golden rule referencing

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CONTENTS

Academic honesty, plagiarism & collusion 2

Introduction to Harvard Referencing System 4

Book(s) (single author; 2 authors;3 or more authors; corporate authors) 6

Journal article(s), (single author, 2 authors;3 or more authors) 8

Book Chapter(s), (single author, 2 authors;3 or more authors) 10

Encyclopedias and dictionaries 12

Maps (print and digital) 13

Magazine article(s), (single author, 2 authors;3 or more authors) 14

Newspapers (print and online) 16

Published proceedings, conferences, seminars, meetings 17

Unpublished material, theses and reports 17

World Wide Web (www), identifiable personal author 18

E-Book (electronic book), (single author, 2 authors;3 or more authors) 18

E-Journals (electronic journal article(s)) 19

cd-rom, Video, dvd & audio recordings (named, named performer) 22

tv, dvd &radio broadcast (on-air presentation; recording or transcript) 24

Correspondence referencing (email, memo; interview; letter (including historicalarchives); course material(s) print & electronic; lecture notes print & electronic;electronic communication; discussion board/forum; mailing list; webpage; wiki;Podcasts; images; films 25

Software (named author, no named author; corporate publisher) 28

Things to consider when writing, quoting and paraphrasing 30

Referencing or bibliographies (key components, i.e. who, when, what & where) 37

Sample Bibliography or Reference List 41

Further reading 43

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Academic Honesty, Plagiarism & Collusion

What is Academic Honesty?What is Plagiarism?What is Collusion?Examples of Plagiarism

Plagiarism and Collusion in Group WorkWhy is Plagiarism so serious?

What is Academic Honesty?Academic honesty means the use of ones own thoughts and materials in the writing ofpapers, taking of tests, and other classroom related activities. Students are expected togive full credit for the borrowing of others words or ideas. Intentional or unintentionaluse of anothers words or ideas without acknowledging this use constitutes plagiarism.

What is Plagiarism?Plagiarism is the act of representing as ones own original work the creative works of another,without appropriate acknowledgment of the author or source. (Creative works may includepublished and unpublished written documents, interpretations, computer software, designs,music, sounds, images, photographs, and ideas or ideological frameworks gained throughworking with another person or in a group. These works may be in print and/or electronicmedia.)

What is Collusion?Collusion is the presentation by a student of an assignment as his or her own which is infact the result in whole or in part of unauthorised collaboration with another person orpersons. Collusion involves the cooperation of two or more students in plagiarism or otherforms of academic misconduct. Both the student presenting the assignment and the student(s)willingly supplying unauthorised material (colluders) are considered participants in the actof academic misconduct.

Examples of PlagiarismThe following are examples of plagiarism where appropriate acknowledgement or referencingof the author or source does not occur:

Copying directly (or allowing to be copied) paragraphs, sentences, a single sentenceor significant parts of a sentence. An end reference without quotation marks aroundthe copied text may also constitute plagiarism;

Copying ideas, concepts, research results, statistical tables, computer programs,designs, images, sounds or text or any combination of these;

Paraphrasing of anothers work closely, with minor changes but with the essentialmeaning, form and/or progression of ideas maintained;

Relying on a specific idea or interpretation that is not ones own without identifyingwhose idea or interpretation it is;

Cutting or pasting statements from multiple sources or piecing together work ofothers and representing them as original work;

Presenting as independent, work done in collaboration with other people (eg, anotherstudent, a tutor);

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Submitting, as ones own, all or part of another students original work; Cheating in an exam, either by copying from other students or by using unauthorised

notes or aids. Presenting as independent, work done in collaboration with otherpeople (eg, another student, a tutor);

Preparing an original and correctly referenced assignment and submitting part or allof the assignment twice for separate subjects or marks.

Plagiarism and Collusion in Group WorkPlagiarism and collusion in group work are forms of academic misconduct and can occurwhen one or more students:

copies (or allows to be copied) from other members of a group while working in thegroup;

copies the original work, in whole or in part, of an individual who is not a memberof the group, with or without the knowledge of other members of the group, and

contributes the plagiarised work to a group assignment; contributes less, little, or nothing to a group assignment and then claims an equalshare of the work or marks; or

discusses with other members of the group how to approach a common assessmentitem that requires individual submissions and relies on the same or very similarapproach in the submitted assessment, without any acknowledgement of collaborationwith colleagues and without the permission of the assessor.

Why is Plagiarism so serious?As outlined above, plagiarism is taking and presenting the thoughts, writings, etc, ofother people as your own. In not crediting the source, a person is guilty of intellectualfraud. It is unacceptable at all times; it is completely unacceptable at the National Collegeof Ireland.If a student is found to have deliberately plagiarised the work of another including copyingthe work of other students the penalties are severe.

Sometimes a student might accidentally plagiarise. This is usually the result of a lack of academicwriting skills, inexperience, sloppy note taking, or a combination of these. It is important that you

learn and follow the practice established for citation of written works for your subject, projects,theses and essays.

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Harvard Referencing

The system used in National College of Ireland is the Harvard System. When writing apiece of work you will need to refer in your text to material written or produced by others.This procedure is called citing or quoting references. Consistency and accuracy are importantto enable readers to identify and locate the material to which you have referred. The same

set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference.

Why Harvard? This system developed in the USA and grew in popularity during the 1950sand 1960s especially in the physical and natural sciences and more recently the social sciences.Over several decades it has become the most common system internationally and isfrequently the standard house style for academic journals. The Harvard system has advantagesof flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use both for author and reader. There is no thirdplace to look such as footnotes and chapter references which are features of other systems.

Please note. Whilst every possible effort has been made to accurately and consistently reflectthe Harvard style in the examples below, small errors may occur. This guide is regularlyrevised and any errors which are identified will be rectified.

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Book(s)

Book: single author

In-text(Gunnigle 2006)

n.b.When directly quoting or paraphrasing a source, in text, one must provide the page numbersreferred to. For example this quote is from the Gunnigle book below: Motivation at work hasbeen the focus of sustained attention since the emergence of industrial society as a result of theindustrial revolution. This quote is from page 130. Therefore an in text version of this would be(Gunnigle 2006, p.130). If the quote or paraphrase extends to two or more pages use the form pp.to denote multiple page numbers.

Reference listn.b.Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically.

Gunnigle, P. (2006) Human Resource Management in Ireland. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.1. Author: Gunnigle, P.

2. Date: (2006). 3. Title in italics:Human Resource Management in Ireland. 4. Place: Dublin5. Publisher: Gill and Macmillan

Book: two authors

In-text(Laudon & Laudon 2003)

Bibliography or Reference listLaudon, K.C. & Laudon, J.P. (2003)Essentials of management information systems: managingthe digital firm. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall

1. Author: Laudon, K.C. & Laudon, J.P.2. Date: (2003).3. Title in italics:Essentials of management information systems: managing the digital firm,

4. Place: Upper Saddle River, N.J. 5. Publisher: Prentice Hall

Book: 3 or more authors

In-text: initially(Beardwell, Claydon & Holden 2004)

In-text: thereafter(Beardwell, et al. 2004)

Bibliography or Reference listn.b.Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically.

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Beardwell, I.J., Claydon, T. & Holden, L. (2004) Human Resource Management: acontemporary approach. London: Prentice Hall.

1. Authors: Beardwell, I.J., Claydon, T., & Holden, L.2. Date: (2004)3. Title in italics:Human Resource Management: a contemporary approach,4. Place: London.5. Publisher: Prentice Hall.

Book: corporate author

In-text(Department of The Taoiseach 2006)

Bibliography or Reference listDepartment of The Taoiseach (2006) Towards 2016, ten year framework social partnership

agreement 2006-2015. Dublin: Stationery Office.1. Author: Department of The Taoiseach. 2. Date: (2006)3. Title in italics:Towards 2016, ten year framework social partnership agreement 2006-2015.4. Place: Dublin.5. Publisher: Stationery Office.

Book: editor(s)

In-text

(Held and Kaya 2007)

Bibliography or Reference listHeld, D. and Kaya, A. (eds.) (2007) Global Inequality: patterns and explanations.Cambridge:Polity Press.1. Authors: Held, D. & Kaya, A. (editors)2. Date: (2007).3. Title in italics:Global Inequality: patterns and explanations.4. Place: Cambridge.

5. Publisher: Polity Press.

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Journal article(s),

Journal article: single author

In-text:(Hammer 1990)

Bibliography or Reference listHammer, M. (1990) Reengineering Work: Dont Automate, Obliterate. Harvard BusinessReview, July-August: 104-112.

1. Author: Hammer, M.2. Year: (1990).3. Article title in single quotes: Reengineering Work: Dont Automate, Obliterate.4. Journal title in italics:Harvard Business Review5. Edition:July-August

6. Pages:104-112.Journal article: two authors

In-text:(Lamb & Kling 2003)

Bibliography or Reference list Lamb, R. & Kling, R. (2003) Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information

systems research.MIS Quarterly,27(2): 197. 1. Authors: Lamb, R. & Kling, R.

2. Year: (2003).3. Article title in single quotes: Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information

systems research,4. Journal title in italics:MIS Quarterly.5. Volume:276. Issue: (2)7. Page:197.

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Journal article: 3 or more authors

In-text: Initially

(Lacity, Willcocks & Feeny1995)

In-text: thereafter(Lacity et al. 1995)


Lacity, M.C., Willcocks, L.P. & Feeny, D.F. (1995) IT outsourcing: maximize flexibility

and control. Harvard Business Review,73 (3): 84-93. 1. Authors: Lacity, M.C., Willcocks, L.P. & Feeny, D.F.2. Year: (1995).3. Article title in single quotes: IT outsourcing: maximize flexibility and control.4. Journal title in italics:Harvard Business Review.5. Volume:736. Issue: (3)7. Page:84-93.

n.b.:For electronic journal articles go to page 19

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Book Chapter(s)

Chapter: single author

In-text(ODell 2006)

Bibliography or Reference listFeldman, E. (2006) Older People in Irish Mental Health Law. In: ODell, E, ed. OlderPeople in Modern Ireland: essays on law and policy. Dublin: First Law, 268-292.1. Author (chapter): Feldman, E.2. Date: (2006).3. Title (chapter) in single quotes: Older People in Irish Mental Health Law.4. Editor (book): In: ODell, E. ed.5. Title (book) in italics:Older People in Modern Ireland: essays on law and policy,

6. Place: Dublin7. Publisher: First Law8. Pages of chapter:268-292.

Chapter: two authors

In-text(OHagan & McIndoe 2008)

Bibliography or Reference list

n.b.Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically.

OHagan, J. & McIndoe, T. (2008) Population, migration and employment. In:OHagan, J. and Newman, C. eds. The Economy of Ireland: national and sectoral policyissues. 10thed. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 112-144.

1. Authors (chapter): OHagan, J. & McIndoe, T.2. Date: (2008)3. Title (chapter) in single quotes: Population, migration and employment.4. Editors (book): In: OHagan, J. and Newman, C. (eds.)

5. Title: (bookThe Economy of Ireland: national and sectoral policy issues.6. Edition:10th ed. 7. Place: Dublin.

8. Publisher: Gill and Macmillan,9. Pages of chapter:112-144.

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Chapter: 3 or more authors

In-text: initially(Brannick, Doyle & Kelly, 1994)

In-text: thereafter(Brannick et al. 1994)

Bibliography or Reference listBrannick, T., Doyle, L. & Kelly, A. (1994) Industrial Conflict. In: Murphy, T.V. andRoche W.K. eds.Irish Industrial Relations in Practice. Dublin: Oak Tree Press,299-324.

1. Authors (chapter): Brannick, T., Doyle, L. & Kelly, A. 2. Date: (1994)

3. Title (chapter) in single quotes: Industrial Conflict,4. Editors (book): In: Murphy, T.V. and Roche, W.K. (eds.).5. Title (book) in italics:Irish Industrial Relations in Practice.6. Place: Dublin

7. Publisher: Oak Tree Press8. Pages of chapter:299-324.

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Encyclopedia and Dictionaries

In-text(Baker 1999)


Baker, M.J. (1999) The Marketing Mix. In: Baker, M.J. ed.IEBM Encyclopedia of Marketing,vol. 1. London: International Thomson Press,319-341.

1. Article author: Baker, M.J.2. Year: (1999)3. Title of article in single quotes: The Marketing Mix.4. Editor of encyclopedia: In: Baker, M.J. (ed).5. Title of encyclopaedia:IEBM Encyclopedia of Marketing,6. Volume: vol. 17. Place: London.

8. Publisher: International Thomson Press. 9. Pages:319-241.

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Maps

Maps: Print

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation

In-text(Ordnance Survey Ireland 2007, pp32-33)

Bibliography or Reference listOrdnance Survey Ireland (2007) The Complete road atlas of Ireland.1cm:2km : 1 inch:2miles, 2nd ed. Dublin: Ordnance Survey Ireland.

1. Author: Ordnance Survey Ireland2. Date: (2007)3. Title in italics:The Complete road atlas of Ireland.

4. Scale:1cm:2km : 1 inch:2 miles5. Edition:2nd ed.6. Place: Dublin.

7. Publisher: Ordnance Survey Ireland

Maps (digital/online)


In-text

(Google maps.com 2009)


Google maps.com 2009, NCI (National College of Ireland). Available from: [Accessed 22 June 2009].

1. Author: Google maps.com2. Date:2009.3. Title in italics:NCI (National College of Ireland),4. URL: from 5. Access date: [22 June 2009].

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Magazine article(s)

Magazine article: single author

In-text(Knight 2004)

Bibliography or Reference listKnight, W. (2004) How to second guess the next hack attack.New Scientist,24 January,p 19.1. Author: Knight, W.2. Date: (2004)3. Title (article) in single quotes: How to second guess the next hack attack.4. Title (magazine) in italics:New Scientist.5. Issue date:24 January,

6. Page of article: p 19.Magazine article: two authors

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation.

In-text(Berlind & Becker 2003)


Berlind D. & Becker D. (2003) Metadata: where content and storage meet. Technology& Business, December, p30.1. Authors: Berlind D. & Becker D.2. Date: (2003)3. Title (article) in single quotes: Metadata: where content and storage meet.4. Title (magazine) in italics:Technology & Business.5. Issue date: December.6. Page of article: p30.

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Magazine article: 3 or more authors

In-text Bibliography or Reference list order of citation.

In-text: initially(Nielsen, Pernice & Tahir 2001)

In-text: thereafter(Nielsen et al. 2001)

Bibliography or Reference listNielsen, J., Pernice, C. K., & Tahir, M. (2001) Make it usable. PC Magazine,6 February, p 11.

1. Authors: Nielsen, J., Pernice, C. K., & Tahir, M.2. Date: (2001)3. Title (article) in single quotes: Make it usable.4. Title (magazine) in italics:PC Magazine.5. Issue date:6 February.6. Page of article: p 11.

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Newspapers

Newspaper print

In-text(Reddan 2008)


Reddan, F. (2008) Individual online tax returns up 8.6%. The Irish Times BusinessToday, 19th November, p 20.1. Author: Reddan, F.2. Date: (2008)

3. Title (article) in single quotes: Individual online tax returns up 8.6%.

4. Title (newspaper) in italics:The Irish Times.5. Section: Business Today.6. Issue date:19th November.7. Page of article: p 20.

Newspaper online

In-text(Reddan, 2008)

Bibliography or Reference listReddan, F. (2008) Individual online tax returns up 8.6%. The Irish Times,Business Today.Available from: [accessed 19 November 2008].

1. Author: Reddan, F.2. Date: (2008)3. Title (article) in single quotes: Individual online tax returns up 8.6%.

4. Title (newspaper) in italics:The Irish Times, Business Today.5. URL: from http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/finance/2008/1119/122702641

6591.html6. Access date: [Accessed 19 November 2008].

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Published proceedings: conferences, seminars and meetings

In-text(Eidenberger et al. 2002)


Eidenberger, H, Breiteneder, C. & Hitz, M. (2002) A Framework for Visual InformationRetrieval, in Shi-Kuo Chang, Zen Chen, Suh-Yin Lee eds. Recent advances in visualinformation systems: 5th international conference, VISUAL 2002 proceedings, Hsin Chu, Taiwan,March 11-13, 2002, 105-116.

1. Authors: Eidenberger, H, Breiteneder, C. & Hitz, M.2. Year: (2002)3. Title of paper in single quotes: A Framework for Visual Information Retrieval,4. Editors of publication: in Shi-Kuo Chang, Zen Chen, Suh-Yin Lee (eds.).5. Title of publication in italics:Recent advances in visual information systems: 5th

international conference, VISUAL 2002 proceedings.6. Location of conference etc: Hsin Chu, Taiwan,7. Date of conference etc: March 11-13, 2002.8. Pages:105-116.

Unpublished material: theses and reports

In-text(Connolly2003)

Bibliography or Reference listConnolly, P. (2003) Values and the Voluntary Sector: a study of the role of valuesin the management of Irish voluntary organisations. Unpublished PhD Thesis,Dublin: National College of Ireland.1. Author: Connolly, P.

2. Year: (2003) 3. Title of thesis:Values and the Voluntary Sector: a study of the role of values in themanagement of Irish voluntary organisations.

4. Identifier: Unpublished PhD Thesis.5. Place: Dublin.

5. Institute: National College of Ireland.

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World Wide Web: Identifiable, personal author


In-text(Arch & Letourneau 2002)


Arch, A. & Letourneau, C. (2002) Auxiliary Benefits of Accessible Web Design [Internet].In: W3C Web Accessibility initiative. Available from http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/benefits.html [Accessed 26 February2004]

1. Authors:Arch, A. & Letourneau, C. 2. Date: (2002)

3. Title (page) in single quotes: Auxiliary Benefits of Accessible Web Design. 4. Title (website) in italics: in W3C Web Accessibility initiative. 5. Source: fromhttp://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/benefits.html

6. Access date: [Accessed 26 February2004].

E-book


In-text(Eck2002)

Bibliography or Reference listEck, D.J. (2002)Introduction To Programming Using Java,3rd edn. OOPWeb.com.Available fromhttp://www.oopweb.com/Java/Documents/IntroToProgrammingUsingJava/VolumeFrames.html[Accessed 26 February2004].

1. Author: Eck, D.J.2. Date: (2002)3. Title in italics:Introduction To Programming Using Java.4. Edition:3rd edn.5. Host (publisher): OOPWeb.com,6. Source: Available fromhttp://www.oopweb.com/Java/Documents/IntroTo

ProgrammingUsingJava/VolumeFrames.html7. Access date: [Accessed 26 February2004].

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E-Journals (electronic journal article(s))

E-journals: single author


In-text(Lenoir 2003)

Bibliography or Reference listLenoir, L. (2003) Response of the foraging behaviour of red wood ants (Formica rufagroup) to exclusion from trees.Agricultural and Forest Entomology, vol.5(3), 183-189. [Internet] Available from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00176.x/full/ [Accessed 10 September 2003].

1. Author: Lenoir, L.

2. Date: (2003) 3. Title (article) in single quotes: Response of the foraging behaviour of red woodants (Formica rufa group) to exclusion from trees.

4. Title (journal) in italics:Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 5. Volume, edition no.: vol.5(3). 6. Pages:183-189. 7. URL: from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003 .00176.x/full/ 8. Access date: [Accessed 10 September 2003].

E-journals: two authors


In-text(Stier and Siebert 2002)


Stier, S.C. and Siebert, S.F. (2002) The Kyoto Protocol: an opportunity for biodiversityrestoration forestry. Conservation Biology, vol. 16(3).575. [Internet]. Available fromhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01626.x/full/[Accessed 10 September 2003].

1. Authors: Stier, S.C. and Siebert, S.F. 2. Date: (2002) 3. Title (article) in single quotes: The Kyoto Protocol: an opportunity for biodiversity

restoration forestry. 4. Title (journal) in italics:Conservation Biology. 5. Volume, edition no.:vol. 16(3). 6. Pages:575. 7. URL: from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01626.x/full/ 8. Access date: [Accessed 10 September 2003].

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E-journals: 3 or more authors


In-text(Mueller et al. 2003)

Bibliography or Reference listMueller, J.K., Heckathorn, S.A. and Fernando, D. (2003) Identification of a chloroplastdehydrin in leaves of mature plants.International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 164(4),535-542. [Internet] Available from http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJPS/journal/issues/v164n4/164053/164053.html [Accessed 10 September 2003].

1. Authors: Mueller, J.K., Heckathorn, S.A. and Fernando, D. 2. Date: (2003). 3. Title (article) in single quotes: Identification of a chloroplast dehydrin in leaves of

mature plants. 4. Title (journal) in italics:International Journal of Plant Sciences. 5. Volume, edition no.: vol. 164(4). 6. Pages:535-542. 7. URL: from http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJPS/journal/issues/

v164n4/164053/164053.html 8. Access date: [10 September 2003].

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E-journals: Abstract

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation.n.b.Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically.

In-text

(Wolter et al. 2003)

Bibliography or Reference listWolter, B.F., Ellis, M., Corrigan, B.P., DeDecker, J.M., Curtis, S.E., Parr, E.N. andWebel, D.M. (2003) Effect of restricted postweaning growth resulting from reducedfloor and feeder-trough space on pig growth performance to slaughter weight in a wean-to-finish production system.Journal of Animal Science, (abstract), vol. 81. [Internet] Availablefrom http://buffy.lib.unimelb.edu.au:2148/jas/abs/2003/a0340836.htm [Accessed 11September 2003].

1. Authors: Wolter, B.F., Ellis, M., Corrigan, B.P., DeDecker, J.M., Curtis, S.E., Parr,E.N. and Webel, D.M. 2. Date: (2003). 3. Title (article) in single quotes: Effect of restricted postweaning growth resulting

from reduced floor and feeder-trough space on pig growth performance to slaughterweight in a wean-to-finish production system.

4. Title (journal) in italics:Journal of Animal Science. 5. Identifier: (abstract). 6. Volume: vol. 81. 7. URL: from http://buffy.lib.unimelb.edu.au:2148/jas/abs/2003/a0340836.htm.

8. Access date: [Accessed 11 September 2003].

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cd-rom, Video, dvd & audio recordings

CD-ROM


In-text(World Atlas & Almanac 1995)

Bibliography or Reference list Mindscape Inc. (1995) World Atlas & Almanac. Novato, California: Mindscape Inc.

[Multi-Media CD-ROM]1. Author

2. Date:1995.3. Title in italics: World Atlas & Almanac.

4. Place: Novato, California. 5. Publisher: Mindscape Inc. 6. Format: [Multi-Media CD-ROM]

Video, DVD & Audio Recordings: Named


In-text

(Grumpy meets the orchestra1992)


Grumpy meets the orchestra (1992). Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney.Featuring the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. [Video: VHS]

1. Title in italics:Grumpy meets the orchestra. 2. Date (year):1992. 3. Publisher: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

4. Place: Sydney. 5. Qualifier: Featuring the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. 6. Format: [Video VHS].

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Video, DVD & Audio Recordings: Named performer


In-text(Sangare 1997)

Bibliography or Reference listSangare, O. (1997) Dugu Kamalemba, in The divas from Mali, Network MedienGmbH, D-60316 Frankfurt. Track #10. [Audio CD].

1. Author (performer): Sangare, O. 2. Date (year):1997.

3. Title (piece) in single quotes: Dugu Kamalemba. 4. Title (collection) in italics: in The divas from Mali. 5. Publisher: Network Medien GmbH. 6. Place: D-60316 Frankfurt. 7. Qualifier: Track #10. 8. Identifier: [Audio CD].

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TV, DVD & Radio Broadcast: On-air presentation


In-text

(Home truths: Leas Cross 2005)

Bibliography or Reference listHome truths: Leas Cross, Prime Time Investigates, May 2005[Transcript of televisionprogramme]. In May2005 RTs Prime Time television programme investigated theLeas Cross Nursing Home, in County Dublin. It looked at the treatment of elderly andinfirm residents, showing a catalogue of neglect in a privately operated nursing home.12th May, 2005

1. Identifier: television program, (italics)

2. Date (year):2005. 3. Title (series): Prime Time Investigates. 4. Publisher: RT Television. 5. Place: Dublin. 6. Broadcast date: broadcast 12th May.

TV & Radio Broadcast: Recording or transcript


In-text(RT, 2005)

Bibliography or Reference listThe Man in the moons from Carrickmacross, Surely the ultimate epitaph is that your namemight be carved upon the surface of the moon. The likelihood of this happening isremote and remoter still for a semi-educated farm labourer who left his native Carrickmacross by horse and cart in 1927. But this was the honour granted to Bernard Callan.His name was inscribed on a plaque left upon the Sea of Tranquillity by the departing

Apollo astronauts in 1969. In this documentary, his nephew, Mickey Birdy explores thisremarkable career and in the process uncovers that the small community of Corduff inCounty Monaghan produced more than its share of homespun genius.

http://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/1154758. Date (year): 2007

1. Title (series): The Man in the moons from Carrickmacross : Documentary on One,2. Identifier: transcript of radio program,

3. Publisher: RT, Radio One 4. Place: Dublin, 5. URL: from http://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/1154758. 6. Date: (aired) 18th July2007

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Correspondence Bibliography and/or Corresponding Referencing

Email or memo

As a personal email or electronic memo is not a public source of information it is consideredto be irrecoverable, therefore you cannot list it in your bibliography. However, you can

refer to its contents in the body of your text by citing the details, e.g. in an email to theauthor (Aug 2008) Buckley clarified the point.

Interview

As a personal interview is not a public source, it is not considered to be recoverable data,therefore you cannot list it in your bibliography. However, you can refer to the interviewin the body of your text by citing the details., e.g. In an interview (Barry Nov2008) thefindings of the report were discussed and Barry agreed

If the interview is transcribed in an appendix, refer the reader to that appendix.n.b. For many of the examples below use the in text notation that you would use for a book.For example for the invitation to attend Parliament immediately below you would cite it thus(Lloyd George 1920).

Letter including historical archives

Author (year) Subject matter, letter to Recipients Name, year, held in Collection,Institution, City.

Lloyd George, D. (1920) Invitation to attend Parliament on 10 Feb 1920, letter toEamon DeValera, 2 Feb, held in Norton Collection, Glucksman Library, University ofLimerick, Limerick.

Course material

Check with the individual lecturer whether or not you are permitted to cite these as sources. It ismore academically sound to return to the sources referenced by your lecturer rather thanto the lecture itself. However if you do this, you must read the primary material and not

rely on the interpretation of the material by the lecturer.Course material print

Author(s) name, initial(s). (year) Title of item,Module code: Module title,Institution, unpublished.

National College of Ireland, Off Campus Department (2008) Certificate in First LineManagement: Section Business Management/Quality and Customer Care,CFLM: Certificate in First Line Management, National College of Ireland, (NationalCollege of Ireland, 2008) ...

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Course material electronic

Learning Management System or Virtual Learning Environment such as Moodle, (orother products such as WebCT, Sulis, Blackboard)

Author(s)/Tutor(s) name, initial(s). (year) Title of item,Module Code:Module Title[online], available: web address,[accessed date].

Gargan, D. (2008) Entrepreneurship. BSHSSE [Module title]. National College ofIreland. Unpublished. Available from: http://mymoodle.ncirl.ie/course/view.php?id=421, [Internet]. [Accessed June 2009].

Lecture notes

Author(s)/Tutor(s) name, initial(s) (year) Title of lecture,Module Code:Module Title, date, Institution, unpublished. Gargan, D. (2008) Change Management. BScHBIS. [Module]. National College of

Ireland. Unpublished.

Shared/Public folder

Author(s)/Tutor(s) name, initial(s). (year) Title of item,Module Code: Module Title[Internet], available: location of folder [accessed date].

Fry, E. (2009) IT Factsheets [Internet]. Available from:www.ncirl.ie [accessed 4 May2009].

Electronic communication

Blog (weblog)

Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Subject of message, Blog Title

[Internet], date of posting, available: web address [accessed date].Tormey, D. (2009) Ian Paisley legends in your lunchtime lecture series, NationalCollege of Ireland, Ian the meaney Derek Tormeys Blog[Internet] 28 May, availablefrom: http://derycktormey.wordpress.com// [Accessed3 June 2009].

Discussion board / forum

Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Title of message, Title of Discussion Boardor Forum [Internet], date of message, available: web address [accessed date].

Trastoy, T. S. (2003) The so-called Flywheel of Saqqara,EgyptologistsElectronic Forum Bulletin Board[Internet], 2 Jul, available from: http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Alley/5582/SaqqaraFlywheel.html [accessed 16 Oct 2003].

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Mailing list

Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Title of message, Title of Mailing List[Internet], date of message, available: email address [accessed date].

Moore, T. (2002) Sharing good practice, Forum for Access Studies [Internet], 1 May.Available from: [email protected] [accessed5 May2002].

Webpage

Owner of webpage (year of publication) Title [Internet], available: web address [accesseddate].

National Development Programme (2007) EU Funding Overview [Internet] Available

from: http://www.ndp.ie/docs/EU_Funding/21.htm [Accessed 16 Jun 2007].The author of a webpage refers to the organisational author, not to the individual whomay have designed or created the site. Use the sites logo and banner to identify theorganisational author.

WIKI(Wiki a piece of software that allows users to freely create and edit web content)

Name of wiki or Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication)Subject of page, available: web address [accessed date and time].

Wikipedia (2007) Global Warming. Available from: http://en.wikipedia/org/ wiki/Global warming [accessed 16 Aug 2007, 14h32].

Podcasts

How To...Embed a YouTube Video into PowerPoint. (2006) Podcast. [Internet] Availablefrom: http://www.youtube.com/eoloughlin [Accessed 17th June 2009].

1. Title (this should be in italics) 2. Year of publication: (2006) 3. Type of online broadcast: Podcast. 4. Medium: [Internet]. 5. Available from: URL 6. Date of access: [Accessed 17June 2009].

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Images(Image, figure, illustration, photo or table)

Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Title of image, figure, illustration ortable, Title of the Book which contains the image. ed.[if not 1st edition],

Place of Publication: Publisher, page, illus.

National College of Ireland (2009) Inside NCI, Newstalk Student Enterprise Competition.Inside NCI: magazine for friends of the National College of Ireland National College ofIreland. p3, photo.

Adapt the example above for whichever source in which your image has been sourced.Give the image description at the end of the reference, i.e. image, illus., fig., table, photo.

Films

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. (2002) [Film] Directed by: Chris Columbus.USA, Warner Brothers.

1. Title of film (this should be in italics) 2. (Year of production) 3. [Film] 4. Directed by: Directors name 5. Place of production

6. Name of production company

Software

Software: named author

In-text, Reference list order of citation.

n.b.Items in the Reference List are listed alphabetically.

In-text(Rawson-Tetley2009)

Bibliography or Reference listRawson-Tetley, R.Animal Shelter Manager. [Computer software]. Available from: http://sourceforge.net/project/platformdownload.php?group_id=82533[Accessed 2 June January2009].

1. Author: Rawson-Tetley, R.2. Title of software in italics:Animal Shelter Manager.

3. Medium: computer software 4. Source: from http://sourceforge.net/project/platformdownload.php?group_id=82533

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5. Date accessed: [Accessed 2 June 2009].

Software: no named author


In-text(OpenOffice.org 2009)

Bibliography or Reference listOpenOffice.org. computer software. Available from: http://www.openoffice.org[Accessed 2June 2009].

1. Title of software in italics:OpenOffice.org. 2. Medium: Computer software.

3. Source: from http://download.openoffice.org/4. Date accessed: [Accessed 2nd June 2009].

Software: corporate publisher


In-text(MATLAB 2009)

Bibliography or Reference listMATLABversion 7.8 (2009). Computer software. Natick, Massachusetts:The MathWorks Inc

1. Title of software in italics:MATLAB2. Version of software: version 7.8.3. Year of publication:2009.4. Identifier: computer software.5. Place: Natick, Massachusetts.

6. Publisher: The MathWorks Inc.

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Things to consider when writing, quoting and paraphrasing..

An essay should be written in your own words presenting your own argument and analysis.

Indirect citation (their ideas, your words)

Put the ideas into your own words (paraphrase) and acknowledge the source of the information.Authors name as part of the sentence: Bloggs (1996) argues that intervention early in the process is essential.

Anders and Wilson (1993) identify three main ways in which interference typicallyoccurs.

Fisher, King and Lyle (1997) define adolescence as the decade between childhoodand maturity.

As Fisher et al. (1997) have indicated, mental health is defined by societal norms.

Authors name NOT included in the sentence: Mental health is defined by societal norms (Fisher, King & Lyle, 1997). Adolescence, defined by some as the decade between childhood and maturity

(Fisher et al., 1997), is a period of rapid change for young people. Topical treatment was popular in the 1970s (Bruin, 1989).

Direct quotation (their ideas, their words)

Use quotations sparingly and paraphrase wherever possible.If you can express the idea in your own words, you are more likely to convince the lecturerthat you have understood what you have read. Direct quotations can be used if you... cannot paraphrase using fewer words than the original,

cannot paraphrase without distorting the meaning, wish to discuss the exact words used in the source for example to analyse a

definition or to critique perceived bias, OR... if the original wording is particularly memorable, witty or appropriate.

If you must quote, then do so briefly.

n.b. An essay full of direct quotation will not be marked as highly as one in which thewriter has transformed the ideas into different words and created an individual point ofview from those ideas.Essays that consist largely of strings of quotations are unacceptable.

1. All direct quotations must be accurately reproduced (using the exact words), andpage numbers must be included in your citation: Bloggs (1996, p.24) argues that although such intervention is essential, it is

nowadays neglected.2. An ellipsis (3 dots ...) can be used to indicate that part of the original passage has

been omitted:(If quotations are short, two lines or so, they can be incorporated into the text, butmust be enclosed within quotation marks). A modern slant on the old tale is that Samson needed that cut ... to see in new

ways (Jones & Byron, 1992, p. 248).

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3. Quotations longer than three lines should be indented; quotation marks are not usedin this case:

Another situation occurs when the subtypes are nonexclusive. In other words, thesubtypes may overlap in ways that may cause an iteration or recursion.Joiner et al. 1998.

Components

The principal components required for an in-text citation are authorand date and frequently a page number.

The author(s) is the person(s) primarily responsible for the work. Date is the official publication date of the source. Page number(s) is the page number within the source:

Always use page numbers whenever directly quoting or closely paraphrasing anargument or idea.

Cite the sourcewith page numbers if the idea, argument or example, etc, is in aparticular part of the text or journal; Cite the sourcewithout page numbers if the idea, argument or example, etc, is

a theme which runs through much of the text or article, or your own summary or interpretation of the information.

The order of citation

The general order of in-text citation is: Surname of the author, followed by yearof publication, which can be followed by the page number(s)

Fewer than three authors

In the text you should give the surname/surnames (do not use initials or first names in thetext) and the year of publication of each author.e.g.The method shows that people do not accept change readily (Jones 1983). or

Smith (1922) states that the experiment was a failure. orSmith and Fredricks (1922) state that the experiment was a failure.

If there are authors with the same name in your bibliography, use their initials to distinguishbetween them.e.g.The method shows that people do not accept change readily (Smith, H & Macintosh 1983).

Three or more authors

Where there are numerous authors, the first time that you cite the work you should listeach author as above. Subsequently use the surname of the first author followed by et al.(short for et alia meaning and the others) in your citation.

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Initially:Jones, Smith, Alexander and Macintosh (1994) state that the sky is pink.

Thereafter:Jones et al. (1994) observed that the ground was also pink.

No known author

Sometimes there is no formal information about the author. This may occur because theauthor is not formally known, or the publisher is considered the author, or the organisationis the author.

Author is not formally known; e.g.

([Smith] 1993)

The publisher is considered the author; e.g.

(Microsoft 1995)

The organisation is considered the author; e.g.

(CSIRO 1990)

Chapter in a book

Chapters in a book (or other type of multi-section or multi-chapter publication) are oftenwritten by different authors. The in-text citation should gives the author(s) of the relevantchapter, together with the publication date of the book. Full details would be given in theBibliography or Reference List.e.g.

...Edis (2002, p 63) dismissed sodicity as being of marginal effect whereas Weatherley(2002, p 419) adopted a position completely contrary to that outlined by White (2002, p666) in deference to Chen (2002, p 16), who was away in China at the time ...

World Wide Web (www)

In-text citation of references obtained from the World Wide Web follows the general author-date convention. However, authorship of websites or webpages may be unclear, as may bethe date of publication.

Generally use the author(or multiple authors) name(s) and date if available. e.g....results from recent surveys suggest a fundamental shift in landholders perceptionsabout the continued clearing of forested areas (Wild 2003)...

No author(s) identified?Use the name of the publisher of the website and date. e.g.

..surveys commissioned recently suggest significant shifts in landholders perceptions

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about the effects of land clearing (DSE 2003)...

Neither author nor publisher identified?Use the title of the relevant webpage (or website) and date. e.g.

..there is increasing resistance to logging in many forest areas, as demonstrated in

recent surveys (A ray of hope in the struggle for Wombat Forest2003)...

Neither author, publisher nor title identified?It is debatable whether it has any value as a reference. However, if it is essential that youuse it, cite the URL and date. e.g.

...recent surveys show significant changes in attitude towards the removal of forestcover (http://www.forestfriend.org n.d.)...

No obvious publishing date for the website?

Ifno date can be identified, use n.d. to indicate no date. e.g....an independent survey has confirmed significant changes in attitudes towardslogging (Have the Ents revolted in the Otway Ranges?n.d.) ...

In all cases, date refers to the date the webpage was published (not the date ofdownloading).

The date on which you accessed the information would be given in the Bibliographyor Reference List.

Electronic media

Can include items such as electronic journals, CD-ROM, video, transcripts of TV and radioprograms and similar publications. These are treated no differently to in-text citations forconventional print publications; the author-date convention is followed.

Full details (including the electronic format of the publication) would be given in theBibliography or Reference List.

Repeated citation of the same reference

Basing a written assignment on only one or two sources is not usually accepted as soundacademic practice. If it occurs, however, avoid excessive repetition of the same in-text citation.One suggestion is to acknowledge that one key reference (cited) has been used for a basictheme or structure throughout. Cite it again only when particularly relevant sections orpoints are being highlighted. Avoid using terms such as op citor ibid, which are easy tomisinterpret and confuse many readers (and writers).e.g.

...The report follows the general arguments posited by Sturrock (1948), in his seminalwork on the interpretation of geomorphological phenomena....the sharpy pointy bitswhich jag your bum when you sit on them (Sturrock1948, p 93)....the flatter valley floorswere frequently colonised by the Raj for the purposes of polo, states Sturrock (1948, p312) and the public whipping of peasants ...

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Multiple citations

Same author Same author; different years

Arrange in chronological order.

Same author; same yearsIf there is more than one reference by an author in the same year, these are generallylabelled in order of publication using a lower-case alphabetical suffix. The samesuffix is used to distinguish that reference in the Bibliography or Reference List.

e.g....Brown (1980, p 61; 1983, p 21; 1987, p 85) stated...or...other researchers faced this problem (Brown 1992a, p 98; James 1994, p 107) whileBrown (1992b, p3; 1994a, p5; 1994b, p3) recognised...

Same name different authorsYou may need to cite references from two authors who have the same surname and, possibly,the same initial. An easy way to avoid confusion is to use their given and family names forthe in-text citation.e.g.

...low-quality rice straw is usually fed to buffalo (James Brogan 1983), while Jane Brogan(1983) observed occasional supplementation of the straw with wilted cassava leaf ...

Verbal sources

Covers references such as conversations, seminars, speeches and lectures, etc, for which nopermanent record exists. Such types of reference are generally avoided, as they are difficultto verify.

Conversations are cited in-text as pers comm, for personal communication.e.g.

...one farmer talked about the difficulty of relating any increase in land values toinvestments made in environmental improvement (Hardaker, pers comm 2002)...

Seminars and speeches are presented to a wider group, thus pers comm is inappropriate.They should be cited using the speakers surname and date of the presentation.e.g.

...and shouted, This decision is a tragedy for all residents of Nullingabar Shire. I callon the Mayor to resign immediately. (Mulligan 2001)

Full details (including verbal/unpublished nature of the source) must be made clear in theBibliography or Reference List.

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Unpublished sources

Can include items such as a Masters or PhD thesis, Honours project, working papers, officereports, e-mails, briefing papers, correspondence, etc. The works can be identified in aprint or electronic form but have never been officially published, egallocated an Inter-

national Standard Book Number (ISBN), or similar. In-text citation follows the standardauthor-date conventions.

Full details would be given in the List of References.e.g.

...The organic carbon content of the topsoil increases gradually across the site from theNorth to South, from 1.0% C (0.1%) at the southern end to 1.6% C ( 0.1%) at thenorthern end, with a site average 1.3% C (0.1%), probably due to the frequent additionof manure near the house (Edis 1987)...

or...In a meeting of the Combined Security Forces Committee, it was decided thatlegislative protection against future intrusions was needed (Combined Security ForcesCommittee 1978)...

Secondhand sources

When citing an author who was cited in another authors work, provide both authors names.e.g.

...Duck eggs are an extremely popular food in Southeast Asia (Branson, cited inSugiyanto 1997)...or...Branson (cited in Sugiyanto 1997) highlighted the popularity of duck eggs in manyparts of Southeast Asia...

In this example, only Sugiyanto would be named in the Bibliography or Reference Listbecause you did not go directly to Branson, the primary source.

Legislative sources

When citing legislative sources, you should cite: the name of the Act concerned,

the year the Act was passed, the relevant section of the Act.

Do not cite the page on which that section appears. The section number is sufficient toidentify the precise location within the source.e.g.

...This is a requirement of the Finance Bill 2009 (2009) which provides that ...

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An acronym or abbreviation

An acronym or abbreviation can be used for a source to which you refer frequently. Givethe name of the source in full on the first occasion it appears in the text, then cite theabbreviation. Thereafter use the abbreviation both in your text and as part of an in-text

citation.e.g. The National Economic and Social Forum (NESF) is a government-appointed social

partnership body that provides advice on economic and social policies, especially thosethat seek to achieve greater equality and social inclusion in our society. It is the largestand most representative of the partnership bodies.(NESF2009)

For further information refer to How to reference Harvard Style (2002) or later editions

and Developing Research and Writing skills (2004)

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Referencing or Bibliographies

All references cited in the text of a written assignment must be compiled into a List ofReferences or a Bibliography at the end of the document (although there are a few minorexceptions to this general rule). Do not list any references which are not cited in the text.

A List of References identifies sources used in the preparation of a written assignment.Any reader may check the original publication to determine whether it has been correctlyinterpreted and appropriately applied.

Main Components

Key components of a reference can be summarised as:

Who? Author, or authors, of the publication, ie , the person(s) primarily responsible

for the work. If the source is a publication within a publication eg , a chapter in abook the author(s) of the chapter is given, as is the author (editor) of the completepublication.

When? Date of publication. What? Full title of the publication. In all cases of a publication within a publication

eg, a chapter in a book or paper within a journal both the title of the chapter orpaper is given, as is the title of the book or journal.

Where? Details of the person or entity responsible for publishing the work of theauthor(s). Typically these may include the name of the publisher, location of thepublisher, number of pages, etc.

A consistent presentation sequence of components is always followed. The number ofcomponents represented in different types of reference can vary but the general sequencesdoes not change, eg:

type who? when? what? where?Book Rogers, E.M. (1983) Diffusion of innovations,3rd edn, New York:

The Free PressChapter Fredricks, A. (1992) The Economics of Water New York : Harper

Management, inEnvironmental Collins, 181-237.and Natural Resource Economics,3rdedn., T Tietenberg (ed.),

Journal Butterworth, (1974) Use of carcase measurements to Journal of Agriculturalarticle M.H., Diaz, J. predict total edible meat in Mexican Science, vol 85, pp 15-17.

and Hoystead, E. commercial cattle,

Formatting and punctuation

Presentation conventions include: italicisedtext formatting to primary publication title; commas, full stops, etc, for punctuation or as separators;

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Author(s) name

The surname of all authors is given, each followed by initials of all given names:

Frederick, A.R., Disney, V.V.A. and Chang, Z. (1999) Agricultural systems of theHindu Kush, in: Singh, B.R. and Leroy, W. Eds.Agricultural Systems Management inSouth Asia, 2nd edn. Melbourne: Academic Imprints, pp.56-71.

Date

Year of publication of the most recent edition.No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication. The dates ofany reprints of an edition are not used.

Frederick, A.R., Disney, V.V.A. and Chang, Z. (1999) Agricultural systems of the

Hindu Kush, in: Singh, B.R. and Leroy, W. Eds.Agricultural Systems Management inSouth Asia, 2nd edn. Melbourne: Academic Imprints, pp.56-71.

Publication title

Full title of the primary publication, in italics.


Chapter or paper title

Full title of the secondary publication, eg chapter in a book or paper in a journal, etc.Given inside single quotation marks:


Editors name

Full surnames followed by initials of the editor(s) of a book, if applicable:


Publisher and location

Place of Publication, followed by publisher. Country of publication can be added, ifpreferred. This is used in particular because there may be places with the same name indifferent geographical locations. For example there is a London in England, and a

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London in Ontario. If the book is published in the former the name of the city is enough,because a reader will assume that it was published in England. If the book was published inlatter it would help the reader if it was specified that the book was published in Ontario.


Volume and page numbers

Volume number (if the paper was published in a scientific or technical journal, or similar),followed by the first and last page numbers for the particular paper, or chapter in a book.If the author is responsible for a complete book, the number of pages is not given.

Frederick, A.R., Disney, V.V.A. and Chang, Z. (1999) Agricultural systems of the

Hindu Kush, in: Singh, B.R. and Leroy, W. Eds.Agricultural Systems Management inSouth Asia, 2nd edn. Melbourne: Academic Imprints, pp.56-71.

Multiple publications; same author

Same author; different years Normal conventions (author, year, title, etc).

Same author; same yearMore than one reference by an author in the same year: these are distinguished inorder of publication using a lower-case alphabetical suffix after the year of publication(eg 1988a, 1988b, 1988c, etc). The same suffix is used to distinguish that reference forthe in-text citations.

Rogers, E.M. (1983a) Diffusion of Innovations,3rd edn., New York: The Free Press

Rogers, E.M. (1983b) Prediction of diffusion rates in the innovation process,Journal ofScientific Communication, vol 6, pp. 11-14.

Rogers, E.M. (1983c) A response to Hansons rebuttal of the diffusion concept,Journal of

Scientific Communication, vol 8, pp 42-43.Rogers, E.M. (1984) I am right and you are wrong - nyah nyahnyi nyah nyah,Journal ofPetty Arguments, vol 6, p. 71.

Order of Listing

The List of References is ordered alphabeticallyby primary authors surnames.

Multiple authors. Use the sequence of authors surnames exactly as given in the publication. The

primary author, ie, major contributor, is listed first by the publisher. Same author:

different years: list the authors references chronologically, starting with the earliest

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date. same year: use an alphabetical suffix (eg 1983a, 1983b).

Abbreviations

Abbreviations commonly used in citations are listed below.

Punctuation styles can vary. Very common abbreviations are often written without a full-stop;some publishers require that abbreviations which derive from Latin words be italicised. If indoubt, simply punctuate all abbreviations with a full -stop and do not italicise any of them.

Abbrev. Meaning Abbrev. Meaningart. article l., ll. line(s)app. appendix MS., MSS. manuscript(s)c. about, approximately (from Latin circa) n., nn. notescf. compare (from Latin confer) n.d. no date

ch. chapter n.p. no placecol., cols. column(s) p, pp page(s)div. division para., paras. paragraph(s)ed., eds. editor(s) pl. plate (photograph)edn. edition pt., pts. part(s)et al. and others (from Latin et alii) rev. revisedfig., figs. figure(s) ser. seriesfn., fnn. footnote(s) suppl. supplementill., ills. illustrator(s) vol., vols. volume(s)

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Sample Bibliography or Reference List

Arch, A. & Letourneau, C. (2002) Auxiliary Benefits of Accessible Web Design. [Internet].In: W3C Web Accessibility Initiative. Available from: http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/ben-efits.html [Accessed 26 February2004].

Barker,G. (2004) $54m Deal To Heat Up Broadband War. The Age, Business, 24 February, p. 2.

Berlind D. & Becker D. (2003) Metadata: where content and storage meet. Technology &Business, December:30.

Coveney, M., Ganster, D., Hartlen, B. & King, D. (2003) The strategy gap: leveragingtechnology to execute winning strategies. Hoboken, N.J.: Prentice Hall

Degen, H. & Pedell, S. (2004) The JIET Design Process for e-Business Applications.

In: Diaper, D. and Stanton, N. Eds. The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-ComputerInteraction. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 193-220.

Department of Finance (2009) Finance Act 2009. Dublin: Government Publications.

Doss, G. (2003)IS Project Management Handbook. New York: Aspen Publishers.

Eck, D.J. (2002)Introduction To Programming Using Java,3rd edn., OOPWeb.com.Available from: http://www.oopweb.com/Java/Documents/IntroToProgrammingUsing-Java/VolumeFrames.html [Accessed 26 February2004].

Eidenberger, H., Breiteneder, C. & Hitz, M.(2002) A Framework for Visual InformationRetrieval. In: Shi-Kuo Chang, Zen Chen, Suh-Yin Lee eds. Recent advances in visualinformation systems: 5th international conference, VISUAL 2002 proceedings, Hsin Chu,Taiwan, March 11-13, 2002, 105-116.

Hammer, M. (1990) Reengineering Work: Dont Automate, Obliterate. Harvard BusinessReview, July-August: 104-112.

Howard, S. (1998) Verbal Protocol Analysis. In: Henderson-Sellers, B., Simons, A. andYounessi, H. Eds. The Open Process Specification. Sydney: Addison Wesley, 272-274.

Johnston R.B., Mak H.C. & Kurnia S. (2001) The contribution of Internet ElectronicCommerce to advanced supply chain reform - a case study. In: Barnes, S. & Hunt , B.Eds.E-Commerce and V-Business. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 232-249.

Karlof, B. (2002) Benchmarking. In: Bidgoli, H. Ed.Encyclopedia of information systems.New York: Academic Press, vol. 1, 65-80.

Killian, A., (Principal Officer Department of Education and Science) (2009) Re: Holdersof contracts of indefinite duration. Departmental circular, Department of Educationand Science, March 2009. Available from: http://www.education.ie/servlet/blobservlet/cl0011_2009.doc [Accessed31 March 2009]

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Knight, W. (2004) How to second guess the next hack attack.New Scientist, 24 January, p. 19.

Lacity, M.C., Willcocks, L.P. & Feeny, D.F. (1995) IT outsourcing: maximize flexibilityand control. Harvard Business Review, 73(3): 84-93.

Lamb, R. & Kling, R. (2003) Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information

systems research.MIS Quarterly, 27(2):197.

Laudon, K.C. & Laudon, J.P. (2003)Essentials of management information systems:managing the digital firm. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Lenoir, L. (2003) Response of the foraging behaviour of red wood ants (Formica rufagroup) to exclusion from treesAgricultural and Forest Entomology, vol.5(3),183-189.[Internet]. Available from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00176.x/full/ [Accessed 10 September 2003].

MATLAB version 7.8 (2009) Computer software. Natick, Massachusetts: The MathWorks Inc.

Mueller, J.K., Heckathorn, S.A. and Fernando, D. (2003) Identification of a chloroplastdehydrin in leaves of mature plants.International Journal of Plant Sciences,164(4), 535-54. [Internet] Available from: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJPS/journal/issues/v164n4/164053/164053.html [Accessed 10 September 2003].

Nielsen, J., Pernice Coyne, K. & Tahir, M. (2001) Make it usable. PC Magazine,6 February, p. 11.

OpenOffice.org, computer software. Available from: http://www.openoffice.org [Accessed11 January2005].

Rawson-Tetley, R.Animal Shelter Manager. Computer software. Available from: http://source-forge.net/project/platformdownload.php?group_id=82533 [Accessed 11 January2009].

Rouse, A.C. (2002)Information technology outsourcing revisited: success factors and risks. UnpublishedPhD Thesis, Melbourne: Dept. of Information Systems, University of Melbourne.

Shaw, M.J. (ed) (2003)E-business management: integration of Web technologies with businessmodels. London: Kluwer Academic.

Stier, S.C. and Siebert, S.F. (2002) The Kyoto Protocol: an opportunity for biodiversityrestoration forestry.Conservation Biology, vol. 16(3), 575.[Internet]. Available from:http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01626.x/full/ [Accessed 10September 2003].

Varghese, S. (2004). The Linux desktop is here. The Age. [Internet]. Available from: http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/13/1076548215848.html [Accessed 1 March 2004]

World Atlas & Almanac(1995). Novato, California: Mindscape Inc. [Multi-media CD-ROM].

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For further information please referto the following NCI Publications:

Buckley, M. (2008)A Guide to avoiding plagiarism Dublin: National College of Ireland,Norma Smurfit Library

Nolan, A. (2006) How to reference Harvard style. Dublin: National College of Ireland,Norma Smurfit Library.

Nolan, A. (2004) Developing research and writing skills: A manual for completing projects,reports and theses. Dublin: National College of Ireland, Norma Smurfit Library.

Student Support (2008) Learning development manual. Dublin: National College of Ireland.

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