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Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department

Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Under The World Bank Assistance

Social Assessment

Final Report

July 2008

Samaj Vi kas Development Support Organisation www.san~ajvikas.org

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The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment -Final Report -July 2008

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ............................................................................. 1-2 List of Acronyms .............................................................................. 1-7 1 Introduction ................................................................................ 1-9

............................................................................................................. 1.1 Background 1.9 1.2 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project .................................. 1-9

....................................................................................................... 1.2.1 Objectives 1-9 ................................................................................................ 1.3 Scope of the Project 1-9

................................................................................................. 1.4 Social Assessment 1 . 10 .................................................................................. 1.5 Need for Social Assessment 1 . 11 . . ...................................................................... 1.5.1 Social Assessment Objectives 1 1 1

.............................................................................. 1.6 Scope of Work and Key Tasks 1-11 ................................................................................ 1.6.1 Beneficiary Assessment 1-11

.................................................................................... 1.6.2 Stakeholder Analyses 1. 11 ........................................................................................ 1.6.3 Impact Assessment 1. 12

................................................................ 1.6.4 Analysis and Assessment of Risks 1.12 ................................................................................ . 1.6.5 Rules for securing lands 1 12 .............................................................................. 1.6.6 Tribal Development Plan 1.12

1.7 Approach and Methodology ................................................................................. 1-12 ....................................................................................... 1.7.1 Sampling Rationale 1. 13

.............................................................................................. 1.7.2 Research Tools 1. 14 . . . 1.8 Organization of the Report .................................................................................... 1 15

........................................................... 2 Beneficiary Assessment 2-16 ......................................................... 2.1 Socio-Economic Profile of Andhra Pradesh 2. 16

.................................................................. 2.1.1 Location and Geographic Profile 2.16 .................................................................................... 2.1.2 Physiographic Profile 2. 16

........................................................................................... 2.1.3 Water Resources 2-16 ..................................................................................... 2.1.4 Demographic Profile 2-17

2.2 Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables in the Three Regions .................... 2-19 ..................................................................................................... 2.2.1 Population 2-19 .................................................................................................... 2.2.2 Households 2-19

......................................................................................................... 2.2.3 Literacy 2-19 ............................................................................................... 2.2.4 Main Workers 2.20

................................................................................. 2.2.5 Population by Religion 2.20 ................................................................................... 2.2.6 Birth and Death Rates 2-21

......................................................................................................... 2.3 Primary Data 2-21 ................................................................. 2.3.1 Sex Ratio. Family Type and Size 2-21

................................................... 2.3.2 Region. Caste and Religious Composition 2-22 .................................................................................................. 2.3.3 Ration Cards 2-23

......................................................................................................... 2.3.4 Literacy 2.23 .................................................................................................... 2.3.5 Occupation 2.24

............................................................................................ 2.3.6 Land and Assets 2-25 ........................................................................................................ 2.3.7 Dwelling 2-26

2.4 Salient Features and Issues for the Project ........................................................... 2-27

3 Rural Water and Sanitation Status ........................................ 3-29 ........................................................................................................ 3.1 Water Supply 3-29

............................................................................................................. 3.2 Sanitation -3-30 ................................................................... 3.3 Water Supply - Primary Information 3-31

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The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment . Final Report . July 2008

3.3.1 Type of Schemes ........................................................................................... 3-31 ............................................................................................ 3.3.2 Scheme Sources 3-31

.................................................................... 3.3.3 Major Sources of Water Supply 3-31 ............................................................................ 3.3.4 Distance from Water Point 3-32

...................................................................................... 3.3.5 Treatment at Source 3-32 3.3.6 Water Quality ................................................................................................ 3-33

....................................................................... 3.3.7 User Treatment and Handling 3-34 ................................................................... 3.3.8 Time Spent in Collecting Water 3-34

........................................................... 3.3.9 Persons Engaged in Collecting Water 3-34 3.3.10 Satisfaction and Grievances .......................................................................... 3-35

..................................................................................... 3.4 Sanitation - Primary Data 3-37 3.4.1 Latrine Usage ................................................................................................ 3-37 3.4.2 Drainage ........................................................................................................ 3-39 3.4.3 Solid Waste ................................................................................................... 3-40

.......................................................................................... 3.4.4 Hygiene Practices 3-41 3.5 Issues ..................................................................................................................... 3-42

4 Institutional and Implementation Structure ......................... 4-44 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 4-44

................................................ 4.2 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E 4-44 ........................................................................................... 4.2.1 Secretary, RWSS 4-44

4.2.2 SWSM, DWSM, MWSC and VWSC ........................................................... 4-44 ............................................................................. 4.2.3 Panchayat Raj Institutions 4-47

............................................................... 4.2.4 Tribal Related - ITDA and VTDA 4-49 4.3 Implementation and Operations - RWSS Department .......................................... 4-50

4.3.1 Engineer-in-Chief ......................................................................................... 4-50 4.3.2 Chief Engineers ............................................................................................. 4-50 4.3.3 SEs and EEs .................................................................................................. 4-50 4.3.4 DEEs and AEEsIAEs .................................................................................... 4-51 4.3.5 Manpower ..................................................................................................... 4-51

4.4 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of RWSSD ......................................................... 4-51 4.4.1 Key strengths ................................................................................................ 4-51

4.5 Issues for Consideration ........................................................................................ 4-52

5 Stakeholder Analysis ............................................................... 5-54 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5-54 5.2 Stakeholders at Different Levels ........................................................................... 5-54 5.3 Beneficiaries1 Stakeholders Expectations ............................................................. 5-56

5.3.1 Overall Issues Emerged During Public Consultations .................................. 5-60

6 Impact Assessment ................................................................... 6-62 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 6-62 6.2 Impacts .................................................................................................................. 6-62

7 Major Risks and Assumptions ........................................ 7-67 7.1 Risks ...................................................................................................................... 7-67 7.2 Assumptions .......................................................................................................... 7-67

8 Issues of Significance and Design Elements .......................... 8-68 8.1 Issues of significance ........................................................................................... 3-68 8.2 Proposed Design Elements and Approach ............................................................ 8-68

8.2.1 Management Unit .......................................................................................... 8-68 8.2.2 Inclusion and Equity ..................................................................................... 8-68

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..................................................................................................... 8.2.3 Autonomy 8-69 8.2.4 Decentralization and Subsidiarity ................................................................. 8-69

....................................................... 8.2.5 Effective Governance and Management 8-70 ................................................................. 8.2.6 Transparency and Accountability 8-70

........................................................................................... 8.2.7 Capacity Support 8-72 ......................................................................................... 8.2.8 Capacity Building 8-72

................................................................................................ 8.2.9 Gender Issues 8-72 ................................................................................................. 8.2.10 Convergence 8-73

9 Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................... 9-74 ........................................................................................................... 9.1 Introduction 9-74

.............................................................. 9.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks 9-74 ................................................................................. 9.2.1 Monitoring Framework 9-75

......................................................................................... 9.2.2 Impact Evaluation 9-77 ................................................................................................................... 9.3 Budget 9-79



List of Tables

. . .................................................................................................. Table 1 : Scope of Activlhes 1-10 ....................................................................................................... Table 2: Phases of Work 1-13

..................................................................................... Table 3: Region wise sample details 1-13 ...................................................................................................... Table 4: Research Tools. -1 - 14

......................................................................................... Table 5: AP Demographic Profile 2-17 Table 6: Regions wise Male and Female Population ............................................................ 2-19 Table 7: Region wise Number of Household and Numbers in the Households ................... 2-19 Table 8: Region wise Literate Population, 2001 ................................................................... 2-20

.................................. Table 9: Region wise Distribution of Main Workers Category, 2001 2-20 .......................................................... Table 10: Region wise Population by Religion, 200 1 2-20

................................................... Table 1 1 : Estimated Annual Live Births and Death Rates 2-21 ................................................................. Table 12: Region wise Type of Family Structure 2-22

...................................................................................... Table 13: Region wise Family Size 2-22 Table 14: Religious Composition by Region ........................................................................ 2-22 Table 15: Region wise Caste Composition ........................................................................... 2-23

........................................................................ Table 16: Region wise Ration Cards Details 2-23 ............................................................................... Table 17: Caste by Having Ration Card 2-23

.................................. Table 18: Region wise Highest Education of Male Family Members 2-24 .............................. Table 19: Region wise Highest Education of Female Family Members 2-24

Table 20: Region wise Major Occupation ............................................................................ 2-24 Table 2 1: HH possessing Wet Land ...................................................................................... 2-25

................................................................. Table 22: Region wise HH possessing Dry Land 2-25 ........................................................................................ Table 23: Region wise HH Assets 2-25

Table 24: Region wise HH Livestock ................................................................................... 2-26 ........................................................................ Table 25: Region wise Ownership of House 2-26

.................................................................. Table 26: Region wise Type of House Structure 2-26 ........................................................................ Table 27: Type of House Structure by Caste 2-26

.................................................. Table 28: Region wise HH Having Electricity Connection 2-27 Table 29: Water Supply Coverage Categories ....................................................................... 3-29

................................................................................... Table 30: Water Supply Status in AP 3-29 Table 3 1: District wise Water Supply Coverage ................................................................... 3-29 Table 32: Sanitation - Latrine Coverage .............................................................................. 3-30 Table 33: Distribution of Villages by Type of Scheme ........................................................ 3-31 Table 34: Type of Water Supply Scheme by Source ............................................................ 3-31 Table 35: Region wise Major Sources of Water Supply ....................................................... 3-32 Table 36: Region wise Distance from Water Point .............................................................. 3-32 Table 37: Region Wise Type of Water Treatment ................................................................ 3-33 Table 38: Type of Water Treatment by Scheme ................................................................... 3-33 Table 39: Region wise Quality of Drinking Water ............................................................... 3-33 Table 40: Gender by Quality of Water ................................................................................. 3-33 Table 41: Region wise Treatment given at household level to make Water Potable ........... 3-34 Table 42: Region wise HH Drinking Water Handling Practices .......................................... 3-34 Table 43: Region wise Average Time Taken in Collecting Water ....................................... 3-34 Table 44: Region wise Family Members Fetching Water .................................................... 3-35 Table 45: Satisfaction Level - Overall Satisfaction .............................................................. 3-35 Table 46: Overall Satisfaction by Caste ................................................................................ 3-35 Table 47: Gender and Overall Satisfaction of Water Supply ............................................... 3-35 Table 48: HH Lodged Complaint Regarding Water Supply ................................................. 3-36


The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment . Final Report -July 2008

Table 49: Caste by Lodging Complaints .............................................................................. 3-36 Table 50: Gender by Complaint on Water Supply ................................................................ 3-36 Table 5 1 : Complaint Lodged ................................................................................................ 3-36 Table 52: Caste by expecting better water supply ................................................................ 3-36

........................................................ Table 53: Gender Expectation of Better Water Supply 3.37 Table 54: Region wise HH Having Latrine .......................................................................... 3-37 Table 55: Houses Connected to Septic Tank by Region ....................................................... 3-37 Table 56: Latrine Usage by Region ...................................................................................... 3-38

................................................................................ Table 57: Gender and Usage of Latrine 3-38 Table 58: Family Type and Usage of Latrine ....................................................................... 3-38

........................................................................ Table 59: Family Size and Usage of Latrine 3-38 ....................................................................................... Table 60: Caste and Use of Latrine 3-38

.................................. Table 61 : Region wise Defecation Practices of HH without Latrines 3-39 .............................................................................................. Table 62: Children Defecation 3-39

Table 63: HH Wastewater Disposal ...................................................................................... 3-39 Table 64: Caste and Disposal of Wastewater ....................................................................... 3-39

........................................................................ Table 65: Final Disposal of HH Wastewater 3-40 ..................................................................................... Table 66: HH Solid Waste Disposal 3-40

..................................................................................................... Table 67: Washing Hands 3-41 ................................................................................... Table 68: Agents for Washing Hands 3-41

............................................................................... Table 69: HH Members Bathing Habits 3-41 ................................................................................... Table 70: Gender and Bathing Habits 3-41

...................................................................................... Table 7 1 : Caste and Bathing Habits 3-42 Table 72: Manpower of RWSS department .......................................................................... 4-51 Table 73: Stakeholders at Different Levels .......................................................................... 5-54

.............................................................. Table 74: Beneficiaries/Stakeholders Expectations 5-56 ..................................................................................................... Table 75: Project Impacts 6-62

......................................................................................... Table 76: Monitoring Framework 9-76 .............................................. Table 77: Mid-Tern and End-Term Evaluation Frameworks 9-78

Table 78: SA Budget ............................................................................................................. 9-79

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The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report - July 2008

List of Acronyms

AP APL APRWSSP

BC BCC BCM BPL CDD CE DEE DRP DPSU DWSC DWSM EE E-in-C FC FGD GOAP GP GPWSC HH HNU IEC IHSL IKP ISL MP MRP MTP

MVS MW SC NC

NSS O & M

PC PIP PRI

RLA RWSS

Andhra Pradesh Above Poverty Level Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project

Backward Class Behaviour Change Communication Billion Cubic Meters Below Poverty Level Community Driven Development Chief Engineer Deputy Executive Engineer District Resource Persons District Project Support Unit District Water and Sanitation Committee District Water and Sanitation Mission Executive Engineer Engineer-in-Chief Fully Covered Focus Group Discussions Government of Andhra Pradesh Gram Panchayat Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committee Household Health and Nutrition Unit Information, Education and Communication Individual Household Sanitary Latrines Indira Kranti Patham Individual Sanitary Latrines Mandal Parishad Mandal Resource Persons Medium Term Program

Multi Village Schemes Mandal Water and Sanitation Committee Not Covered

Not Safe Source Operation and Management

Partially Covered Project Implementation Plan Panchayat Raj Institutions

Rules for Land Acquisition Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

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RWSSD

SA SC SE SERF' SLWM SO SPSU SSC ST SVS SWOT SWSM TDP TMC TSC UGD VWSC

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department

Social Assessment Scheduled Caste Superintendent Engineer Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty Solid and Liquid Waste Management Support Organizations State Project Support Unit Secondary School Certificate Scheduled Tribe Single Village Schemes Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats State Water and Sanitation Mission Tribal Development Plan Thousand Million Cubic Feet (Billion Cubic Feet) Total Sanitation Campaign Under Ground Drainage Village Water and Sanitation Committee


The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment -Final Report - July 2008

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

Government of Andhra Pradesh (GOAP) formulated its (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) Sector vision and policy in 2006. Key features of the Vision are:

Transfer of responsibility for planning, design and construction of the RWSS infrastructure and for operating the RWSS services to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Communities; and Evolution of the role of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSD- nodal agency) into that of a provider of technical assistance to the PRIs.

Similarly, key features of the policy are: Devolution of funds,, functions and functionaries to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs); Enforcement of full recovery of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost of sharing of capital cost (taking into consideration affordability, particularly by disadvantaged groups); and Improvement of the "accountability framework" by clarifying roles and responsibilities of various actors of the RWSS sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing, regulation, construction, operations and maintenance,

1.2 Andhra Pradesh Rural water Supply and Sanitation Project

Towards realizing the sector vision, GOAP is currently preparing a Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program (APRWSSP) with financial assistance from the World Bank. The project forms a part of the RWSS sector investment program and implementation action plan- Medium Term Program (MTP). The Plan would serve as a financial action plan for channeling investments and other resources for integrated rural water supply and sanitation development in the state during the program period.

1.2.1 Objectives

Key objective of APRWSSP is to increase rural communities' access to reliable, sustainable and affordable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) services. The project aims at covering a total of 2,843 habitations over a period of five years, the breakup of which is as follows: 1878 Not Covered (NC) and 199 No Safe Source (NSS) habitations. Apart from this, 766 Partially Covered (PC) habitations will be covered with water supply during the five years of MTP. This project will also carry out some augmentations and improvements to Single Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS). Household latrine and/ or sullage drainage activities will be taken up in about 2843 habitations. Additionally, 55 Mandal headquarters will be provided with Under Ground Drainage (UGD) and Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) and 55 major Gram Panchayats (GPs) will be provided with pavements and drains.

1.3 Scope of the Project

The proposed scope of activities of the APRWSSP is given below:


The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008

Table 1 : Scope of Activities Components svs SVS (PC to FC) SVS (NC to FC) SVS (NSS to FC) Total Mvs MVS (PC to FC) - common & intra village facilities MVS (NC to FC) - common facilities & intra village facilities

village' facilities '

Total

2008-09

147 200

7 354

71

113

Rain water harvesting innovative technology

The APRWSSP will have the following four outcome indicators for monitoring:

1 MVS (NSS to FC) - common facilities & intra I I I I

------ 29

2 l3

Environmental sanitation HHSL Pavements, drains and SLWM in major GPs Soak pits in GPs UGD and SLWM in Mandal head quarters

percentage habitations with improved drinking water and sanitation services percentage rural households with access to safe and adequate water supply throughout the year percentage rural households adopting improved hygiene and sanitation practices; and improvements in cost recovery, contributions to capital and O&M Costs, and collection efficiency

2009- 10

87 210

14 311

96

87 I 1

1,000 10

1.4 Social Assessment

43 226

8,505 10

567 10

As part of the Project preparation, the RWSSD (nodal agency) carried out a Social Assessment (SA) study. The Key Objective of this study is to understand and address social development issues, and ensure accomplishing the outcomes in terms of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. The specific objectives of the study are:

2010- 11

107 300 19

426

60

110

1,000 10

Identifying and conducting a detailed stakeholder analysis Assessing the social impacts of the proposed project interventions Developing measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts Review and suggest, as appropriate, the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles underpinning the approach

43 2 l3

8,055 10

537 10


2011-U

60 285

345

3 5

125

1,000 15

18 178

9,585 11

639 11.

20U- l3

47 320

367

56

128

1,000 20

Tota:l

448 1,315

40 1,803

318

563

26 210

7,845 12

523 12

159 1,040

1,000 20

5,000 75

8,655 12

577 12

42,645 55

2,843 55


1.5 Need for Social Assessment

The initial project inquiry reveals that project beneficiary profile may not be homogeneous, rather, quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups identifiable on the basis of their differential endowment, gender, ethnicity, different economic groups and other regional features. The Project needs to address the requirements of the all the sub-groups, with special attention towards the rural and tribal poor and other normally socially excluded sub-groups. Besides, there are a large number of stakeholders, some internal and others external to the project, who would have varying degrees of influence and impact on project activities and outcomes. This makes it necessary for the project to provide a framework for participation of all key stakeholder groups and enable solicit their contributions towards project design and delivery mechanisms. To this effect, as a part of the project preparation, the State Project Support Unit (SPSU) of the APRWSSP conducted this Social Assessment.

1.5.1 Social Assessment Obiectives

The Key Objective of the Social Assessment (SA) is to understand and address social development issues, and ensure accomplishing the outcomes in terms of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. The Objectives of the study are:

Identifying and conducting a detailed stakeholder analysis Assessing the social impacts of the proposed project interventions Developing measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts Examining the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles underpinning the approach

This SA includes the following: Beneficiary assessment Stakeholder analysis Social impacts Risks analysis

1.6 Scope of Work and Key Tasks

The key tasks performed include beneficiary assessment, stakeholder analysis and impact assessment.

1.6.1 Beneficiaw Assessment

Beneficiary Assessment comprising socioeconomic profiles at state, district and village level The project beneficiaries' assessment on the current status of RWSS management and services The linkages thereof with governance mechanisms and PRI functioning

1.6.2 Stakeholder Analyses



Identifying stakeholders at different levels Mapping Key Expectations, Impacts, Issues and Concerns as related to each stakeholder and the subgroups thereof

1.6.3 Impact Assessment

Identifying positive and negative social impacts likely to occur for different sub-groups or beneficiaries as a result of project interventions Assessing and prioritizing impacts based on their significance Suggesting measures to minimize negative impacts and derive the maximum from positive impacts.

1.6.4 Analysis and Assessment of Risks

From ascertaining and analyzing the key social risks, internal and external, to the project, measures to address them were developed. From the analysis and assessment, the elements for a Community Driven Development (CDD) approach was built duly listing issues and the suggestive measures towards building CDD approach. As a part of the assessment the following rules/ plans were be prepared:

1.6.5 Rules for securing lands

The project would require land for rehabilitation/construction activities. Drawing up plans for securing lands included the following:

Documenting the practices currently commonly adopted in the state Conducting a SWOT exercise of the current practice Identifjrlng issues that need to be taken into account, particularly, relative to the AP State Policy on Resettlement and the World Bank's OP 4.12.

Based on the above, a Resettlement Policy Framework for securing lands for the proposed project was formulated. This essentially involves developing a generic framework by which project could secure lands. Generic principles including estimating replacement values for land and structures, rehabilitation measures for livelihoods, etc. were also drawn.

1.6.6 Tribal Development Plan

The project area includes Scheduled Areas, which predominantly inhabited by tribals. These areas are administered by the Integrated Tribal Development Authorities (ITDA). A separate strategy for implementing the sub-project in these areas has been developed.

1.7 Approach and Methodology

The study was conducted using participatory approaches throughout. Some of the participatory tools used are PRA, women group interaction, SWOT Analysis, etc. The study identified all the stakeholders at all levels i.e. from the policy level to field operations level. Consultation with the identified stakeholders was ensured during all stages of the assignment. Process of consultation continued till the end of study. The consultations with the RWSSD during planning enabled the study to choose proper data collection methods. The



consultations with beneficiaries and field level stakeholders during fieldwork gave authenticity to the study findings. The assignment was completed in two phases covering four distinct stages of work as below:

Table 2: Phases of Work / Fieldwodt Phase 1 Assessment and Reporting Phase I 1 Inception Stage

I I Draft Reporting Stage

1.7.1 Sampling Rationale

I Field S w e p Stage

During the study a multi stage stratified random sampling process was adopted to ensure participation of all groups of stakeholders and beneficiaries in providing inputs for the assessment. The following criteria are used by the RWSSD for selecting sample villages for field study.

Final Reporting Stage

Regional Representation: Andhra Pradesh has three distinct regions, namely Coastal Andhra region, Telangana region and Rayalaseema region. The sample represents all these regions. The sample has 14 habitations fiom Telangana Region, 11 habitations fiom Coastal Andhra regions and 9 habitations fioni Rayalaseema regions. In the three regions of the state 34 habitations were identified in 3 1 Mandals of 10 districts in consultation with RWSSD.

Table 3: Region wise sample details

Fluoride Affected Villages

Type of Schemes: Generally RWSSD constructs two types of water supply schemes, namely Single Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS). SVS caters to villages within a GP whereas MVS caters villages beyond a GP. In case of MVS, villages are clustered for reasons of proximity of villages, scarcity of source, quality of source, etc. The sample has both types of schemes; i.e., 30 SVS and 4 MVS.

Region Andhra Region

Rayalaseerna Region

Telangana Region

I I I -

Quality of Water: The state of Andhra Pradesh is facing water quality issues, the major issue being fluoride. Out of the sample of 34 habitations 10 are fluoride affected. Thus the sample represents the quality problems of the state.

No. of Mandals 3 3

3 3 2 3 2

District Srikakulam West Godavan

Chttoor Kadapa Kurnool - Karimnagar

V

Rangareddy Nalgonda

GRAND TOTAL


No. of Habitations 3 3

3 3 3

3 3 Mahaboobnaear

I 3 1 1 34

3 5

3 5

Prakasam 14 5 I

The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report - Tulv 2008

Type of Source: The water supply schemes in Andhra Pradesh have both surface water and groundwater as sources. The sample covers both types of sources. In the sample there are 25 schemes with groundwater as source and 9 schemes with surface water as source.

Tribal Coverage: Andhra Pradesh has substantial tribal population and has scheduled areas too. The sample covers the tribal areas too. There are 20 villages with tribals in the sample.

1.7.2 Research Tools

The details of tools and techniques used for the assessment study are presented in table below.

Table 4: Research Tools

2

I 4 1 Public

S. No.

1

3

Consultations

Tools/ Instmments

Checklist

Techniques

Social Mapping

Household

Checklist

Respondents

Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project, PFU Members, etc.

Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)

Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project, PRI Members, etc.

District level and State level stakeholders in the final regional and state level consultations

Household Interview

Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were employed during the assessment study. Required software packages (Microsoft Access, SPSS etc.) were used for carrying out the collation, data coding, analysis and generation of outputs.

Community Members from the Survey 1 gc$tLaire

Checklist

1.7.2.1 One-to-one/ Household Survey Questionnaire

habitations to be benefited / affected by the project

Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project, PFU Members, etc.

The research variables were finalized during the inception stage. The final modular questionnaire for the One-to-one/ Household survey essentially has the following modules:

Identification and Screening Demographic characteristics Socio-Economic Status Livelihoods Water Use Practice Sanitation Practices Personal Hygiene Practices Health Related Issues



Water Distribution practices and issues Perception on Social Issues related to WSS Willingness and Capacity to Pay Self Perceptions and Suggestions on Social Impacts and Service levels, etc. Coding Information

1.7.2.2 Focus Group Discussions and Stakeholder Consultations

Focus Group Discussions and stakeholder consultations were also held in all the villages selected as the sample for this study. The FGDs provided some very useful information and facts about the status of water supply and sanitation services and facilities available in the village. The FGDs also helped the study team to assess the potential impacts of the project and issues and challenges related to the water supply facilities.

At the end of the study three regional consultation/ disclosure workshops were held at Vijayawada, Kadapa and Hyderabad. After these one state level consultation/ disclosure workshop was held at Hyderabad.

1.8 Organization of the Report

This report has 9 chapters. First chapter gives introduction to this report which includes background, objectives, scope of the physical activities, need for social assessment, scope of work and key tasks, and approach and methodology adopted for this study. Chapter two provides the socio-economic profile of the Andhra Pradesh that includes location, geographic, physiographic profile, and demographic profile of the state. It also presents the socio-economic details the sample villages along with the salient features and issues for the project. Third chapter deals with the rural water supply and sanitation status in Andhra Pradesh. It presents water supply coverage, sanitation, water sources, quality of water, user treatment and handling, persons engaged in collecting water, and satisfaction about the water supply. It also covers the aspects of sanitation such as latrine usage, drainage, disposal of .

solid waste and issues related to water and sanitation.

Fourth chapter details governance and management of water and sanitation in the state. It discusses the various state, district, Mandal and village level departments, missions, committees that deal with authority and responsibility on water supply and sanitation. It provides the institutional structures and various officials as stakeholders at different levels. Fifth chapter focuses on the analysis of stakeholders at different levels as direct and indirect beneficiaries of the project. Further, it also enlists the expectations of these stakeholders and concludes with the issues that emerged during the public consultations. Chapter six deals with the impact assessment wherein the positive and negative impacts of the project are discussed.

Seventh chapter attempts to identify risks, involved in the project, which may be external or internal. It also outlines certain assumptions under which the project is being prepared and implemented. Eighth chapter deals with the significance and design elements. It discusses the matters relating to inclusion, equity, participation of stakeholders, sense of ownership, mitigation of adverse effects, tribal development, capacity building, gender issues, accountability, transparency, decentralization and coverage. The final chapter gives the monitoring and evaluation arrangements for the project.



2 Beneficiary Assessment

2.1 Socio-Economic Profile of Andhra Pradesh

2.1.1 Location and Geographic Profile

Andhra Pradesh (AP) is the fifth largest state in India both in geographical area (an area of 2, 76,754 sq. km, accounting for 8.4 % of India's temtory) and population wise (76.21 million accounting for 7.41 % of India's population of 1028 million). Andhra Pradesh was formed on 1 st November, 1956 under the States' reorganization scheme. AP lies between 12'41' and 22" longitude and 77' and 84'40' latitude. It forms the major link between the north and the south of India and is the biggest and most populous state in the south of India. It is bounded by Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the south and Karnataka and Maharashtra in the west. AP has the longest coastline of 972 km in India. There are three main regions in the state of AP - (1) Coastal Andhra (2) Rayalaseema and (3) Telangana. AP has 22 districts, 1104 Mandals and 21 856 GPs. Telugu, the official language of Andhra Pradesh, is described by Sir C.P. Brown as the "Italian of the East".

2.1.2 Physiographic Profile

AP is endowed with a variety of physiographic features ranging from high hills, thick forests, undulating plains to a coastal deltaic environment. The state has the advantage of having most of the east flowing rivers in the heart of the state bringing in abundant supplies of surface water fi-om the Western and Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau up to the Bay of Bengal. The major, medium and minor rivers that flow through the state number about 40. Of these, the most important rivers in AP are Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Thungabhadra, Vamsadhara and Nagavali. Like all the peninsular rivers, all these are rain fed rivers. Nearly 75% of its area is covered by the river basins of the Godavari, Krishna and Pennar, and their tributaries. There are 17 smaller rivers like the Sarada, Nagavali and Musi, as well as several streams. Godavari and Krishna are the two major perennial rivers, and with their extensive canal system, provide assured irrigation.

The rainfall of AP is influenced by both the south-west, north-west and north-east monsoons. The average annual rainfall in the state is 925 mm. A majority of the rainfall in AP is contributed by south-west monsoon (68.5%) during the months June to September, followed by north-east monsoon (22.3%) during the months October to December. The remaining (9.2%) of the rainfall is received during the winter and summer months. The rainfall distribution in the three regions of the state differs with the season and monsoon. The influence of the south-west monsoon is predominant in the Telangana region (764.5 mm) followed by Coastal Andhra (602.26 mm) and Rayalaseema (378.5 mm). Where as, the north-east monsoon provides a high amount of rainfall (316.8 mm) to Coastal Andhra area followed by Rayalaseema (224.3) and Telangana (97.1 mm). There are no significant differences in the distribution of rainfall during the winter and hot weather periods among the three regions.

2.1.3 Water Resources

The State's (surface and ground) water resources are estimated to be 108.15 BCM (3820 TMC), out of which about 62.29 BCM (2200 TMC) are currently being utilised for drinking,

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agriculture, industry and power generation. The per capita annual water resources work out to be slightly more than 1400 Cu. m, and utilisation is about 800 Cu. m. The current percentage withdrawal of available water in Andhra Pradesh is 58%. (Source: Andhra Pradesh Water Vision, Water Conservation Mission, Government of Andhra Pradesh)

However, there has been a dramatic increase in well construction and groundwater extraction during the last 15 years for groundwater-based irrigation as well as for drinking water sources. The shift in well construction from open wells to bore wells represents a shift from groundwater extraction in shallow unconfined aquifers to extraction from deeper confined aquifers. Net groundwater extraction for irrigation, domestic and livestock use for the different districts was estimated at 8% to 11.0% of mean annual rainfall, while the groundwater recharge in the state is approximately 10% of annual rainfall only; this suggests that current levels of extraction in certain districts are not sustainable.

Regarding water quality, Fluoride is widespread in Andhra Pradesh. It has reached endemic proportions in Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy, Kurnool, Karimnagar and Prakasam districts. In about six thousand habitations (out of a total of about 72 thousand habitations in the state), fluoride content in water is high. This affected several thousands of people. In Nalgonda district where the occurrence is highest, about 70,000 people in 215 villages are suffering from this fluorosis. In the recent past, new dimensions for fluorosis (like increasing concentration levels and spreading to new areas) have emerged, constituting an enigma in the State.

2.1.4 Demographic Profile

AP is the most populous state in south India, though the decadal growth rate is far less than the all India average. Some of the important demographics of AP are compared to all-India averages to ascertain the state's relative performance, as captured in the table below.

Table 5: AP Demographic Profile 1 Item / Andhra Pradesh I All-India 1

New

1 Total population (Census 2001) (in d o n ) 1 1 Gude Death Rate (SRS 2006)

0 Infant Mortality Rate (SRS 2006) Maternal Mortaltty Ratio (SRS 2001 - 2003) Female Sex Ratio (Census 2001) (per 1000 males) Population below p o v p

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Schedule Caste population (in d o n ) 12.34 166.64

0.609 0.62 1 ( Gender Development Index (GDI) 0.595 0.609

Planning Commission, Government of India, March 2002 * Sample Registration System (SRS), Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Delhi.

76.2 1 P

14.59

7.00

59.00 195.00 978.00

15.77

1028.61 21.54 24.10 7.50 2.90

58.00 301.00 933.00 26.10

1


2.1.5 Socio-cultural variations in Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana regions

These three regions vary in terms of history, geography, social and cultural aspects. While the Telangana was part of the princely Hyderabad State ruled by Qutub Shahis, Moghals and Nizam before the Independence, the coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema were under the British rule. Before the colonial days, Srikrishnadevaraya and his dynasty ruled the Rayalaseema, and Gajapathis and others ruled the Andhra region. Geographically, Andhra area is coastal region endowed with fertile soils due to alluvial deposits of Godavari and Krishna rivers, whereas the Telangana region stands on Deccan plateau with large sections of stony terrain. The Rayalaseema is a dry region with patches of black-cotton soil, but not fertile. As mentioned above, the Andhra region gets more rainfall due to monsoons, the Telangana and Rayalaseema gets less rainfall. Linguistically, Telangana is heavily influenced by Urdu and Muslim culture, the official language of the government and the religion of the rulers respectively. To some extent there is an influence of Maharashtrian culture also. In Rayalaseema, the boarder districts of Chittoor and Ananthapur are influenced by Tamil and Kannada. The Andhra region has very little influence of other languages. The extension of Eastern Ghats provides forest cover and hill-ranges in the state, and it is mostly found in the Telangana district (25.4%) and less in Andhra (17.4%) and Rayalaseema (10.2%). These forests and hills are abodes of tribal populations of the state. Andhra Pradesh state has 33 scheduled tribes who contribute 6.60 percent to the total population. Their concentration is high in Telangana districts such as Adilabad (16.74 %), Nalgonda (10.55%), Warangal (1 4.10%), and Khammam (26.47 %). The tribal population is more only in Visakhapatnam district (14.55%) in Andhra region. In Rayalaseema districts the percentage of tribal populations is low. All these tribal groups in most of the cases have their own dialect and distinct cultural practices. They generally live in hill areas depending on the shifting cultivation, collection of forest produce, hunting and so on. There are villages in all areas exclusively inhabited by tribes mostly in scheduled areas, and in some villages there is multi- ethnic population mostly in non-scheduled areas. Thus, these three regions are different in several ways: forests and hills, plain terrains, tribal and non-tribal composition, fertility of soils, wet and dry lands, distinctive cultural practices etc.

2.1.6 Villages in Andhra Pradesh

One distinction about the villages has already been mentioned above: tribal villages and non- tribal villages with tribal populations. Besides these two categories, there are more villages without tribal populations, multi-caste villages. The tribal villages are as generally located in hills, the population in those habitations is less compared to multi-caste village or a village where tribes and non-tribes live together. Usually tribes like to be away from the non-tribes with some exceptions. The multi-caste villages are composed of families belonging to a number of castes. There can be exception in this case, where one caste may predominate a few others. In each village the number of castes ranges from 15 to 20 or more which follow certain social hierarchy. The interaction among the members of different castes is guided by the principles of hierarchy which has been traditionally followed. Though they all live generally in peace and harmony, often conflicts arise on caste line for various reasons. The higher castes live in the centre of the village, surrounded by backward castes. The backward castes together are called as Other Backward Class in the administrative language. The scheduled castes live away from the habitation of the higher and backward castes. There have been certain traditional restrictions for their living together in close proximity, which is slowly disappearing now. A village in the perception of the people is the place where they

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live but this does not match with the administrative or government records. A village is a Panchayat, with a group of hamlets, as an administrative unit for the government. But, for the people, each hamlet is a village, and for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, in most cases, the village with which they are considered as part is their village. Thus, they are excluded in one sense, but included in another sense. This characterization of villages is applicable in all the three regions of Andhra Pradesh.

2.2 Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables in the Three Regions

2.2.1 Population

The region wise analysis of demographic and socio-economic variables drawn from secondary source shows some variations which need to be considered. The sex ratio (number of females for 1000 males) across the regions shows that Andhra is better compared to Rayalaseema and Telangana regions.

I1 I

( Andhra 15,944,383 1 15,760,709 1 989.9 /

Table 6: Regions wise Male and Female Population S.No

2.2.2 Households

2 3

The number of members per household shows that it is 4 in Andhra regions, but 5 both in Rayalaseema and Telangana regions.

Region

Source: Final Population Totals 2001, Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh

Rayalaseema Telanpna Total- AP

Population (Totals) Males I Females

Table 7: Region wise Number of Household and Numbers in the Households

Females per 1000 Males

6,863,585 15,719,445 38,527,413

S.No

1

2 3

4

2.2.3 Literacy

5 6 7 8

The literacy rates in the regions in the order of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana is given by gender in the below table:

6,654,059 15,267,826 37,682,594

Total

No of occupied Residential houses

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969.8 974.1

978

I

Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 2001

------

Region Coastal Andhra 1 Raplaseema I Telangana

7,088,446 1 2,755,568 ( 6,154,960

RIJRAI.

2,912,837 13,517,644

5

No. of House holds Total Population

No. of persons per House hold

No of occupied Residential houses No. of House holds Total Population No. of pelsons per House hold

Total - in AP

15,998,974

1 7,566,924 3 1,705,092

4

6,524,544 30,987,271

5

5,478,458 5,773,718

23,884,749 4

~.

17,004,305 76,210,007

5

2,164,454 2,263,499

10,381,834 5

1

4,388,522 4,569,950

21,134,484 5

12,031,434 12,607,167 55,401,067

4


Table 8: Reeion wise Literate Po~ulation. 2001 No. of Literates in the Region

Coastal Andhra I Ravalaseerna I Te lanma Total in AP 1 2 3

Source: Final Totals, Census of lidia, 2001 issued by Directorate of census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 2001

4 5

2.2.4 Main Workers

Males Females Total

The secondary data about the main workers shows that the percentage of cultivators high in Rayalaseema, followed by Telangana and Andhra region. However, the percentage of agricultural labourers follows the order of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana. The order of industrial workers is yet different, the highest in Telangana followed by Rayalaseema and Andhra.

Literates exclude children in the age group 0-6 years

Males Females Total

9,920,292 7,614,646

17,534,938

Table 9: Region wise Distribution of Main Workers Category, 2001

4,248,695 2,715,307 6,964,002

-

70.1 50.4 61.1

Literacy Rate

S.No

1 2 3

4 I I I I I I

I I 1 I I I

Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 200 1 (all percentages against main workers)

70.67 53.55 62.13

5 1 Agricultural Labourers

7 8 9 10

2.2.5 Population bv Religion

"

9,275,801 6,159,582

15,435,383

Main Workers Category

Total Workers Total Main Workers Gdtivators O/O of Cultivators

4,777,835 1 1,834,443 1 3,210,986 1 9,823,264

The secondary data on religious affiliation show that Hindu and Christian populations are more in Andhra, whereas Muslim and Buddhist populations are more in Telangana region.

23,444,788 16,489,535 39,934,323

71.95 47.15 59.72

6 I % Agricultural Labourers 40.26 1 34.18 1 27.19 1 33.83

Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 200 1

68.11 46.03 57.18

"

--

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Total in AP

34,893,859 29,040,873 7,397,688

25.47

Region

House-hold Industries %of Household industries Others %ofothers

Coastal Andhra 14,378,432 11,866,493 2,475,683

20.86

1,352,705 4.65

10,467,216 36.04

39 1,024 3.29

4,221,951 35.57

242,423 4.52

1,697,282 3 1.62

719,258 6.09

4,547,983 38.51

Rayalaseema 6,441,301 5,366,353 1,592,205

29.67

Telangana 14,074,126 11,808,027 3,329,800

29.19


2.2.6 Birth and Death Rates

The available secondary source data provide the details that there is a difference of 11.3 between Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) (per 100 populations for both CBR and CDR). The estimates for 2004 and 2005 show that while CDR remains the same, there is a decrease of 0.1 in 2005 in rural population. This indicates only a trend of decreasing birth rate. There is a trend of decrease in infant mortality rate also. The below Table provides the details.

I 1 per 1000 population I / 2. 1 Crude Dearth Rate 1 7.9 1 5.0 1 7.0 I 7.9 1 5.9 1 73

Table 1 1 : Estimated Annual Live Births and Death Rates

1 3. 1 Infant mortality Rate / I I

65 1 39 1 59 1 63 1 39 ( 57 1

2005 Rural ( Urban ( Combined

20.1 1 16.7 1 19.1

2.3 Primary Data

2004 Rural I Urban ( Combined

20.2 1 16.1 1 19.0

S. No.

1.

per 1,000 Live births Total

This chapter gives the socio-economic profile, details such as family type and size, of the households in the sampled habitations. The data obtained through secondary resources as detailed above does not match at times with the primary data collected from the sample villages, an analysis of which has been presented in the following pages. Therefore, it needs an explanation. First, the sample villages are drawn keeping in view not only the three geographical areas which are distinct from one to another on several parameters as detailed above, but also the types of villages where the program will be implemented, viz., Not Covered Villages, No Safe Source Villages and Partially Covered Villages (in terms of water supply). Second, the sample should represent the villages of hills, valleys and plain areas, apart from coastal, plateau and other terrains, and the population distribution in terms of tribal and non-tribal or multi-ethnic compositions. It is because, these features would become various constraints for the implementation of the program. Third, it is necessary, to keep in mind the quality of water also as in some parts of the state there is presence of high degree of fluoride and other toxic materials in water. As such a representation of such villages has become important. Fourth, the component of coverage of water and sanitation schemes implanted earlier has to be considered in terms of the villages not covered, partially covered etc. Given these factors of purposive element in the selection, the sampling has not been based entirely on random selection of villages in the state. Therefore, these villages sampled for the survey do not represent the state in its entirety, but they do reflect the reality in great extent. The differences between the secondary data drawn from the state level sources and primary data collected from the sampled villages that one may find in some cases here and there does not really affect the analysis and the conclusions derived for the present need.

Particulars

Crude Birth Rate

2.3.1 Sex Ratio, Family Type and Size

Source: Data on Sample Registration System, Registrar General of India, Min. of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi. 93.1

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60.1 85.0 91.0 61.6 83.4


The total number of males and females in the villages selected for the study consists 7,358 and 7,080 respectively. Thus the male and female are in the ratio of 51:49 and there are 962 females for 1000 males. The overall state sex ratio is 978 females to 1000 males. This picture is better than 933 female for 1000 males at all India levels.

Most (81%) families in the sampled habitations are of nuclear family type, while the remaining are of joint family type. Telangana (26%) has the highest joint families, while it is Andhra region which has the lowest (8%) joint families.

Table 12: Region wise Type of Family Structure

The average family size in the sampled habitations is about 5. About 49% of the households have 3 to 5 members in the family, while a good portion (19%) of the families have 5 to 7 members. About 9% of the families have more than 7 members.

Table 13: Region wise Family Size p m i l y Size ' Andhra I Rayalaseema I Telangana Fluoride Affected I Total

% I YO 1 - 3 3 - 5 5 - 7 More Than 7

From the above two tables, one may notice, the prosperous Andhra region has distinctly small families, whereas the backward areas of Telangana and Rayalaseema has bigger families with joint families. This may imply that interdependency of people is higher among the poor regions.

I Total I

2.3.2 Region. Caste and Religious Composition

% 44.99 46.27 5.76 2.99

1 100 1 100

About 9 1 % of the interviewed households practice Hindu religion, about 6% belong to Islam and about 3% follow Christianity. This shows that the minorities total upto 9%, which is significant. The project will have to bring them under the project hold by giving them due representation and voice.

YO / Frea I %


100

20.38 46.64 20.86 12.11

100 1 3000 1 100

712 1469 563 256

16.20 47.94 23.52 12.34

23.73 48.97 18.77 8.53

22.3 1 53.32 19.48 4.90


About 42% of the interviewed households belong to backward classes, while 26% belong to general category. There are 23% Scheduled Castes and 9% Scheduled Tribes among the interviewed households. With 32% SCs and STs and 42% backward castes, the project has to have a good policy of inclusion and equity to cater to these people.

As the SCs and STs live a little away from the main village where higher and lower castes live, and their population is sizable, there is a demand for an inclusive policy.

Table 15: Region wise Caste Composition

2.3.3 Ration Cards

Ration cards are intended to be an indication of the financial status of the household. Among interviewed households about 90% hold BPL (Below Poverty Line) cards, 7% have APL cards and 4% do not have any cards.

Table 16: Region wise Ration Cards Details Category I Andhra I Rayalaseema I Telangana I Fluoride Affected I Total

% I Yo O/o Yo

Fluoride Affected P

Yo

22.52 25.46 2.29

49.73 100

Telangana O/o

14.01 24.29 14.40 47.30

100

Caste General SC ST BC Total

Table 17: Caste by Having Ration Card I Caste I BPL I APL I NoCard Total I

O/o O/o O/O OIO Freq 77.65 16.28 6.07 94.52 3.32 2.16

ST 98.56 1.08 0.36 100 277

Andhra %

33.26 29.00 9.17

28.57 100

Total 1 1 Rayalaseema 1 Yo

3621 16.07 12.1 1 35.61

100

Freq 77'4 693 277

1256 3000

In all the three regions above 90 percent of the households among the SC, ST and BC are having BPL ration card.

% 25.80 23.10

923 41.87

100

BC 92.68 3.50 - Total 89.77 6.53

2.3.4 Literacy

Among the male members of the interviewed households, about 17% are illiterates. The highest male illiteracy is in Andhra region (23%). About 40% had high school education and 20% have studied upto SSC. About 1 1 % have studied upto Intermediate and 7% upto degree level. There postgraduates (I%), diploma holders (3%) and professionals (1%) among these males.

~ ~

3.82 3.70


~ ~

( 100 100

-.

1256 3000


Among the female members of the interviewed households, there are 36% illiterates. Female illiteracy is highest in Telangana (41%). About 42% of females have undergone high school education and 11% upto SSC. About 6% studied up to Intermediate and about 3% studied up to degree level. Among these about 1% has diplomas and 1% postgraduate degrees.

0 1.32 0.39 2.07 36 1.20

Table 19: Region wise Highest Education of Female Family Members I Education 1 Andhra I Ravalaseema I Telaneana I Fluoride Affected 1 Total

Total 1 100

2.3.5 Occupation

100

Degree PG Professional Total

Among sample households, 26% practice agriculture and 19% are agricultural labourers, while 34% are doing labour work. There are 2% government employees and 4% private employees among these households. There are about 8% who are self employed, 3% who are into business and trading activity, 2% run some kind of petty shops and 1% are artisans.

100

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100 3000

1.49 0.21 0.21 100

100

3.12 1.08 0.36 100

3.21 0 . 7 0.39 100

3.05 0.33 0.33 100

86 19 10

3000

2.87 0.63 0.33 100


It is interesting to note that the percentage of agricultural labour is high in Andhra region compared to the other two regions, which are backward areas. It means the affluence is not distributed uniformly, and Telangana and Rayalaseema regions are better in this regard. This fact finds corroboration with the distribution of land.

2.3.6 Land and Assets

Among the interviewed households about 27% possesses wet land for irrigation. Telangana has the highest (43%) possession of wet land followed by Rayalaseema (26%), fluoride affected villages (22%) and Andhra region (1 1%).

Among the sample households about 17% possesses wet land for irrigation. Telangana has the highest (23%) possession of wet land followed by Rayalaseema (20%), Andhra (12%) and fluoride affected villages (1 1%). About 1% of the households have tenancy land too.

With regard to household assets, about 41% of the households have bicycles, followed by two wheelers (11%), tractors (I%), three wheelers (I%), four wheelers (1%) and carts (5%). About 41% of the households own televisions, followed by radio/ tape recorders (lo%), fridges (4%) and gas connections (20%). Among these households 21% have mobile phones, 8% have land telephones and 3 1% have cable TV connections.


Gas Connection 33.05 8.63 21.98 20.46 586 19.53 Cans Telephone Mobile Phone

2.35 10.23 14.50

10.07 8.87 15.83

1.93 6.30 28.53

4.03 7.29

2 1.33

147 238 618 '

4.90 7.93

20.60


Only 14% of the interviewed households have milch animals and about 8% have bullocks. About 4% of the households tend sheep/ goats, while 6% have poultry.

2.3.7 Dwelling

Assets

Cable Connection

About 88% of the interviewed households live in their own houses, while 7% live in rented houses (7%) and government allotted houses (5%).

N=3000

Telangana Yo

29.95

Table 25: Region wise Ownership of House 0

% 1 YO O/O O/O I Frea I O/O

A n d h Yo

55.65

Rayalaseema O/o

18.11

Fluoride Affected Yo

31.12

Among the interviewed households 39% live in pucca houses and 47% live in semi-pucca houses while the remaining live in kutcha houses.

Own Rented

Table 27: Type of House Structure by Caste I Caste (Kutcha 1 Semi-pucca 1 Pucca 1 Total I

Total Freq

931.

92.11 6.18


Yo

31.03

Govt. A 3

General ' SC ST BC

91.01 3.60

Others Total

Yo

28.13 30.50 10.64 30.73

92.03 5.01

0.85 100

100 100 100

Yo

21.62 24.25 11.66 42.46

3000

80.30 11.86

Yo

29.97 19.04 5.81

45.18

2645 207

0.11 100

10 3000

0.24 100

88.17 6.90

0.33 100

0.39 100

O/o

25.80 23.10 9.23 41.87

Freq 774 693 277

1256 1


The above table makes it clear that SC, ST and BC households live in mostly in kutcha and semi-pucca houses compared to the general population.

All most all the houses have electricity connection, but when asked about this only 85% answered in the affirmative and rest preferred to answer in the negative.

Table 28: Region wise HH Having Electricity Connection Response Andhra 1 Rayalaseema I Telangana 1 Fluoride Affected I Total

2.4 Salient Features and Issues for the Project

Yes No Total

The following salient features emerge form the secondary socio-economic profile of the state and primary data on the sample population given above:

O/O 1 Frea I O/O

Village Structure: These are heterogeneous in form and content. First, in some cases, the villages are nucleated in the sense that there is close aggregation or crowding of the houses. In some other cases, the village is quite wide spread where the hamlets are spread out, one of them being the central or core village. The tribal villages are more scattered and the terrain is most often undulated. This feature of physical distance has implication of coverage of the water supply and sanitation provision. Hence the habitation has to be the management unit for implementation. Second, the villagers are not only divided on caste basis (Forward Castes, Other Backward Castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) but they also live maintaining social distance and identity of the group. Often times, the social and physical distance go together, particularly in case of SCs and STs, who generally live away from others. The state has tribal concentrations in the Scheduled Areas. There are also tribals in the non-scheduled areas. This feature has implication on not only physical coverage but also equity, participation in decision making by way of representation, articulating their fears and concerns or their points of view and maintenance of the program. Hence where there are concentrations of tribals, they need to be separately dealt with. Thirdly, there is the quality of water problem. Some of the villages have been suffering from chronic water quality problems like fluoride. Two of the districts in the state (Nalgonda and Prakasam) have become synonymous with fluoride. These villages are categorized as No Safe Source Villages (NSS). Lastly, there is the problem of chronic shortage of water in some of the villages categorized as Not Covered Villages (NC). These NC and NSS categories should be tackled on priority basis.

O/O O/O . .

90.62 938 100

Inclusion and Equity: The project area has substantial number of minorities, SCs, STs and backward castes population. The project should have a policy of inclusion and equity to bring them under project fold by giving them due representation and voice while devising ways for their participation in the project.

%

Family size: The villages differ in terms of the type of family, as the percentage of joint families is more than double in Rayalaseema and Telangana regions compared to Andhra region, which implies the needs of water and sanitation for these regions, would not be the same. The quantum of water per household required in Rayalaseema and Telangana would be more.

75.06 24.94 100


84.32 15.68 100

91.84 8.16 100

2551 449 3000

85.03 14.97 100


Dry and Wet land : The wet lands in the three regions are not qualitatively and source wise the same. In Andhra region the source is mainly surface1 canal1 tank water supply, but in Rayalaseema and Telangana the source is mainly well - open or bore well - and tanks or reservoirs. Value of these wet land greatly differ between Andhra and the other regions; they are three or four times more valuable in Andhra region. This has implication for availability and acquisition of land.

Literacy: The literacy rates are low in comparison with the national averages. It is pertinent to the project that the female literacy rate is lower than the national average. This will have a bearing on the IEC campaigns and women participation in the project bearing in mind that the women are the primary mangers of the water and sanitation at household level.

Poverty: Though planning commission report says only 16% of the AP population is BPL, the actual poverty levels are quite high with nearly 90% possessing BPL cards. These cards also may not be a proper indicator as some of the families have more than one card. This is an issue for the project in terms of their affordability to contribute and pay for operation and maintenance. Hence affordability surveys need to be taken up in the villages during project preparation.

Supply of Electricity: Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the villages. Ten to 25 percent of the villages are not covered by electricity. Even the villages connected by electricity, there may not be supply of electricity regularly and often it breaks down. Therefore, it implies that alternative arrangements for operation of water pumps have to be thought of. Alternatively the pumping hours and storage in the habitation needs to the thought of.

Communication: Usage of television, radio, mobile phones and land phones is quite high in the sample villages. These media can be made use of for IEC and BCC campaigns.



3 Rural Water and Sanitation Status

3.1 Water Supply

The current status of rural drinking water supply in Andhra Pradesh is varied. The RWSSD has categorized the habitations as per the service levels. Service level is measured in terms of Liters Per Capita per Day (lpcd). Basically, the habitations are classified into four categories as per the water supply coverage levels.

Table 29: Water Supply Coverage Categories

I with water supply No Safe Source I Habitations with no safe source, ex. I

Partially Covered (PC)

Not Covered (NC)

(NSS) I Fluoride and Arsenic affected.

Remarks Category Fully Covered (FC)

As per the RWSSD latest records 43.3% of the habitations are fully covered, whereas 53.3% are partially covered. In the remaining habitations, 0.6% are not covered while 2.7% have no safe sources. The details are given below:

Details Habitations . . which are getting 40 lpcd and above supply Habitations which are getting a supply of 1 to 39 lpcd

Habitations which are not provided

Table 30: Water Supply Status in AP I S. No. I Category I No of Habitations ( % Coverage I

These are further sub-divided into PC1 (less than 10 lpcd), PQ (10-19 lpcd), PC3 (20 - 29 lpcd) and PC4 (30 - 39 lpcd) No protected water supply

Among the 22 rural districts of AP, Chittoor district has the most number of FC habitations followed by Visakhapatnam district. The most number of NC habitations are in Visakhapatnam district followed by Vizianagaram district. With regard to NSS habitations Prakasam district tops the list followed by Nalgonda district, as both districts are fluoride affected. The below table gives the district wise detailed coverage.

1

2

3

4

6


Fully Covered (FC)

Partially Covered (PC)

Not Covered (NC) No Safe Source (NSS) Total

3 1293

32738

6255

1953 --

72239

43 3 2

45.32

8.66 1 2.70

100


source:-state Water and Sanitation ~ i s s i o n , GOAP, 2008 -

The current status of rural water supply in AP indicates a certain need for dedicated and concerted effort towards the programs related to address the issues of drinking water and sanitation. The above information if translated into economic loss, the state has to bear daily losses of several millions of rupees. Assuming that one member of each household spends an hour daily to fetch water from the nearest source would translate into a loss of 1.22 million person days per day. The corresponding loss in terms of wages would translate to about Rs. 37 million assuming that only 50% of the lost hours are employable at a rate of Rs. 60 per day. With such high costs involved in fetching the water for domestic consumption, a secure, safe, reliable and continuous source of water supply could certainly go a long way to improve the socio-economic status of the rural poor.

3.2 Sanitation

Similarly, the situation of sanitation in the rural areas of AP is of equal concern. As per the Total Sanitation Campaign data, the state has a total of 5.4 million Individual Household Sanitary Latrines (IHSL) against a total of 10.2 million total households. Out of these, 3.7 million belong to the BPL category and the remaining 1.6 million belong to the APL category. This means about 53% of total HHs have latrines. Among the APL 45% HHs and among BPL 58% have latrines. The TSC data gives that there are 874 rural sanitation complexes in the state and there are 64, 552 school toilets in the state. It is clear that those peoples without latrines have no other option than to defecate in the open.

Table 32: Sanitation - Latrine Coverage

It can be seen from the 2001 census data that only 27% of the rural population have bathrooms within their houses. 'fie remaining 73% must be bathing near water points and/ or

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]~ Page 3-30

O/O Coverage 53.02 57.71 44.59

categ0?l 1 I Total Rural House Holds Households Below Poverty L i e Households Above Poverty Line

Source: Progress Report, State Water and Sanitation Mission, GOAP, 18 May 2008

~o t a l~ouseho lds 10,150,779 6,521,091 3,629,688

Households with IHHL 5,381,630 3,763,039 1,618,591


putting up some sort of screen while bathing in the open near their premises. When it comes to drainage, about 6% households are connected to closed drainage and 35% are connected to open drainage, while the remaining 59% do not have drainage facilities. The lack of latrine and drainage facilities are greatly contributing to the environmental degradation in and around the villages and posing direct threat to their health. This kind of sanitary situation in the rural areas presses for provision and upkeep of environmental facilities in the villages.

3.3 Water Supply - Primary Information

The field data collected during the surveys, regarding water supply sources, frequency, duration, quality, satisfaction levels, etc. is presented in the tables below:

3.3.1 T w e of Schemes

Among the sampled villages, nearly 88% are SVS type and remaining 12% are MVS type. All the sampled fluoride villages have SVS schemes. Among the three regions, Rayalaseema has the most (89%) SVS schemes, while Andhra has 83% and Telangana has 78%.

3.3.2 Scheme Sources

Among the sampled villages majority (71%) of the villages depend on groundwater as scheme source, while the remaining (29%) of the village schemes have surface water as source. When the type of scheme is taken into account, most (73%) of the SVS schemes have groundwater as source while the remaining (27%) of the SVS have surface water as source. Nearly half of the MVS schemes have surface water as source while the remaining half has groundwater as source. The below table explains these details by scheme and source.

Table 34: Type of Water Supply Scheme by Source 1 SVS I MVS I Total

Source Surface

3.3.3 Maior Sources of Water Supply

Groundwater Total

The sources of supply are SVS, MVS, Hand pump, Dug well, River, etc. and a combination of these. Nearly 60% (74% in Andhra, 43% in Rayalaseema, 49% in Telangana and 78% in fluoride affected areas) of the respondents are dependent on SVS for their drinking water supply needs, whereas 7% (9% in Andhra, 4% in Rayalaseema and 19% in Telangana) depend on MVS. It may be noted that about 8% (3% in Andhra, 10% in Rayalaseema, 1 1 % in Telangana and 6% in fluoride affected areas) of the respondents have Public Hand pump as source of water. Among those using a combination of sources, about 13% (2% in Andhra,

- -

'10 (Nos) 26.76 (8)

Samaj Vikas (info@,samajvikas.org) Page 3-3 1

73.34 (22) 100 (30)

% (Nos)

50(2)

- . - - ~ -

% (NO.~) 29.41 (10)

50(2) 100 (4)

70.59 (24) lOO(34)


24% in Rayalaseema, 8% in Telangana and 11% in fluoride affected areas)have SVS and Public Hand pump as sources. Others have various other sources and combinations as sources.

The sources of supply during summer are SVS, MVS, Hand pump, Dug well, Tank, River, Tanker, etc. and a combination of these. Nearly 50% (67% in Andhra, 44% in Rayalaseema, 29% in Telangana and 64% in fluoride affected areas) of the respondents are dependent on SVS for their drinking water supply needs during summer, whereas 4% (9% in Andhra, 4% in Rayalaseema and 9% in Telangana) depend on MVS. It may be noted that about 16% (4% in Andhra, 2 1 % in Rayalaseema, 20% in Telangana and 14% in fluoride affected areas) of the respondents have Public Hand pump as source of water during summer. Among those using a combination of sources, about 7% (1 0% in Rayalaseema, 9% in Telangana and 8% in fluoride affected areas) have SVS and Public Hand pump as sources. It may be noted that during summer, 1% people turns to tanks for water while another l%(mostly in fluoride affected villages, 3%) get water through tankers.

3.3.4 Distance from Water Point

About (68%) of the villages households have a water point within 50m distance, while 14% have it at within 100m. About 7% have within 200mm and 10% have within 500m. There are about 1% households which have water point at more than 500m. The below table gives these details.

3.3.5 Treatment at Source

Table 36: Region wise Distance from Water Point

More than half (56%) of the schemes have chlorination as treatment, while 29% have no treatment at all. It may be noted that 12% of the schemes have slow sand filtration and one scheme has defluoridation as treatment. There are schemes with slow sand filtration in


Fluoride Affected O/o

66.92 16.22

Distance Less than 50 m 50-100 m

Total Freq 1747 360

Andhra Yo

65.37 16.02

O/O

-- 68.08 14.03

Rayalaseema YO

68.31 ----- 14.97

Telangana O/o

70.66 9.54


Andhra (33%), Rayalaseema (1 1%) and fluoride affected villages (10%). Most (67%) of the schemes in Andhra region have chlorination while Rayalaseema has 56%, Telangana has 33% and fluoride villages have 70%.

I Total 1 6 1 100 1 9 1 100 1 9 1 100 1 , lo 1 100 1 34 1 100 (

If the type of scheme is taken into account, 50% of the MVS type have chlorination while remaining have no treatment. With regard to SVS, 57% have chlorination, 13% have slow sand filtration while 27% have not treatment.

3.3.6 Water Quality

As per their perceptions, about 76% of the villagers terms the water quality as good while about 24% term it as bad.

Gender

1 Total I I

1 76.1 / 23.9 1 100 1 3000

There is a marginal difference between sexes on the quality of water. Slightly higher percentage of women feels that the quality of water is good. Thus women who deal with water more than men have different opinion on the quality of water.

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3.3.7 User Treatment and Handling

When enquired about the treatment given at the user level, i.e., at the household level, about 85% of the respondent households do not give any further treatment to the water supplied to them. About 10% of the households filter the water using cloth and about 2% boil the water they drink.

Among the respondent households, about 31% have a customized vessel with a tap for storing drinking water. About 64% use a lid to cover drinking water, while 5% of the households use a ladle to draw water from the pot/ vessel for dirking.

1 Total 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 2641 1 100 1

3.3.8 Time Spent in Collecting Water

About 39% of the households spend about half an hour to collect water for their household use and another 38% of the households spend upto one hour to collect the same. About 21% of the' households spend upto 2 hours to collect water, another 1% spend upto 3 hours and about 1% spend more than 3 hours to collect water from the nearest water point.

Table 43: Region wise Average Time Taken in Collecting Water

3.3.9 Persons Engaped in Collecting Water

2 - 3 h r More than 3 hr Total

It is predominantly (57%) females who fetch water for the household, whereas about 5% of the males collect water. There are households (38%) where both the male and female members are involved in collecting water.

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Time spent

Less than 1/2 hr 1/2 - 1 hr 1 - 2 h r

Total Rayalaseema O/O

9.88 51.16 36.77

Andhra %

29.72 36.18 3 1.27

Freq 1013 982 526

I

O/O

39.48 38.27 20.50

0.57 0.85 100

2.33 0.52 100

Telangana Yo

5 1 .OO ~-~~~~~ 32.76 14.8 1

1.89 0 29 100

Fluoride Affected O h

59.82 32.95 6.08

1.17 0.58 100

0.51 0.63 100

30 15

2566


Table 44: I

Region wise Family Members Fetching Water 1 Andhra I Rayalaseerna Telangana Fluoride Affected Total

O/O YO Freq I O/O I

1 10.51 1 1.49 4.08 6.87 146 / 528

There is a marked variation in the three regions with regard to who are engaged in collecting water. In Andhra region, it is women who are involved more, but in Telangana and Rayalaseema it is both male and female.

3.3.10 Satisfaction and Grievances

Among the contacted households about 55% of the households are satisfied with the water supply system while 29% are dissatisfied. About 4% of the respondents are highly satisfied while 11% have not responded. In Andhra region most (68%) are satisfied with water supply while in the fluoride affected villages many (48%) are not satisfied. In Rayalaseema region many (1 7%) are unable to give an opinion.

Table 45: Satisfaction Level - Overall Satisfaction

The caste wise analysis shows that higher castes are more satisfied than SC, ST and BC households in all the regions. The latter are more dissatisfied than the higher castes. This has a serious implication on inclusive policy of these groups.

Gender wise analysis on overall satisfaction shows clear difference between men and women. Women are more dissatisfied than the men. This is an important issue to be considered.

Table 47: Gender and Overall Satisfaction of Water Supply


Gender Male Female Total

Highly Satisfied 4.6 3.1 4.5

Satisfied 55.5 49.4 55.0

Not Satisfied 29.2 30.4 29.3

Don't Know/ Can't Say 10.6 17.1 11.2

Total 100 100 100

2743 257 3000


When asked about how many of the respondent households have lodged complaints with regard to water supply related problems, about 82% answered in the negative and about 18% said that they did lodge complaints. In Telangana region about 22% of the respondents have lodged complaints and fluoride affected villages are the next with 20% lodging complaints.

~ ~- 1 Total 100 1 100 ( 100 ( 100 I 100 1

Table 48: HH Lodged Complaint Regarding Water Supply

General 16.93 14.86 20.22

Response Yes No

It appears that higher caste lodged more number of complaints than the SC and ST castes. And also it is done slightly more by women, as the following table indicates.

Andhra 1.07

98.93

Rayalaseema 20.50 79.50

BC Total

Table 50: Gender by Complaint on Water Supply 1 Gender I Good I Bad 1 Total

Telangana 21.59 78.41

240 530

1 Total 1 17.1 1 82.3 ( 100 ( 3000

--

19.11 17.67

Male Female

Most (46%) of the complaints are lodged with the Gram Panchayat Office. About 40% of the households among those who have lodged complaints have filed their complaints with the Sarpanch, about 10% with their respective ward members and about 3% with the RWSSD engineer.

Fluoride Affected 20.24 79.76

Table 51: Complaint Lodged 1 Com~laintlodeedwith I Frea I O/o I

Total 17.67 82.33

O/O

17.6 18.7

Ward Member Total

Table 52: Caste by expecting better water supply 1 caste I E x ~ e c t 1 Do not Emect / Total

O/O

82.4 81.3

1 1 010 1 O/O I % I Frea 1

940 100 100


Freq 2743 257

General SC

. - 61.37 64.79

. -

3 8.63 35.21

. .

100 100

- - - ~

774 693


47.29 52 71 100 277 BC 69.59 30.41 100 1256 Total 643 35.7

The SC, ST and BC households say that they want a better water supply more than the higher castes. Men want slightly better water supply than women as the following table shows.

Table 53: Gender Expectation of Better Water Supply I &nder I Good I Bad I Total I r OIO I O/O I O/O I Frea I / Male

I I I

1 64.5 1 35.5 1 100 1 2743

3.4 Sanitation - Primary Data

Female Total

The overall coverage of latrines among the sampled households is about 35%. Rayalaseema suffers the most with only 30% having latrines, while 45% in Andhra regions have latrines. Telangana has about 36% coverage while the fluoride affected village have about 35%.

62.3 64.3

Among those who have latrines, most (93%) have connected these to either leach pits or septic tanks, while the remaining (7%) have let the effluents into open grounds.

Table 54: Region wise HH Having Latrine

Table 55: Houses Connected to Septic Tank by Region

37.7 35.7

Response Have Latrine Do not Have Latrine Total

100 100

Telangana Yo

36.25 63.75 100

Connection

1 Total 1 0 0 ( 100 100 100 1 1058 1 100 1

257 3000

Andhm O/O

44.99 55.01 100

Own Leach pit Septic Tank 1 98.10 1 90.69 1 91.84 ( 94.03 ( 989 1 93.48

3.4.1 Latrine Usage

Fluoride Affected YO

34.60 65.40 100

Rayalaseema Oh

29.62 70.3 8 100

Andhra 1 Rayalaseema % 1 YO

Among those who have latrines, only 28% are using these latrines, while remaining (72%) are not using them. The reasons given for not using latrines are many. While smell is the major deterrent, the villagers fear that the pit might get filled fast and emptying it is a problem for them. Another reason cited is that the toilet requires a lot of water to keep it clean, while cleaning toilet itself is considered a job of low esteem. The other deterrents are that they go to fields before defecation and defecate in the fields itself during work.

Let in Open Ground 1 1.90 ( 9.3 1


Total

8.16 5.97

Freq 1058 1942 3000

Total Freq 1 %

Telangana I Fluoride Affected

69 1 6.52

O/O

3527 64.73 100

YO YO


The analysis of gender and usage of latrine shows that more women use latrine than men. So, it implies that women certainly favour latrine than men. Further, the family type and usage shows that nuclear families tend to use latrine slightly more than joint families. But size seems to matter more than the family type. As the family size becomes bigger, there can be more women members. Hence, the larger families use latrine more than the smaller families.

Table 59: Familv Size and Usage of Latrine

The analysis of family size and use of latrine shows that bigger families use more than the smaller families.

Table 60: Caste and Use of Latrine Caste Using ( Notusing ( Total

O/o O/o

---- ST 21.88 78.13 100 BC 24.84 75.16 100 Total 27.89 72.11 100 1097

It appears that the higher castes and scheduled castes are using latrines more than the Backward class communities. STs seldom use latrine because their houses are scattered on hills and slopes and surrounded by bushes and forests. It may also due to some cultural practices.



Among those who do not have latrines all most all (99.7%) defecates in the open fields, while a miniscule portion (0.35) uses public latrines.

Table 61: Region wise Defecation Practices of HH without Latrines , Response Andhra 1 Rayalaseema I Telangana I Fluoride Affected I Total

oh I O/O YO YO / Frea 1 %

Of those households who have children, about 21% make their children defecate in the latrines. About 10% of these households make children defecate in the house itself, while 46% make them defecate just outside the house and about 23% make them defecate into the drains.

Public Latrine Fields Total

Table 62: Children Defecation

One dominant reason why children do not use latrine is that the latrines are made only in keeping the adults in view. If child friendly latrines are made, perhaps children prefer the latrines.

,-

0.78 99.22 100

3.4.2 Drainage

About 38% of the interviewed households let their household wastewater into the drains. About 52% have soak pits for disposing the household wastewater, whereas 10% let it into open. Among those who have access to drains 59% are in fluoride affected villages, 52% are in Andhra region, 45% are in Telangana regions, while only 3% in Rayalaseema have access to drains. About 96% of the Rayalaseema households use soak pits and about 25% of Telangana households let their wastewater into the open.

. -

0.17 99.83 100


0.60 99.40 100

Table 64: Caste and Disposal of Wastewater Caste

General

0 100 100

Drain O/O

32.04

6 1936 1942

0.31 99.69 100

Soak Pit O/O

54.26

Op en O/O

13.70

Total O/O 1 Freq 100 1 774

The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report - July 2008 , Caste 1 3 BC 40.13 46.74 13.14 100 1256 Total 36.17 48.57 15.27 100 3000

Caste wise analysis of disposal wastewater shows that the proportion of SC and ST that let the wastewater to open area is more than others. The SCs use soak pits less than others. It is due to the fact of their location and congestion, lack of enough space for their dwelling.

Of those household, who have access to drains, inform that the wastewater in the drain is disposed into irrigation canal networks (48%), nallahsl rivulets (24%), tanks and ponds (21%) and into open fields (8%).

Table 65: Final Disposal of HH Wastewater 1 Final Disposal Into Andhra 1 Rayalaseema I Telangana I Fluoride Affected I Total 1 Nallah Tank

Above facts inform that in Rayalaseema region the wastewater goes into nallahs and open space only, which informs the fact first of all that there are no irrigation canals unlike the Andhra region, and there are also no tanks unlike Telangana region.

Irrigation Canal Pond Rivulet

3.4.3 Solid Waste

% 1 O/o

11.11 11.11

Most (46%) the interviewed households throw the garbage outside on the road. Throwing garbage on the road is predominant in Andhra region (89%), while in the other regions it is about 38% on the average. About 26% of households throw the garbage in front of their houses. This practice is mostly in Telangana (44%) followed by fluoride affected villages (28%). About 14% use dust bins and another 14% put their garbage in their compost pits. Using composts pits are used mostly in Rayalaseema (3 1%) followed by Telangana (16%).

11.11 0.00 0.00 66.67

Table 66: HH Solid Waste Dis~osal

O/o

16.67 0.00

] Disposal into ( Andhra 1 Rayalaseema I Telangana 1 Fluoride Affected I Total

O/O 1 Freo 1 OA

0.00 0.00 16.67 66.67

10.48 74.29 1.90 0 .OO 0.95 12.38

1 1 In Bins

The use of compost pits in Rayalaseema and Telangana speak the fact that these are dry areas, where agriculture requires manure from the dung of cattle. In Andhra region, there is wet agriculture where chemical fertilizers are used in large quantities. The solid waste is not used for agriculture purpose.

. -

10.91 0.36

Outside on Road In Front of House In Compost Pit Total


. -

67.27 0.73 18.18 2.55

YO 1 %

- -- 43 80

88.70 4.26 0.64 100

, - 10.89 20.25 - -

188 2 52 30

YO

47.59 0.51 13.16 7.59

O/O I Freq I % 6.40 1 12.11

36.81 20.02 31.06 100

2.19 38.30 43.57 15.94 100

28.40 1 409 1 13.63 39.50 27.86 4.24 100

1384 782 425 3000

46.13 26.07 14.17 100


3.4.4 Hvniene Practices

Hand washing after defecation and before eating is practiced by about 88% of the respondents. About 8% of the respondents wash their hands before and after eating while 4% wash their hands after defecation.

The respondents wash their hands with several agents like soap (88%), only with water (7%), mud (2%) and ash (3%).

About 78% of the respondents bathe daily, while 19% bathe once in two days. About 3% of the respondents bathe twice a week, while about 1% bathe once in a week. The main reasons cited is lack of water and time and fuel for heating water. Some cite the reason that they amve late from work in the evenings and do not feel like having a bath as they would like to

Table 68: Agents for Washing Hands

rest.

Table 69: HH Members Bathing Habits 1 Res~onse 1 Andhra I Ravalaseema I Telaneana I Fluoride Affected / Total

Fluoride Affected O/o

91.29 2.94 2.94 2.83 100

Total Telangana Yo

9126 1.29 1.29 6.17 100

Freq 2650

63 85

202 3000

I

I Dailv

Rayalaseema Yo

90.53 2.76 5.16 1.56 100

Agent

Soap Mud Ash Only with Water Total

Yo

88.33 2.10 2.83 6.73 100

I Male 1 77.2 1 19.0 1 3 2 1 0.5

Andhra O/o

73.77 0.64 1.07

24.52 100

O/o

99.36 Once in Two Days Twice a Week Week1 y Once Total

Table 70: Gender and Bathing Habits

2 1.65 3.26

1 0.33 100

1 Gender

Gender analysis of bathing habits indicates that women bath more regularly than men. It is the cultural norm that women are supposed to maintain cleanliness, and socialize the children towards clean habits.

Yo

57.43 0.00 0.43 0.21 100

Daily I Once in Two Days 1 Twice a Week I Weekly Once I Total Yo I % I % I O/o

Female Total

Samaj Vikas ([email protected]) Page 3-4 1

560 96 16

3000

18.67 3.20 0.53 100

35.85 5.64 1.08 100

81.7 77.6

Freq I O/o

2328 1 77.60 I

"

7.97 2.19 0.39 100

Yo

14.8 18.7

O/o

89.46 1 74.76

. -

3.1 1 0.4 3 2 1 0.5

100 100

257 3000


Caste wise analysis of bathing habits indicates that STs have good bathing habits compared to other communities.

Table 71: Caste and Bathing Habits

3.5 Issues

Caste

General SC ST BC Total

The rural water supply and sanitation programs face a number of challenges which include deterioration of water quality, depleting water table, over-exploitation of water resources, pollution of drinking water sources due to indiscriminate disposal of solid waste and effluent from municipalities and industries and limited financial and human resources. The presence of high fluoride in groundwater sources poses a potential health risk to the population of 21 districts affected by its presence. Bacteriological pollution of water sources due to environmental degradation is not uncommon, ten districts of the state has biological contamination. Several blocks in the state are water stressed due to over exploitation of water sources, making even supply of drinking water difficult. The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in AP faces the following issues.

Coverage: Nearly 3% of the habitations do not have safe sources and some are not covered. Still a good number (1 8%) of people have to trek distanced of above lOOm to more than 500 m to fetch water. Nearly 60% of the people are spending more than half an hour to more than three hours in collecting water. Latrine coverage is less than 50% and about less than half of those who have latrines are using them.

Daily Yo

76.10 77.34 8339 77.3 9 77.60

Women Participation: It is predominantly females who fetch water. The survey shows that in 57% households only females fetch water and 38% household both males and females fetch water. This is an issue where the project needs to make sure that female opinion is given adequate importance and their participation is ensured.

Grievance Redressal: Most of the people file their complaints and put forth their grievances with the Gram Panchayat office and with the Sarpanch. There is no proper grievance redressal system in the villages with regard to water and sanitation issues. This is an issue for the project to establish a proper grievance redressal system.

Once in Two Days O/o

20.28 17.17 14.08 19.51 18.67

Low Latrine Usage: While about 65% of the household do not have latrines, only 28% of those who are having are using them. Nearly 56% of the children are made to defecate inside or outside the house. This poses a serious threat to the health of the family and community. This is a matter of concern for the project to raise awareness levels to put the existing latrines to use and build for all.

Community Sanitation: With nearly 72% of the people throwing garbage in front of their house or on the road, sanitary conditions in the villages are poor. This requires Information

Twice a Week Yo

3.62 3.90 2.53 2.71 3.20


Weekly Once Yo

0 .OO 1.59 0.00 0.40 0.53

Total %

100 100 100 100 100

Freq 774 693 277

1256 3000


Education and Communications campaigns for Behaviour Change Communication using local media and local methods.

Hygiene Behaviour: With nearly 22% of the people not bathing daily, this is a matter of concern for the project. Again this requires Information Education and Communications campaigns for Behaviour Change Communication using local media and local methods.

Institutional: Establishing interdepartmental coordination from state to village level; especially between RWSSD, Rural Development, Health, Education, etc. in order to ensure that the installed infrastructure is used properly and good hygiene behaviour sets in.

Financial: Coordination with the local groups to contribute for the capital cost (in the form of money or labor) of construction and O&M is required. The project need to take care of this issue to build and develop a sense of ownership.



4 Institutional and Implementation Structure

4.1 Introduction

In Andhra Pradesh, rural water supply and sanitation policy making and monitoring and evaluation (governance and management related) are dealt with by different institutions. At the state level The Principal Secretary, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department, GOAP and the State Water and sanitation Mission and at the district level the District Water and Sanitation Mission provides governance and management. As the PRIs too are involved in provision of water and sanitation, at the state level The Secretary, Panchayat Raj, at district level the Zilla Parishad, at Mandal level the Mandal Parishad and at village level Gram Panchayat provides the governance and management. In the tribal areas, the ITDA at area level and VTDA at village level, provides governance and management inputs and support.

The implementation and operations are dealt with by the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department. During 2007, the RWSSD was separated from the Panchayat Raj Department creating a department exclusively to look after the RWSS related implementation and operations.

These institutional and implementation arrangements are detailed in the following sub- sections.

4.2 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E

4.2.1 Secretary, RWSS

The Secretary to Government, RWSS is responsible for overall planning and issuance of policy guidelines and government orders for the RWSS sector. Besides being responsible for overall monitoring of the progress (both physical and financial) in the RWSS sector and evaluation, the Secretary is responsible for budget appraisal and allocation of funds to the RWSS sector. At present, the Secretary accords administrative sanction for RWSS works costing above Rs. 10 lakh.

4.2.2 SWSM, DWSM, MWSC and VWSC

The State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM) is the apex body at the state level responsible for formulation of policies and guidelines and overall implementation and monitoring of the schemes undertaken under Swajaladhara and Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). The SWSM is headed by the Secretary of the RWSSD, Government of Andhra Pradesh and assisted by a Program Director. The key functions of the SWSM are as below:

Assistance to the GOAP in improving the quality of RWSS Provision of overall policy guidance in sector reforms and assisting GOAP in identification and implementation of sector strategies Coordination with various departments of GOAP, GO1 and other sector partners Monitoring, evaluation and implementation of sector plans Overall management of pilot projects



Internal and external resource management to support financing requirements of the sector Coordination with institutions and personnel at the district, Mandal and village 1 Gram Panchayat levels

The Secretary, RWSS as the head of the SWSM is responsible for issuing Policy guidelines and Government Orders, Overall monitoring, Funding budgets, borrowing and Administrative approval of works under Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWS) program. The Project Director, SWSM is responsible for issue of Policy guidelines, Approval of schemes, Periodic review of implementation, Coordination with other departments, Monitoring & Evaluation of physical & financial progress, Integration & operation of capacity development programs and Resource management for future financing requirements.

The SWSM is supported by two committees; the Apex Committee and the Executive Committee.

The Apex Committee is headed by the Chief Secretary. The Secretaries to GOAP of Rural Water Supply, Rural Development, Panchayat Raj, Education, Health, Finance, Planning and Information & Public Relations departments function as members of the apex committee. The Apex Committee meets every quarter to provide guidance on policy related issues in the RWSS sector.

The Executive Committee provides necessary technical advice and assistance to the Apex Committee. The Committee is headed by the Secretary, RWSS and the Joint Secretary, RWSS functions as its member Secretary. The members of the committee include Chief Engineers from the departments of: Rural Water Supply, Rural Development, Panchayat Raj Department, Education, Health, Finance, Planning and Information & Public Relations.

4.2.2.1 District Water and Sanitation Mission

At the district level, the District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) and District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) are the principal bodies for execution of projects under Swajaladhara and TSC. The DWSC is headed by the District Collector and convened by the Superintending Engineer (SE), RWSSD. The Mandal Water & Sanitation Committee and Village Water & Sanitation Committees are principal bodies at the Mandal and village levels respectively for implementation and super-vision of programs under Swajaladhara and TSC.

The District Water and Sanitation Committee (DWSC) is a Committee of the Zilla Parishad DWSM. The DWSM meets as often as possible but not less than four times a year. It considers and takes note of all schemes under Swajaladhara which have been technically scrutinized and approved by the DWSC. It reviews the implementation, progress of Swajaladhara and the Total Sanitation Campaign (where it has been launched) in the district.

4.2.2.1.1 District Water Supply & Sanitation Committee

The DWSC is headed by the District Collector. DWSC will have District level officers such as the Superintending Engineer of RWSS, District Education Officer, District Health Officer, Project Director DRDA, District Panchayat Raj Officer, District Social Welfare Officer, and District Information & Public Relations Officer. In addition 3 members who shall be experts and from reputed NGOs and women's groups, may be co-opted into the Committee as



members with the prior approval of the SWSM. The Superintending Engineer, RWSS functions as the Member Secretaly of the DWSC. In most districts, the DWSC is assisted by a District Support Unit (DSU). In the districts surveyed, the DSU is managed by a DEE, RWSS. The functions of the District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) are as follows:

a Formulation, management and monitoring of Swajaladhara and TSC projects Scrutiny and approval of the schemes submitted by the Gram Panchayat Selection of agencies andl NGOs and enter into agreements for social mobilization, capacity development, communication, project management and supervision

a Sensitizing public representatives, officials and the general public about the Swajaladhara principles

a Engaging Institutions for imparting training for capacity development of all stakeholders, and undertaking communication campaign; and Interaction with SWSM, State Government and the Government of India

4.2.2.1.2 District Support Unit

The DSU is formed of District Resource Persons (DRPs) from various specialized fields such as IEC, capacity building and Management Information Systems. The DRPs are employed from the private sector in the districts which were surveyed. The functions of the District Support Unit (DSU) are as follows:

Implement IEC strategies as decided by the DWSC including conducting workshops and orientations

a Capacity building of all relevant stakeholders a Maintain databases consisting of baseline information on sanitation aspects of the

district including household latrines, school latrines and their usage a Prepare financial management systems and controls a Promote establishment of rural sanitaly marts and production centers a Coordinate with NGOs and Support Organizations (SOs) imparting IEC activities a Prepare Project Implementation Plan (PIP) and assist DWSC in implementing the

same

Information procured during field visits seem to suggest that the average establishment cost of a DSU is about Rs. 35,000 - Rs. 40,000 per month. A majority of the funds are spent for payments of salaries to the DRPs. The funds for DSU are currently being channeled through funds earmarked for IEC and capacity building for TSC.

4.2.2.2 Mandal Water Supply & Sanitation Committee

The Mandal Water and Sanitation Committee (MWSC) is the arm of the Water & Sanitation Mission at the Mandal level. The MWSC is chaired by the President of the Mandal Parishad (MP). The DEE RWSS functions as the co-Chairman of the MWSC. The members of the MWSC include Mandal Development Officer, Mandal Revenue Officer, Mandal Executive Officer, Sub-Inspector of Police at the Mandal level, AEE RWSS, AEE Panchayat Raj, AEE Mandal Parishad, Mandal Education Officer, Medical Officer and Members from women's association.

The Mandal Resource Persons (MRPs) assist the MWSC in discharging the following mandated duties and functions:

a Management and monitoring of Swajaladhara and TSC projects at the Mandal level

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Scrutiny of the schemes submitted by the Gram Panchayat and forwarding them to the DW SC Cooperation with NGOs for social mobilization, capacity development, communication, project management and supervision Sensitizing the public representatives, officials and the general public about the Swajaladhara principles Guidance and support to institutions for imparting training for capacity development of all stakeholders, and undertaking communication campaign

As per the guidelines, MRPs should possess professional skills in the areas of social science and community mobilization. In the Mandals surveyed, the MRPs are employed from the private sector, mostly fresh graduates. The MRPs receive an entitlement of Rs. 4,000 to Rs. 4,500 per month. Some of the key issues highlighted during field visits were that the MRPs are facing difficulties in delivering up to their expectations due to poor participation from the community.

4.2.2.3 Village Water & Sanitation Committee

At the village level, the Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSC) play an important role in implementation of reform projects under Swajaladhara and TSC. The VWSC is chaired by the Sarpanch (the elected head of the Gram Panchayat). The members of the VWSC include GP level Panchayat Secretary, Members from women's groups, Members from the youth clubs, Village Development Officer and Treasurer (elected in the Gram Sabha).

The VWSCs are responsible for execution of the following key functions: Ensuring GPs to take up Swajaladhara implementation in each Gram Sabha meeting Ensuring community participation and decision making in all phases of scheme activities Organizing community contributions towards capital costs, both in cash and kind (land, labour or materials) Opening and managing bank account for depositing community cash contributions, O&M funds and management of project funds Signing of various agreements with the DWSC Planning, designing, and implementing all drinking water and sanitation activities Procuring construction materials/goods and selection of contractors (where necessary) and supervision of construction activities Commissioning and takeover of completed water supply and sanitation works through a joint inspection with DWSC Collection of funds through tariff charges and deposit same for O&M of water supply and sanitation works for proper managing and financing of O&M of the services on a sustainable basis; and empowering of women for day to day operation and repairs of the scheme Creating and promoting integration of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in the Panchayat; and Participation in communication and development activities in other villages

4.2.3 Panchayat Rai Institutions



The state of Andhra Pradesh stood second in introducing the Panchayat Raj system in India in order to establish democratic institutions at the grass root level. The Gram Panchayats (GP) stand at the base of the three-tier structure of local governance with the Mandal Parishad at the intermediate level and the Zilla Parishad at the district level. Along with 22 Zilla Parishads and 1095 Mandal Parishads, there are 21943 Gram Panchayats in AP covering a population of more than 55 million people. It is necessary to highlight the lack of a clear definition of what a GP is in Andhra Pradesh. The population of a GP varies from 300 to more than 3,000. This does, in fact, raise a question on the economic viability of smaller GPs.

The responsibilities of GP include: a) Implementing land reform measures, including consolidation of land holdings and cooperative management of community lands; b) Implementing programs related to agriculture, animal husbandry, cottage industry, pre- primary and primary education, health and sanitation, women, children, destitute people and people with disabilities; c) Resource planning by preparing an inventory of human and natural resources and other assets at the village level; d) Preparing and prioritizing plans/ programs to harness these resources to meet local needs and aspirations; and e) Disseminating technology to increase farm and related production; expanding services like health, veterinary and sanitation services in their jurisdiction.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment and the consequent Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act 1994 assigns local bodies the responsibility of providing safe drinking water supply and sanitation. Under the AP Panchayat Raj Act, O&M of water supply installations is the responsibility of Gram Panchayats. The Act also empowers the Gram Panchayat to collect house tax (10% of which is intended for use in water supply) from its constituents. In reality, most of the Gram Panchayats have financial constraints in taking over the responsibility of O&M. The Act, at the gram panchayat level, provides for the constitution of 'beneficiary committees' for the execution of works of the GP and 'functional committees' for agriculture, public health, water supply, sanitation, family planning, education and communication. Under this act VWSCs are formed. The functions of the VWSCs are given in the above sub- section. VWSC is a committee of the Gram Panchayat.

Mandal Parishads co-ordinate rural developn~ent activities within their jurisdiction and consolidate panchayat plans into a Mandal Parishad plan. At Mandal level MWSC are formed. The functions of the MWSC are given in the above sub-section. The MWSC is a committee of the Mandal Parishad.

The Zilla Parishad organizes data collection and consolidation of Mandal Parishad plans, allocation of funds and approval of Mandal Parishad budgets. According to the Panchayat Raj Act, the ZP will have seven standing committees, which have since been formed. The chairman of ZP will be the chairman of four committees, the vice-chairman of ZP of one committee and two women members of two committees. At the district level DWSM and DWSC are bodies which exclusively work on water and sanitation issues. The DWSM has the representation of the district level officers including the District Panchayat Officer. The DWSC is constituted at the district level, as a registered society, under the overall supervision, control and guidance of Zilla Parishad.

The present status of functional devolution in AP shows that its position is lowest among a few important states. Out of 29 items specified in the 1 lth schedule, it transferred functions in respect of sixteen (16) subjects of which five (05) subjects are with funds (agriculture, drinking water supply, minor irrigation tanks, social forestry, primary and secondary



education and khadi and village industries) and only two subjects are with functionaries (drinking water supply and minor irrigation tanks). Thirteen (13) functions still remain to be transferred; twenty-four (24) subjects with funds; and twenty-seven (27) subjects with functionaries. By contrast, in Karnataka all the 29 subjects1 departments have been transferred to panchayats with funds, functions and functionaries. Kerala comes next, followed by West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh (Report of the Tenth Five Year Plan Working Group 2001).

4.2.4 Tribal Related - ITDA and VTDA

4.2.4.1 Integrated Tribal Development Authoritv

Andhra Pradesh has identified ten areas having concentration of tribals in contiguous areas. Special Development Agencies like Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDAs) have been created for overall tribal development in these areas. Objective is to ensure an integrated approach towards implementation of developmental programs for tribals in the (tribal) sub plan areas. The Project Officers of ITDAs are vested with both development as well as regulatory responsibilities with the administrative control over all other line departmental officers including the revenue and tribal department personnel in the district. This way, all the three streams - revenue, development and law and order, are all streamlined, with a single line administration in Tribal Sub Plan areas. Further, all developmental programs in the sub plan area need to be approved by ITDAs. Andhra Pradesh has 10 ITDAs covering the TSP areas in Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar, Adilabad, Mahaboobnagar, Kurnool and Nellore districts. The ITDA is the nodal agency for integrating all welfare and developmental programs for tribal development. The ITDA functions under the umbrella of the Tribal Welfare Commissionerate at Hyderabad. The institutional and implementation arrangements in these areas are detailed in the Tribal Development Plan.

4.2.4.2 Village Tribal Development Agency

In Andhra Pradesh, the State Government has enacted Act 7 of 1998 extending Panchayat Raj to scheduled areas. Relevant Rules under the Act are yet to be issued. Meanwhile, in the tribal areas of the State, community based organizations viz. Village Tribal Development Agency (VTDA) has been promoted by ITDAs. The VTDAs are actively involved in planning, implementing and monitoring various tribal development activities at habitation level. Tribal Welfare Department has found VTDA as a viable and functional structure in carrying out Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act (PESA Act) effectively in tribal areas. The Tribal Welfare Department attempted to integrate the existing PR structure with the new community based movements. In order to ensure a proper integration, it was ordered that the Sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat shall be the president of the VTDA and the secretary of the VTDA should be a woman selected from among the SHG members of the village. Government has also issued instructions that all works up to a maximum cost of Rs.10.00 lakh each shall be entrusted to VTDAs on nomination basis. The involvement of VTDA in the developmental activities in the Scheduled Areas is detailed in the Tribal Development Plan.

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4.3 Implementation and Operations - RWSS Department

The Engineer-in-Chief (ENC), RWSS department and the Chief Engineers (CE) are the key personnel at the state level responsible for program management and implementation in the RWSS sector. The officials at the state level are responsible for according administrative and technical (based on size) approvals for projects and monitoring and evaluation of works being undertaken. The overall functions of the state level institutions are:

Provision of policy guidelines for the RWSS sector Overall planning, implementation and monitoring of schemes/ works in the sector Coordination with institutions and personnel at the district, Mandal and village levels for implementation and monitoring of sector programs

The Engineer-in-Chief (EnC) is responsible for overall control of works in the RWSS sector in the state. The EnC is responsible for according administrative sanction for RWSS works up to Rs. 10 lakh. The EnC is empowered to accord technical sanction for works above Rs. 50 lakh.

4.3.2 Chief Engineers

The Chief Engineers (CEs) are responsible for planning and implementation of RWSS works within their mandated geographical constituencies or work areas. At present, the RWSS works in the state are being looked after by 3 CEs - 2 in charge of sector works in their geographical constituencies and the third in charge of Communication and Capacity Development. The CEs are in charge of reviewing proposals and forwarding them for administrative sanction to the E-n-C and / or the Secretary, RWSS. The CEs are empowered to accord technical sanction of works for up to Rs. 50 lakh. The CEs take up Monthly review of works and Achievement of physical targets. The CE, CCDU does Planning & implementation of capacity building programs and Monitoring performance of staff.

4.3.3 SEs and EEs

The Superintending Engineers (SE) and Executive Engineers (EE) - in hierarchical order - are responsible for implementation of the sector programs at the district level. The officials at the district level play an important role in monitoring and evaluation, besides executing the projects. The SEs are in charge of implementation and monitoring of RWSS schemes in a district. The SE is assisted by two EEs (on an average) who in turn execute responsibilities in their respective sub-divisions. The SEs are in charge of preparation of budgets for the entire district and responsible for preparation of annual administrative reports of the progress made in the district. The SE is vested with powers to accord technical sanction for RWSS works in their respective districts where the project cost is under Rs. 50 lakh.

The EEs are responsible for implementation and monitoring of RWSS works in their respective sub-divisions in a district. They are entrusted with responsibilities of preparation of budgets, monitoring of works, accord technical sanction of works up to Rs. 10 lakh and monitoring of works.

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4.3.4 DEEs and AEEs/AEs

The Deputy Executive Engineer (DEE) and Assistant Executive Engineer (AEE)/ Assistant Engineer (AE), RWSS function as representatives of the RWSS department at the Mandal level. There are no official representatives of the RWSS department at the village level. The AEE/ AE extend technical support to the GPs in execution of their responsibilities towards operations and maintenance of SVS and intra village facilities of MVS.

The DEE is in charge of about 2-3 Mandals in the district. The DEEs report to the EEs and SEs at the sub-divisional and district levels. The DEEs are assisted by AEEs/ AEs who are in charge of RWSS works in GPs. The DEEs are in charge of monthly review and overall control of works undertaken at the GP level. They are in charge of preparation of budgets for their respective Mandals which are compiled at the district level by the EE/ SE. The DEEs are vested with powers for accordance of technical sanction for works up to Rs. 2 lakhs.

The AEEs/ AEs provide the necessary technical support to GPs in implementation of schemes at the GP level. The AEEs/ AEs interact with the community and GP on a regular basis and monitor the ongoing works. They are in charge of preparation of line estimates should projects be conceptualized for implementation. They also facilitate preparation of detailed project reports. They function as Technical advisor to GP and have Technical sanction powers for works upto Rs. 0.25 lakh.

4.3.5 Manpower

The existing manpower details of RWSS department across various levels are presented in the table below:

4.4 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of RWSSD

4.4.1 Key strengths The present institutional structure of the RWSSD is well laid out from the state to village level reaching both MVS and SVS schemes.

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Presently the state has an extensive network of rural water supply infrastructure through SVS & MVS and sanitation infrastructure through household sanitary latrines, community latrines, school sanitation infrastructure. Initiation of devolution of O&M responsibility to the ZPs and GPs. The O&M of the common facilities of the MVS are under the control of the ZP and O&M of the SVS and intra village facilities of the MVS are under the control of the GPs. Since the introduction of the Sector Reforms Program (SRP) and Swajaladhara programs, concepts of Demand Driven participation and decentralization is taking place. The competent and experienced technical human resource pool, whose preference is to serve the sector, is available with the RWSSD. High design standards and reasonable construction quality. Formation of Water & Sanitation Missions - at state and district levels - to adopt demand driven approach in the sector.

Key weaknesses RWSSD has not been able to achieve good coverage in terms of water supply and sanitation. For example, only 43% of habitations are Fully Covered by RWS schemes and NSS habitations are still to be covered; rural household sanitation coverage is only 53%. Vacant positions in the RWSSD makes it weak, duly considering the fact that there are nearly 57% of the habitations are either under covered or have problems. Another fact is that some of the present staff have given preference to PR, but are in RWSSD as positions were not available in PR. The current institutional structure of the RWSSD does not fully subscribe to the principles of the demand driven approach that the state is contemplating to scale up. Structural changes to the RWSSD need to be undertaken so as to ensure that operational linkages between the RWSSD and the Water & Sanitation Missions (WSMs), at the state, district, Mandal and village levels, are fortified. Such fortification is a requirement for scaling up and sustaining demand driven approaches in the RWSS sector in the state. The current system of administrative sanction and technical sanction results in long process time and often time delays in execution. More and more decentralization is required - both for functions as well as decisions. The current procedural bottlenecks and delays in drawing up the schemes, sanctioning of schemes, funds flow and procurement methods are delaying schemes. The fund-flow through the RWSS department shows limited decentralization in case of capital works. The transfer of funds to the ZP and GP for O&M of MVS and SVS are positive trends that indicate devolution of responsibilities to the lower levels in government. However, the RWSS sector should move towards adopting a more decentralized fund flow structure similar to reform programs like Swajaladhara and TSC. Capacities of personnel at the district, Mandal and village levels need to be significantly augmented to promote such devolution of responsibilities.

4.5 Issues for Consideration

Presently, Top-down (supply driven) approach is followed in scheme designing, implementation and O&M phases. Presently, RWSSD is solely responsible for all activities starting from project conceptualization, planning, designing, implementation to O&M phase. In these phases, only limited inputs are taken from actual users and other stakeholders in

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terms of demand, technology choice, siting of infrastructure facilities, etc. Some of the key institutional issues, contributing to service and performance, are identified during field visits and stakeholder discussions are given below for consideration by APRWSSP.

Staff strength: During the bifurcation of the Panchayat Raj (PR) department into RWSSD and PR, majority of the staff preferred to remain in PR. This situation has resulted in vacant positions in the RWSSD. Recently the senior positions in RWSSD have been filled through promotions. Some positions at the AEIAEE, DEE level still remain vacant. Technical Support: There are sizable number (1953) of NSS habitations in the state. The technologies adopted for fluoride affected villages are not working satisfactorily mainly due to operation and maintenance reasons. There is a requirement for building capacity of the department in terms of innovation in new, simple and community friendly technologies. Change in Roles: At present, the role of RWSSD is that of a provider of water and sanitation assets. In view of decentralization and devolution of roles and responsibilities pertaining to planning, implementation and O&M of water supply to ZPs and GPs, the RWSSD role will shift to that of facilitator and provider of technical support to the ZPs and GPs. RWSSD is not geared up to such a cultural shift and thus there is a need for preparing the personnel for this transformation. Conflicting Roles: Governance, policy making and execution roles have converged at present into the RWSS department. There is need for separation of the governance aspect from the project execution roles and responsibilities. Community Participation: Limited participation of the community, in planning, implementation and O&M of RWSS facilities, is a key issue to be tackled in the RWSS sector. The limited community involvement is partly because of the supply driven approach and partly due to lack of awareness among users about the benefits that could accrue from active involvement. Significant IEC efforts need to be effectively channeled to improve community participation. Operation and Maintenance: This is one area, where both the RWSSD and VWSC are not faring well. Lack of role clarity and funds are the main problems. Clear scheme specific guidelines regarding O&M need to be developed a t the time of sub-project preparation supported by funding sources. Weak PRIs: Though the PIUs have been given the mandate for water supply and sanitation, there are financially and technically weak. They are not in a position to operate and maintain the water supply schemes in a proper manner. When compared to the GP, Self Help Groups (SHGs) and the Village Organizations (VOs) in the villages are active and financially strong. Limited Capacity: There is limited technical capacity in the community and in PRIs to effectively take over and manage RWSS services, as there has been no role for them historically. The plans of GOAP to scale up demand-driven approaches in the state would require the support of substantial IEC activities at the village level to promote awareness and build capacities of people to handle RWSS facilities and inculcate a sense of ownership. The capacity of the community and users need to be substantially augmented so as to enable their effective participation in planning, design, implementation, monitoring & evaluation, financial management and O&M of the RWSS facilities. In the Scheduled Areas roles of ITDA and VTDA need to be considered keeping in mind the Provisions of PESA Act.

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5 Stakeholder Analysis

5.1 Introduction

Water and sanitation projects implemented under various different programs in the past have focused mostly on achieving targets. Water supply projects were focusing on covering more villages and bringing them under the fold of FC category, while sanitation mostly focused on building latrines. This approach has led to more focus on technical outputs with little focus on sustainable outcomes or impact of the project on the beneficiaries. Although the ultimate focus of all these projects is to benefit the people. Though there were efforts to involve the beneficiaries in the projects, these efforts did not bear much h i t and the sustainability of these projects (particularly Operation and Maintenance) has suffered due to limited involvement of community in managing and owning the projects. Thus keeping in mind the importance of stakeholder participation and involvement in the project, a detailed stakeholder consultation and analysis was carried out as one of the important components of the Social Assessment study with an aim to support the project in evolving an effective project implementation plan and strategy. Such consultations were carried out with various stakeholders at Village, Mandal, District and State level. A list of all the stakeholders identified at different level is presented below in two categories, viz. direct beneficiaries and indirect beneficiaries.

5.2 Stakeholders at Different Levels

The project direct and indirect stakeholders at different levels. i.e., Habitation, Gram Panchayat, Mandal, District, State and Country level are given below:

Table 73: Stakeholders at Different Levels Direct Beneficiaries I Indirect Beneficiaries


Habitation Level *All Villagers @ch, Middle Class and the Poor, Women, All water and Sanitation facilities users; Users of water for drinking, bathing, toilet, washing clothes, for cattle, and users of sanitation facilities like drainage, washing platforms, dustbins, etc.)

~Tribals in Scheduled Areas and Non-Scheduled Areas

*Scheduled Caste groups *Village Water and Sanitation Committee *SHG groups involved in sanitation, health and nutrition

*Labourers / Daily Wage Earners (including women) Ward Members

*Waterman/ Operator/ Sanitation Workers Gram Panc hayat Level *Sarpanch, Ex-Sarpanches and PRI Members Village Secretary

*Panchayat Executive Officer

*CommunityLevel Institutions like Youth Clubs, Mahila Mandals, etc.

*Traders and Retailers of Sanitation Materials .Angmwa& Workers and Auxi]iaryNurses cum Midwives

*Local Petty, Labour and O&M Contractors .Tradesmen ( w e n t e n ; Masons, etc.) Government Development and Employment Programs at Village Level

*Local NGO functionaries

*Traders of Water Supply and Sanitation Materials *Plumbers and other Tradesmen Government Development and Employment Programs at Village Level



Direct Beneficiaries I Indirect Beneficiaries Mandal Level ~Mandal Parishad Development Officers .Panchayat Raj Extension Officer RWSSD Engineers

District Level .RWSSD Superintending Engineers and Executive Engineer

.SC and ST Development Corporations ICDS Functionaries

.Health Department Functionaries

State Level ORWSSD Chief Engineer

APRWSSP PD and SPSU Team Engineer in Chief, PR

.Tribal Welfare Department

.Tribal Welfare Engineering Department 0APRWSSP Technical Support Agencies (from government and non-government sector)

.Development Support Organizations, NGOs

.Government of India Departments (Rural Development, Water Supply, Tribal Development, etc.)

Contractors Traders of Water Supply and Sanitation Materials .Mechanics, Electricians, Plumbers and other Tradesmen, Transporters Government Development and Employment Programs at Village Level NGO Functionaries

.Local MLAs Media

Contractors Traders of Water Supply and Sanitation Materials

.Mechanics, Electricians, Plumbers and other Tradesmen, Transporters

.Government Development Programs ONGO Functionaries .Local MPs and MLAs .Media

*Health Department oAPARD and other Training Institutions Women & Child Development Department Contractors

.Pipes, Pumps and Motors, Cement, Steel, Chlorinators, etc. Manufacturers and Suppliers, Water Supply Contractors

.Sanitation Material Manufacturers Transporters

.Government Development Programs (IKP, etc.)

.Media Groups (Print & Electronic) World Bank


5.3 Beneficiaries1 Stakeholders Expectations

Women as Sub- Group

Table 74: BeneficiarieslStakeholders Expectations

All Users

Better quality of water *Enhanced quantityand equitable distribution

Good capacity Over Head Service Reservoir (OHSR) Water available at an appointed time

*House service connections @KC)

Issues/ Concerns p k e holden

*Better management and faster repairs

Expectations

*Provision o f good quality and safe sanitary facilities *Safe disposal of wastewater

Government support and subsidy *Reduction in time spent in fetching water * T i e savings and productive use of time

*Wants water for domestic purposes and also for cattle purposes as well. *Wants good qualitywater at appropriate timings for reasonable durations. *OHSRs with adequate water storage to tide over the scheduled and unscheduled power

cuts *BCs to all those who want to have them *Adequate number of stand posts as per the requirement of villagers G o o d qualitysanitation facilities easy on maintenance. *Building drainage systems, provision of dust bins, etc., in the village *Identification of BPL families and provision of support in building individual sanitation latrines

*Proper O&M of the water supply and upkeep of sanitation systems *Availability of extension services: subsidized individual sanitary latrines, sanitation technical know-how, awareness generation on sanitation, health and nutrition, etc.

*Poor quality of water *Low quantity of water *Limited access and Inequitable distribution of water

*Increase in time spent in fetching water *Poor storage capacity *Unreliable water supply *Continuing open defecation in the villages Improper location of sanitary facilities

*Lack of privacy *Higher Tariff *Health concerns for self and children Poor quality of water

*Low quantity of water *Limited access and Inequitable distribution of water

*Poor storage capacity Unreliable water supply

*Continuing open defecation in the villages Higher Tariff

*Awareness generation among the water users *Poor and marginalized sections expect their inclusion in VWSC

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Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes groups

Issues/ Concerns / Stakeholders

W S C Members

Gram Panchayat

Expectations

Augmentation or new sustainable water supply and sanitation systems in the villages .Contracting of pettyworks to village level institutions .Handing over of scheme in good working condition to WCSC .Entrusting Operation and Maintenance works to local level institutions .Design the system for equitable water supply and sanitation facilities .Consultation with and consent of WCSC and villages regarding siting of facilities .Training of WCSC members and other skilled persons on O&M aspects of the water supply and sanitation systems.

.Sensitization of WESC to the needs and requirements of the villagers

.WVSC should be entrusted with the responsibilityof collecting water tariff from users

.They want to be consulted and participate in decision making, implementation and operation and maintenance. They want to be included and part of the WCSC so that they can take care of their interests.

.They want their requirements, needs and preferences be taking into account while designing the systems.

.They look forward to get some work in the subproject either as skilled or unskilled labour

.They want to be trained in activities related to the operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation facilities

- ~

They want some petty works be given to them as contracts. .They want the Government and RWSSD to protect their interests during water - distribution

Sufficient and timely funds Improved delivery of services Capacities will be increased

.Enhanced people's participation

.Exposure to the technical and financial management

.Better organizational capacities . Better utilization of resources

.Better co-ordination with other stakeholders

.Rich villagers, PRI members, WVSC members, etc. are nursing ambitions to control and influence the overall decision making, implementation and functioning of the subproject through representation in the WVSC

.GP may not allow WCSC to exercise control over the subproject

.Differential tariff may create division in the village

.Exclusion from the decision-making . L i t e d access to services

.Limited technical and managerial skills

.Exploitative practices and dominance of rich and forward communities.

.Lack of funds and staff

. C i t e d functional devolution - dependent GP and RWSSD in many aspects

.Lack of co-ordination between various departments

.Limited understanding of the project

.Limited experience in operation and maintenance of the systems and cost.



Improved delivery expectations .The Sarpanch and Ward members expect RWSSD staff to consult them on regular

basis before undertaking any activity in the village .They expect that the WCSC should work under the overall direction of Gram Panchayat

T h e y expect RWSSD to take up awareness generation among the GP members i . -

xpect the RWSSD to extend subsidy for all villagers Expects control over MVS and inter GP facilities

Issues/ Concerns 1 Stakeholden

.Expects financial support from project Expects involvement of MP in project

Expectations

AEE/ DEE, RWSSD

Zilla Parishad .Expects financial support from project .Expects involvement of MP in project .Expects ~ u s h sanitation agenda through the project .Expects to realize district water and sanitation targets and goals through project Capacity building of ZP

Capacity building of MP .Expects control over MVS and inter GP facilities

.Would be involved in supporting the technical aspects

.RWSSD shall be the project implementation agency

.Strong IEC capacity building to ensure that people will take care of the maintenance

.Stress on augmentation of sources through ground water recharge measures

.Expects training in Implementation and 08rM

WCSC may sideline GP .RWSSD might focus on WCSC

Weak Mandal Parishad .No clarityof role in the project

Lack of funds and staff .Limited functional devolution - dependent on RWSSD in many aspects

.Lack of co-ordination between various departments

.Limited understanding of the project

.RWSSD might focus on GPs and WCSCs GP cannot maintain SVS and MVS

.Do not have adequate technical resources

.Nan availabilityof technical resources at the panchayat level due to low salaries

.Whether GP is capable of operation and maintenance of the project- technically & financially.

~Abilityof people to contribute for the project .More house service connections may lead to

acceleration of over exploitation of ground water. -

.Failure of sources to provide water due to recurrent drought conditions

I Limited financial and technical powerj

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EE/ SE, RWSSD

SWSM

Issues/ Concerns 1 Stakeholdeo

Contractors

Expectations

*Sustenance of the operations *Increase in financial viability *RWSSD shall be the project implementation agency *The professional and technical know how of the staff shall be u t i i d for the new project.

*Training in Procurement, Planning and Implementation Strong IEC capacity building to ensure that people will take care of the maintenance *Stress on augmentation of sources through ground water recharge measures *Provision of adequate funds for complete augmentation or new water and sanitation systems

*The RWSSD expects more field level manpower support like Assistant Engineers and Site Engineers, Community Communicators, etc.

*Support of Development Support Organisation and NGOs in forming and strengthening WISCs

*Adequate fund flow from government for regular and timely O W Training in Procurement and Planning

*Sustenance of the operations *Expects to provide policy based support to project *Expects to meet targets on both water and sanitation *Expects to demonstrate new simple and community friendly technologies

*The professional and technical know how of the staff shall be u t i i d for the new project.

*Capacity building measures to change any limitation in their capacities and their attitudes or mind sets

Strong IEC capacity building to ensure that people will take care of the maintenance *Expects projects to start early *Expects that contract packages will be of attractive size *Expects to have price escalation clause in the contracts *Expects to have sound procurement systems in place

Emects no trouble from community

GP cannot maintain MVS *Institutional set up of the ~ r o ~ o s e d project *Whether people are capable to take care of the

operation and maintenance of the project - technically as well as financially.

*Failure of sources to ~rovide water due to recurrent drought conditions Political Pressure

*Do not have adequate technical resources Sufficiency of project funds *Failure of sources to provide water due to

recurrent drought conditions *Political Pressure *Rising expectations

*Institutional set up of the proposed project *Abilityof people to contribute for the project

Community participation *Cost contributions

Subsidies for latrines *Institutional set up of the proposed project

- -

Project capacitybuilding program might focus on external agencies for capacity building

*BCC efforts might not succeed

*Preference certain sections of contractors Price escalation clause

*Delay in payments *Delays in land acquisition

Profit margins

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The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report - Julv 2008

5.3.1 Overall Issues Emerged During Public Consultations

The following issues have emerged during the consultations held in the villages, the three regional consultation/ disclosure workshops and the state level consultation/ disclosure workshop.

Issues/ Concerns

Availability of skilled labour .Interference from community

Contractors may bring migrant labour .Skills required to find work

Contractors may bring migrant labour .Skills required to find work

.Project institution and implementation arrangements

.Funds for participation Coordination at secretary level

.Skilled personnel for participation

.Project institution and implementation arrangements

.Funds for participation Coordination at secretary level

.Skilled personnel for participation

Stakeholders

Laboured Daily Wage E amen

Local Skilled Labour/ Tradesmen

Society for Elimination of Rural P o v e ~ (SERP)/ Indira Kranti Patham OKP)

Other Departments

There were enquiries as to how the GPs will be prioritized to take up sub-projects. Villagers were curious to know how the project would prioritize the GPs for implementation There were complaints of frequent drying up of groundwater sources due to shallow bore wells

Expectations

.Expects that land will be made available before entering site

.Expects tirnelypayments and reasonable profit margins

.Sub-project to create more wage earning opportunity

.Some work during operation and maintenance too.

.Contractors will not bring outside/ migrant labour for sub-project works.

.Scope for employment/ work during implementation and O&M.

.Masons expect their engagement in latrines construction, drainage construction, etc.

.The IKP Health and Nutrition Unit 0 functionaries want to participate in the sanitation, health and hygiene and nutrition related activities of the project.

.The HNUexpects to implement the awareness creation and motivation programs for sanitation in the villages.

.The HNUexpects that the project allots these funds them to carryout these programs

.The ICDS functionaries too wants to participate in the project at Gram Panchayat and Mandal level The Education Department wants to participate in the project by engaging their Mandal Literacy Officers in the campaigns for sanitation promotion

.The Tribal Welfare Department wants participate in the project in the areas where there is substantial tribal population and try convergence of their programs

.The Ground Water Department wants to participate in the project for measuring water levels and water quality in the project villages on a regular basis.



There were requests that the water supply systems be built in a robust manner; as the villagers have apprehensions based on their experiences of OHSR leaking, pipes being buried at shallow depths and thereby leaking and bursting, frequently burning motors, etc, People were complaining of wastage of water from public taps during supply hours as there were no taps or valves to control the flow. Villagers were complaining of irregular cleaning of OHSRs There were complaints that chlorination of water is not done though the systems have provision for chlorination. There were requests that the drainage systems be built-in a technically correct manner as their experience shows that the flow is not proper and accumulation of wastewater at different places in the system Villagers apprehend that the subsidy for building latrines may not reach the real BPL and the needy households. Many latrines built were not used or put to alternate use The villagers apprehend that the VWSC may be dominated by the rich, powerful and forward community members and may serve only their interests The villagers apprehend that improper siting of facilities could lead to inter-village/ inter-community conflicts and may vitiate the village atmosphere During the discussion it was noticed that the villagers in general have some kind of low awareness about sanitation, but are not adequately motivated to practice. This is not on the top of their agenda. Presently in the villages, there are no convergence of activities related to water, sanitation, health, hygiene, nutrition, education, etc. Villagers request such convergence to save their time. Presently in most villages, the VWSC is not actively functional Land for regional schemes could be prove to be a hindrance in implementing the project.



6 Impact Assessment

6.1 Introduction

During the public consultation and focus group discussions in the villages the stakeholders perceived that the project many not have sizable negative impacts on them due to the nature, type and size of the works. However, the following social impacts could possibly arise out of the proposed projects.

6.2 Impacts

The project impacts are listed below:

Table 75: Pro'ect Im acts pk-Positive Impacts I Negative Impacts 1 Women as Sub-group

All Users

.Availability of quality water for a duration required and at a time wanted by all Reduced drudgery of carrying water from long distances .Reduced disease burden due to reduction in water borne and water related

iseases d' .Reduced health expenses and thereby savings .Productive use of time .Less suffering during monsoons and adverse climatic conditions .Improved safety Opportunities for social interaction I - -

Improvements in quality of life and dignity Availability of quality water for a duration required and at a time wanted by all .Health and Environmental improvements Reduced health expenses and thereby savings

.Productive use of time

.Improvements in income patterns

.Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to increased coverage of individual sanitary latrines

.Less suffering during monsoons and adverse climatic conditions

.Health Hazards, due to stagnation of water leading to mosquito breeding and public health problems

.Spread of AIDS at construction sites Surface water pollution and groundwater pollution Higher Tariffs Control by Male members of the WSC/ GP

.Health Hazards, due to stagnation of water leading to mosquito breeding and public health problems

.Spread of AIDS at construction sites

.Surface water pollution and groundwater pollution

.Higher Tariffs -

.Deprivation and Displacement due to acquisition of private residential or agricultural or commercial land

.Social issues such as, social disruption in the area of

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The World Bank Supported Andha Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008

F~ take holder Groups I Positive Impacts I Negative Impacts

Improved public safety *Better infrastructure facilities *Improved access to services * O p p o d t i e s for social interaction *Improved community participation and sense of ownership

Capacity Building

construction, social unrest issues on construction sites and regional labour issues

*Representation of all section of people in the VWSC Timely and regular meeting of WISCs Well defined norms and procedures for empowering VWSC

*Increase in the level of involvement of WISC members for generating 10% contribution (financial & non-financial) from villagers

VWSC Members

Active involvement of WISC members in community mobilization for operation &maintenance of water and sanitation systems

*Reduced incidence of conflicts over the distribution and use of water Well maintained records and books related to accounts

Reduced influence or control bv the rich and ~owerful

Improvements in quality of life and human dignity *Increase in the number of members

*Reduced disease burden due to reduction in water borne and water related d lseases '

Reduced health expenses and thereby savings *Productive use of time

*Chances of VWSC overruling the villagers needs and

Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Groups

views of the villagers *VWSC might become another bureaucratic setup for

the villagers *VWSC might overlook PRI and may land in troubles

~vailability of quality water for a duration required and at a time wanted by all *Scope for having water points near their houses *Reduced drudgeryof canying water from long distances

*Health Hazards, due to stagnation of water leading to mosquito breeding and public health problems

.spread of AIDS at construction sites *Surface water pollution and groundwater pollution

Higher Tariffs Control by rich and forward caste members of the VWSU GP

I 1 *Less suffering during monsoons and adverse climatic conditions I I Improved safety O p p o d t i e s for social interaction Capacity building Improvements in quality of life and dignity




Stake holder Groups

Gram Panchayat

Mandal Paris had

Zilla Parishad

AEE/ DEE, RWSSD

EE/ SE, RWSSD

CE/ EiC, RWSSD

Positive Impacts

Opportun;tyfor provision of reliable water and sanitation services Winning the confidence of the people

.Scope for capacity building

.Scope for revenue generation Opportunity to handle finances

.Opportunity for provision of reliable water and sanitation services Wming the confidence of the people


.Scope for revenue generation

.Opportunity for provision of reliable water and sanitation services Wming the confidence of the people


.Scope for revenue generation

.Opportunityto handle finances

.Financial support from project

.Can Complete the district sanitation agenda through the project

.Expects to realize district water and sanitation targets and goals through project

.Opportunityto provide water and sanitation services to rural areas Opportunities for skill development and capacity improvement

Opportunity to prepare projects in a technologically sound manner Opportunities for skill development and capacity improvements

.Increase in financial powers Opportunity to prepare projects in a technologically sound manner Opportunities for skill development and capacity improvements

.Increase in financial powers

.Project funds for complete augmentation or new water and sanitation systems

Negative Impacts

.Inabilityto maintain the schemes due to poor technical and financial position Contributions may not come up

.Threat of WCSC sidelining the PRI Competition with SHGs and VOs Possibility of water and sanitation revenue being used for other purposes

.GP may sideline MP as MP's role is not clear

.MVS may become a maintenance problem Conflicts may arise within MVS villages

L i t e d functional devolution - dependent on RWSSD in many aspects

.RWSSD might focus on GPs and WCSCs GPs and WCSCs may sideline GP

.MVS may become a maintenance problem Conflicts may arise within MVS villages

.Mayget sidelined with the induction of consultants at every stage Unable to collect community contributions

.Institutional set up new but yet procedural

.Failure of pilots

.Political pressure in selection and implementation Project funds may not suffice to cover all NC and NSS .Failure of sources to provide water due to recurrent drought conditions

.Political Pressure


pkeholder Gmups I Positive Impacts I Negative Impacts

I - -

( *These functions might be outsourced

SWSM

CCDU

*Price escalation clauses in the contracts Community cooperating in the villages

*Land acquisition done before project start Timely payments and reasonable profit margins

*Sustainable water and sanitation operations *Policies benefiting people can be made *Meet all state water and sanitation goals *Demonstrate new simple and community friendly technologies Capacity building measures will be taken up by CCDU

*IEC material can be prepared by CCDU

Contractors

*SWSM may have only a minor role to play. RWSSD may dominate and sideline SWSM Communityparticipation may not be effective Subsidies for latrines may result in unused latrines

CCDU may have only a minor role to play. RWSSD may dominate and sideline CCDU

1 *Likely Increased wages

*Earlyand timelystart of projects

I ~ b ~ u r e r s / Daily Wage Earners

*Opportunities for working with skilled persons and learning new skills Likely equal wages for women

BCC efforts might not succeed *Improper procurement systems

*Employment Opportunities during implementation and sometimes during maintenance.

Likely Increased wages Likely e~ua l waees for women

Local Skilled Labour/ Tradesmen

. A - *Employment Opportunities during implementation and sometimes during

maintenance.

Other Departments *Opportunity to participate in the water, sanitation, health and hygiene and nutrition related activities of the project.

Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SEW)/ Indira Kranti Patharn (IKP)

- . 1 *Funds from project

. * "

*Opportunity to participate in the sanitation, health and hygiene and nutrition related activities of the project.

e ~ u n d s from CaDacitv buildine of SERP ~ersonnel

Delay in payments *Delays in land acquisition *Low Profit margins *Skilled labour unavailable *Interference from community *Migrant labour brought in by the contractors Possibility of contacting HIV AIDS Clashes and social unrest Possibility of using child labour -

*Possibilityof not paying equal wages to women *Migrant labour brought in by the contractors Possibility of contacting HN AIDS

Clashes and social unrest *Possibility of not paying equal wages to women *SEW may not be involved *Funds maynot be transferred *Differences with RWSSD may crop up

SEW may not be involved Funds may not be transferred Differences with RWSSD




Stakeholder Groups 1 Positive Impacts Negative Impacts


7 Major Risks and Assumptions

7.1 Risks

The project may not get support from the beneficiaries (especially from poor and backward communities) if proper measures are not initiated towards capital cost contributions. The project may face conflict between those who take up house service connection and those who depend on public stand posts, if equity and inclusion issues are not addressed during the design stage. The project may face strong opposition from those who in elevated areas in the villages with the fear that they may not get enough water with proper pressure. The project may face serious objections from the villagers if the petty works are not given to the village contractors/ institutions The operation and maintenance may land in difficulties, if the operation and maintenance is given to outside private contractors, instead of local organizations1 contractors. The project may face opposition from interest groups if the project tries to fill up the VWSC with influential people instead of including representatives from all sections of the village. The project may not achieve its objectives within the stipulated time period if more time is consumed in redefining systems and addressing policy level issues for effective convergence of various government departments. The wastewater generated due to good water supply can cause environmental pollution if not tackled early and properly. The leech pit toilets can cause groundwater contamination, if proper measures are not taken to prevent this.

7.2 Assumptions

It is assumed that the land acquisition will be done with in reasonable time, but it may get delayed thereby further delaying the project implementation process if the land acquisition process is not completed on time. It is assumed that safe and sustainable sources will be identified for sustainable water supply, but in practice it is very difficult to find safe and sustainable sources, unless measures are taken to prevent and avoid over exploitation of these sources. It is assumed that villagers in fluoride affected villages will use the treated water, but they may go back to their old sources if supply fails. It is assumed that the VWSC will initiate measures towards prevention of open defecation, but the villagers may not obey these measures, if the VWSC does not gain their confidence.



8 Issues of Significance and Design Elements

8.1 Issues of significance

The issues which are significant for the project are listed below. These issues need to be addressed during the course of project cycle at an appropriate phase. The approaches for this are given under the design elements in this chapter. These issues are detailed in the following paragraphs.

1. Management Unit 2. Inclusion and Equity

2.1. Regional Consideration - Region and Quality 2.2. Participation of SCI ST, Women, Poor, etc.

3. Autonomy 4. Decentralization and Subsidiarity 5. Effective Governance and Management 6. Transparency and Accountability 7. Capacity Support 8. Capacity Building 9. Gender Issues 10. Convergence

8.2 Proposed Design Elements and Approach

The design elements and approach attempt addressing significant project issues. The following issues are addressed during the project design by incorporation of the suggested elements in the project design itself.

8.2.1 Management Unit

The villages in AP are heterogeneous in form and content. First, in some cases, the villages are nucleated in the sense that there is close aggregation or crowding of the houses. In some other cases, the village is quite wide spread where the hamlets are spread out, one of them being the central or core village. The tribal villages are more scattered and the terrain is most often undulated. This feature of physical distance has implication of coverage of the water supply and sanitation provision. Second, the villagers are not only divided on caste basis (Forward Castes, Other Backward Castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) but they also live maintaining social distance and identity of the group. Often times, the social and physical distance go together, particularly in case of SCs and STs, who generally live away from others. This feature has implication not only physical coverage but also equity, participation in decision making by way of representation, articulating their fears and concerns or their points of view and maintenance of the program. Hence the habitation has to be the management unit for implementation.

8.2.2 Inclusion and Equitv

Selection of villages for sub-projects is the major issues before the project. The selection has to be in such a way that the unserved are served and the most marginalized population of the state gets the maximum benefit out of the investments proposed under the project. Keeping


The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project . . .- ~

Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008

this in view, the village selection criteria need to be developed for the project. The criteria given below is based on previous experiences and feedback from various stakeholders. The following criteria is proposed.

Region: Select villages in proportion to the population fiom the three regions; i.e., Telangana, Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema. The selection criteria should even out the regional imbalances in the water supply and sanitation provision in the state.

Quality: The villages which have quality problems such as Brackish, Fluoride, etc. need to be given preference. For these villages more time need to be allotted for investigations and design. It would be better if few pilots are taken up in these villages to test the technology that is going to be used.

Participation: The biggest challenge before the project is, how to include and equitably benefit the most marginalized sections of the populations (belonging to diverse socio- economic background e.g. ST, SC, landless, women, poor, the unserved, etc.) in the sub- project. The project will have Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committees (GPWSC) at the GP level. There will be participation of all SC, ST, Women, poor, etc. in the GPWSC through membership. They will participate in the decision making process. STs in the Scheduled Areas will participate through the VTDAs.

Prioritization: The project will prioritize the implementation of sub-projects on need basis. The NC category will be given first priority and the NSS category second priority. PC habitation will be the next priority. Improvements to FC category will be the last priority.

8.2.3 Autonomy

The project adopts self selection and a demand driven approach duly giving autonomy to the GPs. In case of SVS, the GPs are independent in decision making regarding planning, implementation and O&M of the sub-projects.

8.2.4 Decentralization and Subsidiarity

Another important issue that the project would like to address is with regard to establishment of a decentralized governance mechanisms in implementation of the project. The basic idea behind this is to adopt a need based implementation mechanism instead of going for a top- down approach of implementing a project. The advantage in this is to design and implement a program based on exact requirements of people. Hence, several studies have been carried out for establishment of a need based implementation mechanism. Apart form this, the following are some of the initiatives that the project is taking up while implementing the project:

The project proposes initiating a bottom-up planning process. The whole idea in this is to first start with village level planning. These village level plans will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. As a result of this bottom-up planning process, the exact needs of people can be identified based on which the project can plan appropriate initiatives to fulfill those needs.

As part of decentralization process, the project initiated a mechanism that the sub-projects will be handed over to GPWSC for operation and maintenance. The idea is to give greater control to people in management of their water and sanitation systems.



Under the project the GPs will have complete control and independence in decision making in case of SVS. In case of MVS, the ZP will have control over the common facilities of the MVS and the GPs will have control over the inter GP facilities. MP will give technical advice to the GPs with regard to planning, implementation and O&M.

The powers of the SE have been hiked to Rs. 30 Lakh, so that the decision making with regard to contract awards can be completed at the district level itself.

In case of villages under ITDA, the Project Officer of the ITDA will have the powers to sanction schemes, appoint consultants and NGOs and to monitor and review the progress, etc.

8.2.5 Effective Governance and Management

In order to separate the governance function form the operation function, the SWSM is separate form the SPSU at the state level. In the same manner, the DWSM is separate form the DPSU at the district level. The SE, RWSSD at the district level will guide the implementation with the assistance of the EE, RWSSD. This functional separation will aid in effective governance and management.

8.2.6 Transparencv and Accountabilih

The project operational structure has been designed in line with maintaining a transparent and accountable system starting from state level to village1 sub-project level. A four tier project operational structure viz. State level, District level, Mandal Level and Village level has been proposed for project implementation. At the State level the project is being implemented by SWSM setup under RWSSD to coordinate and support the overall implementation of the project. At District Level the DWSM is in charge of implementation. This is headed by an SE assisted by EEs. Apart from state and district level setup, Support Organizations will be appointed to support in planning, design and implementation of the sub-projects. At the Mandal level the MWSC headed by the Deputy Executive Engineer will be responsible for the implementation of the project. At the GP level GPWSC is the implementing agency. GPWSC will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of the sub-project. At all levels, there is stakeholder engagement and at the village level the implementation and maintenance responsibility is vested with the GPWSC.

In order to establish an accountable and transparent mechanism, in particular at the village level, greater emphasis has been given to establish a participatory community based M&E system that provides timely and necessary information for achieving the same. Therefore, during the inception, the project has established baseline status and set up output, process, outcome and impact indicators so that the progress against the same can be measured from time to time. This would help in setting up an accountability mechanism and provides platform for maintaining transparency within and outside the project with regard to achievement of necessary project outputs. Through establishment of an effective M&E system, the project would also like to assess utilization of funds vis-a-vis quality of activities undertaken under the project and make mid-course corrections when needed. Keeping in mind the importance of establishment of M&E system, the project is developing a fully computerized M&E system for implementation.



In order to achieve transparency and accountability each GPWSC at the sub-project level prepares Village Water & Sanitation Plan (VWSP). This will be supported by the SO. The plan is prepared using PRA approaches. This plan will form an attachment to a Memorandum of Understanding signed by the three principal actors; GPWSC, GP and ZP. Once approved by signatures, this will not only be the basis for implementation but also would enable comparative assessments in future. The elements of such a plan will include:

Community Mobilization: This includes (i) Social Mobilization details relating to GPWSC formation as well as registration and opening of the bank account, and (ii) Socio-economic survey for social mapping, (iii) water sources mapping and (iv) superimposing social map on water resources map, on a top0 sheet, to depict the existing situation and identity gaps (if any) and (v) computing situational index. Community Contribution Mobilization Plan: This details the household wise cash and labour shares Detailed Technical Project Report (DPR): This DPR details the choices considered and the discussions thereof as well as the cost particulars related to water supply Operation and Management (O&M) Plan: This includes likely staff, income and expenses for O&M. Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Plan: This details the objectives, inputs, scheduling and the likely outputs. Results of the baseline Healthy Home Surveys will also be an integral part of this module. Women Development Initiatives (WDI): This will spell out how women have been mobilized, the process of their deciding on the choice of activities, financing mechanism, expected outputs and the NGO support. Environmental Management Plan: This outlines the measures to address the environmental issues including those related to sanitation. Capacity Building Initiatives: This will include the programs planned, class room1 lecture mode as well as field based, likely participants, scheduling, NGO support implementation arrangements, the post-implementation follow-up, etc. Implementation Schedule: This includes schedule for delivery of inputs and services, schedule for monitoring progress, success indicators and capacity enhancements. Community Monitoring: Besides implementation, benefits likely to accrue to different sub-groups as well as to the community as a whole will be monitored by the community. Simple indicators, as identified and articulated by the community themselves, will be used for the purpose. Mutual Obligations and Responsibilities: The obligations and responsibilities, on the part of the three signatories, GPWSC, GP and ZPED, will be detailed out in respect of each of the activity in the schemes cycle.

VWSP approved by the Women's committee and GPWSC will be submitted to GP for further processing.

In case of MVS, it would comprise essentially two-tier setup: (i) all in-GP activities will be in the hands of the individual GPWSC; and (ii) an apex body (Scheme Level Committee) comprising representatives of different GPWSCs will bear the responsibility of common or inter-GP activities. These activities will be taken up by the ZP. Alternatives towards inviting private sector participation in operation and maintenance of common facilities will be explored.

Samaj Vikas (info0samaivikas.org) Page 8-71


8.2.7 Capacity Support

The project has planned for provision of capacity support to the GPWSCs by appointing Support Organizations (SOs). These SOs will do assist the GPWSCs in VWSP preparation including community mobilization and contribution and collection. The SO will be present during the planning and implementation phase and into the initial O&M phase. The SO will assist the GPWSC throughout these phases. SO provides the basic orientation and training to the GPWSC and community as well on project related issues.

Apart from the NGO, the RWSSD will be guiding and advising the GPWSC in all the project matters.

8.2.8 Capacity Building

The project has planned for various capacity building initiatives for effective implementation of the project in order to achieve the designed project outcomes. The project will take up the following capacity building measures at the community level.

Orientation and Sensitization of GPWSC and other key community members about the project. Participatory Planning skills and ability to assess own problems and priorities Formation, Functioning and Management of GPWSC Technical skills for community members in taking up operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems Community mobilization skills for generation of community contribution Negotiation skills for negotiating project benefits, services and access Conflict Resolution skills for resolving inter and intra stakeholders' conflicts and personal differences Advocacy skills for creating demand for services

The appointed SOs will provide support at villagel sub-project level on community mobilization, skill building, facilitation of linkages between community with various government departments, etc.

8.2.9 Gender Issues

It is a well know fact that women are chief mangers of water and sanitation at the household level. The project needs to ensure full participation of women in the sub-project activities at the village level and in project activities at district and state level. The measures initiated are: o One-third of the GPWSC members should be women o The support organizations appointed should deploy at least one-third women staff. o The women committee of the GP should approve the VWSP o The petty contracts arising out of the sub-project should considered entrusting to SHGs

on community contract basis o While selecting community members for training at lease one-third of them should be

women. o During O&M, women groups should be considered for tariff collection, maintenance,

etc.



8.2.10 Convergence

Specific emphasis has been laid in this project to achieve inter departmental coordination so that an integrated development approach can be adopted under the project by effective channelisation of funds and resources. The plans that have already been made in this regard are as follows:

Taking support of Revenue department for acquisition of lands (wherever necessary) and also take the support of same department to provide lands to landless encroachers in lieu of displacing them. Taking support of Panchayat Raj department for effective engagement of PRIs in both schedule and non-schedule areas especially in terms of mobilizing community, developing community level, monitoring and supervision, etc. Taking support of Health department for involvement their field staff in sanitation and hygiene awareness campaigns. Taking the support of the SERP program functionaries in mobilizing people for promoting individual sanitary latrines and creating awareness about health, hygiene and nutrition. The project aims to channelise support from Groundwater department, Water resources department, etc.

Samai Vikas ([email protected]) Paee 8-73


9 Monitoring and Evaluation

9.1 Introduction

The APRWSSP has a commitment for community participation in each of the sub-projects taken up by the GPWSCs. Participation of community is ensured through a number of mechanisms such as:

The GPWSCs and community members are involved in the sub-project planning The preparation and implementation of the sub-projects will be done with the active involvement of GPWSCs and community members. APRWSSP has developed a community monitoring system, which will require the GPWSCs and Community members to monitor the identified indicators for project performance. The GPWSCs will participate in the Grievance Redressal Mechanism All project information will be displayed at the Village level.

At the GPWSC level, as a part of participatory monitoring, the representatives of GPWSCs, project stakeholders and SO will monitor the progress of the implementation and report to DWSM. At the District level, DWSM will monitor the implementation and submit quarterly progress reports to SWSM. At the state level, the SWSM will monitor overall implementation. Both at DWSM and SWSM levels the respective specialists will be overall responsible for monitoring and implementing the Social Assessment (SA) recommendations.

9.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks

Incorporation and implementation of the Design Elements will be monitored at four levels, At the GPWSC level, as a part of participatory monitoring, the representatives of GPWSCs and SO would be monitoring the progress of the implementation and report to DWSM. At the Mandal Parishad level the MWSC will support the GPWSC and SO in monitoring the incorporation and implementation of the Design Elements. At the District level, DWSM will monitor these and submit quarterly progress report to SWSM. At the state level the respective specialists will be overall responsible for monitoring and implementing the Design Elements.

Project Monitoring and Evaluation framework has been designed to facilitate: (i) learning and process enhancement (through process monitoring by participatory methods, involving group self-ratings, reviews, score cards, satisfaction surveys, etc); and (ii) impact evaluation (involving use of appropriate baseline and controls).

The SPSU, through its dedicated M&E unit which would include one M&E expert, will have overall responsibility for planning and coordinating M&E activities. In this role, the SPSU will coordinate M&E activities of the three sets of entities that will undertake the bulk of the data collection and analysis work: (i) the implementing departmentslagencies at the state and district levels; (ii) an external M&E agency (to be engaged as consultants for the duration of the project); and (iii) beneficiaries, primarily GPWSCs and various project-supported interest groups. The process of participatory M&E by beneficiaries will be facilitated by SOs, by the external M&E agency and SPSUI DPSU as appropriate. The SPSU will have overall responsibility for developing systems and procedures for appropriate analysis and

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Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.or& ~&#Wf'ii. ;


presentation of the collected M&E data to ensure appropriate use of the indicators for project management and learning.

M&E activities would include: baseline study; regular performance tracking of inputs and outputs by concerned implementing agencies; concurrent performance monitoring (on a sample basis) by external M&E agency; systematic ("panel data" type) analysis of project impacts through repeated monitoring of the same sample set of households through project lifetime; mid-term and final impact evaluations; and continuous participatory M&E by beneficiary groups at various levels. Reports from these M&E activities will be generated in agreed format according to a set schedule.

9.2.1 Monitoring Framework

Two types of monitoring is proposed.

Internal Monitoring: This is done at three levels. At the GPWSC level, at DWSM level and at SWSM level. As a part of participatory monitoring, the Representative of GPWSCs, NGO and stakeholders will monitor the progress of the implementation and report to GPWSC. At the District level, the DWSM will monitor the progress of implementation and will submit quarterly progress reports to SWSM. The officers responsible for monitoring the progress at the district level are the SE/ EE. At the state level, the SWSM will monitor the implementation of the SA recommendations and giving directions.

External Monitoring: SPSU appoints consultants to monitor implementation. These consultants will submit quarterly progress reports to SPSU. SPSU will send auditors for social and environmental evaluation to sample GPWSCs.

A Monitoring Framework comprising tasks to be monitored, outputs expected, processes to be adopted, responsible person1 agency and correspondingly the user of the information generated is given in the below table:



.Prioritization of Habitations based on Region , Quality & Participation Formation of GPWSG One-third women members in GPWSC Autonomy to GPs in case of SVS Separation of Governance and Operations functions Hike in financial vowers of SEs and EEs

Table 76: Monitoring Framework

Govemment Orders issued in this regard by GOAP Guidelines issued in this regard by GOAP Grculation of these Policies, Govemment Orders and Guidelines to Districts.

Key Tasks to be Monitored Habitation as Management Unit

Capacity Support by Appointing SOs I SOs .~ ~ appointed and functioning in all

Monitoring Outputs Policies made in this regard by GOAP

Approval of WVSP by Women Committee of GP 1 Women Committee Approval

SOs to have one third women staff Preparation of W P

Signing of Tripartite Agreements between GPWSC, Signed Agreements GP and ZP I

districts Approved and submitted WlrSPs

Capacity Building of GPWSC One third trainees to be women

Empowered GPWSC members Empowered women in the habitation

Entrustment of petty work to SHGs on community contract basis Women groups considered for tariff collection, maintenance, etc

Convergence with Revenue, Panchayat Raj, Health, Rural Development (SERP), Groundwater and Water resources departments.

Financially strong SHGs Enhanced SHG capacity Empowered Women

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Participation of Departments in project activities on a regular basis

Responsibility Principal Secretary, RWS SWSM PD, APRWSSP Engineer-in-Chief, RWS

User of Information State Level

Principal Secretaq, RWS SWSM

. m u PD, APRWSSP Engineer-in-Chief, RWS World Bank Social, Technical -1 Financial Experts of SPSU

DWSW DWSC GP GPWSC

--

. m u DWSW DWSC

.SO

District Level District Collector Superintending Engineer DWSW DWSC Executive Engineer Social, Technical and Financial Experts of DPSU

GPWSC AE/AEE, RWSSD

Social, Technical and Financial Experts of SO GPWSC

District Collector GP

DWSW DWSC . m c

Superintending Engineer DWSM.1 DWSC

Mandal & Village Level . m c



9.2.2 Impact Evaluation

This is to be done by consultants appointed by SWSM at the end of completion of each batch of sub-projects. The purpose is to evaluate whether the project has achieved the expected outputs and outcomes planned for. An External agency will carry out the evaluations. There will be two evaluations, mid-tern and end-term. The evaluation framework is given in the below table:

Samaj Vikas (info0samaivikas.org) Page 9-77


Table 77: Mid-Term and End-Term Evaluation Frameworks 1 Objective I Tasks and outputs to be evaluated

. . - - - ~ - - ( Process of Evaluation - ( Responsibility

( Mid-Term Evaluation - Time Frame: At the end of the P l a ~ i n g Phase - 8" Month 1


SWSM

SPSU - State

M&E Expert to pRpare - a detail TOR for appointment of an e ~ e m d agency for he same task

Rapid Assessment Exercise (visit to sample villages, FGDs or one to one interaction with GPWSC and Women members Interaction with village/ GP, Manda, and state level project officials and key stakeholders

To assess the progress and any mid terms corrections to be made with regard to the following tasks:

Habitation as Management Unit Prioritization of Habitations based on Region , Quality & Participation Formation of GPWSG One-third women members in GPWSC Autonomy to GPs in case of SVS Separation of Governmce and Operations functions Hike in financial powers of SEs and EEs Capacity Support by Appointing SOs SOs to have one thud women staff Preparation of WlrSP Approval of W15P by Women Gmmittee of GP Signing of Tripartite Agreements between GPWSC, GP and ZP

Tasks

Policies made with regard to Project Government Orders issued Guidelines issued Process of appointment of SOs Motivation and Awareness Generation for the project Adherence to Government Policies Im~lernentation of Government Orders Use of Government Guidelines Process of formation of GPWSC Process of preparation of VWSP Tripartite agreement between GPWSC, GP and ZP

Outputs: Policies, Government Orders, Guidelines, WVSPs, Agreements

End Term Evaluation - Time Frame: at the end of the Implementation Phase - 20th month

To assess and measure achievements against the expected outputs of the below tasks:

Capacity Building of GPWSC One thud trainees to be women Entrustment of petty works to SHGs on community contract basis Women groups considered for tariff collection, maintenance, etc Convergence with Revenue, Panchayat Raj, Health, Rural Development (SERP), Groundwater and Water resources departments.

Tasks Evaluation of capacity of GPWSC and women members and participation of other departments Process and effectiveness of these measures Kind of skills and training programs people opted for, Work and contract opportunities created for women groups and availed of Specific oppoxtunities for women and tribals

Outputs: Training Needs Assessment, Capacity Building Plans, Modules, Contracts with SHGs/ Women groups, Benefits of Convergence

FGDs with stakeholders at a l l levels Interaction with project officials Review of projea information/ data base and documents Comparing with base line data (output level changes)

.suggestion for future come of action

S W M

SPSU- State M&E Expert - Needs to prepare a detail for appointment of an external agency for the same task


9.3 Budget

For amving at an indicative budget,to implement the suggestions made by social assessment study, the following assumptions are made:

Budget for all training activities suggested in SA is included in the Capacity Building budget External Monitoring will be done by the Monitoring consultant appointed for the project Only the evaluations are costed under this budget.


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