Grade 11

Science Curriculum Map

Topic C: The Changing Earth

Betty-Lou Ayers

On Behalf of THE ALBERTA LIBRARY

Published December 2015

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Background and Access Information

Learn Alberta’s Online Reference Centre is a $1.7 million collection of

authoritative curricular aligned resources that are licensed on behalf of all

students, staff, parents and public librarians learning/teaching/supporting

the Alberta curriculum.

To Access the Online Reference Centre:

1. Go to LearnAlberta.ca

2. Select English or French

3. Click on “Online Reference Centre” in the tab along the top of the screen

4. In school while on a school device, users do not need to enter a

username of password. Users are able to enter any database or website

instantly.

5. Access from a person device in school or remotely from outside of the

school will require the user to enter a username/password once to unlock

all of the resources.

a. School District Username: LA____ Password: _____

(not case sensitive)

6. Please share your district’s ORC username/password with your students,

parents of your students and fellow staff members. Please do not share

the username and password information on an open website (a website

that does not require the user to login).

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User Guide

Curricular Topic

I. Themes……………………………………………………………………………………………………6

II. Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

III. Focusing Questions…………………………………………………………………………………6

IV. General Outcome 1…………………………………………………………………………………7

V. General Outcome 2…………………………………………………………………………………8

VI. General Outcome 3…………………………………………………………………………………9

VII. General Outcome 4………………………………………………………………………………11

(taken from Alberta Education’s Program of Studies)

Section 1: General Overview………………………………………………………...14

Title (hyperlinked): ORC Database: Brief Description of what is included.

Section 2: Important People……………………………………………………………14

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Author, Publication Date/Info. ORC

Database. Date located.

Section 3: Specific References…………………………………………………………15

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Author, Publication Date/Info. ORC

Database. Date located.

Section 4: Websites…………………………………………………………………………19

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Author, Publication Date/Info. pg. ORC

Database. Date located.

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Section 5: Images……………………………………………………………………………21

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 6: Audio…………………………………………………………………………….21

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 7: Videos……………………………………………………………………………22

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 8: Experiments……………………………………………………………………23

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 9: General Overview………………………………………………………...23

Title (hyperlinked): ORC Database: Brief Description of what is included.

Section 10: Specific Reference Articles……………………………………………24

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 11: Websites………………………………………………………………………26

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

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Section 12: Articles…………………………………………………………………………27

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 13: Videos…………………………………………………………………………30

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

Section 14: Images…………………………………………………………………………31

“Title.” (hyperlinked) Publication: Publication Date/Info. ORC Database. Date

located.

If you have any questions regarding this guide or if you would like a guide

for additional grades please contact Jamie Davis, ORC Coordinator at

jdavis@thealbertalibrary.ab.ca

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Topic A: The Changing Earth

Themes Change, Diversity, Energy and Systems

Overview The history of our planet is one of change. There is evidence not only that

Earth’s surface is changing but that this change has, in turn, dramatically impacted the climate and life forms on Earth over time. In this unit, students

examine scientific evidence for natural causes of climate change, for changing life forms and for continual changes to the Earth’s surface.

Focusing Questions What is the scientific evidence of change to Earth? How has this evidence been used to formulate scientific theories? What are the limitations of

current theories in making predictions about future changes to Earth?

General Outcomes: There are four major outcomes in this unit. analyze the scientific evidence and explanations for geologic

phenomena that occurred long ago or are taking place over a long period of time

analyze and assess the evidence to explain the theory of plate tectonics and the internal structure of Earth

analyze and assess the evidence provided by the fossil record of change in the environment and life forms over a period of 3.5 billion

years

analyze the evidence of, and assess the explanations for, natural variations in Earth’s climate over the last two million years.

Key Concepts: The following concepts are developed in this unit and may

also be addressed in other units or in other courses. The intended level and scope of treatment is defined by the outcomes.

Earth’s internal structure theory of plate tectonics

energy transmission in earthquakes fossilization, radiometric dating and half-life

major characteristics and life forms of past eras gradualism compared to punctuated equilibrium

mass extinctions

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evidence of variations in Earth’s climate

General Outcome 1

Students will analyze the scientific evidence and explanations for geologic phenomena that occurred long ago or are taking place over

a long period of time.

Specific Outcomes for Knowledge Students will:

describe the challenges in investigating the changes that take

place over hundreds of millions of years to Earth’s crustal plates, to past climates and to life forms

describe, in general terms, how the theories of geologic processes have changed over time.

Specific Outcomes for Science, Technology and Society (STS) (Nature of Science Emphasis) Students will:

explain that scientific knowledge is subject to change as

new evidence becomes apparent and as laws and theories are tested and subsequently revised, reinforced, rejected or replaced

refer to the contributions of Hutton, Lyell and Wegener to the development of theories of geologic processes

explain that scientific knowledge may lead to the development of new technologies and that new technologies may lead to or

facilitate scientific discovery explain the importance of technology in facilitating the study

of changes to Earth’s surface, climate and life forms (enhancing the gathering of data and the quality, accuracy and precision of

data), considering such things as seismometers, radiometric dating technologies, sonar mapping of the ocean floor and the

global positioning system (GPS) to measure plate movement.

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General Outcome 2 Students will analyze and assess the evidence to explain the theory of plate tectonics and the internal structure of Earth. Specific Outcomes for Knowledge

Students will: describe how energy from earthquakes is transmitted by seismic

waves describe the relationship between the Richter scale and an

earthquake’s ground motion and energy identify primary and secondary seismic waves (P- and S-waves,

respectively) and longitudinal and transverse surface waves on the basis of vibration and direction of propagation and potential

for destruction explain how seismic waves are used to better understand the

internal structure of Earth

identify and describe the layers of Earth (i.e., lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core and inner core) as

classified by the physical properties of density, rigidity and thickness

list and describe the evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics; i.e., location of volcanoes and earthquakes, ocean

floor spreading, mountain ranges, age of sediments, paleomagnetism

explain how convection of molten material provides the driving force of plate tectonics, and explain the tentativeness of the

explanation that radioactive decay is the source of geothermal energy for plate tectonics.

Specific Outcomes for Science, Technology and Society (STS) Students will:

explain that concepts, models and theories are often used in interpreting and explaining observations and in predicting

future observations assess the theory of plate tectonics in terms of its ability to

explain and predict changes to Earth’s surface explain that science and technology are developed to meet

societal needs and expand human capability describe the limitations of current knowledge in predicting

earthquakes and the need for more accurate predictions

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Specific Outcomes for Skills Initiating and Planning Students will:

formulate questions about observed relationships and plan investigations of questions, ideas, problems and issues

define and delimit problems, e.g., how to locate the approximate epicentre of an earthquake, using data provided to facilitate

investigation design an experiment to test the effect of a simulated

earthquake on a model building investigate Canada’s earthquake-prone areas and predict

likely locations of a future earthquake

Performing and Recording Students will:

conduct investigations into relationships among observable

variables and use a broad range of tools and techniques to gather and record data and information

compile and organize data to investigate monthly occurrences of earthquakes, their intensity and their locations around

the world

Analyzing and Interpreting Students will:

analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop and assess possible solutions

estimate, predict, check and validate calculations when determining the location of earthquakes

compare the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics

investigate the application of seismic and surface waves in the

design of earthquake-resistant buildings

General Outcome 3 Students will analyze and assess the evidence provided by the fossil

record of change in the environment and life forms over a period of 3.5 billion years. Specific Outcomes for Knowledge

Students will:

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explain how knowledge of radioisotopes, radioactive decay and

half-lives are used to estimate the age of minerals and fossils 20-C3.2k describe common types of fossilization, i.e., actual

remains, molds or imprints, tracks, trails or burrows, as direct evidence of evolution and describe the significance of the fossil

record in Canada’s Burgess Shale 20-C3.3k explain how sedimentary rock layers along with fossils

can provide evidence of chronology, paleoclimate, evolution and mass extinctions; e.g., index and transitional fossils, fossils of

reptiles and certain types of plants usually indicate a warm, tropical climate

describe, in general terms, the major characteristics and life forms of the four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and

Cenozoic explain why oxygen became a significant component of Earth’s

atmosphere after the evolution of plants and chlorophyll.

Specific Outcomes for Science, Technology and Society (STS) Students will:

explain that scientific knowledge may lead to the development of

new technologies and that new technologies may lead to or facilitate scientific discovery

explain the importance of technology in facilitating the study of changes to Earth’s climate and life forms (enhancing the

gathering of data and the quality, accuracy and precision of

data), considering such things as radiometric dating technologies, sonar mapping of the ocean floor and the global positioning

system (GPS) to measure plate movement explain that scientific knowledge is subject to change as new

evidence becomes apparent and as laws and theories are tested and subsequently revised, reinforced, rejected or replaced

discuss probable causes of, and geologic evidence for, mass extinctions and contrast these causes with the forces driving the

current decline in species.

Specific Outcomes for Skills Initiating and Planning Students will:

formulate questions about observed relationships and plan investigations of questions, ideas, problems and issues

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use stratigraphic evidence of one location to predict geologic

structures in a neighbouring region

Performing and Recording Students will:

conduct investigations into relationships among observable variables and use a broad range of tools and techniques to

gather and record data and information compile and organize data, using appropriate formats and data

treatments to facilitate interpretation, when determining climatic conditions based on fossil evidence

Analyzing and Interpreting

Students will: analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to

develop and assess possible solutions

interpret simple stratigraphic sequences apply units of geological time; i.e., eras, periods and epochs

interpret decay curves of elements commonly used for radioactive dating

describe earlier life forms on the basis of fossil evidence, identify and explain sources of error, and express results in a form that

acknowledges the degree of uncertainty

Communication and Teamwork Students will:

work collaboratively in addressing problems and apply the skills and conventions of science in communicating information and

ideas and in assessing results prepare a group presentation, summarizing the arguments for

gradualism and punctuated equilibrium as two possible patterns

of evolution evaluate individual and group processes used in planning and

carrying out an investigation, based on fossil evidence, into changes in life forms

General Outcome 4 Students will analyze the evidence of, and assess the explanations for, natural variations in Earth’s climate over the last two million

years.

Specific Outcomes for Knowledge

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Students will:

describe the geologic evidence for repeated glaciation over large areas of Canada and in their local area;e.g., the Cypress Hills,

gold deposits in the Yukon, topography, drainage patterns, erratics, U-shaped valleys

explain how ice cores from polar icecaps provide evidence of warming and cooling in the past hundred thousand years

explain, in general terms, how changes to Earth’s climate and how mass extinctions could be caused by changes or variation in

the following: Earth’s orbit around the sun, the inclination of Earth’s axis, solar energy output, Earth’s geography due to

crustal movement, volcanic activity, ocean currents, atmospheric composition or asteroid impact.

Specific Outcomes for Science, Technology and Society (STS) (Nature of Science Emphasis) Students will:

explain that concepts, models and theories are often used in

interpreting and explaining observations and in predicting future observations

describe the limitations of current geological models in predicting future changes to climate.

Specific Outcomes for Skills (Nature of Science Emphasis) Initiating and Planning

Students will: formulate questions about observed relationships and plan

investigations of questions, ideas, problems and issues design a plan for surveying data on ice core samples from ice

fields around the world for a study of climate over the last two million years

Performing and Recording

Students will: conduct investigations into relationships among observable

variables and use a broad range of tools and techniques to gather and record data and information

select relevant ice-core data for a study of climate over the last two million years

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view a glacier in aerial photographs and document the changes

that have occurred over time

Analyzing and Interpreting Students will:

analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop and assess possible solutions

identify and explain sources of error and uncertainty in measurement when describing past climates based on ice-core

data and express results in a form that acknowledges the degree of uncertainty

distinguish between correlation and cause and effect when describing the relationship between climate change and mass

extinction identify new questions or problems that arise from what was

learned, such as: "Is the current rate of species extinction the

same as in periods of mass extinction in the past?"

Communication and Teamwork Students will:

work collaboratively in addressing problems and apply the skills and conventions of science in communicating information and

ideas and in assessing results synthesize information from multiple sources when making

inferences about global warming and climate change, recording relevant data, acknowledging sources of information and citing

sources correctly

General Outcome 1 Students will analyze the scientific evidence and explanations for geologic phenomena that occurred long ago or are taking place over

a long period of time.

General Outcome 2 Students will analyze and assess the evidence to explain the theory

of plate tectonics and the internal structure of Earth.

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Section 1: General Overview **Scientific Theories and Laws: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and

video and news articles.

Alfred Wegener: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news

articles.

Earthquakes: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news

articles.

Plate Tectonics: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news

articles.

Radiometric Dating: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles,

reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news articles.

Section 2: Important People

"Beno Gutenberg." Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present. Ed. Brigham

Narins. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"James Hutton." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan Reference

USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Charles Lyell." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Charles Lyell." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda

Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Charles Lyell Publishes The Principles of Geology (1830-33), in Which He Proposes the Actual Age of Earth to be Several Hundred Million Years."

Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

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Photo: "Charles Lyell." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2005.

Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Geologist Richard Oldham's 1906 Paper on Seismic Wave Transmission Establishes the Existence of Earth's Core and Demonstrates the Value of

Seismology for Studying the Structure of Earth's Deep Interior." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 6. Detroit: Gale, 2001.

Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

'NEIC: An Interview with Charles F. Richter.' July 8, 2002. ..." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Alfred Wegener Introduces the Concept of Continental Drift." Science and

Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 6. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Alfred Wegener." Scientists: Their Lives and Works. Detroit: UXL, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Alfred Wegener." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda

Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Alfred Wegener." Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present. Ed. Brigham Narins. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

Section 3: Specific References

"Scientific theories and laws." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014.

Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Big Quakes Signal Changes Coming to Earth's Crust." Morning Edition 27

Sept. 2012. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Convergent plate boundary." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 19

Aug. 2015.

"Deep-sea supernova evidence." American Scientist 103.2 (2015): 89. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

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New insights about distant supernovae could come from the bottom of the ocean, according

to a study led by Anton Wallner of Australian National University.

"Earthquake measurement scale." World of Invention. Gale, 2006. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Earthquake-proofing techniques." UXL Science. Detroit: UXL, 2008. Canada

in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"The Earth's Hidden Ocean." New York Times 17 June 2014: D5(L). Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. An ocean of water appears to be tied up in minerals

of the mantle 400 miles below the surface, according to an analysis of seismic waves

passing through the deep earth. The finding also brings into focus how the earth's water

accumulated.

Fukushima:

"Fukushima nuclear accident." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K.

Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"A blast from the nuclear past: a new version of an old reactor design

could help make nuclear power safer and more economical." Technology Review [Cambridge, Mass.] May-June 2015: 13+. Science

in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"The Ice wall cometh: a 150-year-old remediation technology is being used to deal with the destroyed Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power

plant." Alternatives Journal 40.2 (2014): 16+. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Sound waves could detect cracks at nuclear power plants." Chemical

Industry Digest 30 June 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

Video:

"Lessons From Fukushima." NYTimes.com Video Collection 2014. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"No CANDU: would a Canadian reactor have staved off the Fukushima

nuclear disaster?" Literary Review of Canada 19.7 (2011): 20+. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"ROBOTS to the rescue: DARPAs robotics challenge inspires new

disaster-relief technology." Science News 13 Dec. 2014: 16+. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

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"Geotechnical issues of the recent Turkish earthquakes." Geotechnical

Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2005. 245+.

Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Glomar Challenger." UXL Science. Detroit: UXL, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. A drill ship customized for deep sampling of ocean crust.

"Lasting earthquake legacy: earthquakes occur within continental tectonic plates as well as at plate boundaries. Do clusters of such mid-plate events

constitute zones of continuing hazard, or are they aftershocks of long-past earthquakes?" Nature 461.7269 (2009): 42+. Science in Context. Web. 19

Aug. 2015.

"Go plates." Natural History Nov. 2014: 7. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. In the beginning, the Earth's crust was static. But about 3 billion years ago, the plates that

made up that crust began to drift. As explained by the theory of plate tectonics, a conveyor

belt-like mechanism started dragging some sections of the crust toward one another, while

pulling others apart. But what geological events set the plates in motion in the first place?

In a new paper, Patrice F. Rey, a professor of geoscience at the University of Sydney, and

two colleagues provide an answer. Using mathematical models that simulate the physical

conditions of the early Earth, they propose a mechanism that could have set the plates in

motion and, thus, the continents adrift.

"Mid-ocean ridges and rifts." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and

Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Oceanographic Expeditions." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit:

Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Plate tectonics." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and

Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Plate Tectonic Theory and the Unification of the Earth Sciences." Science

and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"'Geologic Time.' United States Geological Survey." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Discusses the two types of time scales used in geology. A relative time scale establishes

time relative to rock layers and the evolution of life, while the radiometric time scale

analyzes the radioactivity of chemical elements in rocks.

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"A Quake-Causing Collision Course." New York Times 19 May 2015: D5(L).

Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Quakeproofing needed at 48 schools." Globe & Mail [Toronto, Canada] 6 Oct. 2011: S2. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Seismic performance of single-storey steel concentrically braced frame

structures constructed in the 1960s." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41.7 (2014): 579+. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

“Ready or Not." American Scientist 98.2 (2010): 160+. Canada in Context.

Web. 19 Aug. 2015. PREDICTING THE UNPREDICTABLE: The Tumultuous Science of Earthquake Prediction. Susan Hough. Princeton University Press,

2010.

"Retrospective on the plate tectonic revolution focusing on K/Ar dating,

linear volcanic chains and the geomagnetic polarity time scale." Earth Sciences History 32.2 (2013): 313+. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Seamounts." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and

Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Seismic visions of middle earth: abundant seismic data, new mathematical

analyses, and powerful supercomputers are yielding a detailed look beneath the ground, into Earth's mantle." American Scientist 103.2 (2015): 102+.

Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Seismology." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Soundings: The Story of the Remarkable Woman Who Mapped the Ocean

Floor." The Geographical Review 104.1 (2014): 115+. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Underwater exploration." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee

Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

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Section 4: Websites "Animations, Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug.

2015. Series of animations contains text, graphics, animations, and videos to help teach

Earth Science fundamentals.

'Animated Guide: Earthquakes.' BBC. Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

Earthquakes Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada.

Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

Earthquake – Related Links. Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

IRIS: Incorporated Research Institution for Seismology. National Science Foundation. Washington, DC. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"The Origins of Plate Tectonic Theory, Vision Learning." Gale Science in

Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Explains how Alfred Wegener developed the theory of plate tectonics and how it came to be

an accepted geological theory. The website also discusses how satellite imaging has

provided additional information on tectonic plate movement.

"'Harry Hammond Hess: Spreading the Seafloor.' U.S. Geological Survey."

Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Provides a brief biography of the geologist who was one of the first advocates

of plate tectonic theory in the early 1960s. Hess established the concept that the seafloor

spreads when molten rock pushes up along mid-oceanic ridges, creating new seafloor that

spreads away from the active ridge crest and, eventually, sinks into the deep oceanic

trenches.

"'The Colorado Plateau: High, Wide, Windswept.' BLM Environmental

Education." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. The Colorado Plateau explains how plate tectonics helped create

the mesas, plateaus, and canyons of this area. The article also examines the region's

animals and plants and addresses the unique land management challenges of the plateau.

"Smithsonian Institution: Oceans Portal." Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015. Check

out the tab: All ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE.

'The San Andreas Fault.' U.S. Geological Survey. Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

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"Savage Earth Online." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science

in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. This PBS series researches the earth's crust, earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. The

information is presented through firsthand stories, detailed scientific data and images

depicting the destruction of the earth's power.

"'The Sea Floor Spread.' Public Broadcasting Service." Gale Science in

Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. The Sea Floor Spread concisely describes how the ocean floor is being continually

regenerated at the rift valley. Animated diagrams accompany the descriptions to illustrate

the concepts of continental slide, continental crush, and transform boundary.

National Geographic Society. “Plate Tectonics.” http:// science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/the-dynamic-earth/plate-

tectonics-article.html (accessed August 20, 2013).

"'The New Madrid Fault Zone.' The Arkansas Center for Earthquake Education and Technology Transfer." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale,

2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. Provides a linked list of resources

about the Mississippi Valley fault line. The data is organized into the following categories:

general information, recent seismic events, historical seismic events, maps of seismic… United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey

(USGS). “Plate Tectonics.” http://www.usgs.gov/science/science.php?term=1145 (accessed August 20,

2013).

"United States Geological Survey (USGS). 'Latest Earthquakes in the

World.'." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"United States Geological Survey (USGS). 'Earthquake Hazards Program.'."

Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

U.S. Government; science.gov. "Oceans and Oceanography."

http://www.science.gov/browse/w_119E.htm (accessed October 7, 2014).

"Geology.com." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. A clearing house of news and information related to geology and earth sciences.

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Section 5: Images "Continental drift." Biology. Ed. Richard Robinson. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Continental drift." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web.

17 Aug. 2015. An illustration from the English translation of Alfred Wegener's The Origin of Continents and

Oceans, in which he proposed his theory of continental drift.

"Labeled Illustration of Earthquake." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale,

2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Plate tectonics." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Seismic Wave Diagram; Illustration." UXL Encyclopedia of Weather and

Natural Disasters. Detroit: UXL, 2012. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Studying Earth's Interior with Earthquake Waves." Gale Science in Context.

Detroit: Gale, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Temblor-Tracking Technology." MCT Graphics Service. 2011. Science in

Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. Diagram of how the earthquake-warning system now operating in Japan works.

"Tectonic Plates." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda

Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

Section 6: Audio "'Amasia': The Next Supercontinent?" All Things Considered 8 Feb. 2012.

Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. The Earth's continents are in constant motion. On at least three occasions, they have all

collided to form one giant continent. If history is a guide, the current continents will

coalesce once again to form another supercontinent. And a study in Nature now shows how

that could come about.

"Designing A Bridge For Earthquake Country." Talk of the Nation: Science Friday 20 Apr. 2012. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

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"Japanese Structure Withstands Earthquake Test." All Things Considered 14

July 2009. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Why Earthquakes Are Growing Deadlier." Weekend Edition Sunday 28 Feb. 2010. Canada in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

Section 7: Videos "Continental Deformation: Creating the Basin and Range." American

Museum of Natural History Audios - Visuals 12 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Geologists watch how the mountains and valleys of the

American Southwest were made.

"Moving Mountains." American Museum of Natural History Audios - Visuals 12 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Studying the changes

with the mountain range in the St. Elias National Park in Alaska by geologists. This study

looks at the affects of tectonics or the building of mountains and also the erosion or the

destroying of the mountains.

"Natural Science: Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift." Natural Science:

Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift 2011. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

Khan Academy Videos:

"Plate Tectonics." Khan Academy 1 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Plate Tectonics Evidence." Khan Academy 1 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Plate Tectonics and Divergent Plate Boundaries." Khan Academy 1 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

"Plate Tectonics—Why Plates Move." Khan Academy 1 June 2012. Science in

Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. "Plate Tectonics and Convergent Plate Boundaries." Khan Academy 1 June

2012. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

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Section 8: Experiments "Mountains." Experiment Central: Understanding Scientific Principles

Through Projects. M. Rae Nelson. Ed. Kristine Krapp. 2nd ed. Detroit: UXL, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015. Mountain Plates: How does the

movement of Earth's plates determine the formation of a mountain?

"Volcanoes." Experiment Central: Understanding Scientific Principles

Through Projects. M. Rae Nelson. Ed. Kristine Krapp. 2nd ed. Detroit: UXL, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 17 Aug. 2015.

General Outcome 3 Students will analyze and assess the evidence provided by the fossil record of change in the environment and life forms over a period of

3.5 billion years.

General Outcome 4 Students will analyze the evidence of, and assess the explanations for, natural variations in Earth’s climate over the last two million

years.

Section 9: General Overview Burgess Shale: Topic/definition page featuring reference, academic,

magazine and news articles.

Climate Change (Canada in Context): Topic/definition page featuring reference, academic, magazine and news articles.

Fossils. Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference,

academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news articles.

Extinction. Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news

articles.

Fossils. Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles, reference,

academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news articles.

24

Geologic Time: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles,

reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news articles.

Radiometric Dating: Topic/definition page featuring featured content articles,

reference, academic journals, magazines images, audio and video and news articles.

Section 10: Specific Reference Articles "Burgess Shale and Ediacaran Faunas." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb.

New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Cambrian Period." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. New York: Macmillan

Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Correlation (geology)." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner

and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Cretaceous." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug.

2015.

"Fossil and fossilization." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014.

Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Fossilization and the Fossil Record." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Fossilization Processes." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan

Reference USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"The Fossil Record: A Window to the Past." Grzimek's Animal Life

Encyclopedia: Evolution. Ed. Michael Hutchins. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 103-109. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Glaciation." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth

Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2003.Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

25

"Gradualism vs. catastrophism." World of Genetics. Gale, 2007. Canada in

Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Ice ages." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context.

Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Mass extinction hypothesis." World of Biology. Gale, 2006. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Mesozoic Era." UXL Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. Amy Hackney Blackwell

and Elizabeth Manar. 3rd ed. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Paleobotany, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, Paleogeography." Earth

Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. Science in

Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Paleoclimate." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in

Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Paleoecology." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in

Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Paleozoic Era." UXL Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. Amy Hackney Blackwell and Elizabeth Manar. 3rd ed. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL, 2015. Science in

Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Precambrian." UXL Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. Amy Hackney Blackwell and

Elizabeth Manar. 3rd ed. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Punctuated equilibrium." World of Genetics. Gale, 2007. Canada in Context.

Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Radioactive dating." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014.

Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Stephen Jay Gould." DISCovering Biography. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

26

"Stratigraphy." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and

Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

Section 11: Websites “Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins.” Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University. Science in Context,

Gale, 2014. Web. 20 Aug. 2015.

"The Cambrian Period: 543 to 490 Million Years Ago." University of California Museum of Paleontology. Science in Context, Gale, 2003. Web. 20 Aug.

2015.

"'Dive and Discover: Expeditions to the Seafloor.' Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. (Follow ocean expeditions in this interactive website)" Gale Science

in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

“Liaoning Province—China’s Extraordinary Fossil Site.” National Geographic

Society. Science in Context, Gale, 2014. Web. 20 Aug. 2015.

Fossils. United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey (USGS). Science in Context, Gale, 2010. Web. 20 Aug. 2015.

"'Fossils, Rocks, and Time.' United States Geological Survey." Gale Science

in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. Fossils, Rocks, and Time examines the Earth's history through rocks, rock layers, and fossils.

The geologic time scale of the ages is shown and then juxtaposed with time scale of the

ages.

"'Geologic Time.' United States Geological Survey." Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

“Lewis and Clark's Lost World: Paleontology and the Expedition.” In

Discovering Lewis and Clark Web site, ed. Joseph A. Mussulman. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Interactive: Fossil Evidence." NOVA 2013. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug.

2015. In 2004, scientists digging in the Canadian Arctic unearthed fossils of a half-fish,

half-amphibian that all but confirmed paleontologists' theories about how land-dwelling

tetrapods–four-limbed animals, including us–evolved from fish.

27

“Luminescence Dating.” United States Department of the Interior, United

States Geological Survey (USGS). Gale Science in Context, Web 19, Aug. 2015. http://www.usgs.gov/science/science.php?term=1677

"'Museum of Paleontology.' University of California, Berkeley. (Information on many aspects of studying fossils" Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale,

2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

“NASA Paleoclimatology Site.” National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA). Gale Science in Context. Web. 20 Aug. 2015.

“Species, Speciation, and the Environment.” Actionbioscience (October, 2000). Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015

Section 12: Articles "A revised late-Quaternary vegetation history of the unglaciated

southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada, from Antifreeze and Eikland ponds." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47.1 (2010): 75+. Canada in

Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Details Research in Climate Change." Global Warming Focus 26 Sept. 2011: 18. Global Issues In

Context. Web. 31 Aug. 2015.

"Another Antarctic rhythm." Nature 471.7336 (2011): 45+. Science in

Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015. A novel explanation for the long-term temperature

record in Antarctic ice cores invokes local solar radiation as the driving agent.

"Arctic ice sheet paradox resolved." Geographical Oct. 2013: 11. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Brief but warm Antarctic summer: a temperature record derived from

measurements of an ice core drilled on James Ross Island, Antarctica, prompts a rethink of what has triggered the recent warming trends on the

Antarctic Peninsula." Nature 489.7414 (2012): 39+. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Changing how earth system modeling is done to provide more useful information for decision making, science, and society: a new mode of

development for Earth system models is needed to enable better targeted

and more Informative projections for both decision makers and

28

scientists." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Sept. 2014:

1453+. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Cretaceous catastrophe." UXL Science. Detroit: UXL, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Demecology in the Cambrian: synchronized molting in arthropods from the

Burgess Shale." BMC Biology 11 (2013): 64. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Early animals couldn't catch a breath: low oxygen levels may have hindered

evolution of complex life." Science News 29 Nov. 2014: 14. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice

core." Nature 492.7433 (2013): 489+.Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug.

2015.

"End-Cretaceous mass extinction event: argument for terrestrial causation." Science238.4831 (1987): 1237+. Canada in Context. Web. 21

Aug. 2015.

"Flameout." Natural History Apr. 2015: 8. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug.

2015. That a cataclysmic asteroid impact in what is now Mexico helped spell doom for the

dinosaurs 65 million years ago--along with three-quarters of plant and animal life on Earth--

is little disputed. But as the asteroid vaporized and blew out a 125-mile wide crater, did it

create a heat pulse that caused a raging global fire?

"Glacial and nonglacial events in the eastern James Bay lowlands, Canada."Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50.4 (2013): 379+. Science in

Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Gondwana genesis: a combination of molecular data, anatomical evidence,

and knowledge of ancient geography is providing new answers to the contentious issue of when--and where--modern birds arose." Natural

History Dec. 2001: 64+. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"High-resolution hydroacoustic seafloor classification of sandy environments in the German Wadden Sea." Journal of Coastal Research 30.6 (2014):

1107+. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Ice man: Lonnie Thompson scales the peaks for science: glaciologist Thompson cores ice from the world's loftiest glaciers seeking to retrieve

precious records of ancient climates before they melt away. (News

29

Focus)." Science 298.5593 (2002): 518+. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug.

2015.

"Journey of the jaguar: land bridges and travel corridors have always been critical to the continuation of big cat species." Natural History Nov. 2014:

16+. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"K-T event." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Late Quaternary glacial history and meltwater discharges along the

Northeastern Newfoundland Shelf." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50.12 (2013): 1178+. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Microtektites and mass extinctions: evidence for a Late Devonian asteroid

impact." Science 257.5073 (1992): 1102+. Canada in Context. Web. 21 Aug.

2015.

"New seafloor map provides window to ocean's depths." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Jan. 2015: 14. Science in Context. Web. 19

Aug. 2015.

“Oldest fossil footprints on land: Animals may have beaten upright plants to land. Gale Science in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Science in Context. Web.

19 Aug. 2015. A brief article discussing the discovery of arthropod fossil footprints and

paths on land in southeastern Canada.

"Oldest fossils not actually fossils." American Scientist 103.4 (2015): 251. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Onset of deglacial warming in West Antarctica driven by local orbital

forcing." Nature 500.7463 (2013): 440+. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug.

2015.

"Oxygen aided carnivore evolution: explosion of animal diversity attributed to rise of predators." Science News 7 Sept. 2013: 12. Science in Context.

Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) life history and population dynamics in a

changing climate." Arctic 62.4 (2009): 491+. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

30

"Resonant slow fault slip in subduction zones forced by climatic load stress."

Nature 442.7104 (2006): 802+. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Rise of oxygen on Earth pushed back: gas was present in the planet's atmosphere 3 billion years ago." Science News 19 Oct. 2013: 12+. Science

in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Scottish cave offers evidence of ancient climate variations." UPI NewsTrack 15 June 2015. Global Issues In Context. Web. 31 Aug. 2015.

"Seeing a World in Grains of Sand." Science 287.5460 (2000): 1912. Science

in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015. Sophisticated physical models of how sediment flows

through rivers into the sea are offering high-tech views into the genesis of complex

stratigraphy

"A team of Ohio State University researchers has retrieved two ice cores

from the Peruvian Andes that reveal 1,800 years of the Earth's tropical

climate history in unprecedented detail." Geographical May 2013: 12. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Technological responses of Neanderthals to macroclimatic variations (240,000-40,000 BP)." Human Biology 81.2-3 (2009): 287+. Canada in

Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Translating the Stories of Life Forms Etched in Stone." New York Times 27 July 2010: D2(L). Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"University of Oxford - Jurassic saw fastest mammal evolution." ENP

Newswire 21 July 2015. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

Section 13: Videos "Archived in Ice: Rescuing the Climate Record." American Museum of Natural History Audios - Visuals 12 June 2012. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug.

2015.

Glaciologist Lonnie Thompson." NOVA 2009. Science in Context. Web. 21

Aug. 2015.

"Grand Canyon May Be 60 Million Years Older Than Previously Thought." The Online NewsHour 2012. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

31

"Harsh Weather, Knee Injuries Didn't Stop Filmmaker from Chasing

Glaciers." The Online NewsHour 2012.Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015. Discusses photographer James Balog's documentary "Chasing Ice.

"NASA, Archeology, and Paleontology." NASA Videos 2010. Science in

Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Paleontologists Take the Long View on Climate Change." AFP News Footage Dec. 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Profile: Edith Widder." NOVA 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. "Go for a deep-sea dive with a marine biologist who is seeing things never before recorded

on the ocean floor. Edie Widder studies marine bioluminescence, the biochemical emission

of light by ocean animals. Bioluminescent animals can light up the murky depths, and

Widder is doing some lighting of her own with an innovative camera system called the "Eye

in the Sea."

"Secrets Beneath the Ice." NOVA 2011. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. Almost three miles of ice buries most of Antarctica. But when an Antarctic ice shelf

the size of Manhattan collapsed in less than a month in 2002, it shocked scientists and

raised the alarming possibility that Antarctica may be headed for a meltdown. Even a 10

percent loss of Antarctica's ice would cause catastrophic flooding of coastal cities unlike any

seen before in human history. What are the chances of a widespread melt? "Secrets

Beneath the Ice" explores whether Antarctica's climate past can offer clues to what may

happen. NOVA follows a state-of-the-art expedition that is drilling three-quarters of a mile

into the Antarctic seafloor. The drill is recovering rock cores that reveal intimate details of

climate and fauna from a time in the distant past when the Earth was just a few degrees

warmer than it is today. As researchers grapple with the harshest conditions on the planet,

they discover astonishing new clues about Antarctica's past—clues that carry ominous

implications for coastal cities around the globe.

"Secrets in the Salt." NOVA 2009. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015. The ancient Egyptians preserved their dead with salt. Now researchers are uncovering

evidence that salt has preserved life-forms much older than any pharaoh. Correspondent

Ziya Tong explores a place where the ultimate natural preservative may enshroud remnants

of life a quarter billion years old.

Section 14: Images "Antarctica ice cores." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 5th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale,

2014. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Burgess Shale fossil site." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. New York:

Macmillan Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

32

"Core Sample of Ice Taken in Antarctica." UXL Encyclopedia of Weather and Natural Disasters. Detroit: UXL, 2012. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug.

2015.

"Sample of Ice Core from Greenland Ice Sheet." UXL Encyclopedia of Weather and Natural Disasters. Detroit: UXL, 2012. Science in Context.

Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"This fossil of Archaeopteryx shows a half dinosaur, half bird, scientific

evidence that would seem..." World Religions Reference Library. Ed. Julie L. Carnagie, et al. Vol. 5: Primary Sources. Detroit: UXL, 2007.World History in

Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Fossil shrimp." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.

"Fossil worm (Ottoia sp.) from the Burgess Shale area. This priapulid worm

lived in the Middle..." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Evolution. Ed. Michael Hutchins. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug.

2015.

"Global Location of Ice Caps and Glaciers; Illustration." UXL Encyclopedia of

Weather and Natural Disasters. Detroit: UXL, 2012. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Hubbard Glacier, Alaska." Earth Sciences for Students. Detroit: Macmillan

Reference USA, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Hubbard Glacier, Alaska." UXL Encyclopedia of Biomes. Ed. Marlene Weigel. Detroit: UXL, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Muir Glacier." UXL Encyclopedia of Weather and Natural Disasters. Detroit:

UXL, 2012. Science in Context. Web. 21 Aug. 2015.

"Trilobite." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. New York: Macmillan

Reference USA, 2009. Science in Context. Web. 19 Aug. 2015.