Ex. No vas al cine sino que come con sus padres.

DOP/IOP/SE

• When using both an IOP and DOP in

third person form, use “se” instead of

“le” (the IOP)

• Doy la regalo a Spencer Se la doy.

REFLEXIVE VERBS

• Conjugate the verb

• Add the correct pronoun before the conjugated

verb

• Ex.- dormirse

Me duermo Nos dormimos

Te duermas Os dormís

Se duerme Se duermen

TÚ COMMANDS

Affirmative tú commands-

• Change the tú form to third person form

• Ex.– ¡comes! ¡come!

Negative tú commands-

• Put into yo form

• Change to opposite vowel

• Add s

• Ex. Comes !No Comas!

ADVERBIOS

• Pick an adjective

• Add mente

• *if it ends in a vowel change it to an a and then add mente• Lento lentamente

• Fácil fácilmente

• *When there are two adjectives are being used as adverbs only use mentefor the second adjective.• Corro fácil y rápidamente.

MODAL VERBS

• Always used with an infinitive

• Ex. No puedo nadar

• Desear- to need

• Poder- to be able to

• Querer- to want to

• Deber- should

• Soler- to be accustomed to

• Tener que- to have to do something

• Ir+a- to go to do something

PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES

•Past participles can be used as

adjectives

• They are usually used with estar

•Ex- La puerta está cerrado.

• The door is closed.

PRETERITE

-é -amos

-aste asteis

-o -aron

-ar verbs

-í -imos

-iste -isteis

-ió -ieron

-Er/ir verbs

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

• Tells what one is doing

• Regular-

• Ar- ando

• Er/ir- iendo

• *If it ends in a vowel and is an er/ir add –yendo

• Ex. Leer leyendo, traer trayendo

• For eI