good bye significant contacts: general personal jurisdiction after

Daimler AG v. Bauman

General In Rem Jurisdiction .................................................. Service on In-State Agents ..................................................... Contacts-Based Jurisdiction Before .........................

DAIMLER Case History ...........................................................................

District Court .................................................................... Ninth Circuit .....................................................................

Justice Ginsburg’s Opinion for the Court .............................. Characterization of the Issue and Rhetorical Reach

of Opinion ....................................................................... The Facts ........................................................................... A History Lesson ............................................................... Analysis .............................................................................

Rejecting the Benefits Test for Attributing Jurisdictional Contacts ................................................

Rejecting Contacts-Based General Jurisdiction over Daimler AG ..........................................................

The Possibility of Exceptional Cases .......................... Justice Sotomayor’s Concurrence ..........................................

The Controversy over the Issue Presented ....................... Misreading Precedent ....................................................... “At Home” Can Be Many Places ..................................... Injustice of the Majority’s Approach ................................ Alternative Basis for Decision ..........................................

Service on Agent Appointed to Receive Service of

Process ...................................................................................

OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL

The Scope of the Opinion in ..................................... Comparative Evaluation of Where a Corporation Is

“At Home” .............................................................................. Corporate Expectations ......................................................... Place of Incorporation and Principal Place of Business .......

Place of Incorporation ...................................................... Principal Place of Business ..............................................

Reasonableness as a Limit on General Jurisdiction .............. Candidates for Exceptional Cases .........................................

Foreign Corporation Conducting All or Most of Its Business in the Forum State ...............................................

Foreign National Corporation Engaging in Most of Its U.S. Business in One State ............................................

Foreign Corporation Conducting All or Most of Its Business Activity in the U. S. but Maintaining No Principal Place of Business or Place of Incorporation in Any State .................................................

Corporation with an Outsized Presence in the State ........ Corporations Maintaining a Permanent Physical

Presence in the State By Operating Factories, Mines, or Other Non-Sales Related Activities ...................

The Mixed Constitutional Motives for Restricting

Contacts-Based General Jurisdiction ..................................... Unnecessarily Broad ..............................................................

Continuing Need for General Jurisdiction ....................... Alternative Grounds for Limiting Abusive

Jurisdiction ....................................................................... Reasonableness ........................................................... Forum Non Conveniens and Other Doctrines

Prevent the “Exorbitant” Exercise of Jurisdiction over Daimler AG by the Polish Driver in California .....................................................................

Disregard of Historical Roots and Subsisting Nature of Practice .................................................................................

New Formalism: Rebirth of Vested Rights ............................. Formal Rules Prevent Good Analysis ............................... Formal Rules Obscure Bad Results ..................................

Federalism Concerns ............................................................. Interference with Legislative and Regulatory Power

of States ............................................................................

GENERAL PERSONAL JURISDICTION AFTER

Preemption of Congressional Authority to Regulate Interstate and Foreign Commerce ....................................

Neglect of Other Constitutional Values .................................. Improper Consideration of International Law and

Foreign Practices ...................................................................

Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown Daimler AG v. Bauman

Goodyear

Daimler

Id.See Goodyear See generally General

Personal Jurisdiction After

Daimler

Daimler

See generally

Daimler


Goodyear

Daimler

Daimler

Goodyear The Myth of General Jurisdiction quoted in Daimler

DaimlerGoodyear quoted in Daimler Daimler

Id.Daimler

Id. Perkins v. Benguet Consolidated Mining Co. Id.

PerkinsId. Perkins

See infra

SeeForeign Corporations Constitutional Law

see also

in personam

Goodyear See

Goodyear


Goodyear

Daimler

See Bauman I

World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson

Id.

See

Goodyear

See Goodyear

Id. Goodyear DaimlerSee id.

See generally Perkins Helicopteros Burnham

GoodyearId.


Daimler

Daimler

Daimler

Goodyear

E.g. Supreme Court Bars Rights Suit Against Daimler in California

archived at harderJustices

Raise Bar for Suing Foreign Companiesarchived at

harderSee Where Is Home Depot ‘at

Home’? and the End of Doing Business JurisdictionDaimler

Toward a New Equilibrium in Personal Jurisdiction Daimler

See DaimlerSee infra

see also Daimler

See infra


Daimler

Daimler

Daimler accordNot at Home with ‘At-Home’ JurisdictionDaimlerDaimlerSee infra

See

See

See

supra Mi Casa Es Su Casa: Enterprise Theory and General Jurisdiction over Foreign Corporations After

Nineteenth Century Personal Jurisdiction Doctrine in a Twenty-First Century WorldStaying Afloat in


General In Rem Jurisdiction

Daimler

the Stream of Commerce: , , and the Ship of Personal Jurisdiction

supra Id.See, e.g.

Pennoyer v. Neff

See

Cf.


Shaffer v. Heitner

International Shoe

Service on In-State Agents

Pennoyer v. Neff

Id. ShafferId.

Id.See, e.g.

Clarifying General Jurisdiction

Pennoyer


Pennoyer

International Shoe Co. v. Washington Daimler

not

capias ad respondendum

in personam if he be not present within the territory of the forum

International Shoe

id.

PennoyerSee

See, e.g. Barrow Tauza International Shoe

Id.


International Shoe

Contacts-Based Jurisdiction Before

TauzaSee

See generally supra

DaimlerSee

supra

supra Daimler

infraSee, e.g.


Daimler

PennoyerInternational Shoe Perkins v. Benguet Mining Co.

Ninth Circuit to Re-Examine Personal Jurisdiction over Internet Sellers

archived at

Daimler & The “Too Big for

General Jurisdiction” Phenomenon

archived at See : Court Again

Rejects a “Sprawling View of General Jurisdiction ”

archived at: In Latest ATS Decision, the Supreme Court Limits Jurisdiction of

U.S. Courts over Multinational Corporations

archived at : U.S. Supreme Court Again Applies Strict

Test for “General” Jurisdiction over Foreign Corporate Defendants

archived at Supreme Court Reins in the Jurisdictional Reach of U.S. Courts over Foreign and Out-of-State Corporations

archived at U.S. Supreme Court Sharply Limits General Jurisdiction over Corporate Defendants

archived at Daimler

supra

Daimler See

review granted

Daimler Pennoyer

See Pennoyer


Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia GoodyearHelicopteros

Goodyear

see infra Daimler Tauza

E.g.

id.

See generally Perkins Helicopteros

Int’l Shoe

Daimler

E.g.dismissed as moot on other grounds

See Helicopteros


Goodyear

GoodyearHelicopteros

See supra

See id.Id.

Goodyear

Daimler See infra

See generally ,, and the Incoherence of the Minimum Contacts Test

GoodyearPersonal Jurisdiction in a Global World: The Impact of the Supreme Court’s

Decisions in andGoodyear

supra

supra Goodyear

The Meaning of “Essentially at Home” in see also

infraGoodyear But see and : Reconciling Two

Recent Supreme Court Decisions, “Home,” and the Uncertain Future of Doing Business Jurisdiction

Goodyear: A Welcome Refinement of the Language of General Personal

Jurisdiction Goodyear

supra


Goodyear

See Foreign Corporations Constitutional Law

supra see supraGoodyear See generally

But see

Goodyear

Goodyear

supraGoodyear

Goodyear


DAIMLER

Case History

District Court

Bauman II vacated

See Bauman III

Id.

Id.Id.

Id.Id.

Id.

Id.

Id.

Id.

See

Daimler

Bauman III

Bauman Irev’d sub nom. Daimler

Id.

Id.Id.


Ninth Circuit

Id.

Id.

Id.

Bauman IV

See generallyBauman III

Bauman IIIId.Id.Bauman IV

Bauman II vacated

Id.

Id.


Goodyear

Bauman I

Id.Id.

Id.Id.

Id.Id.

Id.Id.

Id. Id.

Id.

Id.

Bauman V

Id.Id.

Id.Goodyear

Id.

Id.

Id.Goodyear

supra

Goodyear

Id.


Justice Ginsburg’s Opinion for the Court

Goodyear

Goodyear

Characterization of the Issue and Rhetorical Reach of Opinion

GoodyearId.

Kiobel supra

Daimler


Id.

See infra see supra supra

DaimlerDaimlerId.


The Facts

Id.Id.

See infra

See supra Daimler

Id. Daimler

Id.See supra

See Bauman I

See id.

Daimler


A History Lesson

Pennoyer v. NeffInternational Shoe

International Shoe

DaimlerId.Id.Id.Id.Id.

See Bauman I see also

DaimlerPennoyer See infra

Pennoyer


Daimler Int’l ShoeInternational Shoe

But see supra

International Shoe

Int’l Shoe

See id.

See id.supra

Id.Id.Id.Id.

Guidi v. Inter-Continental Hotels Corp.

Id.

See


Goodyear International Shoe

Goodyear

Perkins

Daimler

supra

See The Demise of General Jurisdiction: Why the Supreme Court Must Define the Parameters of General Jurisdiction

See The Quiet Revolution in Personal Jurisdiction

International ShoeDaimler

Id. Goodyear

Id.

Id. Perkins

Id. Jurisdiction to Adjudicate: A Suggested Analysis

Perkins

supra

See supra


Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall

PerkinsHelicopteros

Goodyear

Goodyear

Pennoyer

PennoyerPennoyer

in Daimler

SeeDaimler

See infra

Daimler

See infra Daimler

International ShoeId.

Id. GoodyearId.


Analysis

Rejecting the Benefits Test for Attributing Jurisdictional Contacts

Id.Id.Daimler

Bauman V

Daimler Goodyear


Rejecting Contacts-Based General Jurisdiction over Daimler AG

Goodyear

Goodyear Id.Daimler Goodyear

See id.

Id.Id.

Id.

supra

See supra

Goodyear supra


Goodyear

Hertz Corp. v. Friend

Daimler GoodyearId. A General Look at General Jurisdiction

Id. cf. GoodyearDaimler

See infra

Daimler

supra

SeeDaimler

Daimler


The Possibility of Exceptional Cases

Goodyearonly

Id.Daimler

See supraeach defendant

supra

DaimlerId. Daimler

Id.

supraBauman I

Daimler


Justice Sotomayor’s Concurrence

The Controversy over the Issue Presented

Id.

Id.

Id.Goodyear

See infra

DaimlerId.See id.See id.


Misreading Precedent

International Shoe

Goodyear

Id.

Id. Daimler

Cf. supraDaimler

Id.

Id.Id.

Perkins Daimler Id.

See id.

Id.


Id.Id.DaimlerId. Int’l Shoe

Id.Id.

Id.supra

See supra

Daimler

Id.


“At Home” Can Be Many Places

Goodyear

Goodyear

See supra

DaimlerPerkins

Perkins

Id.Perkins

Perkins

See supra

DaimlerId.

Id. International Shoe

Id.


Injustice of the Majority’s Approach

Burnham v. Superior Court

Daimler

Id.Id.DaimlerId.Id.Id.Id.

Id.


Alternative Basis for Decision

Asahi Metal Industries

Asahi

Asahi

Id.

Id.supra

SeeDaimler

See

Daimler

Id.Bauman I Daimler

E.g.In Search of General Jurisdiction

Daimler

Id.


Service on Agent Appointed to Receive Service of Process

Pennoyer

International Shoe

International Shoe

Id.

Id.See supra

What’s “Sovereignty” Got to Do with It? Due Process, Personal Jurisdiction, and the Supreme Court

See supraSee supra see also supra


International Shoe

See supra

E.g.

See Another Look at General Personal Jurisdiction

supra Choice of Law and Jurisdiction in the Supreme Court Inferring Express Consent: The Paradox of Permitting Registration Statutes to Confer General Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction over Foreign Corporations Based on Registration and Appointment of an Agent: An Unconstitutional Condition Perpetuated

supra

Registration Statutes, Personal Jurisdiction, and the Problem of Predictability

see also TheMyth of Director Consent: After , Beyond

But seesupra

Daimler

Compare

withSee generally

supra See supra

GoodyearSee id. But see supra


Daimler

The Scope of the Opinion in

Daimler

See infraSeeId.

TauzaInternational Shoe Tauza Barrow Perkins

PennoyerDaimler see

generallyId. , “Home,” and the

Uncertain Future of Doing Business JurisdictionSee Tauza Barrow

Cf.


Daimler

GoodyearDaimler

See supraOpinion Recap: A Stricter View of General Jurisdiction

archived at Daimler

See

In re

See, e.g.


Comparative Evaluation of Where a Corporation Is “At Home”

Daimler

Goodyear

Daimler

Daimler

But cf.

Daimler

Id.See supraDaimler GoodyearId.Id.


Seesupra

Daimler

Id.

Id.See

Goodyear Daimler


Daimler

Corporate Expectations

see also

DaimlerSee supra

See supra


World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson

see

Blackmer

See id.

now

Id.

See id.

Id.


World-Wide Volkswagen

Id.

Id.



Burger KingBurger King

See Burger King

Id.Id.

Nicastro


Id. SeeThe Lay of the Land: Examining the Three Opinions in



Place of Incorporation and Principal Place of Business

Place of Incorporation

Nicastro

Nicastro

Id.

Id. Asahi

NicastroId.E.g.

supra id.But see Personal

Jurisdiction—General Jurisdiction—

Cf.


Daimler

See

E.g.

PerkinsSee

But see


Principal Place of Business

Daimler

Daimler

Daimler

Hertz Corp. v. Friend

See supra

See

See supra


Hertz

Id.

Hertz Corp.

see alsoId.

HertzCorp.

See supra

Id.

Id.

eliminate


Hertz

Reasonableness as a Limit on General Jurisdiction

Goodyear

Daimler See infraE.g.

See generallysupra

see supraSee also supra

Sayonara to Fair Play and Substantial Justice?Nicastro

See supra

Id. Daimler


Daimler

But see Daimler

See supraDaimlerId.Id.

specific

Id.

Id.Accord supra

supra

Daimler

Id.Cf.


Candidates for Exceptional Cases

only

Foreign Corporation Conducting All or Most of Its Business in the Forum State

Id.Id.

Daimler see id.

Id. See supra


Foreign National Corporation Engaging in Most of Its U.S. Business in One State

Daimler

Foreign Corporation Conducting All or Most of Its Business Activity in the United States but Maintaining No Principal Place of Business or

Place of Incorporation in Any State

J. McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro

See supra see also supra

See supraWorld-Wide Volkswagen

But see supra

Daimler


Corporation with an Outsized Presence in the State

Daimler

But see supra Daimler


Corporations Maintaining a Permanent Physical Presence in the State By Operating Factories, Mines, or Other Non-Sales Related

Activities

E.g. In re

Daimler

See

Id.

See supra


Daimler

The Mixed Constitutional Motives for Restricting Contacts-Based General Jurisdiction

See supra

Id.

See supraDaimler E.g. In re

Daimler


See supra see also supra

See supra

see supra

See supra

See infra see also supra

supra

Id.

supra

supra Cf.


Nicastro

See id.see also supra

Daimler Nicastro Goodyear

Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. S.C. (Anderson)

Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. S.C. (Anderson)

Daimler

See generallysupra

Daimler

Cf.

See, e.g. Daimler

Cf. Nicastro

GoodyearSee generally supra

supra


Daimler

Nicastro

Unnecessarily Broad

Daimler

See supra

See supra BurnhamE.g.

NicastroNicastro

Daimler


Continuing Need for General Jurisdiction

Nicastro

Daimler

See supra see also supraDaimler

See suprasee also id.

E.g.Toward Reasonable Limitations on the Exercise of General Jurisdiction

SeeBusiness Interests and the Long Arm in 2011

NicastroDaimler

Daimler


Alternative Grounds for Limiting Abusive Jurisdiction

Reasonableness

Forum Non Conveniens and Other Doctrines Prevent the “Exorbitant” Exercise of Jurisdiction over Daimler AG by the Polish Driver in California

Daimler

See supra But seesupra

See supra


Disregard of Historical Roots and Subsisting Nature of Practice

New Formalism: Rebirth of Vested Rights

Formal Rules Prevent Good Analysis

International Shoe

See id.

id. id.

See supraid.

See supra


International Shoe

Formal Rules Obscure Bad Results

Int’l ShoeSee

Who Said It? Romney, Obama or Mr. Burns

archived at

See suprasupra


Federalism Concerns

Interference with Legislative and Regulatory Power of States

Daimler

International Shoe

Daimler

Id. accord supra


Preemption of Congressional Authority to Regulate Interstate and Foreign Commerce

Neglect of Other Constitutional Values

Daimler

supra

See supra

Daimler

International Shoe

See


Daimler

Improper Consideration of International Law and Foreign Practices

Daimler

See supraSee

See supraSee supra

supraSee supra

See Daimler


Id.

Id. supraId. supraId. supraId.


Daimler

Daimler

Daimler

DaimlerDaimler

See supraSee supraSee supra

See supra

See supra

Daimler

good bye significant contacts: general personal jurisdiction after

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