grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
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GRAMMAR BOOK
Javier Polhemus
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1. Presente ( -ar, -er, -ir)2. Stem Changers3. Irregulars( -go, -zco , -oy)4. Saber vs. Conocer5. Reflexives6. ‘Se’ Impersonal7. Dipthongs with accents8. Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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9. Hacer + Time + que + present
10 and 11. Ser vs. estar12. Imperfect13. Prederite14. Spock15. La cucaracha16. Snake17. Snakey
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Irregulars
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
18. Comparatives19.Superlatives20.Future
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Presente ( -ar, -er, -ir)-ar -ir -
er-o
-as
-a
-amos-aís
-an
-o
-o
-es -es
-e -e
-imos
-emos-eís-ís
-en-en
Hablan
Hablamos
Hablas
Hablo
HabaísHablan
vivo
vives
vive
vivimos
vivís
viven
como
comes
come
comemoscomeís
comen
Hablar-to speak
Vivir-to live
Comer- to eat
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Stem changers are verbs the are different in the stem than the average word although are usually easily predictable. Stems may change in the ways below.
Stem Changers
e ie
e i
o ue
u ue
Also known as boot verbs for the boot shape the changed stems make in the chart. This is because the nosotros and vosotros never undergo a stem change.
Contiendes
Contiendo
Contiende
CondendemosContendéis
Contienden
EXAMPLE
Notice the e to ie change
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Irregulars with the –go, -zco, and -oy are different in the way they are congugated, in the fact that the yo ending is much different then other verbs
IRREGULARS( -GO, -ZCO , -OY)
-car= -co-qué-gar= -go -gué
-zar= -zo-cé
EXAMPLE- Conducir
conduzco
conduces
conduce
conducimos
conducís
conducen
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Saber vs. Conocer
Both saber and conocer mean “to know” but both a different way of when and where to be usedSaber Conoce
rUsually referring to when you know a fact or how to complete or do a certain action.
When you are familiar with a certain thing or know a person.
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Reflexives
These words are generally placed after infinitive verbs to be more specific about who or what the verb is referring to.
MeTeSe
NosSeSe
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‘Se’ Impersonal
The se impersonal is used when there is really no defined subject. Such examples in English would be like “they say” , “one” , or “you”
Example:English- “How does one play the game?”Spanish-”Como se juega el juego?”
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When there are strong or weak vowels next to eachother in a word.
The strong vowels are a,e, and o Weak vowels are i, u, y EXAMPLE: Ciudad
Dipthongs with accents
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Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir
Uir/guir – always in the present tense and contain a ‘y’EXAMPLE-
Construirconstruyo
construyes
construye
construimos
construís
construyen
Ger/gir- ‘Yo’ switches from ‘g’ to a ‘j’
EXAMPLE- Escogerescojo
escoges
escoge
escogemos
escogéis
escogen
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Hacer + Time + que + present
Hacer + the time it took for the action to be completed + que + the action verb being done
EXAMPLE: Hace dos mesas que recibe el regalo
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SER VS. ESTAR
SER
Origin
Characteristics
Time
Occupation
RelationshipPossesions
Events
Descriptions
DATES
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SER VS. ESTAR
ESTAR
Health
Motion
Location
Present Condition
Ing-ar, ando
Er/ir , endo
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Preterite This tense is used when talking about an
ongoing event that occurred in the past.AR congugations
ER congugationsé
aste
ó
amos
asteis
aron
í
iste
ió
imos
isteis
ieron
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Imperfect Used for past actions that have no
specific beginning or end. AR congugations ER congugations
aba
abas
aba
ábamos
abais
aban
ía
ías
ía
íamos
íais
ían
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Spock verbsA grouping of irregular verbs in the preterite.
DAR
VER
IRS
ER
HACER
HACER
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hicieron
DAR/VAR
D/V
ieron
iste
io
imos
IR/SER
i
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fuimos
Fueron
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La cucaracha verbs
Andar Anduv___
Estar Estuv___
Poder Pud__
Poner Pus___
querer Quis___
saber Sup___
tener Tuv___
venir Vin___
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SNAKE Verbs
In the present tense you change the root of the word in the third person tenses.
Example: Dormir
DORMI DORMIMOS
DORMISTE
DURMIO DURMIERON
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SNAKEY Verbs
Only change in the third person Add “y” to the beginning of the suffix
LEI LEIMOS
LEISTE XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
LEYO LEYERON
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Comparatives
To make a comparative you usually add mas/menos before the adjective then the word que meaning “than”
This is used when comparing two things. EXAMPLE: The dog is less big than the
cat.El perro esta menos grande que el gato,
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Superlatives
To make a superlative you use the mas/menos words but its against everything else.
Used when saying something is the best/worst , biggest/smallest,etc…
EXAMPLE: Joe is the fattest boy in the school
Joe esta mas gordo en la escuela.
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Future tense
Future tense is used to tell what will happen or shall happen in the future.
Form Ending
Yo -é
Tu -ás
El/ella/usted -á
Nosotros -emos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -án