goal setting and personal achievement: the power of relaxation and suggestion-- hypnosis thomas...

Goal Setting and Personal Achievement: The Power of Relaxation and Suggestion--

Hypnosis

Goal Setting and Personal Achievement: The Power of Relaxation and Suggestion--

Hypnosis

Thomas Li-Ping Tang, Ph.D.Thomas Li-Ping Tang, Ph.D.

Middle Tennessee State UniversityMiddle Tennessee State University

Presented At Presented At

Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong Baptist University

Goal Setting and Personal Achievement: The Power of Relaxation and Suggestion





The Webb School The Webb School






University of Nantes, FranceUniversity of Nantes, France






Psi Chi and Psychology Club Psi Chi and Psychology Club

MTSUMTSU



Shanghai Maritime UniversityShanghai Maritime UniversityShanghai, ChinaShanghai, China

August 2005, October 2006,August 2005, October 2006,October 17-19, 24-26, 2008October 17-19, 24-26, 2008March 12-14,19-21, 2010March 12-14,19-21, 2010

October 22-24, 29-31, 2010October 22-24, 29-31, 2010



Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, ChinaShanghai, ChinaMarch 15, 2010March 15, 2010

OutlineOutline

Have An Open MindHave An Open Mind Goal SettingGoal Setting Principles of HypnosisPrinciples of Hypnosis RelaxationRelaxation Guided ImageryGuided Imagery HypnosisHypnosis

Why Hypnosis is related to HRM/OB/Management ? Why Hypnosis is related to HRM/OB/Management ?

Hypnosis may help Managers: Hypnosis may help Managers: 1. Understand that they spend 80% of their 1. Understand that they spend 80% of their

time communicating to others, time communicating to others, 2. Develop effective communication skills: It 2. Develop effective communication skills: It

is not is not whatwhat you say, but you say, but howhow you say it. you say it. (Handwriting Analysis)(Handwriting Analysis) 3. Put others/employees at ease, Practice 3. Put others/employees at ease, Practice

Active Listening Skills, Active Listening Skills,


4. Set Specific, Measurable, Ambitious, 4. Set Specific, Measurable, Ambitious, Realistic, and Timely—Realistic, and Timely—

SMARTSMART goals, goals, 5. Accept SMART goals, Achieve the 5. Accept SMART goals, Achieve the

highest level of performance,highest level of performance,


6. Practice the 6. Practice the Pygmalion EffectPygmalion Effect: Your : Your Expectations are the key to other people’s Expectations are the key to other people’s performance and development performance and development (Organization Development/OD)(Organization Development/OD)

7. Practice the 7. Practice the Galatea EffectGalatea Effect: People’s : People’s Self-Expectation will help them achieve Self-Expectation will help them achieve their own goals,their own goals,


8. Reduce Stress (Hypnosis—a stress 8. Reduce Stress (Hypnosis—a stress management and behavioral change/OD management and behavioral change/OD tool), tool),

9. Enhance Creativity, Innovation, 9. Enhance Creativity, Innovation, Motivation, Performance, and Satisfaction.Motivation, Performance, and Satisfaction.

10. Key points: 10. Key points: The Mind Is Like A Parachute, It Only The Mind Is Like A Parachute, It Only

Works When It's Open.Works When It's Open.

Practice HypnosisPractice Hypnosis

11. 11. You have 100% control of your mind. You have 100% control of your mind. When your mind talks, your body listens.When your mind talks, your body listens.

12. Self-Esteem X Effort = Success 12. Self-Esteem X Effort = Success

(The control of your mind and body)(The control of your mind and body)

Have An Open MindHave An Open Mind

You can only open your heart from You can only open your heart from inside.inside.

Nobody can force you to change.Nobody can force you to change.Your can change at any time. It is Your can change at any time. It is

never too late to change.never too late to change.

Words Are Very Powerful Words Are Very Powerful

Positive WordsPositive Words: Birthday, Christmas, : Birthday, Christmas, Happiness, LightHappiness, Light

Negative WordsNegative Words: Disease, Illness, Death, : Disease, Illness, Death, DarknessDarkness

These words change your brain waves, These words change your brain waves, emotions, and your reactions.emotions, and your reactions.

What do you say when you talk to What do you say when you talk to yourself? yourself?

Positive vs. Negative ThinkingPositive vs. Negative Thinking

Dumbo has long and big ears: Dumbo has long and big ears: Liabilities vs. Special Talents Liabilities vs. Special Talents

Drum with 1,000 cards Drum with 1,000 cards What is the Probability of Winning What is the Probability of Winning

US$1,000,000? orUS$1,000,000? orGetting Killed?Getting Killed?

Right Frame of ReferenceRight Frame of Reference

The right “frame of reference” The right “frame of reference” The Chinese The Chinese

Farmer-- You can find Farmer-- You can find something something positive in every event. positive in every event. Job Job satisfaction--a frame of referencesatisfaction--a frame of reference

Right Frame of ReferenceRight Frame of Reference

Pruning Pruning Blooming Blooming CWRU PhD Program: Best TrainingCWRU PhD Program: Best Training 3 Professors; 7 revisions3 Professors; 7 revisions Sr. Student: Beating a Dead HorseSr. Student: Beating a Dead Horse Let Go/Discourage: Home DepotLet Go/Discourage: Home Depot Have you identified success, achievement, Have you identified success, achievement,

and happy events in your life lately?and happy events in your life lately?

Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem

With closest custody, With closest custody, guard your heartguard your heart, for , for in it are the sources of life. in it are the sources of life. Proverbs 4: 23Proverbs 4: 23

Remove toxic thoughts from your mind and Remove toxic thoughts from your mind and heartheart

STNIOPSTNIOP

If you believe that you can or that you If you believe that you can or that you can’t, either way, you are right. Henry Fordcan’t, either way, you are right. Henry Ford

STNIOPSTNIOP

Susceptible to the negative impact Susceptible to the negative impact of other people of other people

DumboDumbo Beating the Dead HorseBeating the Dead Horse

Irritation Irritation

The world is an oyster and you The world is an oyster and you are its pearl. are its pearl.

WINWIN

WIN strategy for Life:WIN strategy for Life:

What’s Important Now?What’s Important Now?

Lou Holtz 2006. Wins, Losses, and Lou Holtz 2006. Wins, Losses, and Lessons. William Morrow, Harper Collins.Lessons. William Morrow, Harper Collins.

UrgencyUrgency

The wise does at once The wise does at once what the fool does at what the fool does at last. last.

Self-Esteem: Recognizing every good there is in us (Philemon)

Self-Esteem: Recognizing every good there is in us (Philemon)

People see you as you see yourself.People see you as you see yourself.

Do you praise your friend, or other people?Do you praise your friend, or other people?

Do your praise, or criticize yourself?Do your praise, or criticize yourself?

Do you look yourself in the mirror and see the Best Do you look yourself in the mirror and see the Best Gift, the Masterpiece? German Shepherd vs. Gift, the Masterpiece? German Shepherd vs. Chihuahua/Outside vs. InsideChihuahua/Outside vs. Inside

I praise you, so wonderfully you made me; I praise you, so wonderfully you made me; wonderful are your works! My very self you wonderful are your works! My very self you knew. knew. Psalm 139: 14Psalm 139: 14

Have a Clear Picture of Your Have a Clear Picture of Your GoalGoalHave a Clear Picture of Your Have a Clear Picture of Your GoalGoal

Obstacles are what you see when you take Obstacles are what you see when you take your eyes off the goal.your eyes off the goal.

Acres of Diamonds; Dirt vs. DiamondAcres of Diamonds; Dirt vs. Diamond Golf: Hole-In-One vs. Sand Traps and Golf: Hole-In-One vs. Sand Traps and

Water HazardsWater Hazards Basketball: Goal vs. Background Basketball: Goal vs. Background

Characteristics of Goals Characteristics of Goals

(1) Specific,(1) Specific,

(2) Quantifiable,(2) Quantifiable,

(3) Difficult,(3) Difficult,

(4) Feedback (KR),(4) Feedback (KR),

(5) Support(5) Support

S.M.A.R.T. Goals:S.M.A.R.T. Goals:

1. 1. SSpecificpecific (to insure clarity) (to insure clarity)

2. 2. MMeasurableeasurable (to be objective) (to be objective)

3. 3. AAmbitiousmbitious (to provide stretch) (to provide stretch)

4. 4. RRealisticealistic (to achieve commitment) (to achieve commitment)

5. 5. TTime-boundime-bound (to attach urgency) (to attach urgency)

ExampleExample

Yale Undergraduates in 1952Yale Undergraduates in 1952

How many Yale graduates have written How many Yale graduates have written goals?goals?

Only 3% Only 3%

20 years later, in 197220 years later, in 1972

These 3% of Yale graduates had assets/wealth These 3% of Yale graduates had assets/wealth more than the other 97% combined more than the other 97% combined

Balancing Your GoalsBalancing Your Goals

Career GoalsCareer Goals Family GoalsFamily Goals Personal Improvement GoalsPersonal Improvement Goals Long-Term Goals and Short-Term GoalsLong-Term Goals and Short-Term Goals

ExampleExample

Efficiency Consultant, Ivy Lee, offered one Efficiency Consultant, Ivy Lee, offered one advice for improving Charles Schwab’s advice for improving Charles Schwab’s performance at Bethlehem Steel in 1903:performance at Bethlehem Steel in 1903:

Write Down Your 5 Goals and Prioritize Write Down Your 5 Goals and Prioritize Your GoalsYour Goals

Reach Your Goals One by OneReach Your Goals One by One A $35,000 advice (1903), Worth > $9 Billion A $35,000 advice (1903), Worth > $9 Billion

TodayToday

Rule of 72Rule of 72

A very important piece of information for A very important piece of information for you and your future. you and your future.

Rule of 72Rule of 72

2% x 36 = 722% x 36 = 72 3% x 24 = 723% x 24 = 72 6% x 12 = 726% x 12 = 72 8% x 9 = 728% x 9 = 72 12% x 6 = 7212% x 6 = 72

12% x 6 = 7212% x 6 = 72

12% x 6 = 72 2% x 36 = 7212% x 6 = 72 2% x 36 = 72 Age 20, 20,000Age 20, 20,000 age 20, 20,000 age 20, 20,000 Age 26, 40,000Age 26, 40,000 age 56, 40,000 age 56, 40,000 Age 32, 80,000Age 32, 80,000 age 92, 80,000 age 92, 80,000 Age 38, 160,000Age 38, 160,000 Age 44, 320,000Age 44, 320,000 Age 50, 640,000Age 50, 640,000 Age 56, 1,280,000Age 56, 1,280,000 Age 62, 2,560,000Age 62, 2,560,000

12% vs. 8%12% vs. 8%

With 12% increase (6) 8% (9)With 12% increase (6) 8% (9) Age 20, 20,000Age 20, 20,000 age 20, 20,000age 20, 20,000 Age 26, 40,000Age 26, 40,000 age 29, 40,000age 29, 40,000 Age 32, 80,000Age 32, 80,000 age 38, 80,000age 38, 80,000 Age 38, 160,000Age 38, 160,000 age 47, 160,000age 47, 160,000 Age 44, 320,000Age 44, 320,000 age 56, 320,000age 56, 320,000 Age 50, 640,000Age 50, 640,000 age 65, 640,000age 65, 640,000 Age 56, 1,280,000Age 56, 1,280,000 Age 62, 2,560,000Age 62, 2,560,000

Early vs. Late Early vs. Late

With 12% increase (6)With 12% increase (6) Age 20, 20,000Age 20, 20,000 Age 26, 40,000Age 26, 40,000 Age 32, 80,000Age 32, 80,000 32, 20,00032, 20,000 Age 38, 160,000Age 38, 160,000 38, 40,00038, 40,000 Age 44, 320,000Age 44, 320,000 44, 80,00044, 80,000 Age 50, 640,000Age 50, 640,000 50, 160,00050, 160,000 Age 56, 1,280,000Age 56, 1,280,000 56, 320,00056, 320,000 Age 62, 2,560,000Age 62, 2,560,000 62, 640,00062, 640,000

Effect of timeEffect of time 1903 35,0001903 35,000 2017 17,948,800,0002017 17,948,800,000 19091909 70,000 70,000 19151915 140,000 140,000 19211921 280,000 280,000 19271927 560,000 560,000 1933 1,120,0001933 1,120,000 1939 2,240,0001939 2,240,000 1945 4,480,0001945 4,480,000 19511951 8,960,000 8,960,000 19571957 17,920,000 17,920,000 19631963 35,840,000 35,840,000 19691969 71,680,000 71,680,000 1975 143,360,0001975 143,360,000 19811981 286,720,000 286,720,000 19871987 573,440,000 573,440,000 1993 1,146,880,0001993 1,146,880,000 19991999 2,293,760,000 2,293,760,000 2005 4,487,520,0002005 4,487,520,000 2011 8,974,040,0002011 8,974,040,000

Bloomberg BusinessWeekBloomberg BusinessWeek

September 24-30, 2012September 24-30, 2012 Harvard, the world’s richest university, has a Harvard, the world’s richest university, has a

$32 billion endowment, $32 billion endowment, Suffered a $10 billion loss on its investments Suffered a $10 billion loss on its investments

in 2009. a 27% dropin 2009. a 27% drop With a 20-year return of With a 20-year return of 12.9%12.9% through 2011, through 2011,

despite the losses during the financial crisis. despite the losses during the financial crisis.

Habakkuk's Complaint:Habakkuk 1:2-4 Habakkuk's Complaint:Habakkuk 1:2-4

22 How long, O LORD, must I call for help, but you do not How long, O LORD, must I call for help, but you do not listen? Or cry out to you, "Violence!“ but you do not save?listen? Or cry out to you, "Violence!“ but you do not save?

33 Why do you make me look at injustice? Why do you tolerate Why do you make me look at injustice? Why do you tolerate wrong? Destruction and violence are before me; there is strife, wrong? Destruction and violence are before me; there is strife, and conflict abounds.and conflict abounds.

44 Therefore the law is paralyzed, and justice never prevails. The Therefore the law is paralyzed, and justice never prevails. The wicked hem in the righteous, so that justice is perverted.wicked hem in the righteous, so that justice is perverted.

The LORD's Answer: Habakkuk 2: 2-4The LORD's Answer: Habakkuk 2: 2-4

22 Write down the revelation and make it plain Write down the revelation and make it plain on tablets so that a herald may run with it.on tablets so that a herald may run with it.

33 For the revelation awaits an appointed time; For the revelation awaits an appointed time; it speaks of the end and will not prove it speaks of the end and will not prove

false. Though it linger, wait for it; false. Though it linger, wait for it; it will certainly come and will not delay. it will certainly come and will not delay.

44 See, he is puffed up; his desires are not See, he is puffed up; his desires are not upright—but the righteous will live by his upright—but the righteous will live by his faith.faith.

The LORD's Answer: Habakkuk 2: 2-4The LORD's Answer: Habakkuk 2: 2-4

22 Write down the vision clearly upon the Write down the vision clearly upon the tablets, so that one can read it readily.tablets, so that one can read it readily.

3 3 For the vision still has its time, presses on to For the vision still has its time, presses on to fulfillment, and will not disappoint; If it fulfillment, and will not disappoint; If it delays, wait for it, it will surely come, it delays, wait for it, it will surely come, it will not be late. will not be late.

4 4 The rash man has no integrity; but the just The rash man has no integrity; but the just man, because of his faith, shall live. man, because of his faith, shall live.

哈巴谷書 1:2-4哈巴谷書 1:2-4

22 他说：耶和华啊！我呼求你，你不他说：耶和华啊！我呼求你，你不应允，要到几时呢？我因强暴哀求你应允，要到几时呢？我因强暴哀求你，你还不拯救。，你还不拯救。

33 你为何使我看见罪孽？你为何看着你为何使我看见罪孽？你为何看着奸恶而不理呢？毁灭和强暴在我面前奸恶而不理呢？毁灭和强暴在我面前，又起了争端和相斗的事。，又起了争端和相斗的事。

44 因此律法放松，公理也不显明，恶因此律法放松，公理也不显明，恶人围困义人，所以公理显然颠倒。人围困义人，所以公理显然颠倒。

哈巴谷書 2:2-4 哈巴谷書 2:2-4

22 他对我说：将这默示明明地写在他对我说：将这默示明明地写在版上，使读的人容易读（或译：随版上，使读的人容易读（或译：随跑随读）。跑随读）。

33 因为这默示有一定的日期，快要因为这默示有一定的日期，快要应验，并不虚谎。虽然迟延，还要应验，并不虚谎。虽然迟延，还要等候；因为必然临到，不再迟延。等候；因为必然临到，不再迟延。

44 迦勒底人自高自大，心不正直；迦勒底人自高自大，心不正直；惟义人因信得生。惟义人因信得生。

The LORD‘s Answer: 圣经 -- 哈巴谷書 2: 2-4The LORD‘s Answer: 圣经 -- 哈巴谷書 2: 2-4

在在图表图表上上 (( 在版上在版上 )) 清楚地把抱负写下来清楚地把抱负写下来 ,,以便一以便一名使者可名使者可欣然地阅读它。对这种抱欣然地阅读它。对这种抱负仍有其时间，加强负仍有其时间，加强努力努力履行你的抱负履行你的抱负 ,,不会让你失望不会让你失望 ; ; 如果它拖延如果它拖延 ,, 等侯它等侯它 ,, 它将它将无疑来无疑来 ,, 它不将迟到。一个它不将迟到。一个冲动冲动卤莽的卤莽的人人 ,,他没有完整的他没有完整的诚实美德诚实美德 (( 自高自大自高自大 ,, 心不心不正正 )),, 他的行为不匹配他说的他的行为不匹配他说的 ;; 但是但是正义正义的的人人 ,, 因为他的信心将因为他的信心将永远长在永远长在。。

Goal SettingGoal Setting

The harder the (accepted) goal, the The harder the (accepted) goal, the higher the performance.higher the performance.

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. 1990. A theory of Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. 1990. A theory of goal setting & task performance. Prentice Hall. goal setting & task performance. Prentice Hall.

Steps of Goal SettingSteps of Goal Setting

Identify Your GoalIdentify Your Goal Set a Deadline for Achieving Your GoalSet a Deadline for Achieving Your Goal List the Obstacles to OvercomeList the Obstacles to Overcome Identify People and Groups to Work WithIdentify People and Groups to Work With Identify Skills/Knowledge RequiredIdentify Skills/Knowledge Required Develop Your Plan of ActionDevelop Your Plan of Action Identify Your Benefits and RewardsIdentify Your Benefits and Rewards

(Zig Ziglar)(Zig Ziglar)

Goal Setting ExampleGoal Setting Example

Visible Visible HarvardHarvard DifficultDifficult SpecificSpecific QuantifiableQuantifiable Time Time


SAT SAT Quantitative VerbalQuantitative Verbal 99% 99% 95% 95% (Room For Improvement)(Room For Improvement)

Goal/Big Picture vs. Steps Toward the GoalGoal/Big Picture vs. Steps Toward the Goal 3,000 Words vs. 10 Words/Day3,000 Words vs. 10 Words/Day One Day: Study 10 WordsOne Day: Study 10 Words 30 Days: 300 Words30 Days: 300 Words 10 Months: 3,000 Words10 Months: 3,000 Words


Quantitative VerbalQuantitative Verbal 99% 99% 95%95% 91%91% 99%99% 98%98% 99% and--99% and-- Pray and Get All the Help You Can FindPray and Get All the Help You Can Find

Why is this important?Why is this important?

Latham, Gary P; Stajkovic, Alexander D; Locke, Edwin A.Latham, Gary P; Stajkovic, Alexander D; Locke, Edwin A.

* The Relevance and Viability of Subconscious Goals in the Workplace. Journal of Management , 2010, 36:234-255..

* Chen, X. E., & Latham, G. P. (2014). The * Chen, X. E., & Latham, G. P. (2014). The effect of priming learning vs performance effect of priming learning vs performance

goals on a complex task. goals on a complex task. Organizational Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesBehavior and Human Decision Processes, , 125, 88-97.125, 88-97.

Chen, X. E., & Latham, G. P. (2014). The effect of priming learning vs performance goals on a complex task. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 125, 88-97.

Power of PerseverancePower of Perseverance

Lee Iacocca (1984): I think that Lee Iacocca (1984): I think that if I keep working at this and if I keep working at this and want it bad enough, I can have want it bad enough, I can have it. It’s call perseverance.it. It’s call perseverance.

Power of Positive SuggestionPower of Positive Suggestion

Thomas Edison failed 10,000 times.Thomas Edison failed 10,000 times. Colonel Sanders failed 1,009 times.Colonel Sanders failed 1,009 times. Average Millionaires failed 17 times.Average Millionaires failed 17 times. How many times have you tried to achieve How many times have you tried to achieve

your goals? your goals?

Michael JordanMichael Jordan

"I've missed more than 9000 shots in my "I've missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I've lost almost 300 games. 26 times, career. I've lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I've been trusted to take the game winning I've been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I've failed over and over shot and missed. I've failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. "succeed. "

Wayne GretzkyWayne Gretzky

“You miss 100% of the shots you don't take”.

Power of Positive SuggestionPower of Positive Suggestion

Super Bowl XXIV--Goals and Steps:Super Bowl XXIV--Goals and Steps: Winning the Super Bowl, Winning the Super Bowl, Touchdown, Touchdown, First Down,First Down, Complete the Pass, (long vs short), Complete the Pass, (long vs short), Small Success Leads to Total Success.Small Success Leads to Total Success. MVP and Self-EsteemMVP and Self-Esteem

This Is Your Super BowlThis Is Your Super Bowl

Super Bowl XXIVSuper Bowl XXIV San FranciscoSan Francisco 13 14 14 14------55 13 14 14 14------55 Denver 3 0 7 0------10Denver 3 0 7 0------10 Montana had 13 Montana had 13 ConsecutiveConsecutive passes. passes. Montana completed 22 out of 29 passes.Montana completed 22 out of 29 passes. Elway completed 10 out of 26 passes.Elway completed 10 out of 26 passes.

MVP and Your SuccessMVP and Your Success

Montana vs. ElwayMontana vs. Elway

Which person did not shave his face? Which person did not shave his face?

Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem

Self-Esteem x Effort = SuccessSelf-Esteem x Effort = Success

Your Mind x Your Body = Total SuccessYour Mind x Your Body = Total Success

Self-fulfilling ProphesySelf-fulfilling Prophesy

Expect success. Scholars like yourself have Expect success. Scholars like yourself have published here before you. If you expect published here before you. If you expect success, your likelihood of achieving it is success, your likelihood of achieving it is increased. increased. You become a prophet who can You become a prophet who can fulfill your own prophesy. fulfill your own prophesy. This works in the This works in the opposite direction, too: don’t expect to fail! opposite direction, too: don’t expect to fail! (Eden, 2003).(Eden, 2003).Dov Eden and Sara Rynes 2003. Publishing across Borders: Furthering the Dov Eden and Sara Rynes 2003. Publishing across Borders: Furthering the Internationalization of Internationalization of AMJ. AMJ. Academy of Management JournalAcademy of Management Journal , , 46 (6): 679–46 (6): 679–683.683.

Hypnosis Hypnosis

Hypnosis is a systematic Hypnosis is a systematic procedure for altering procedure for altering consciousness consciousness (Hilgard, 1975).(Hilgard, 1975).

Hypnosis and MeditationHypnosis and Meditation

Hypnosis is different from Meditation.Hypnosis is different from Meditation. Meditation involves radically changing the Meditation involves radically changing the

nature of outside stimulation by:nature of outside stimulation by: Blocking it outBlocking it out Make it impossible to comprehendMake it impossible to comprehend

Hypnosis and MeditationHypnosis and Meditation

Both Hypnosis and Meditation will:Both Hypnosis and Meditation will:Produce a state Produce a state qualitativelyqualitatively different different

from normal waking from normal waking consciousness.consciousness.Apply some manipulation of sensory Apply some manipulation of sensory

input directly through input directly through suggestionssuggestionsHave the capacity to leave people Have the capacity to leave people feeling feeling

betterbetter

Hypnosis and SleepHypnosis and Sleep

EEG patterns in sleep and wakefulness:EEG patterns in sleep and wakefulness: Awake, Drowsy, Sleep 1, 2, 3, and REMAwake, Drowsy, Sleep 1, 2, 3, and REM During Hypnosis (Trance), you are not During Hypnosis (Trance), you are not

sleeping. sleeping. Drowsy--Alpha waves, 7 - 12/sec.Drowsy--Alpha waves, 7 - 12/sec. Just about to fall sleepJust about to fall sleep

HistoryHistory

1600s, humans could 1600s, humans could be magnetizedbe magnetized

1700s, Franz Mesmer 1700s, Franz Mesmer studied animal studied animal magnetism magnetism (Mesmerized)(Mesmerized)

1842, painless 1842, painless amputated a legamputated a leg

1880s, Freud learned 1880s, Freud learned hypnosis in Francehypnosis in France

late 19th century, late 19th century, French, Charcot, study French, Charcot, study hypnosis to treat hypnosis to treat abnormal behaviorabnormal behavior

1920s & 1930s, Hull, 1920s & 1930s, Hull, attempted to study attempted to study hypnosis with the first hypnosis with the first solidly scientific solidly scientific approachapproach

HistoryHistory

E.R. Hilgard, founder, E.R. Hilgard, founder, director of 1st hypnosis director of 1st hypnosis research labs, Stanford research labs, Stanford Univ.Univ.

1978 1/3 American 1978 1/3 American dental and medical dental and medical schools offering schools offering courses in hypnosis -courses in hypnosis -twice as many as 1974 twice as many as 1974

Experts emphasize Experts emphasize hypnosis is not for all hypnosis is not for all persons or problems. persons or problems. It takes a well trained It takes a well trained specialist to know specialist to know when and how to use when and how to use it properly.it properly.

A System of Medical HypnosisA System of Medical Hypnosis

A. Meares (1964). President International A. Meares (1964). President International

Society for Clinical and Experimental Society for Clinical and Experimental

Hypnosis. Hypnosis.

Braid, coined the word “hypnotism” from Braid, coined the word “hypnotism” from

the Greek word hypnos (sleep) in 1841.the Greek word hypnos (sleep) in 1841.


The nature of suggestion: Logical, The nature of suggestion: Logical, UncriticalUncritical An easy suggestion does not conflict with a An easy suggestion does not conflict with a

logical appraisement of the situation.logical appraisement of the situation. Suggestion vs. Command/RequestSuggestion vs. Command/Request

The response to a The response to a command command or aor a request request is is ConsciousConscious, whereas the response to a , whereas the response to a suggestion suggestion is is uncriticaluncritical and is not consciously and is not consciously evaluatedevaluated


We hypnotize our patients by the process of We hypnotize our patients by the process of

suggestion. suggestion.

Two major ingredients:Two major ingredients:

Relaxation/ConcentrationRelaxation/Concentration

SuggestionSuggestion

Concentration Concentration

You hear nothing but my voice/words.You hear nothing but my voice/words. SpeakSpeak: 200 words/min.: 200 words/min. ThinkThink: 800 words/min.: 800 words/min. Can you think of something else while Can you think of something else while

listening to a lecture?listening to a lecture? Is your mind wondering around afar?Is your mind wondering around afar?

Factors Influencing SuggestionFactors Influencing Suggestion

1. Affective Relationship1. Affective Relationship

2. Prestige2. Prestige

3. Nonverbal Communication3. Nonverbal Communication

4. Facilitation4. Facilitation The acceptance of one suggestion always aids The acceptance of one suggestion always aids

to the acceptance of another suggestion.to the acceptance of another suggestion.

Factors Influencing SuggestionFactors Influencing Suggestion

5. Grading5. Grading Suggestions are accepted more readily if they Suggestions are accepted more readily if they

are graded as to difficulty of acceptance.are graded as to difficulty of acceptance. 6. Expectancy6. Expectancy

When the patient is in a state of expectancy When the patient is in a state of expectancy he/she makes suggestions more easily.he/she makes suggestions more easily.

7. Drugs7. Drugs

SuggestibilitySuggestibility

1. Individual Differences1. Individual Differences

2. Tense, Anxious, Restless (Contact Lenses, 2. Tense, Anxious, Restless (Contact Lenses,

Needs, Beliefs, Control)Needs, Beliefs, Control)

3. Skill & Experience of the Therapist3. Skill & Experience of the Therapist

4. Personality of the Therapist4. Personality of the Therapist

5. Culture5. Culture


6. Education 6. Education

7. Degree of Sophistication of the Patient7. Degree of Sophistication of the Patient

8. Unconscious Defense Mechanisms (well 8. Unconscious Defense Mechanisms (well

adjusted emotionally) adjusted emotionally)

9. Fatigue9. Fatigue

10. Drugs10. Drugs


11. The Nature of the Suggestion 11. The Nature of the Suggestion

12. The State of Rapport 12. The State of Rapport

13. The Acceptance of Previous Suggestions13. The Acceptance of Previous Suggestions

14. The Relative Difficulty of Acceptance of 14. The Relative Difficulty of Acceptance of

the Present Suggestionthe Present Suggestion

15. Grading15. Grading

The Phenomena of HypnosisThe Phenomena of Hypnosis

I. I. Increased SuggestibilityIncreased Suggestibility

As they became more deeply hypnotized, As they became more deeply hypnotized, they are able to accept more difficult they are able to accept more difficult suggestions.suggestions.e.g., move limbs, see things behave as if e.g., move limbs, see things behave as if they were in imaginary situationsthey were in imaginary situations


II. II. Secondary PhenomenaSecondary Phenomena

1. Hypnotic Rapport1. Hypnotic Rapport

He comes to a merge his identity He comes to a merge his identity with that of the hypnotist. with that of the hypnotist.

Automatic ObedienceAutomatic Obedience


2. Hypnotic Sleep2. Hypnotic Sleep Induced by suggestions of Induced by suggestions of

relaxation relaxation and sleep and sleep Hypnotic Sleep vs. Normal Hypnotic Sleep vs. Normal

Sleep(EEG) Sleep(EEG)3. Amnesia3. Amnesia

Spontaneous Amnesia vs. Spontaneous Amnesia vs. Suggested Suggested Amnesia Amnesia


4. 4. RegressionRegression

a. He is there. He sees only as an a. He is there. He sees only as an onlooker.onlooker.

b. He relives it as an adult.b. He relives it as an adult.

c. He relives the childhood c. He relives the childhood experience experience as a childas a child


5. Failure of Repression5. Failure of Repression

Patchy & incompletePatchy & incomplete

Failure of repression can also be Failure of repression can also be aided aided by suggesting to the patient by suggesting to the patient that he that he can now remember can now remember incidents in the incidents in the past. past.


6. Hysteroid Behavior6. Hysteroid Behavior

The patient may carry out The patient may carry out

suggestions suggestions in an extremely in an extremely

exaggerated fashion. exaggerated fashion. (lacks naturalness) (lacks naturalness)


7. Unconscious Limitation7. Unconscious Limitation

The hypnotized patient tends to The hypnotized patient tends to behave in a way in which he believes behave in a way in which he believes a hypnotized person does behave. a hypnotized person does behave.

Patient’s sophistication and culturePatient’s sophistication and culture background background

ReincarnationReincarnation


8. Hallucinatory Phenomena8. Hallucinatory Phenomena

spontaneous vs. direct suggestionspontaneous vs. direct suggestion

9. Post-hypnotic Suggestion9. Post-hypnotic Suggestion

The hypnotized subject is given a The hypnotized subject is given a suggestion to be carried out at suggestion to be carried out at

some some time after he has time after he has awakened from awakened from hypnosis. hypnosis.


10. Nonverbal Communication10. Nonverbal Communication

a. Communication of Attitude a. Communication of Attitude

authoritative attitude vs. passiveauthoritative attitude vs. passive

b. Primitive Communicationb. Primitive Communication

hypnosis can be induced in most hypnosis can be induced in most normal people, love & hatenormal people, love & hate


c. Gesturec. Gesture

Arm LevitationArm Levitation

d. Symbolic Behaviord. Symbolic Behavior

Eye ContactEye Contact

e. Communication by Behaviore. Communication by Behavior

Physical Distance - Emotional Physical Distance - Emotional DistanceDistance

adjusting the blanketadjusting the blanket

The State of the Art of Clinical HypnosisThe State of the Art of Clinical Hypnosis

It is a child of both the It is a child of both the sciencescience and and artart of of helping professions.helping professions.

In The PastIn The Past: the regressive, uncovering, : the regressive, uncovering, and abrasive aspects of hypnosis. and abrasive aspects of hypnosis.

““Doing something”Doing something” to themto them ArcheologyArcheology

Clinical HypnosisClinical Hypnosis

The contemporary practice:The contemporary practice: adaptation, adaptation, problem solving, enhanced coping problem solving, enhanced coping capacities, and mastery.capacities, and mastery.

““Do something” for themselvesDo something” for themselves ArchitectureArchitecture

HypnotizabilityHypnotizability

The ability to The ability to absorbabsorb oneself oneself in fantasy in fantasy

The ability to become The ability to become deeply immersed indeeply immersed in

reading, music or whatnot.reading, music or whatnot.

Have a Have a rich fantasyrich fantasy life from childhood life from childhood

onwardonward

HypnotizabilityHypnotizability

The ability to The ability to focus attention and to focus attention and to concentrateconcentrate

An An opennessopenness to new experience to new experience A A willingnesswillingness to to complycomply with with suggestionssuggestions Hypnosis is Hypnosis is a technique, a technique, like using a like using a

stethoscope, and what you do with it is stethoscope, and what you do with it is more important than the routine skill. more important than the routine skill.

Mechanisms of HypnosisMechanisms of Hypnosis

The muscular action is controlled The muscular action is controlled

psychologically e.g., the gradual lowering psychologically e.g., the gradual lowering

or raising of the arm in response to hypnotic or raising of the arm in response to hypnotic

suggestionsuggestion


HallucinationHallucination Positive HallucinationPositive Hallucination:: You see something You see something

that isn’t therethat isn’t there Negative HallucinationNegative Hallucination: : You don’t see You don’t see

something that is theresomething that is there Activities, acts of the imagination, seem Activities, acts of the imagination, seem

effortlesseffortless


Can an hypnotized person be induced to Can an hypnotized person be induced to

commit a crime?commit a crime? No, not unless you’re a criminal to start with.No, not unless you’re a criminal to start with.

Nobody can be hypnotized against Nobody can be hypnotized against

his/her will.his/her will.

RelaxationRelaxation

Breathe Slowly and DeeplyBreathe Slowly and Deeply Relax all your musclesRelax all your muscles

Guided ImageryGuided Imagery

Use Your ImaginationUse Your Imagination Follow the SuggestionsFollow the Suggestions Don’t Question and Evaluate Any Don’t Question and Evaluate Any

StatementStatement You will Hear Nothing But My VoiceYou will Hear Nothing But My Voice AnalogyAnalogy

Smoking Smoking

You can live comfortable without smokingYou can live comfortable without smoking You will feel good when you stop smokingYou will feel good when you stop smoking You will breathe freely You will breathe freely You will enjoy the clear and fresh airYou will enjoy the clear and fresh air You don’t see the light of your cigarettesYou don’t see the light of your cigarettes You have 100% control of your thoughtsYou have 100% control of your thoughts When the Mind talks, your body listens.When the Mind talks, your body listens.

Silk + POTS Silk + POTS

When Your MIND Talks,Your BODY Listens.When Your MIND Talks,Your BODY Listens.

You Can’t Change People.People Can Change, WhenThey Want to Change

You Can’t Change People.People Can Change, WhenThey Want to Change

The Pygmalion Effect:Your Expectations Are TheKey To Other People’sPerformance AndDevelopment

The Pygmalion Effect:Your Expectations Are TheKey To Other People’sPerformance AndDevelopment

The Galatea Effect:People’s Self-ExpectationWill Help Them AchieveTheir Own Goals.

The Galatea Effect:People’s Self-ExpectationWill Help Them AchieveTheir Own Goals.

In George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion, Eliza Doolittle Explains:

“The difference between a lady and a flower girl is not how she behaves but how she is treated.” J. Sterling Livingston (1988) Harvard Business Review

“Enthusiasm and apathy--both are infectious.”

In George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion, Eliza Doolittle Explains:

“The difference between a lady and a flower girl is not how she behaves but how she is treated.” J. Sterling Livingston (1988) Harvard Business Review

“Enthusiasm and apathy--both are infectious.”

You Can Do It. You Can Do It.

Thank YouThank You

Mechanisms of hypnosisMechanisms of hypnosis

Hypnosis can strengthen the will in a Hypnosis can strengthen the will in a

beneficial way.beneficial way.

The use of self-hypnosis is therapeutically The use of self-hypnosis is therapeutically

very valuable.very valuable.

Secrets of a modern MesmerSecrets of a modern Mesmer

Coleman, D, (1977). Secrets of a modern Coleman, D, (1977). Secrets of a modern Mesmer. Mesmer. Psychology Today, 11Psychology Today, 11

(2), 62-(2), 62- 66.66. I can tell your unconscious mind…that I can tell your unconscious mind…that

you are an excellent hypnotic subject.you are an excellent hypnotic subject. You’re close enough to me for your You’re close enough to me for your

unconscious mind to hear me.unconscious mind to hear me.


Your conscious mind can do anything it Your conscious mind can do anything it

wishes. All that is important is for the wishes. All that is important is for the

unconscious mind to pay attention.unconscious mind to pay attention.


While I’ve been talking to you, your While I’ve been talking to you, your blood pressure has altered, your heart blood pressure has altered, your heart rate has altered, your respiration has rate has altered, your respiration has altered. Your muscle tone has changed, altered. Your muscle tone has changed, your motor reflexes have changed. And your motor reflexes have changed. And now just close your eyes and experience now just close your eyes and experience the sense of inner comfort.the sense of inner comfort.


Just enjoy that comfort. There is nothing Just enjoy that comfort. There is nothing

you need to do consciously, your you need to do consciously, your

unconscious knows what to do without unconscious knows what to do without

your conscious mind knowing, and it your conscious mind knowing, and it

doesn’t need to share anything with your doesn’t need to share anything with your

conscious mind.conscious mind.

Ten Devices That Almost Instantly HypnotizeTen Devices That Almost Instantly Hypnotize

By Professor Lawrence PowersBy Professor Lawrence Powers

1. Be prepared1. Be prepared

Food that is hard to digest, alcohol and Food that is hard to digest, alcohol and tobacco should be avoided. Stay in tobacco should be avoided. Stay in good physical condition and sleeping well good physical condition and sleeping well facilitate the practice of hypnotism.facilitate the practice of hypnotism.

2. Develop the Intensity of YOUR Gaze 2. Develop the Intensity of YOUR Gaze


3. Practice Autosuggestion3. Practice Autosuggestion

I feel my own will grow stronger and I feel my own will grow stronger and stronger. No one can resist the stronger. No one can resist the

power of power of my gaze.my gaze.

4. Build up Your Energy4. Build up Your Energy

Breath Breath CalmlyCalmly


5. How to Hypnotize Easily5. How to Hypnotize Easily

Hold it high enough from his foreheadHold it high enough from his forehead

6. Reinforce the Effect Through Suggestion 6. Reinforce the Effect Through Suggestion Keep your eyes focused on the Keep your eyes focused on the

center of center of this design. Nothing else exists.this design. Nothing else exists.

7. Rotate the Design7. Rotate the Design


8. Utilize the “Mirror Effect”8. Utilize the “Mirror Effect”

9. Devices for Developing a Potent Gaze9. Devices for Developing a Potent Gaze

Focus on the point: Precisely between Focus on the point: Precisely between the eyesthe eyes

10. Point your fingers toward the subject. The 10. Point your fingers toward the subject. The cumulative effect of gaze, magnetism, cumulative effect of gaze, magnetism, hypnotic designs, voice and gestures hypnotic designs, voice and gestures

goal setting and personal achievement: the power of relaxation and suggestion-- hypnosis thomas...

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