Gr10 MUSIC TIMELINE

The following outline of style periods in music will apply to all your studies until the end of school. Regard it

as an important framework for everything you will do. There are many concepts that are entirely new to you, and we shall look at most of these systematically over the next three years. Importantly, you have to learn to discern between the styles mentioned below from listening to the music, by studying scores and by playing pieces from each main style period. Identifying styles, composers and compositions is the most popular game amongst professionals and amateurs alike.

1. Basic resources: Sutori website gives a reasonable overview of style periods in Western Art Music. Go to https://www.sutori.com/story/music-history-timeline--Lqe4sFKEALzRDSF7DXQTjxo4 Your Howard Goodall videos give an overview with numerous examples. Please note that these are videos for the public and not scholarly material. 2. Scope: For the purposes of our studies, we start with music from the Late Baroque period, followed by the Classical period, the Romantic period and the 20th Century.

3. Elements of study: In studying music from a given period, we consider a number of elements. These elements are:

A. General history

a. Dates of important events b. Economic, political, social, religious, philosophical and scientific factors that influenced composers and their music. Certain historic events, such as the French Revolution, the revolutions of 1830, 1848, WWI, and WWII are cardinal. Go to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pXxoyk5wOo

c. Arts: Characteristics of fine arts, architecture, dramatic arts, dance of the given period. Note th at music and the other arts do not coincide clearly.

B. General compositional traits pertaining to a style period

a. By parameter: Each element of music is treated differently in each style period. Our focus is on 1. Notational practices: General usages of musical notation in each period. 2. Texture: Polyphonic, homophonic, monophonic or combinations thereof. These elements

all pertain to pitch. 3. Rhythm, melody and phrasing. 4. Harmony and counterpoint. 5. Form: Aside from the free usage of form, each period favoured specific, set types of form, such as fugue (polyphonic), sonata (homophonic), dance forms, rondo, etc.

6. Performance practice: The styles and habits of performers. This includes ornamentation, articulation and the use of human voices. 7. Use of instruments: This includes the prominent instruments used during a period, how instruments combined in chamber and orchestral music, technology involving new instruments and the development of existing instruments. The science of tuning (acoustics)

also comes into play.

b. The lives, styles and works of individual composers, their performance traits and their influence on their contemporaries and those that followed. c. Genres refer to types of works, such as opera, ballet, song, symphony, symphonic poem, concerto,

piano piece, string quartet, etc. We trace common practices in each genre along with representative works of each genre.

d. Individual works: Works that are representative of the style, also called epoch, period or era. The focus is more on compositional elements and less on performance practice.

The Timeline The major (simplified) time divisions of Western art music are as follows. Please note that these periods

overlap, and the dates are approximate:

1. Ancient music, before 500 AD

2. Medieval (500–1420) including Ars antiqua (1170–1310), Ars nova (1310–1377), Ars subtilior (1360–

1420)

3. The Renaissance (1400–1600)

4. The Baroque (1600–1750)

5. The Style Galant, Fr. or Galanter Stil, Ger. and Rococo (1720–1770)

6. The Classical Style (1750–1830)

7. The Romantic era (c.1830–1910), including Late Romantic (after 1848) and Post-Romanticism (1809 to

the present) and Nationalism

8. The 20th Century, an age of extreme diversity, which includes

Impressionism (1890-1937)

Modernism (1890–1980)

Expressionism (1908–1925)

Serialism (1920-1980)

Neoclassicism and folkloristic music (1920–1950)

Avant-garde, experimental, minimalist, Neo-Romantic, etc.

Important composers of various periods

The following collages are helpful in filling in the puzzle of styles. Memorise visually and remember birth

and death dates. It helps to associate each composer with his nationality and to listen to a popular piece.

Renaissance

Palestrina

1525-1594

Tomás Luis de Victoria

1548-1611

Orlando di Lasso

1532-1594

Baroque

Claudio Monteverdi 1567-1643

Jean-Baptiste Lully 1632-1687

Arcangelo Corelli 1653-1713

Henry Purcell 1659-1695

Alessandro Scarlatti 1660-1725

François Couperin 1668-1733

Antonio Vivaldi 1678-1741

Georg Philipp Telemann 1681-1767

Jean-Philippe Rameau 1683-1764

Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750

Domenico Scarlatti 1685-1757

Georg Friederich Händel 1685-1759

Rococo and Classical

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi 1710–1736

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach 1714-1788

Franz Joseph Haydn 1732-1809

Muzio Clementi 1752-1832

Luigi Boccherini 1743-1805

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791

Jan Ladislav Dussek 1760-1812

Ludwig van Beethoven 1770-1826

Franz Peter Schubert 1797-1828

Romantic

Niccolò Paganini 1782-1840

Carl Maria von Weber 1786-1826

Gioachino Rossini 1792-1868

Felix Mendelssohn 1809-1847

Hector Berlioz 1803-1869

Frédéric François Chopin 1810-1849

Robert Schumann 1810-1856

Franz Liszt 1811-1886

Richard Wagner 1813-1883

Giuseppe Verdi 1813-1901

Johannes Brahms 1833-1897

Camille Saint-Saëns 1835-1921

Georges Bizet 1838-1875

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 1840-1893

Edvard Grieg 1843-1907

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

1844-1908

Edward Elgar

1857-1934

Giacomo Puccini

1858-1924

Gustav Mahler 1860-1911

Richard Strauss 1864-1949

Alexander Scriabin 1872-1915

Xaver Scharwenka 1850-1924

Enrique Granados 1867-1916

Sergei Rachmaninoff 1873-1943

Impressionist

Claude Debussy 1862-1918

Maurice Ravel 1875-1937

Karol Szymanowski 1882-1937

20th Century

Béla Bartók 1881-1945

Igor Stravinsky 1882-1971

Heitor Villa-Lobos 1887-1959

Sergei Prokofiev 1891-1953

Paul Hindemith 1895-1963

Francis Poulenc 1899-1963

Dmitri Shostakovich 1906-1975

Olivier Messiaen 1908-1992

Benjamin Britten 1913-1976

Karlheinz Stockhausen

1928-2007

Krzysztof Penderecki

1933-2020

Alfred Schnittke

1934-1998

LISTENING GUIDE

Palestrina https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZY-Xbb_Nh94

Lassus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmf2H7IxNDY

Victoria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xPh-fXYAc4

Monteverdi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ac4HEs6cAvo

Lully https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScyTHuKDCFc

Corelli https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eql1FdlWwiY

Purcell https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtFeqQhT8-Y

Alessandro Scarlatti https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzbxxcfpWvQ

Couperin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPWMlozkn58

Telemann https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mnHpE6NLv4

Rameau https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xol4cEFiGOs

J.S Bach https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98UjjwzJBFE

Domenico Scarlatti https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wjpDmaIj1E

Handel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fa2wZEsRWM

Pergolesi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2eKuBz9-L8

C.P.E. Bach https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1wUaqaw1dg

Haydn https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOLy6JxEDLw

Clementi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGCGT5utjAs

Boccherini https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSE15tLBdso

Mozart https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45drOlTTTA8

Dussek https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y301DPnz49A

Schubert https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbYWQw4ebnM

Paganini https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EpP4UsviQPA

Weber https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLdnmueC0lE

Rossini https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igLBmYY7rpo

Mendelssohn https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6osq-Aedbk0

Berlioz https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIV7_QFakvI

Chopin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfgVWyjHkCo

Schumann https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwwjCtrZ6cQ

Liszt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQULyGMhhWs

Wagner https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P73Z6291Pt8

Verdi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ir-leVo0I3c

Brahms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2Br9LAh3cM

Saint-Saëns https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cfDgbcJ0z0

Tchaikovsky https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tk5Uturacx8

Grieg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1Yoyz6_Los

Rimsky-Korsakoff https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rqwvMMxeA8

Elgar https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkcHjmXmEg0

Puccini https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f1k14GQmNE

Mahler https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUV3Ueobr88

Richard Strauss https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfe8tCcHnKY

Scriabin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNyRJqGdod0

Scharwenka https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVzrjYHNjgA

Granados https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3xwGB-a73U [performed by MY teacher]

Rachmaninoff https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTyiwtfpO8s

Debussy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbvJm-irunw

Ravel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VfrH2HQNKo

Szymanowski https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moTbqnXd8J4

Bartok https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMIDTuyXDcI

Stravinsky https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yL881r-DP0I

Villa-Lobos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mZSm1TfQHM

Prokofiev https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1_JUTAO0SA

Hindemith https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf-ZKQHP2pk

Poulenc 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opjza1mpujc&list=OLAK5uy_ky0uNHx2e9u9G_fBg-

LA3V1x6r_e1nQsQ

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgCxqKdX2k0&list=OLAK5uy_ky0uNHx2e9u9G_fBg-

LA3V1x6r_e1nQsQ&index=2

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eERJMj-eWTo&list=OLAK5uy_ky0uNHx2e9u9G_fBg-

LA3V1x6r_e1nQsQ&index=3

Shostakovich https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CKqobY7l84

Messiaen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmjETPAkF70&list=RDlmjETPAkF70&start_radio=1

Britten https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQ6DTFlkyek

Stockhausen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nffOJXcJCDg

Penderecki https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dp3BlFZWJNA

Schnittke https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKuMJL1qdnw