grade student 1 name school name title abstract · affect whitening included: the stain ... of this...

MEDICINE & HEALTH

8 Babcock, Stephen St Gertrude Elem Whiteness of Teeth vs. Toothpaste Brands The question that will be investigated is “Which toothpaste brand creates the whitest teeth?” This topic was chosen because my older brother had done a similar experiment, but this experiment was more “controlled.” The hypothesis is that Brand A will produce the whitest teeth because it is approved by the ADA (American Dentist Association), and the research revealed other experimenters found this brand to be the best whitening toothpaste. The variables that were kept constant that could affect whitening included: the stain (used the same stain, the same amount, and same time of staining); the amount of toothpaste used (same amount); time of brushing (8 seconds for each tooth for every trial); the pressure of toothbrush head on the tooth (used a jig to keep the amount of pressure the same; and the lighting conditions the same when grading teeth. The manipulated variable was the brand of toothpaste and the responding variable was the whiteness of the teeth. The experiment did not give the results that were expected. The toothbrush with only water, brushed better than several toothpaste brands. The importance of this experiment was to find the toothpaste brand that whitened teeth the most so people could keep their teeth white. In addition, to the results there was additional leaning about the scientific method.

8 Aguilar, Ana St Columban Elem Take a Deep Breath The purpose of this experiment was to measure the lung capacity of a group of people evenly divided between male and female, ranging in age from 10 to 68 years old, to determine whether or not lung capacity changes as people age, and if gender is an influential factor. To conduct this experiment, a 3.78 L plastic bottle was completely filled with water. Using a hand to seal the top, this bottle was then inverted into a bucket approximately 1/3 full of water, so that no liquid would be lost. After removing the seal, a vinyl tube was inserted into the mouth of the bottle. The subject would then inhale deeply, filling the lungs, and blow into the tube until the lungs were completely empty. The amount of water left in the bottle was measured and subtracted from the 3.78 L, to determine how much water the subject had displaced. This experiment was repeated three times per subject. The results of this experiment show that, in general, lung capacity does change with age. This was clearest at each end of the age spectrum. The data shows an initial increase, followed by sharp peaks and dips, ending in a sharp decrease. When viewed by gender, the results were more consistent with the hypothesis. The hypothesis in this case is generally correct, although more conclusive about gender and age than age alone. Clearly, factors such as size and physical condition impact the results as well as gender and age.

Grade Student 1 Name School Name Title Abstract

10 Bao, Erik Sycamore High Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes: Biomarkers f

Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world in both incidence and mortality. The purpose of this project was to identify a set of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) as biomarkers for lung cancer, which would in turn contribute toward future diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This project implemented comprehensive bioinformatics approaches to identify the gene signature or finger print for lung adenocarcinoma. First, I downloaded a mega microarray set of over 200 normal and lung adenocarcinoma samples (PNAS. 2001; 98:13790). Multiple statistical classification methods, including T-Test and k-Nearest Neighbor, were used to identify differently-expressed genes and to predict classifiers between cancer and normal samples. Second, I searched public disease databases and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for the up-to-date collection of lung cancer-related genes and their associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Third, top-ranking genes collected from the previous two steps were combined and further subjected to mutual-interactions analysis, functional classification, and individual-gene research. The study identified a number of known TSGs (CAV1 and WIF1) and novel genes who behave as selective TSGs (AGER, FCN3, and C10orf116) or oncogenes (SPP1 and S100P). The genes in this group are functionally related and have a strong tendency to form physical or chemical interactions among each other. “DNA replication, recombination, and repair” is the most enriched functional category for these genes (3.7E-25). Because mutations and altered expressions can both cause cancer, the integration of the analysis of microarray and genome-wise SNP-phenotype association provided a comprehensive gene signature for lung cancer.

11 Bacon, Cassie Turpin High Enamel at risk The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect certain acidic (low in pH levels) beverages have on the erosion of tooth enamel. It involves bovine incisors as the test system on which the effects of six test beverages- regular Lemon Lime Soda, diet Lemon Lime Soda, regular Apple Juice, diet Apple juice, distilled water, and decaffeinated black tea-were evaluated. In order to determine the effect acidic beverages have on tooth enamel erosion, three parameters were measured. These included change in pH of the beverage after exposure of incisors, change in the calcium concentration in the test beverages, and hardness of the tooth surfaces. The experiment consisted of fifteen cycles in which teeth were exposed to specific beverage for twenty minutes per cycle. In between exposures, the teeth were soaked in distilled water for ten minutes. Depending on the cycle, the changes in pH, calcium, and hardness were measured and recorded. After experimentation was completed, there was evidence to support the conclusion that repeated exposure of intact incisors to acidic beverages caused erosion of tooth enamel.


7 Bradfish, Kacie All Saints Elem Tooth Decay; using egg shells TOOTH DECAY USING EGG SHELLS. Kacie Bradfish. Tooth decay otherwise known as dental caries is the most common disease of man. People of all ages are at risk to get it; however, you are most prone when you are younger. Dental caries is a complex process that takes time to happen. It can occur on the crown or in the roots of any tooth. Bacteria play a major in tooth decay along with plaque and tartar. A cavity is a form of decay that affects more young children. The items needed for the experiment are 1600ml of orange juice, cola, water and coffee, along with 22 large grade A eggs and 20 plastic 532ml cups. A triple beam scale and a metric dial caliper will be needed. Empty the egg shells. Put 320ml of liquid in each cup with an emptied egg shell. Keep the shells in the liquid for two weeks. Observations are made every other day by weighing, measuring, writing down observations, and then averaging the weight and measurements. The hypothesis states that orange juice will make the shells decay fastest. By the end of the experiment four out of five orange juice eggs cracked and had mold growing, and were dimpled by the acid. The cola eggs turned brown with sugar on the shell, and the coffee eggs were dark brown with black specks. The water and plain eggs didn’t really change. The data shows that the orange juice was the worst for teeth.

9 Bartel, Leah McNicholas High Does Straightening Hair Damage It? Many people today straighten their hair with a flat iron, which can be damaging to the hair. To test this statement, an experiment was created that compared straightened hair to hair that had never been straightened. The hypothesis stated that the straightened hair will be more heavily damaged than the hair that was not straightened. The background research broke down the elements of a strand of hair; the two main parts, the hair follicle and the hair shaft. To conduct the experiment, two types of hair were collected, straightened and non-straightened. The strands of hair were then prepared on slides and afterward, were looked at under a microscope. The data was recorded in two graphs to make it easier to read and calculate the percentages. By adding the tallies in each column and then dividing that number by the total number of hair samples in that section (forty-five) is how the percentages were calculated. The data showed that 46.67% of straightened hair was heavily damaged while only 6.67% of non-straightened hair was heavily damaged. The hypothesis was proven to be correct by the data and if there was to be a continuation of this project, an experiment would be done to see the effects of heat protectants on straightened hair.


8 Dadosky, MaryAlice St Gertrude Elem Which Commonly Used Face Mask is most Effective?

How aware are people of protecting their lungs? Is it really worth the extra money to buy a face mask? Would a shirt be sufficient, or does it offer absolutely no protection? Which easy to acquire, therefore commonly used face mask, is most effective?: 100% cotton shirt, surgical mask, and NIOSH rated N95 mask were tested against common acids and bases found around the home: ammonia, chlorine bleach, oven cleaner, bathroom cleaner, and lime juice. It was hypothesized that the N95 mask would be most efficient, since it was the only one that had been tested and approved by NIOSH for the public. Before experimenting a control sample was taken, so that the final data had something to be compared to. Each mask had a pH strip placed beneath it and one of the five chemicals was sprayed 10 times on each individual mask. Afterward the mask was removed, and the pH strip was read. That reading showed how effective each mask was. The pH strips beneath the surgical and cotton mask on average matched the control sample, proving these masks didn’t make a difference when blocking liquids. On the other hand the pH strips underneath the N95 mask were completely dry, no liquid had penetrated through. This data proved the hypothesis correct.

9 Cradduck, Stephanie Anderson High Generic Vs. Name Brand My project is the cost analysis between generic brand and name brand foods. I compared how long the food lasted to how much it cost to see which type was better. I created to variables in my experiment the first being generic verses name brand and the second being room temperature verses refrigerated. Both variables intended to determine whether generic is truly a better deal. My results were kind of complicated in the sense that there are many variables. I found that from the shelf the generic foods would appear to be cheaper and would be if you didn’t expect it to last all the way through its expiration date. The name brand foods were a much better deal if you were planning on eating any of the foods after seven days. I learned a lot about name brand and generic foods during this process and am so glad I did my project on generic verses name brand!

12 Chernyakhovsky, Alexander William Mason High Designing Vaccines for Emerging Influenza Pathogen

Influenza A viruses, including the highly pathogenic H5N1 strains, undergo punctuated genetic evolutions in Hemagglutinin (HA) that significantly alter their antigenic characteristics potentially giving rise to pandemic strains. In the past, pandemic strains have emerged due to reassortment events in a host coinfected by human and avian strains. In 1997, the first outbreak of H5N1 human infections demonstrated the capability of humans to serve as mixing vessels for such reassortment events. Consequently, temporo-spatial forecasting of potential inter-species influenza in humans at the viral strain level is vital for development of effective vaccines. Accordingly, this paper describes a novel methodology involving the use of temporo-spatial, in silico macro-epidemiological analysis comprised of bio-simulations and bioinformatics to identify HA isolates from regions of infection with human and avian influenza. The SEIR-based model utilizes real-world statistical data on human infections with avian viruses, waterfowl migration (the primary vector of avian influenza), global poultry population (an intermediate host) and global human population. Results from the bio-simulations are subjected to bioinformatics-based analysis to isolate candidate viral strains. Candidate strains are compared to WHO vaccine strains to validate this methodology. The candidate strains are then proposed for use in the heterologous influenza vaccine targeted for emerging pathogens.


7 Dole, Bertram St Catharine Of Siena Elem

Paper Towel Experiment My research paper is on which paper towel absorbed the most water, Crisco oil and motor oil. I chose this project because my mom always cooks and spills oil and my uncle is a mechanic and always has motor oil spills or motor oil on his hands. I wanted to know which paper towels were the best so that I could tell them which ones absorbed the most. I bought six different brands of paper towels. They were: Brawny – Soft and Strong; Kroger Big Roll Everyday Towels – Every day, Every job; Kroger Value Paper Towels – Soft, Strong & Absorbent; Kleenex Viva – Soft and Strong like cloth; Kroger Nice ‘n Strong – Super Absorbent and Bounty – Thick & Absorbent

7 Devoy, Ben Fairfield Middle The Effect Of pH And Color On Tooth And Denture Di

The purpose of my experiment was to determine which effects tooth and denture discoloriation the most, beverage pH, or beverage color. My hypothesis was that the pH of a beverage would be more of a leading factor in tooth and denture discoloration than the color of a beverage. The control group of my experiment contains water, one incisor, one molar, and one piece of Plexiglas denture material. The independent variables in my experiment were the solution pH, tooth type, and human teeth vs. denture material. I tested my dependent variables using a tooth color shade guide and a roll of pH litmus paper. The results of my experiment showed that beverage pH effected tooth and denture color more than beverage color, which proved my hypothesis. If I were to continue upon this experiment in the future, I would expose only the crowns of the teeth to the liquid, which would make my experiment more lifelike.

12 Dahlem, Caroline Turpin High Potential Treatments of Parkinson's in Zebrafish The purpose of this experiment is to further establish 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treated zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for Parkinson’s Disease (PD). PD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Treatments now available are not fully effective and have irreconcilable side effects. MPTP is a neurotoxin that kills dopaminergic neurons, causing PD symptoms. Zebrafish, when treated with MPTP, provide an accurate, efficient and inexpensive model for PD that can be used to screen potential treatments. In this experiment transgenic zebra fish that express green florescent protein (GFP) in their vascular tissue were used to allow for vascular tissue damage to be easily detected and measured. When compared to fish treated only with water, fish treated with MPTP showed damage to the vascular tissue in areas associated with dopamine neurons. Since these fish have proven to be an accurate and effective model, potential treatments can be tested using this method. Melatonin acts as an antioxidant, and is therefore able to prevent the damage done by MPTP. By using tyrosine hydroxolase (TH) staining and confocal microscopy dopaminergic cell death will be determined. Preliminary results indicate that in this model fish treated with melatonin are less susceptible to the dopaminergic cell death caused by MPTP.


7 Edwards, Adam Mother Teresa Catholic Elem

The testing of the quality and taste of bottled wa To understand this project on water quality, one must know the potential dangers of bottled water and tap water, the benefits of bottled water and tap water, the regulations concerning bottled water and tap water, and the categories and criteria of water quality. The problem that was investigated in this experiment was investigating the taste and quality of bottled water against tap water. The hypothesis was that bottled water would outperform tap water in both taste and quality. To run this experiment, the materials that were needed included people for taste-testing, water samples of Dasani and Target brand water and filtered and tap water, and water quality testing experiment. The four water samples were taste-tested by a total of 28 people and were tested for water quality in 6 different categories. In this experiment, results showed that bottled water did outperform tap water in taste and quality. In conclusion, this experiment shows that bottled water is better to drink in everyday life. The information gained from this experiment would be valuable to everyone who drinks water and can be used in studies of water quality and taste.

7 Duarte, Nina St Susanna Elem Does a Homemade EKG Machine work as well as a Hosp

EKGs save thousands of lives everyday. An EKG machine measures your heart rhythm so that doctors can find problems or diseases in the heart and cardiovascular system. If one did an experiment comparing a homemade EKG machine with a hospital based EKG machine, then it is hypothesized that the homemade unit would work just as well as the hospital unit. First one would have to build a homemade EKG using published schematics. Using the homemade unit, data was collected on 10 human subjects while they were at rest, then using the hospital EKG and use the same test subjects while they are at rest. Data was also collected from the hospital unit while the subjects did the following activities: 20 jumping jacks, the diving reflex, breathing deeply, and after drinking a monster drink. As a result, the homemade unit worked very well recording someone’s EKG, but was not as effective as the hospital EKG in detecting specific intervals within one’s rhythm. Other significant findings from reviewing the activity data include the following. The human dive reflex decreases heart rates by approximately 15%, and energy drinks have no effect on heart rhythms. With this information, it becomes clear that the hypothesis was wrong because the homemade unit worked well, but not as well as one in a hospital

7 Drumm, Alison Mother Teresa Catholic Elem

The effects of soda on teeth In order to understand this project on teeth, one must need to understand what enamel is and what it does, how and why teeth decay, and what types of foods cause teeth to decay. The problem that was examined during this experiment included testing what type of soda made teeth decay the most. The hypothesis was that if a tooth was submerged in regular Coke, the tooth would decay the more than teeth in any other type of soda. Some materials needed for this experiment were teeth, seven kinds of soda, a stopwatch, and a scale. The teeth were submerged in different kinds of sodas for twelve hours and the weight of the teeth was recorded after they dried off. After this experiment was completed, the results showed that Sunkist decayed the teeth the most while Root Beer decayed the teeth the least. In conclusion, this experiment showed that Sunkist is the worst soda to drink while Rood Beer is the best. The results from this experiment would be helpful to dentists so they can tell their patients and everyday people that drink soda too much what sodas would be good for them.


7 Gonzalez del Rey, Ana St Gertrude Elem How Does Pressure Affect a Lung Model Have you ever wondered what was really happening when people say that their lungs are about to explode? Well in this experiment just by using a balloon filled with marshmallows, a ruler, a glass container, wire and a double action pump you can see what is really happening to your body. This experiment is showing you how pressure affects a lung model. The first test that the lung under goes is positive pressure being pumped through the double action pump representing underwater pressure. It was hypothesized that when the lung would be put under this pressure it would shrink. The second test the lung went through was negative pressure representing space vacuum conditions. The hypothesis for negative pressure tests was that the model would expand. The manipulated variable was the two different types of pressure being pumped in or out. After all of the tests, the results showed that when the balloon was put under positive pressure it shrank. The balloon shrank because as air was being pumped in the air was taking up more space making the balloon shrink. Then, for the negative pressure the results showed that since the air was being extracted there was more room for the lung to expand. In the end all of the tests proved the hypothesis. This test is useful because it gives a person a visual idea on how the body reacts.

9 Gingras, Abbey Anderson High Is Your Home As Clean As You Thought? The purpose of our experiment was to discover the different types of bacteria and the diseases they cause on common objects we touch every day. For our experiment, we would first sanitize our hands with hot water and soap. Then, we would touch whatever object we wanted to test for 5 seconds. Next, we would wipe the hand on the Agar in the Petri dish and allow the bacteria to grow for 1 week. Then, we performed the Gram Stain test to color the bacteria to see if it was Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative bacteria. Finally, we looked at the slides with the stained bacteria under the microscope to identify the color of the cell wall. Our results were that even though public objects are touched more often and exposed to more diseases then objects in your house, both had amounts of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative diseases on them.


8 Hemmerich, Kiersten Tri-County North Middle Fish and Blood Pressure Kiersten Hemmerich - Tri- County North MS Fish and Blood Pressure The purpose of my project was to find out if watching fish in a fish tank lowered or raised blood pressure. My hypothesis was that after watching the fish in the fish tank that the volunteers blood pressure would be lower and the reason I thought that was that watching fish is calming and relaxing. After taking the initial blood pressure of all the volunteers and recording them, I compared the blood pressures after watching the fish in the fish tank. I found that in most of my volunteers the blood pressure dropped. In conclusion, my hypothesis was correct. On average the blood pressure of my volunteers dropped 5 points. Although all blood pressure did not drop, I could argue that watching fish in a fish tank is relaxing and calming and the blood pressure did lower in most of the volunteers.

8 Helmicki, Casey St Mary Elem Are Expensive Running Shoes Really Worth It? The purpose of this project was to measure the effect of footwear on the impact forces felt by a person jogging or walking. The hypothesis was that brand new running shoes would offer the most amount of support (lateral acceleration) and also would yield the smallest impact forces (vertical acceleration). One minute of acceleration data (x, y, and z directions) was collected using an Apple iTouch running the Vibration App for each barefoot and 5 types of footwear (sandal, old sneaker, new sneaker, running shoe, and Croc) both running and walking. The same runner, pace, and course were used for all tests. The average value of the acceleration peaks in the x (vertical) and z (lateral) directions was computed. The results showed the highest vertical and lateral accelerations were felt while running barefoot. The Croc showed the lowest vertical and lateral forces, both running and walking. The running shoes showed forces slightly larger than the Crocs’, but lower than all other footwear. Thus, the hypothesis was partially supported. The experiment showed that running barefoot places the most stress on the human body. While running shoes lessened impact force and provided lateral foot support, they did not do so more than Crocs.


8 Hospitel, Alice Walnut Hills High The Effects of Alcohol and Cigarette Smoke on the We did two experiments on elements that are often bonded in today’s society: cigarettes and alcohol. Our goal was to raise consciousness and understanding on the topic of their dangers and potential fatal outcomes. The first experiment was to find out how cigarette smoke affects a smoker’s lungs and how it affects other peoples’ lungs who ingest it second-handedly. We hypothesized that, if negatively impacted by cigarette smoke, a person’s lungs would blacken, which we modeled by a cotton ball exposed to consistent amounts of cigarette smoke each day. We envisioned the pH level would also rise from a neutral to a basic state and reach its highest point at the last day of a week worth of one cigarette puff every day. At the end of this examination, our hypothesis was confirmed. The second part of our experiment had to do with the dehydrating effects of alcohol on the body. Since a cucumber is mostly water and dehydration is the measure of water loss, we used a cucumber as the model for a human body’s water content. We cut the cucumber into five pieces and put different alcohol concentrations in each piece. We thought that the higher the proof (or concentration) of alcohol, the more weight/water the cucumber would lose due to dehydration.

8 Hoffmann, Alexandra Our Lady Of Visitation Elem

Does Hand Strength Affect Handwriting? Does second grade boy’s hand strength have any affect on their handwriting? Research shows the poor handwriting in school-aged kids can have a negative effect on both academic success and self-esteem. This study looks at if handwriting can be improved by improving hand strength. This is important because despite use of computers, handwriting remains an important part of life. This study looks at if second grade boys handwriting score is related to their hand strength. If the hypothesis is correct than the students with the best handwriting scores will have higher strength measurements. Both grip and pinch strengths were looked at to assess both types of strength in the hand. This study consisted of 5 main steps. First, 30-second grade boys (randomly selected) wrote four simple sentences from their language arts book. After this, a licensed teacher graded their papers based on five categories, each worth ten points. Each of the boys was then put into 3 groups of ten based on their handwriting score (high, medium, and low groups). Next their grip strength and pinch strength were assessed using a dynamometer and pinch-meter. It was found that strength does have an affect on handwriting. As the boy’s handwriting scores went down, so did their grip and pinch strength. Hand dominance did not appear to make a difference on their handwriting score. This is an important finding because increasing hand strength may be a way to improve handwriting and also the self-esteem in young children.


12 Isaacs, Amy Sycamore High The Manipulation of Skin pH to Enhance Skin Tonali To begin the process of creating a specific pH buffer to use before spray tanning, the changes in skin tonality were recorded when the skin pH was manipulated using buffer A (Acidic acid Anhydrous and Sodium Citrate Di hydrate) and buffer B (Sodium Phosphate Mono basic and Sodium Phosphate Di basic Anhydrous) to create the pH range of 4.4-8.0. There was no visual difference when the buffer was added to the pH solution. A specific amount of the buffer solution is applied prior to the Tanning spray solution. The resulting final tan color will be documented with respect to the buffer pH range. I expect that there will be a range of colors to match the range of pH levels. I also predict that there will be one color that will be most esthetically pleasing to the eye.

10 Hykle, Stephen McNicholas High Digestion The problem is how an acid breaks down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. The hypothesis is that carbohydrates will break down the quickest and to the finest of substances because carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the human body and the enzymes and the starches and sugars will react quickly. The hypothesis was correct, carbohydrates broke down the quickest followed by proteins and then fats. Bread was used as the carbohydrate, peanuts for the proteins, and a piece of steak fat for lipids. The acid used was a house cleaner called “The Works” which contains a weaker acid, which is not as strong as stomach acid which is hydrochloric acid. The acid was effective, but not as effective as a hydrochloric acid. The variables used would be more effective and the breaking down process would have gone quicker if hydrochloric acid had been used. The Ph of hydrochloric acid is lower than the one used thus a stronger acid. The experiment took three to four hours because that’s the length of time that food is in the human stomach before passing on to other digestive organs for more simplifying. In the experiment the food was observed every fifteen minutes to record data. The amount of acid used for proteins was double than that of the carbohydrates and fats because proteins take longer to break down. In conclusion, the acid didn’t seem strong enough to break apart the fat.


11 Kluger, Julianna Turpin High Do You Hear What I Hear? This experiment was designed to test the hearing and localization skills of 30 children 8 to 18 years of age when presented with different sound frequencies and different volumes of background distraction. Part 1 of the experiment used three test frequencies and a control, 0Hz, 523Hz, 1046Hz, and 2092Hz. These were played randomly at 65Db from various speakers placed in six locations around the room. The subject pointed to where he/she heard the sound and responses were recorded. Part 2 included a fixed 1046Hz sound at 65 Db played through one of the six speakers on top of varying volumes of background noise. Noise volumes were 0Db, 45Db, 65Db, and 85Db. Results for part 1 showed that the middle frequency, 1046 Hz, was easiest for subjects to localize. Results for part 2 demonstrated that the subjects had a slightly easier time locating the sound when the background noise was at 45 Db, however any amount of background noise caused an increased error rate in localization. The population demonstrated a significant amount of back/front confusion (referred to as 3/6 reversal).

9 Johnson, Megan Tri-County North High A "Touchy" Subject My question is How sensitive is different areas of your skin to touch receptors? I wanted to determine how sensitive different areas of skin are to touch receptors. Since I assumed that different places of skin on your body were more sensitive than others due to nerves, I decided to look into more about the skin and the nervous system and how it worked. I then further tested this subject.

9 Jenjebir, Anastassia William Mason High Swimming in chlorinated pools: How can you prevent

Swimmers swim for almost six hours or more every day, yet teeth get discolored due to the mixture of the chlorine and saliva if you swim for six hours or more in a single week. If a person swims for two hours every day, they swim for fourteen hours in one week. So how can you protect your teeth from damage and discoloration caused by swimming? This project was an experimentation of different methods of teeth protection, to see which method would help the teeth maintain their initial color the most. The three tested methods were brushing your teeth with regular cavity protection toothpaste before swimming, brushing your teeth with enamel shield toothpaste before swimming, and wearing a mouth guard while swimming. A scale rating of 1 to 5 was used to determine the results of the experiments (1=bright, white teeth; 5=very discolored, yellow teeth). The experiment was conducted over a six week period everyday for one hour. Results were recorded after each two week period. After the six week period, the average results were the following: Plain-4, Regular Cavity Protection Toothpaste-3.5, Enamel Shield Toothpaste-3, and Mouth Guard-2.5. Overall, the mouth guard protected the teeth the most out of the three methods and made them the least discolored. The enamel shield toothpaste was the second best method of protection. Although the mouth guard was the best form of protection, it would be hard to swim with a mouth guard, and therefore wouldn’t really be a superb method to choose.


7 Krzmarzick, Nick Mother Teresa Catholic Elem

Caffeine presence in decaffeinated coffee Many people today are negatively affected by caffeine in their coffee. These negative effects include headaches, difficulty sleeping, anxiety or heart problems. These people avoid caffeine by drinking decaffeinated coffee. It was hypothesized that people who drink decaffeinated coffee may still be exposed to significant amounts of caffeine. The materials for this experiment include decaffeinated coffee samples from twenty one different restaurants and gas stations, twenty one teaspoons and caffeine testing strips. The samples were tested using caffeine testing strips that were dipped in the decaffeinated coffee. The test strips detect if there is more than 20 mg of caffeine per 6 ounces of coffee. The hypothesis was correct as six out of twenty one (28%) of the decaffeinated coffee samples tested positive for caffeine. 60% of the coffee shop samples, 50% of the gas station samples and 33.3% of the fine dining samples tested positive for caffeine. The fast food and casual dining samples had no caffeine detected. There are many reasons why caffeine may be found in decaffeinated coffee. The coffee could have been made with the wrong coffee grounds or the carafe could have been mislabeled. Another possibility is that the server could have taken the order wrong or grabbed the wrong carafe. Finally the person could have mistakenly ordered the wrong coffee. This experiment shows that significant amounts of caffeine are commonly found in decaffeinated coffee. This finding is important as people sensitive to caffeine should either avoid drinking coffee or test their coffee for caffeine.

8 Koppenhoefer, Kyle Our Lady Of Visitation Elem

What Activity Increases Heart Rate the Most? My project is about comparing certain activities to see what activity increased heart rate the most. The three different activities used were running, walking and bicycling. If the number of heartbeats per minute is related to the different activities performed, then running will affect heart rate the most. I think that running will increase heart rate the most because when bicycling, the muscles do not work as hard as when running. I would first use my heart rate monitor to see what the person’s average heart rate was. Then I would have the person do one of the activities for 10 minutes. Then the person would step off of the exercise mobile and use the heart rate monitor to see how much their heart rate increased. When I performed this experiment I found that running increased heart rate the most. Bicycling came in second and walking in third. Bicycling increased the participant’s heart rate more than running on one of the trials. My results are consistent with my hypothesis. It is consistent because running increased heart rate the most and that was what my hypothesis stated. My results show that running increased heart rate the most. People should be excited because this shows that a person who uses running as an exercise will increase their heart rate the most. People should also be interested because a person can be seriously injured when they are exercising if they are unaware of their heart rate.


9 La Count, Jennifer Anderson High An Investigation of Enamel Destruction and Prevent The purpose of my experiment was to discover which substance damaged teeth the most and was it possible to prevent it. Eggshells were used in place of teeth, being very similar in structure and composition. All of the eggs were massed first and labeled. 1/2 of the eggs were brushed and rinsed with Crest ProHealth Toothpaste and Enamel Rinse. Then one of each egg was placed in one cup, each filled with a different substance. Then, the other 1/2 of the eggs not brushed or rinsed, were also placed into the substances, one in each substance. The purpose of that was to see if there was any differences in brushing and rinsing with name brand merchandise to help prevent enamel decay. Then, the eggs were left there for seven days undisturbed. Afterward, results were collected by massing the eggs and taking pictures as well. My results showed me that yes, brushing and rinsing did in fact prevent an egg from gaining mass, or "plaque" buildup on the shell. Lastly, my results showed me that lemon juice was not the main destroyer of enamel: instead, it was vinegar.

7 Kurz, Ryan St Mary Elem How Does Music Effect Your Heart Rate The hypothesis for my project was “If you listen to different kinds of music, it will change your heart rate”. I was investigating this topic because I love listening to music and I think it would be very interesting to see the health affects from listening to it. I knew that music had some affect on how you felt or thought. The procedure of my project was to first put on a heart rate monitor meant for runners, then I checked the resting heart rate, 1minute, 2 minute, and at the end for each song. I repeated this for all 3 subjects of ages 47, 13, and 72 in my experiments. I found out that music does in fact change a person’s pulse making my hypothesis correct. Each song had a different effect. Classical lowered while hip-hop and rock raised it. My 13yr. old subject showed the most change through the songs. The results had a very large range from the 60’s to 110’s in my tests. I have learned that music does change pulse and it is true that music can really run in a person’s veins. I learned that testing a hypothesis is harder than it looks.

9 Kumar, Aarti Mason Middle H1N1 - A True Pandemic? H1N1 created a significant attention in 2009 and WHO declared it a “Pandemic”. My hypothesis was that H1N1 is more of hype. My conclusions based on the CDC data analysis, scientific literature review, and public opinion survey of 210 Mason High School students is that my hypothesis is correct. Analysis of the lab specimen tested, shows that influenza activity more than doubled in 2008 and 30% of these samples were H1N1 positive. This data should have raised alarm and we would not have had 2009 panic. % Fatal in US were about 1.1% which is same as Mexico but less than Canada which has % fatal of 3.5%. Worldwide, % fatal was only 0.1% making H1N1 primarily NA continent influenza. US fatalities were 34% of the world. Worldwide Case Fatality Rate (CFR) was less than 0.2% for H1N1 which is significantly lower than other pandemics like 1918 flue CFR of 9% and SARS CFR of over 7%. % ILL shows that it was high in 2009 but was not a record and was lower than non-pandemic year peaks of 2002-2003. Clinical Attack Rate for H1N1 was 25% which is higher than typical influenza of 12% but significantly lower than 1918, 1957, and 1968 flu. 82% MHS students feel “H1N1 Pandemic” is hype and 18% feel it is serious. There was “no statistically significant” relationship between gender, age, medications and “hype” or “serious” responses. “Fear of Unknown” made lot of people uneasy. H1N1 did seem to have “behavioral change”.


7 Lair, Maggie St Susanna Elem The effect of exercises on balance Balance is the process by which we control our body’s center of mass weather it is stationary or moving. For one to have good balance one should be able to use the all of the various muscle groups that control balance. Many factors contribute to balance. Some of them are medical conditions, intrinsic risk factors, extrinsic risk factors, and the three systems of the body (visual, vestibular, and musculoskeletal.) Many older adults fall because they lose much of their muscle strength and coordination. Many senior citizens who have fallen once may develop a fear of falling again. The walking pattern of a person who is fearful of falling could chance as well. They may start to shuffle their feat in order to keep them on the ground, which could result in one tripping and falling. There are many balance exercises that could also test balance. Like the Tinetti balance test, and the berg balance scale. These two tests are very similar, and have the same types of test. According to AARP, 13,700 senior citizens die each year and that number is still going up. People who have bad or unstable balance should try to eliminate floor rugs, too high or too low beds, and absence of grab bars or handrails in bathrooms. One must also have proper footwear. If all of these problems are addressed then one has a lesser chance of falling. By researching balance one could state that exercises can have a positive effect on balance.


8 Lienesch, Jessica Our Lady Of Lourdes Elem

Are Multivitamins a Waste of Money? The purpose of this experiment was to discover if multivitamins are really worth all of the money we spend on them. How do you know for sure that your multivitamins are helping your body and absorbing? This experiment was done under the assumption that if a multivitamin doesn't break down than it will not send nutrients to the body and won’t be absorbed. Therefore, it will not be worth spending money on. I thought that Centrum would dissolve the best because my family has used it in the past and has always thought that it was a trustworthy brand. Also, it is the number one doctor recommended brand of multivitamins. For this experiment, I dropped different multivitamin brands into 0.1M hydrochloric acid which is close to what stomach acid is. I recorded what time the multivitamins started dissolving, assuming that if a vitamin started dissolving faster than it would finish dissolving faster and would be more likely worth buying. According to the USP standard, a multivitamin will not be effective unless it dissolves within 30 minutes. My conclusion was that Centrum was the one that will dissolve quickest in the stomach, and will be most likely worth spending money on because it started to dissolve the quickest. Overall, most of multivitamins seemed to dissolve well and within 30 minutes.


11 Mishra, Akanksha Mount Notre Dame High INDOOR INSECT ALLERGEN PROMOTES LUNG INFLAMMATION

The indoor environment has been recognized as a major source of exposure to allergens to children. In the most industrialized countries, modern home is sealed, highly insulated, and often-indoor air quality is compromised with indoor allergens. In particular exposure to indoor allergens may be an important health risk factor in inner city area. Therefore, this study tests the hypothesis whether indoor allergens are the cause of airway inflammation. In order to test this, mice were exposed to 100 µg of indoor allergens (dog, cat, cockroach) In 50 µl saline or 50 µl saline alone, 3 times/week for 3 weeks by intranasal route and airway inflammation and genes involved in promoting inflammation were examined. The data indicates that an increase of eosinophil in the airway from 5.2±3.4X103/lung to 0.01±0.01x103/lung, and mast cells from 23±4/hpf to 4.5±2.1/hpf in cockroach-exposed mice compared to saline-exposed mice, respectively, (mean±SD, p<0.001). The dog and cat allergens do not induce any significant lung inflammation (p<0.9). In addition, an induced expression of interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-5 genes in the lung in cockroach allergen exposed mice compared to saline alone challenged mice (p<0.05) were observed. Further, to understand the significance of IL-3 and IL-5, mice bone marrow cells were exposed to IL-3 and IL-5 for 4 weeks at 370C with 5% CO2. IL-5 treated cells developed into eosinophils and IL-3 treated into mast cells. Taken together, the observations indicated that indoor-cockroach allergen an inducer of eosinophil and mast cell inflammation and are regulated by IL-5 and IL-3 genes.

8 Listermann, Matthew Our Lady Of Visitation Elem

Effect of Caffeine on Heart Rate The title of the experiment is The Effect of Caffeine on Heart Rate. The purpose of this science fair project experiment was to see how caffeine influences heart rate by measuring heart rate at defined time points after consumption of varying amounts of caffeine. The hypothesis for this project was if heart rate increase is related to the amount of caffeine consumed, then the more caffeine consumed the more substantial the increase in rate. The constants in this experiment were heart rate measurements at baseline, thirty minutes and sixty minutes after caffeine consumption of two soft drinks of differing caffeine contents. The time points were established to allow time for the caffeine to be fully absorbed by the body. The variable in this experiment was Coca-Cola which contains 34 mg caffeine and Mountain Dew which contains 55 mg caffeine. The experiment was conducted by measuring the heart rate using a heart rate monitor at the defined times to see the difference caused by Coca-Cola and Mountain Dew. Through research it was concluded that the 34mg source made a measurable increase in heart rate while the 55mg source made a more substantial increase in heart rate. The result of this experiment is that there is a direct relationship between the amount of caffeine consumed and the effect on heart rate. That is, the more caffeine consumed the higher the heart rate will rise. The results show that the hypothesis was correct.


8 Phipps, Natalie St Jude Elem THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT HAND WASHING PROCEDURES O

THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT HAND WASHING PROCEDURES ON REMOVING GERMS FROM HANDS, Natalie Phipps, 4748 Greenwald Ct., Cincinnati, Ohio 45248, Katie Spurlock, 3463 Moonridge Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio 452458. Proper hand washing procedures are important to avoid the spread of germs and to remain healthy. Germs are only killed if you use the proper procedures which include washing hands for twenty seconds, using a sufficient amount of soap, and scrubbing in between fingers, finger nails, wrists and on backs of hands. You should always wash your hands before meals. The question considered was: “What is the most effective way to wash your hands?” The tested hypothesis was, more germs will be killed during hand washing if soap and longer washing periods are used than if no soap and a shorter washing period is used. Four different groups performed four different hand washing procedures including a different amount of washing time and use or non-use of soap. A product called “Glo-Germ” was used on hands to simulate germs and a black light following hand washing showed any germs that remained. Results showed that using soap and a longer washing interval is most effective in eliminating germs. Further, special effort is required to wash hands thoroughly, especially around finger nails and when skin is dry. Results of this project are important because they show how important it is to wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water in order to stop the spread of germs and remain healthy.

8 Norman, Natalie Walnut Hills High Do digitalis-like compounds exist outside of the F The Sodium Pump, also called the sodium-potassium ATPase enzyme, is necessary for all life to occur. Digitalis like factors slow the activity of the Sodium Pump. In this experiment I tested the hypothesis that all plants and animals should contain water-soluble digitalis like compounds. To test this hypothesis I extracted any digitalis like factors that were soluble in water from the tissues of Quince, Peony, Lily of the Valley, and a Rainbow Trout. To test these samples I used a Fluorometer to test the blockage of Na+, K+, ATPase. I found that Lily of the Valley and Fish had digitalis like compounds in water-soluble form while Peony and Quince did not. I conclude that Digitalis like compounds may be found in all animals, but in plants seem to be restricted to the Figwort family.

8 Muhammad, Mecca Horizon Science Acad. Cincini

when science is sweet:growing rock candy crystals For this project I got some sugar and water and put it in a boiling pan until the sugar was dissolved. Then i took out two peaces of string and on one of the strings i rolled it in sugar and let the string dry and with the other i string put it in some water and i let it dry also. Then I took the solution out of the water and put in two jars, then I wrote down what happend to the jars. For about one week there was little crystals startind to grow at the top of the string and a little at the bottom of the glasses.


7 Romanelli, Nick St Mary Elem Does Vitamin C Evaporate When Exposed to Oxygen

Vitamin C is one of the most important vitamins for our bodies, but it is also one of the most easily destroyed. I am investigating the stability of vitamin C in orange juice over time. I think that if vitamin C is exposed to oxygen long enough, it will evaporate. I prepared 20 cups of orange juice. I put 10 in the refrigerator, 5 covered and 5 uncovered. I left 10 at room temperature, 5 covered and 5 uncovered. I tested every cup of juice for vitamin C along with a control cup of freshly purchased juice every day between the hours of 7 and 10pm. I found that all the cups lost vitamin C, and through day seven the uncovered cups lost more. The different temperatures didn’t affect the vitamin C concentration, and at day eight, other factors came into play such as mold and a new testing solution. I believe that my data supports my hypothesis. I learned that vitamin C does evaporate when exposed to oxygen. Therefore, orange juice and other foods with vitamin C should be stored covered. I also learned that unexpected things may have an impact on experiments like mold growth or testing method.

8 Ridder, Megan Our Lady Of Lourdes Elem

Counting Carbs Our science project was about testing the Glycemic Index ratings (GI) of different foods and seeing how they affected a diabetic and a non-diabetic’s blood glucose (BG) levels. We decided to test different types of foods too. We tested bakery foods, snack foods and drinks. In each of these groups we tested a high, medium, and low rated food to see how each would affect the BG levels. Our hypothesis was that we thought that the low rated foods wouldn’t affect BG of either people’s BG’s. We thought that the medium rated foods would affect the diabetic’s BG but not the non-diabetic’s BG. We thought the high rated foods would affect both people’s BG’s. In the procedure, we took our BG levels, ate the food, waited 15 minutes and tested our BG levels. 30 minutes after we finished testing, we tested our BG levels again. During our testing, we found that all of the foods raised our BG’s within 15 minutes after eating, and then they generally came back down to where they started.

9 Prior, Lily Anderson High is that bottle safe My project is a comparison between three different types of child resistant (CR) bottles to determine which of three bottles is the safest. I started with three bottles with different CR caps, one at a time a child, between the ages of three and eight, was given a bottle and thirty seconds to open it. Bottle 1, a Target pain reliever with a cap that you turn until two arrows match up, was the most effective bottle. The least effective bottle is bottle 2, an Advil ibuprofen that requires you to squeeze inward while turning to remove the cap.


9 Schriever, Kelly Tri-County North High Feeling Your Age Does age affect the sensitivity of a person’s palm, when “poked” with a toothpick? I will determine which age group has the most sensitive skin. I chose this experiment because I wanted to determine if your skin becomes less sensitive when you age. First I will be testing elementary kid’s skin sensitivity by poking them with toothpicks. I will determine how sensitive their skin is by seeing if they told me the right number of toothpicks I poked them with. I will then do the same with high school students and adults.

10 Ruwe, Theresa St Xavier High Which Way Works? Five Hand Washing Techniques Test

Hand washing is the single most important way to prevent disease, but many people wash their hands incorrectly. The intent of this study is to replicate five common ways in which people wash their hands, and to determine which is most effective. The hypothesis states that the most bacteria-free hands will have been washed using the proper technique, as defined by the Mayo Clinic. Before each hand washing method, hands were swabbed as a control. After each method, hands were swabbed again. The swabs were rubbed onto Petri dishes. Five subjects washed their hands using each of the following methods: •method #1, washing hands by running warm water over them; •method #2, washing hands with soap and water using minimal friction; •method #3, washing hands for 10 seconds with water and friction; •method #4, washing hands as defined by the Mayo Clinic but decreased time; •method #5, washing hands as defined by the Mayo Clinic. The results of this study did not support the hypothesis. The overall most effective to least effective methods were: method #4, #1, #5, #3, and #2. The range was 73% to 89% effective. The conclusion is, that while method #4 is most effective, all of the hand washing methods are beneficial. When washing hands, it is better to wash hands the incorrect way than to not wash hands at all.


8 Shaw, William (Nick) Our Lady Of Visitation Elem

Which Hand Sanitizer Kills the Most Germs? The title of my project is “Which Hand Sanitizer Cleans the Most Germs?” My topic is a very important because it helps people find out which hand sanitizer works the best at killing germs. The hypothesis is if the amount of bacteria killed by hand sanitizers is related to the brand of hand sanitizers, then Purell brand will kill more germs than the Germ-X brand and the Walgreen’s brand. Even though all three brands have the same percent of ethyl alcohol content, the Purell brand is more widely advertised as killing more germs. For this project one will have to prepare the agar in the petri dishes. Next swab three door handles individually and then rub onto separate petri dishes. Germs are allowed to grow over the next four days. The hand sanitizers are applied to the individual petri dishes. The final step is watching to see how many germs are killed by the hand sanitizers. The results of the experiment indicate that the Purell hand sanitizer killed the most germs. These results were consistent with the hypothesis. This research study was very interesting and educational. It provided the opportunity to look at germs and ways to prevent germs. It revealed the importance of keeping our hands clean and frequently washing our hands so that we can stay healthier. Cleaning our hands is very easy to do and hand sanitizers make it very easy especially when we do not have soap and water available to us.

7 Scoville, Sarah St Mary Elem Does Your Brain Get You Steamed? I’m interested in brain work because it is an intriguing topic. I was curious if your body temperature goes up when your brain is working hard. I hypothesized that brain work will affect temperature. Specifically, I stated that I thought the temperature would rise because your brain is at work. To perform my experiment, I gathered my materials and explained my experiment to my test subjects. Next, I took their pre-test temperature three times, recorded the data, and computed and recorded the average. Then I set a timer for three minutes and had the test subjects do a word search for that time. After the word searches, I took the subjects’ temperature three more times, recorded the data, and computed and recorded the average. After completing the test on all the subjects, I, cleaned up my materials. I found that my subjects’ temperature rose slightly after brain work. After the word search the temperature was higher than before. The data supports my hypothesis. My hypothesis proves to be correct because I hypothesized temperature would rise. I have learned that brain work affects temperature. In knowing that, when your brain is working hard, your body temperature may rise.


8 Shim, Sarah Queen Of Angels Montessori Ele

Perfect Balance The purpose of this experiment is to answer the question: does changing arm position increase or decrease balance when walking, standing on one foot, and spinning on a balance beam? The hypothesis of this study is: the most effective arm placement to increase balance while spinning on a balance beam is above the head and out to the sides at shoulder height for standing on one foot and walking on a balance beam. I tested 20 subjects on a 4"x6'x3" wooden beam, which is the size of a regulation balance beam. Each subject walked, balanced on the right and left leg for 30 seconds, and performed 4 half turns on the beam. They repeated each of these tasks three times with their arms down by their sides, arms out to the side at shoulder height,and arms above the head. Falters of balance and falling off the beam were tallied and averaged for each task and arm position. The results of this study show that when walking on the balance beam the average number of falters was the lowest for arms above the head. For balancing on the right leg the average number of falters was the lowest for arms out to the side and for balancing on the left leg the average number of falters was the lowest for arms above the head. For spinning, arms above the head produced the lowest number of falters. Therefore, the results of my study proved half of my hypothesis to be true.

8 Sheridan, Madalyn Our Lady Of Visitation Elem

Do Boys or Girls Have a Higher Resting Pulse? The focus of our science fair project is if boys and girls have different resting pulse rates. This project teaches you to test to see who has the higher resting pulse rate males or females. This is a fascinating project because it informs you to see who has the higher resting pulse rate. It also teaches you to see who has the higher stamina. This is an important experiment for people in the medical field because when you work out and you do it frequently your heart will recover faster than someone who works out once a week. We found that girls would have the higher resting pulse rate then boys, because most boys are more athletic than girls. We approached this experiment by the following procedure. Check ones pulse rate. Then record. Start an activity. Let the boys and girls rest. Check ones pulse rate again. Then record. We found that the girls had a higher resting pulse rate then the boys. Our results were accurate with our hypothesis. We stated that the girls would have a higher recovery resting pulse rate then boys and we were correct. Our interpretation of our results means that most boys have a quicker recovery when taking on exercise in comparison to girls. It’s unclear as to whether this is a difference do to sex or if it’s a difference in the amount of aerobic exercise that boys versus girls get.


9 Stone, Eric Monroe High The duration of anti-bacterial effect of ethyl alc This experiment focused on the duration of the anti-bacterial effect of ethyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol, a leading hand sanitizer, is able to kill bacteria by dissolving into the cell membrane and disrupting the cell structure. The hypothesis is ethyl alcohol based hand sanitizer will limit bacterial growth on the hands for one hour but not be effective at reducing re-colonization of the hands. To test hypothesis, hands were tested before hand gel, at time zero immediately after hand gel,and every 30 minutes for ninety minutes total. The index finger pad was swabbed with sterile cotton swab moistened with sterile saline, distributed on the agar plate, incubated, and colony forming units calculated. The results of the experiment showed ethyl alcohol maintained an effective reduction of bacteria beyond 90 minutes. In the experimental group, there was a ninety-eight percent reduction of bacteria at time zero. The bacteria did re-colonize the hands but at a slower rate than predicted. The final count was twenty-one percent at 90 minutes. Re-colonization of the hands was also noted to be non-linear, which was not expected. The control group showed a reduction at time zero and 30 minutes despite no use of hand sanitizer. The count returned to one hundred and one percent of the original count at 60 minutes, then reduced again at 90 minutes. The experiment proved the hypothesis correct, limiting the growth of hand bacteria for 60 minutes but showed the time needed to re-colonize to pretreatment levels is greater than 90 minutes.

11 Smith, Nathan Sycamore High Attaching Carboxyl Coated Nanoparticles to a Cell Attaching Carboxyl (COOH) Coated Nanoparticals to a Cell Membrane By Nathan Smith Humanity is plagued with illness, ranging from the common cold to cancer. All of us have been sick at some point in our lives, some more then others. What if doctors could tag cancer cells with a simple shot to the cancerous area and a swarm of nanoparticals latches onto the cancer’s cell membrane? In an hour, the cell is covered in these nanoparticals. This project is going to answer the question- can a nanopartical latch onto a cell membrane? To do this, the experiment will be using C6 Glicoma cancer cells, plain polystyrene nanoparticals and polystyrene nanoparticals covered in Carboxyl (COOH). As the cells are exposed to the two different nanoparticals, research found that COOH nanoparticals quickly attach to the cell walls in greater numbers. In contrast, plain nanoparticals took longer to attach and fewer in number, as opposed to the COOH nanoparticals. This discovery suggests that COOH nanoparticals are more effective in attaching to cell membranes then plain nanoparticals. Future studies could be conducted to see what will make the cells take up the nanoparticals, at which point one could destroy the cell nucleus and, in theory, destroy cancer cells.


7 Turner, Sarah Horizon Science Acad. Cincini

Reflexes: Boys vs. Girls The purpose of my project was to find out whether boys or girls of my age had faster reflexes. I first got interested in this subject when my step dad came home and was telling my mom about the experiment he did in science that day, which happened to be on reflexes. Though he had done a much more complicated version on the experiment, from his I derived a few parts of mine such as, to be completely sure that there was only one main variable, the gender of the test subjects. There was also one smaller variable, being the age which the test subject was. This was actually very specific, there was an age group that was chosen (11-13) and all of the test subjects being used had to fit within this age group. My hypothesis for this experiment was that the boys would have faster reflexes, and I thought so because, well when my class plays football, or dodge ball, and someone throws a ball the boys always seem to be the first ones to notice. Though there is a possibility that this is a result of athleticism. The results of my experiment proved my hypothesis wrong; they proved that neither boys nor girls at my age have faster reflexes. I also saw in the data that the more athletic a person was, the better they scored, proving that reflexes can most likely be trained. My conclusion was neither gender is faster.

7 Tobin, Katie Nativity Elem How Dirty Are Your Dollar Bills Abstract By: Katie Tobin The purpose of my project is which has more germs, an old dollar bill or a new dollar bill. My hypothesis is if I swab a used dollar bill and a new dollar bill then I think the used one will have more germs then the new one. I got an old dollar bill and a new dollar bill. Then I used a Q-tip and rubbed one on the old dollar bill then the new one. Then rubbed the Q-tip on the gelatin, which were in Petri dishes. Next I put the Petri dishes in a closet because germs grow best in dark places. I would go up each day and draw the germs on graph paper for 7 days. I observed that germs start in little foggy spots. When I tried the experiment the first time it did not work because you have to put sugar in the gelatin to make the germs grow. I found out that there are more germs on old dollar bills than new dollar bills. This research will help me form a hypothesis for my science fair project because it teaches me how germs grow. I learned from my research that germs are tiny living organisms that can cause disease. I also learned how to grow germs in my Petri dishes. Finally, I learned what you feed the germs, and how to make the gelatin.


7 Witt, Olivia St Thomas More Elem Which Kills More Bacteria Soap or Hand Sanitizer Our problem was that many hand sanitizers and soaps have been advertised to kill 99.9% of germs. In our project we predicted that hand sanitizer will kill the most germs, because of its alcohol level. In our experiment we melted agar in a Petri dish and put our thumb and pinky finger in the control agar to see how much bacteria was on our hands before we used the soap or hand sanitizer. After we washed our hands we swabbed our hands with a sterile cotton swab and put the Petri dish in the incubator. We counted the colonies by every big round dot was one and every smear was one also. We came to a conclusion that supports our hypothesis; hand sanitizer kills more bacteria rather than anti- bacterial hand soap.

7 Wheeler, Maggie St Andrew The Effect of Chocolate on Blood Pressure THE EFFECT OF CHOCOLATE ON BLOOD PRESSURE Maggie Wheeler St. Andrew The topic this experiment was on was the effect of chocolate on blood pressure. This topic was chosen because people would like to know if chocolate was good for you in this way. The hypothesis was that the chocolate would decrease the blood pressure. A subject participating in this experiment had to go through a few steps. First, they had to sit for five minutes. Then, they got their blood pressure taken. After that, they got a piece of sugar free chocolate. Then, they sat for fifteen minutes. Finally, their blood pressure was taken again to see the effect. The materials used in this process were packs of sugar free chocolate, a blood pressure kit, and some chairs. In the end, the data proved the hypothesis right. Forty five out of fifty one people's systolic blood pressure decreased, thirty three out of fifty one subject's diastolic decreased, and twenty eight out of fifty one subject's heart rate dropped. This experiment confirmed that chocolate decreases blood pressure.

8 Walz, Megan Our Lady Of Lourdes Elem

Which Brand is Safest? For my project I tested which brand of bottled water is safest to reuse more than once. I tested this by drinking the top five water bottles sold in Ohio in 2009. Then swabbing the bottles and growing the bacteria on petri dishes. After a week of observations, I saw that Evian had the most bacteria and Ice Mountain had the least. My hypothesis was partially correct. I thought that it was either Evian or Ice Mountain. The reason I chose this project was because a lot of people think that it is dangerous to reuse water bottles more than once. I wanted to see if I could prove that wrong because people could save a lot more money if they just used the same bottle over and over again. If I could do this project over again with changes, I would make the testing time longer, refill the bottles and drink them again after a week of testing. Then I would see how much more bacteria grew within another week.


7 Yorio, Dylan Fairfield Middle Pain-Be-Gone The purpose of my science project was to find out the dissolution rate of common painkillers. My hypothesis was that Bayer aspirin would dissolve the fastest. We tested Advil, Tylenol, Aleve, Kroger brand Ibuprofen and Bayer. (We decided not to test gel caps based on another independent study that gel caps dissolve in the lower intestines.) This experiment is solely based on your stomach acids ability to break down the tablets. I wanted to observe how each dissolved in the white vinegar. Once each tablet was dropped into the white vinegar. I timed each one with a stop watch.Chemically, white vinegar best represents stomach acid; heating the white vinegar best represents stomach; heating the white vinegar to temperature of 100 degrees best represents your body temperature. I used the same thermometer and containers when I tested each variable. Each painkiller was tested in the same amount of white vinegar. While each tablet was dissolving I stirred the vinegar each time to simulate stomach churning. The experiment concluded that the dissolution rate varied moderately between all of the tested painkillers except one. The exception was a coated tablet Aleve. Aleve never completely dissolved even after leaving it in vinegar overnight. The quickest painkiller to dissolve was Tylenol. The Advil, the generic Kroger brand ibuprofen, along with the Bayer aspirin had similar dissolution rates. In conclusion, my hypothesis was wrong, the Bayer aspirin dissolved in 9min 02secsonds. The other variables dissolved in a average of 17 minutes. The Tylenol dissolved in 8min.

8 Woelfel, Christa Our Lady Of Lourdes Elem

Heart Hazards? My purpose was to find out which energy drink affected the heart rate the most. I predicted that Monster would affect the heart rate the most because it had the most energy blend. I also predicted that Pepsi Max would affect the heart rate the least because it had no energy blend. I used a measuring cup with milliliters, a stop watch, a wrist monitor which I used to test the heart rate, Pepsi Max, A.M.P., and Monster. I tested each person with each energy drink twice. First I had them lay down for five minutes so I could get their resting heart rate. Then I had them do thirty jumping-jacks so I could get their active heart rate. Finally, I had them drink 50mL of the first energy drink. I tested their heart rate as soon as they drank it and every five minutes afterwards for an hour. I waited at least twenty four hours between each test so the energy drink would be completely out of their system. I did each test exactly the same for each person and drink. In my experimenting I found out that none of the energy drinks affected any of the heart rates. I have concluded that they really don’t affect your heart rate and that they are just a waste of money.


Total Project Reports: 57

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7 Young, Mollie All Saints Elem "Falling on Deaf Ears": Does Age Determine an Abil Frequency is defined as the number of waves that pass to a given point over a period of time. High frequency sounds waves pass closer than low frequency sounds waves. It is already known that high frequency hearing loss is common in elderly people, but this project tests to see if it happens to much younger adults. To test various frequency ranges, participants aged 18-30 were asked to try to hear twelve different high frequency sounds ranging from 8 kHz – 22 kHz. These were played from a laptop in a quiet setting and at the same volume level each time. Results were recorded. To look for other possible hearing loss correlations other than age, several questions about family history, use of headphones and experience playing musical instruments was also collected. All participants were tested twice to verify the results which were then evaluated and graphed. The problem is “When do you lose the ability to hear high frequency sounds?” It is hypothesized that the ability to hear high frequency sounds decreases when you are an adult. The hypothesis was proved partially wrong after testing a large sampling of people and graphing all of the results. People in the range of 18-25 seem to have no correlation for high frequency hearing loss due to age. However, people who are ages 25-30, have a significant decline. It is concluded that there is a greater chance that age causes the ability to hear high frequency sounds to decrease.


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