gradient lengthening effects: evidence from tagalog · tagalog shows continuous effects of stress...
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Gradient Lengthening Effects: Evidence from Tagalog
Afton Coombs University of Southern California [email protected] GLOW2015 4/18/15
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Research Questions
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! Can qualitative and quantitative effects in language emerge from the same grammar, using the same formalism?
! Specifically: can qualitative and quantitative effects in the prosodic domain be captured by the same formalism?
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Dynamical Systems
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! Differential equation determines how a state changes based upon the previous state
! System itself is constant ! Potential function = x2/2
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Nonlinear Dynamical Systems
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! A force function: f(x) = x3 −x ! Corresponding potential: V(x) = x4/4 – x2/2 ! Differential equation determines how a state changes
based upon its current state. ! Capture a number of biological functions, such as hand
coordination and gait (Haken, Kelso, Bunz 1985)
!
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Previous Proposals for Dynamical Systems as a Language Grammar
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! Incomplete word-final devoicing in German (Port and Crawford 1989, Gafos and Benus 2006) ! Word final voiced obstruents not completely neutralized to
voiceless obstruents ! Interaction between input faith and markedness of a final
voiced obstruent
! Tashlhiyt Berber tonal alignment (Röttger et al 2013) ! Rightward tendency of H tone in a certain sentence tune –
both a final syllable preference and late alignment within the vowel
! Crucially contrasts with other sentence tunes that align H tone earlier in both syllable and nuclear segment
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Determining the attractor layout
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! Control parameter changes the system overall: V(x) = (a*x4)/4 – (b*x2)/2 + c*x
! Parameters a and b determine the number and location of stables states
! Allows double or single wells (simplest formalism)
a=1, b=3, c=0 (bistable) a=0, b=-1, c=0 (monostable)
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Determining the Attractor Layout
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! a and b parameters determine the location and strength as well as number of stable states
a=1, b=3, c=0 a=1, b=7, c=0 (attractors = -2, 2) (attractors = -3,3)
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Determining the Attractor Layout
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! Parameter c determines tilt V(x) = (a*x4)/4 – (b*x2)/2 + c*x
! a=3, b=9, c=0 (no tilt)
! a=3, b=9, c=3 (left tilt)
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Connecting Model with Data
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! Simulating pattern with an added noise factor produces expected probability distribution
! This can be compared to actual experimental distributions
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Predicted Probability Distributions
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Left tilt a=1, b=3, c=3
Right tilt a=1, b=3, c=-3
Righter tilt a=1, b=3, c=-6
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Background: Lengthening Effects ! Domain-final lengthening well-attested cross-linguistic
phenomenon ! Word boundaries (Oller 1973, Klatt 1976) ! Phrase boundaries (Byrd and Saltzman 1998, Wightman 1992)
! Stress also linked to length in some languages (Hayes 1995)
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Where Lengthening Effects Do Not Apply
! Avoiding footing/stress of a domain-final syllable (NonFinality Constraints: Prince and Smolensky 1993)
! Avoiding an “overlong” syllable (Alaskan Yupik: Hayes 1995)
! No rhythmic lengthening of a phrase-final syllable (Chickasaw: Munro and Ulrich 1984; Gordon and Munro 2007; Gordon 1999, 2004)
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Tagalog: No Lengthening of a Final Syllable?
! Generally allows stress on either the penult or ultima ! Traditionally analyzed as showing increased duration of a
stressed penult, but not of a stressed ultima (Schachter and Otanes 1982, Soberano 1980) ! ˈCVː.CV ! CV. ˈCV ! *CV. ˈCVː
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Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and Vowel Duration
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! Two categories (long/ short) captured by two modes ! Continuous change within a mode allows for a principled
range of values Short Vowel Long Vowel
Standardized Duration Standardized Duration
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Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and Vowel Duration
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Short vowel a=1, b=3, c=3
Long vowel a=1, b=3, c=-3
Longer vowel a=1, b=3, c=-6
Standardized Duration
Standardized Duration Standardized Duration
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Hypothesis ! Stressed ultimate vowels in Tagalog do show increased
length compared to unstressed ultimate vowels ! Ultimate vowels in Tagalog show a lesser stress increase
compared to penultimate vowels ! Penultimate vowels when stressed undergo a mode shift
16 Standardized Duration Standardized Duration
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Hypothesis ! Stressed ultimate vowels in Tagalog do show increased
length compared to unstressed ultimate vowels ! Ultimate vowels in Tagalog show a lesser stress increase
compared to penultimate syllables ! Ultimate vowels when stressed show shift in the same mode
17 Standardized Duration Standardized Duration
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Hypothesis: Predicted Probability Distribution of Tagalog Vowels
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! Stressed ultimate vowels in Tagalog do show increased length compared to unstressed ultimate vowels
! Ultimate vowels in Tagalog show a lesser stress increase compared to penultimate syllables
Standardized Vowel Duration
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Experimental Method
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! Ten words of type CaCa ! Five with penultimate stress and five with ultimate stress ! C = stop in all words
! Two carrier phrases ! One placing target word in medial context
! Gusto kong sabihin mo ang ____ na matahimik. ! want I say you <link> “____” that quietly. ! I want you to say “____” quietly.
! One placing target word in final context ! Gusto kong sabihin mo ang "tabi" hindi "____.” ! want I say you <link> “side” not “____.” ! I want you to say “tabi” not “____”
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Examples of Target Items ! Phrase-medial ultimately stressed
! Gusto kong sabihin mo ang “taka” na matahimik. ! I said say “taka” quietly. ! “taka” = TAka ‘bamboo sticks’
! Phrase-medial penultimately stressed ! Gusto kong sabihin mo ang “taka” na matahimik. ! “taka” = taKA ‘surprise’
! Phrase-final ultimately stressed ! Gusto kong sabihin mo ang "tabi" hindi ”taka.” ! I said say “tabi” not “taka.”
! Phrase-medial ultimately stressed ! Gusto kong sabihin mo ang "tabi" hindi ”taka."
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Method: Task ! 5 blocks of targets and fillers in pseudorandomized order
! 20 CaCa targets in both carriers ! 38 fillers in both carriers
! 6 native speakers of Tagalog participated ! Participants shown one slide presenting the word, its
meaning, and its pronunciation. ! Then a second slide displaying the target phrase they are
asked to say ! Participants spoke into a head-mounted microphone
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Results
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Unstressed Penult Stressed Penult
Mean Vowel Duration (ms) by Stress Condition (Penult)
*
*
* = < 0.05
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Results
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Unstressed Ultima Stressed Ultima
Mean Vowel Duration (ms) by Stress Condition (Ultima) *
*
* = < 0.05
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Tagalog Data
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Distribution of Standardized Values of Vowel Durations (ms)
Standardized Vowel Duration (ms)
Num
ber o
f Tok
ens
-2 0 2 4 6 8
05
1015
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Setting the Control Parameters: c values
Stressed Unstressed
Penultimate syllable -3 3
Ultimate syllable -9 -3
Penultimate = 1.5 Ultimate = -4.5 Unstressed = 1.5 Stressed = -4.5 (a = 3, b = 0.5)
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Model of Experimental Results
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"Short mode c=3 Unstressed penult
Long mode c=-3# Stressed penult
"Long mode c=-3 Unstressed ultima
Long(er)mode c=-9# Stressed ultima
Standardized Vowel Duration
Standardized Vowel Duration
Standardized Vowel Duration
Standardized Vowel Duration
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Probability Distribution of All Possible Vowel Durations in Tagalog
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Standardized Vowel Duration
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Examples of Other Predicted Languages
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! A categorical positional effect but no categorical stress effect
! A categorical stress effect but no categorical positional effect
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Examples of Other Predicted Languages
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! No stress effect – iambic languages (Cahuilla, Seiler 1965) ! Penultimate: -3 ! Unstressed: 0 ! Ultimate: 3 ! Stressed: 0
Stressed Unstressed
Penultimate syllable 3 3
Ultimate syllable -3 -3
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Examples of Other Predicted Languages
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! No word effect (English, Harris and Umeda 1974; Japanese, Nakai 2014) ! Penultimate: 0 ! Unstressed: 3 ! Ultimate: 0 ! Stressed: -3
Stressed Unstressed
Penultimate syllable -3 3
Ultimate syllable -3 3
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Conclusion ! Tagalog shows continuous effects of stress and duration
that parallel a categorical shift ! Such parallelism falls out naturally from this type of
grammar ! Potential for future analyses of prosodic systems (e.g.
Nava 2011)
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References ! Byrd, D., and E. Saltzman. (1998). Intragestural dynamics of multiple phrase boundaries. Journal of Phonetics, 26:173-199.
! Gafos, A. I., and S. Benus (2006). Dynamics of Phonological Cognition. Cognitive Science, 30:905-943
! Gordon, M. (2004). A phonological and phonetic study of word-level stress in Chickasaw. International Journal of American Linguistics, 70:1-32.
! Gordon, M. (1999). The intonational structure of Chickasaw. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress on Phonetic Sciences, 1993-1996.
! Gordon, Matthew, and Pamela Munro (2007). A phonetic study of final lengthening in Chickasaw.
! Harris, M.S. and N. Umeda. (1974). Effect of speaking mode on temporal factors in speech: vowel duration. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56, 1016-1018.
! Hayes, B. (1995). Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies. University of Chicago Press.
! Haken, Hermann, JA Scott Kelso, and Heinz Bunz. (1985). "A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements." Biological cybernetics 51.5: 347-356.
! Klatt, D. (1976). Linguistic uses of segmental duration in English: Acoustic and perceptual evidence. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 59:5:5:1208-1221.
! Munro, P., and C. Ulrich (1984). Structure Preservation and Western Muksogean Rhythmic Lengthening. WCCFL 3: 101-202.
! Nakai, S. (2014). An explanation for phonological word-final vowel shortening: Evidence from Tokyo Japanese. Laboratory Phonology 11/2013; 4(2):513 – 553.
! Nava, E. and J. Tepperman. (2011). Modeling second language prosody acquisition: A dynamic systems theory approach. Rosetta Stone Lab.s.
! Oller, D. K. (1973). The effect of position in utterance on speech segment duration in English. JASA, 54:5:1235-1247.
! Port, Robert F. & Crawford, Penny (1989). Incomplete neutralization and pragmatics. German. Journal of Phonetics, 17, 257-282.
! Prince, Alan & Paul Smolensky (1993). Optimality Theory: constraint interaction ingenerative grammar. Ms, Rutgers University & University of Colorado, Boulder.Published 2004, Malden, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell.
! Röttger, T., R. Ridouane, and M. Grice (2013). Phonetic alignment and phonological association in Tashlhiyt Berber. International Conference on Acoustics 19.
! Schachter, P., and F. Otanes (1972). Tagalog Grammar. University of California Press.
! Soberano, R. (1980). The dialects of Marinduque Tagalog. Pacific Linguistics B-69. Canberra: The Australian National University.
! Turk, A., and S. Shattuck-Huffnagel (2007). Multiple targets of phrase-final lengthening in American English words. Journal of Phonetics, Vol. 35, No. 4.
! Wightman, C., et al. Segmental durations in the vicinity of prosodic phrase boundaries. JASA, 91:3:1707-1717.
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