goal 3 (#1-21)
DESCRIPTION
Goal 3 (#1-21). Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time. Mitosis. Meiosis. 1 parent cell makes 4 genetically different gamete cells Cross over Independent assortment Diploid Haploid Sexual Reproduction - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Goal 3 (#1-21)
Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of
organisms over time.
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Mitosis• 1 parent cell makes 2
genetically identical daughter cells
• Diploid Diploid cells• Asexual reproduction• Growth, maintainence,
repair
Meiosis• 1 parent cell makes 4
genetically different gamete cells– Cross over– Independent assortment
• Diploid Haploid• Sexual Reproduction• Gamete = sex cells (eggs
and sperm)
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• Crossing over- alleles change place on homologous chromosomes during meiosis= increases genetic variation
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• Nondisjunction- chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis= too many (trisomy like Downs Syndrom) or too few
chromosomes (monsomy) in gamete cells
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Haploid• Cells with HALF the
chromosomes• Cells with one of each
chromosome• Gamete cells only
Diploid• Cells with TWICE the
chromosomes• Cells with both homologous
chromosome pairs• Somatic (body) cells
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Question 1
• A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell?A. 23B. 46C. 92D. 138
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Cell Cycle• G1 -GROWTH
• S- DNA replication/synthesis
• G2- preparation to divide
• M- mitosis or meiosis
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Sexual Reproduction• Increases genetic variation• Beneficial in changing
environments• Requires 2 parents• Takes more time and energy
Asexual Reproduction • Maintains genetic stability• Beneficial in stable
environment• Requires 1 parent• Faster and more energy
efficient
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Question 2
• Which statement is true regarding asexual reproduction as a method of producing offspring?A. common among mammalsB. not a method used by plantsC. produces offspring that are genetically identicalD. limited to unicellular organisms
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Genetics (3.03)Inheritance- get traits from parents
Gene- segment of DNA that codes for protein
Allele- version of gene (R or r)
Homozygous- same alleles (RR or rr)
Heterozygous- different alleles (Rr)
Dominant- allele that covers other allele (R)
Recessive- allele only seen in homozygote (r)
Phenotype- what it looks like (red or white)
Genotype- genes it has (RR, Rr, rr)
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Question 3
• To determine the molecular sequence of a gene for a protein, which molecule should be analyzed?A. tRNAB. ATPC. DNAD. rRNA
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• Independent Assortment- separation of alleles during meiosis is random– Each gamete gets different combination of parents
genes– Why you are not exactly the same as biological
siblings!!
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Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross
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Question 4
• In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R) is dominant to the allele for smooth coat (r). A rough coat male and a smooth coat female mate. They produce several litters, of which 50% are rough coat and 50% are smooth coat. What were the genotypes of the parents?A. RR × rrB. Rr × rrC. RR × RrD. Rr × Rr
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InheritanceTypes Description Examples
Dominant/Recessive
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Sex-linked
Multiple Alleles
Polygenic traits
One allele is dominant over the other allele (Rr = R dominant)
One allele is not dominant over other allele (Rr = blend of traits)
Both alleles dominant (Rr = both traits shown)
Alleles on X or Y chromosome (Xb)
More than one allele for trait(C, Ch, Cch, c)
More than one gene for the trait
Red and white flowersRR, Rr = red, rr = white
Red, white, pink flowersRR = red, Rr = pink, rr = whiteRed, white and spotted flowersRR =red, Rr= red/white spots, rr= whiteColorblindness, hemophiliaXX & XY = normal, XXb = carrierXbXb & XbY = affectedBlood types:IAIA, IAi = A; IBIB, IBi = B; IAIB = AB; ii = OHair color, height, skin color
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Question 5
• In sickle cell anemia, the heterozygous condition results in resistance to malaria. If two heterozygous parents have a child, what are the chances of that child being resistant to malaria but not having sickle cell anemia?A. 25%B. 50%C. 75%D. 100%
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Question 6
• Some traits are determined by more than two alleles. If aabbcc is crossed with AABBCC, what would be the genotype of the offspring?A. AaBbCcB. AABBCCC. AabbccD. aaAAbbBBccCC
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Karyotypes
• What is a karyote?• Picture of chromosomes during
mitosis
• How do they show sex of an individual?
• XX = female, XY = male • How do they show a genetic
disorder like Down’s Syndrome?• Extra or too few chromosomes• There should be 2 of each
(homologous pairs)
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Question 7
• When viewing a karyotype to detect genetic disorders, which of the following would be a concern?A. different chromosomes of different lengthsB. two X chromosomesC. twenty-three pairs of chromosomesD. three chromosomes in any one set
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Pedigrees
• Normal male:
• Normal female:
• Affected male:
• Affected female:
• Is this a dominant or recessive trait? Explain.
• Dominant= in every generation, child with trait always has parent with trait
• Complete a Punnet Squres for
individual 3 & 4.
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Test Cross
• Which genotype is used in a test cross?A. homozygous dominantB. heterozygous dominantC. homozygous recessiveD. heterozygous recessive
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DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis (3.01)
DNA Shape: double helix
DNA Complementary Base PairsA- TT- AG- CC- G
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Question 8
• Which of the strands below is the complement to the segment GCATCCGA of a DNA molecule?A. CCTAGGCTB. GCATCCGAC. CGUAGGCUD. CGTAGGCT
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DNA Nuleotide
RNA Nuleotide
Phosphate group
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose Sugar
Nitrogenous Base (A, T, G, C)
Ribose Sugar
Nitrogenous Base (A, U, G, C)
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DNA RNA
Bases A, T, G, C A, U, G, C
Shape Double helix Single stranded
Sugar deoxyribose ribose
Location Nucleus only Anywhere in cell
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Types of RNA
mRNACarries copies of the instructions for assembling amino acids from DNA to the rest of the cell.
rRNA Makes up ribosomes.
tRNA Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome to help assemble proteins
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Question 9
• What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?A. Messenger RNAB. transfer RNAC. ribosomal RNAD. mitochondrial RNA
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Transcription TranslationDNA: AAGCTGGGAmRNA: UUCGACCCULocation: nucleus
Location: ribosome in cytoplasmmRNA: UUCGACCCAProtein: Phe, Asp, Pro
protein
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Question 10
• If a portion of a DNA strand has the base sequence TACGCA, what will be the base sequence of the mRNA strand transcribed?A. TACGCAB. UACGCAC. AUGCGUD. ATGCGT
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Question 11
• The chart below matches messenger RNA codons with amino acids.
• A DNA strand has the codon TCA. According to the chart, the corresponding messenger RNA codes for which of the following amino acids?A. Glycine C. alanineB. Leucine D. serine
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Replication
• What happens? Make a copy of DNA– 1 original strand– 1 new strand
• When does this happen? S phase of cell cycle (BEFORE mitosis or meiosis)
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Question 12
• During DNA replication, which of the following segments would be complementary to the original DNA segment of CCTAAT?A. CGATTAB. GGUTTUC. GGATTAD. GGAUUA
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Mutation and Protein SynthesisA mutation is Mutation occurs
whenMutations affect proteins
Mutations affect genetic variation.
Change in DNA
sequence
Mistake during DNA replication
When cause change in protein (amino acid) sequence
Increase
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Question 13
• Albinism is a genetic mutation that results in some animals being born without the enzyme that produces the pigment for skin and eye color. Which of the following best explains this mutation?A. The DNA failed to replicate.B. The deoxyribose sugar became separated from the
DNA.C. The genetic code change caused the wrong protein to
form.D. The RNA necessary to produce proteins was not
present.
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Genetic DisordersInheritance Symptoms
Hemophilia X-linked recessive
Bleeding disorder
Cystic Fibrosis recessive Affects breathing, digestion
Sickle Cell Recessive/codominant
Misshapen blood cells,Heterozygote (AS) = resistant to malaria
Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 21 Developmentally delayed, oval head, tongue protrubence
Color Blindness
X-linked recessive
Can’t distinguish between colors (ex. Red and green)
Huntington’s Disease
dominant Gradual loss over muscle movements and neurological deterioration
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Question 14
• A student has cystic fibrosis, a genetic condition caused by the presence of a homozygous recessive gene. What could be her parent’s genotypes for the cystic fibrosis trait?A. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is
homozygous recessive.B. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous
dominant.C. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is
homozygous dominant.D. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous
recessive.
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Genetic Engineering (3.04)H Selective Breeding a. circular piece of DNA. This can be used to create recombinant DNA.
C Gel Electrophoresis b. Genetically identical cells or organisms.
F PCR c. Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by size. DNA fragments are placed at one end of a porous gel and electrical voltage is applied.
J Restriction enzymes d. DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
D Recombinant DNA e. Analysis of the human genome to identify genes.
K Transformation f. Technique that allows scientists to make many copies of a particular gene
A Plasmid g. Replacing an absent or faulty gene with a normal, working gene.
L Transgenic Organism h. Method of breeding that allows only organisms with desired traits to produce the next generation. Ex) farming or dog breeding
I DNA Fingerprinting i. Analysis of sections of DNA, using gel electrophoresis, that have little or no known function that vary widely from one individual to another
E Human Genome Project j. Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides, allows creation of recombinant DNA
G Gene Therapy k. A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell and becomes part of the cell’s DNA
B Cloning l. Organism that contains genes from other organisms
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What technique was used to create the DNA bands?Gel electrophoresis
How can you use this process to identify paternity?DNA bands kid has not from mom must be from dad.
Which two organisms are most closely related?Ones with most DNA bands in commom
Crime scene DNA matches Suspect 2
Organism 2 and 4 most closely related
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Question 15
• How would genetically altering crops for pest resistance be economically beneficial?A. Erosion of topsoil would no longer be a concern.B. Crops would be more easily protected from
weeds.C. Crop-eating pests would not ruin crops.D. Abnormal plant growth would be eliminated.
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Question 16
• After performing amniocentesis, which analysis is most often used to determine the chromosomal condition of a developing fetus?A. blood typeB. DNA sequenceC. genetic markerD. karyotype
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Evolution (3.05)Process Natural Selection Genetic Drift Mutation
Describe Organisms with best traits (adaptations) survive and reproduce better
Random change in gene pool of small populations
Random change in DNA sequence
Example Giraffes with long necks could reach more food and now all giraffes have long necks
A hurricane kills all the spotted beetles and only light and brown beetles remain
ATGGC AAGGC
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Question 17
• Which of the following is an example of natural selection in bacteria?A. genetic engineeringB. binary fissionC. antibiotic resistanceD. nitrogen fixation
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• Fitness- ability to survive and reproduce
• Adaptation- trait that helps organism survive and reproduce
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Question 18
• The snowshoe rabbit has white fur in winter and dark fur in summer. What is the main advantage of this fur color change to the rabbit?A. The dark fur keeps the rabbit from getting sunburned in
summer.B. The white fur absorbs more sunlight so the rabbit is
warmer in winter.C. The fur color makes the animal blend better with its
environment so that a predator is not as likely to see it.D. The white fur is more valuable to fur trappers, so the
animal will be trapped and better fed in winter.
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Phylogenic Tree/Cladogram Dichotomous Key
C is more closely related to B than A
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• Origin life- Circle which trait evolved first– Unicellular or multicellular organisms– Aerobic or Anaerobic organisms– Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic organisms– Sexually reproducing or asexually reproducing
organisms
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• Describe and diagram endosymbiotic theory:
• Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotes
• = mitochondria and chloroplast
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Types of Selection
Disruptive Selection- extreme traits (end of curve) survive better
Stabilizing Selection- average trait (middle of curve) survive better
Directional Selection- one type of trait (one end of curve) has best fitness
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Evidence of EvolutionFossils Show transitional species, homologous structures and
change over timeHomologous Structures
Evidence of common ancestorEx) bat wing and human arm bones
Vestigial Organs Organ not used in modern species, show change in species over time
Embryology Show common ancestor
Artificial selection Show change over time ex) dog breeding
DNA and proteins Similarities show common ancestor
Insecticide/pesticide/antibiotic resistance
Show change over time
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Question 19
• The genetic information in the DNA of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas is more than 98% the same. What is the most likely explanation for this similarity?A. They evolved from a common ancestor.B. They evolved from each other.C. Their evolution is nearly complete.D. They evolved at the same time.
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New species occur through the process of ____________________. This occurs through _____________________________, when individuals can no longer reproduce with each other. This can happen when members of a population are separated by rivers, moutains or other types of ______________ isolation.
Reproductive Speciation
Geographic
Reproductive isolation
Geographic
Speciation
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Question 20
• Islands are the habitats of many of the world’s rare species. Which of the following factors contributes most to this situation?A. small land areaB. genetic isolationC. limited food varietyD. fewer predators
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Punctuated equilibrium-Evolution occurs rapidly at times
Graudalism-Evolution occurs slowly and steadily
Coevolution- 2 organisms that interact in the environment affect the evolution of the otherEx) newt and snakeBird and flower
Adaptive radiation- Many species can evolve from 1 common ancestor
Convergent evolution-Organisms can look similar because they live in similar environments but not have a common ancestor
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Question 21
• The Galapagos finches are a group of closely related species of birds. Over time, specialized beaks have evolved for each species in response to mutations and competition for food and living space. This is an example of which of the following?A. adaptive radiationB. CoevolutionC. convergent evolutionD. vestigial structures
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Goal 3
Questions 1-37
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Question 1
• A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell?A. 23B. 46C. 92D. 138
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Question 1
• A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell?A. 23B. 46C. 92D. 138
Gamete = haploid = ½ chromosomes!!!
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Question 2
• Which statement is true regarding asexual reproduction as a method of producing offspring?A. common among mammalsB. not a method used by plantsC. produces offspring that are genetically identicalD. limited to unicellular organisms
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Question 2
• Which statement is true regarding asexual reproduction as a method of producing offspring?A. common among mammalsB. not a method used by plantsC. produces offspring that are genetically identicalD. limited to unicellular organisms
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Question 3
• To determine the molecular sequence of a gene for a protein, which molecule should be analyzed?A. tRNAB. ATPC. DNAD. rRNA
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Question 3
• To determine the molecular sequence of a gene for a protein, which molecule should be analyzed?A. tRNAB. ATPC. DNAD. rRNA
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Question 4
• In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R) is dominant to the allele for smooth coat (r). A rough coat male and a smooth coat female mate. They produce several litters, of which 50% are rough coat and 50% are smooth coat. What were the genotypes of the parents?A. RR × rrB. Rr × rrC. RR × RrD. Rr × Rr
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Question 4
• In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R) is dominant to the allele for smooth coat (r). A rough coat male and a smooth coat female mate. They produce several litters, of which 50% are rough coat and 50% are smooth coat. What were the genotypes of the parents?A. RR × rrB. Rr × rrC. RR × RrD. Rr × Rr
R r
r Rr rr
r Rr rr
50% 50%
Rough coat parentSm
ooth
coa
t par
ent
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Question 5
• In sickle cell anemia, the heterozygous condition results in resistance to malaria. If two heterozygous parents have a child, what are the chances of that child being resistant to malaria but not having sickle cell anemia?A. 25%B. 50%C. 75%D. 100%
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Question 5
• In sickle cell anemia, the heterozygous condition results in resistance to malaria. If two heterozygous parents have a child, what are the chances of that child being resistant to malaria but not having sickle cell anemia?A. 25%B. 50%C. 75%D. 100%
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
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Question 6
• Some traits are determined by more than two alleles. If aabbcc is crossed with AABBCC, what would be the genotype of the offspring?A. AaBbCcB. AABBCCC. AabbccD. aaAAbbBBccCC
![Page 69: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Question 6
• Some traits are determined by more than two alleles. If aabbcc is crossed with AABBCC, what would be the genotype of the offspring?A. AaBbCcB. AABBCCC. AabbccD. aaAAbbBBccCC
AABBCC aabbccAaBbCc
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Question 7
• When viewing a karyotype to detect genetic disorders, which of the following would be a concern?A. different chromosomes of different lengthsB. two X chromosomesC. twenty-three pairs of chromosomesD. three chromosomes in any one set
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Question 7
• When viewing a karyotype to detect genetic disorders, which of the following would be a concern?A. different chromosomes of different lengthsB. two X chromosomesC. twenty-three pairs of chromosomesD. three chromosomes in any one set
Trisomy, like Down’s Syndrome
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Question 8
• Which of the strands below is the complement to the segment GCATCCGA of a DNA molecule?A. CCTAGGCTB. GCATCCGAC. CGUAGGCUD. CGTAGGCT
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Question 8
• Which of the strands below is the complement to the segment GCATCCGA of a DNA molecule?A. CCTAGGCTB. GCATCCGAC. CGUAGGCUD. CGTAGGCT
![Page 74: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Question 9
• What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?A. Messenger RNAB. transfer RNAC. ribosomal RNAD. mitochondrial RNA
![Page 75: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Question 9
• What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?A. Messenger RNAB. transfer RNAC. ribosomal RNAD. mitochondrial RNA
![Page 76: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Question 10
• If a portion of a DNA strand has the base sequence TACGCA, what will be the base sequence of the mRNA strand transcribed?A. TACGCAB. UACGCAC. AUGCGUD. ATGCGT
![Page 77: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Question 10
• If a portion of a DNA strand has the base sequence TACGCA, what will be the base sequence of the mRNA strand transcribed?A. TACGCAB. UACGCAC. AUGCGUD. ATGCGT
DNA RNA
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Question 11
• The chart below matches messenger RNA codons with amino acids.
• A DNA strand has the codon TCA. According to the chart, the corresponding messenger RNA codes for which of the following amino acids?A. Glycine C. alanineB. Leucine D. serine
![Page 79: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Question 11
• The chart below matches messenger RNA codons with amino acids.
• A DNA strand has the codon TCA. According to the chart, the corresponding messenger RNA codes for which of the following amino acids?A. Glycine C. alanineB. Leucine D. serine
TCA AGU
![Page 80: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Question 12
• During DNA replication, which of the following segments would be complementary to the original DNA segment of CCTAAT?A. CGATTAB. GGUTTUC. GGATTAD. GGAUUA
![Page 81: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Question 12
• During DNA replication, which of the following segments would be complementary to the original DNA segment of CCTAAT?A. CGATTAB. GGUTTUC. GGATTAD. GGAUUA DNA DNA
![Page 82: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Question 13
• Albinism is a genetic mutation that results in some animals being born without the enzyme that produces the pigment for skin and eye color. Which of the following best explains this mutation?A. The DNA failed to replicate.B. The deoxyribose sugar became separated from the
DNA.C. The genetic code change caused the wrong protein to
form.D. The RNA necessary to produce proteins was not
present.
![Page 83: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Question 13
• Albinism is a genetic mutation that results in some animals being born without the enzyme that produces the pigment for skin and eye color. Which of the following best explains this mutation?A. The DNA failed to replicate.B. The deoxyribose sugar became separated from the
DNA.C. The genetic code change caused the wrong protein to
form.D. The RNA necessary to produce proteins was not
present.
![Page 84: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Question 14
• A student has cystic fibrosis, a genetic condition caused by the presence of a homozygous recessive gene. What could be her parent’s genotypes for the cystic fibrosis trait?A. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is
homozygous recessive.B. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous
dominant.C. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is
homozygous dominant.D. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous
recessive.
![Page 85: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Question 14
• A student has cystic fibrosis, a genetic condition caused by the presence of a homozygous recessive gene. What could be her parent’s genotypes for the cystic fibrosis trait?A. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is
homozygous recessive.B. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous
dominant.C. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is
homozygous dominant.D. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous
recessive.
ff
F f
f Ff ff
f Ff ff
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Question 15
• How would genetically altering crops for pest resistance be economically beneficial?A. Erosion of topsoil would no longer be a concern.B. Crops would be more easily protected from
weeds.C. Crop-eating pests would not ruin crops.D. Abnormal plant growth would be eliminated.
![Page 87: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Question 15
• How would genetically altering crops for pest resistance be economically beneficial?A. Erosion of topsoil would no longer be a concern.B. Crops would be more easily protected from
weeds.C. Crop-eating pests would not ruin crops.D. Abnormal plant growth would be eliminated.
![Page 88: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Question 16
• After performing amniocentesis, which analysis is most often used to determine the chromosomal condition of a developing fetus?A. blood typeB. DNA sequenceC. genetic markerD. karyotype
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Question 16
• After performing amniocentesis, which analysis is most often used to determine the chromosomal condition of a developing fetus?A. blood typeB. DNA sequenceC. genetic markerD. karyotype
![Page 90: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Question 17
• Which of the following is an example of natural selection in bacteria?A. genetic engineeringB. binary fissionC. antibiotic resistanceD. nitrogen fixation
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Question 17
• Which of the following is an example of natural selection in bacteria?A. genetic engineeringB. binary fissionC. antibiotic resistanceD. nitrogen fixation
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Question 18
• The snowshoe rabbit has white fur in winter and dark fur in summer. What is the main advantage of this fur color change to the rabbit?A. The dark fur keeps the rabbit from getting sunburned in
summer.B. The white fur absorbs more sunlight so the rabbit is
warmer in winter.C. The fur color makes the animal blend better with its
environment so that a predator is not as likely to see it.D. The white fur is more valuable to fur trappers, so the
animal will be trapped and better fed in winter.
![Page 93: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Question 18
• The snowshoe rabbit has white fur in winter and dark fur in summer. What is the main advantage of this fur color change to the rabbit?A. The dark fur keeps the rabbit from getting sunburned in
summer.B. The white fur absorbs more sunlight so the rabbit is
warmer in winter.C. The fur color makes the animal blend better with its
environment so that a predator is not as likely to see it.D. The white fur is more valuable to fur trappers, so the
animal will be trapped and better fed in winter.
Camouflage
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Question 19
• The genetic information in the DNA of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas is more than 98% the same. What is the most likely explanation for this similarity?A. They evolved from a common ancestor.B. They evolved from each other.C. Their evolution is nearly complete.D. They evolved at the same time.
![Page 95: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Question 19
• The genetic information in the DNA of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas is more than 98% the same. What is the most likely explanation for this similarity?A. They evolved from a common ancestor.B. They evolved from each other.C. Their evolution is nearly complete.D. They evolved at the same time.
![Page 96: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Question 20
• Islands are the habitats of many of the world’s rare species. Which of the following factors contributes most to this situation?A. small land areaB. genetic isolationC. limited food varietyD. fewer predators
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Question 20
• Islands are the habitats of many of the world’s rare species. Which of the following factors contributes most to this situation?A. small land areaB. genetic isolationC. limited food varietyD. fewer predators
![Page 98: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Question 21
• The Galapagos finches are a group of closely related species of birds. Over time, specialized beaks have evolved for each species in response to mutations and competition for food and living space. This is an example of which of the following?A. adaptive radiationB. CoevolutionC. convergent evolutionD. vestigial structures
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Question 21
• The Galapagos finches are a group of closely related species of birds. Over time, specialized beaks have evolved for each species in response to mutations and competition for food and living space. This is an example of which of the following?A. adaptive radiationB. CoevolutionC. convergent evolutionD. vestigial structures
![Page 100: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Question 22
• Which process is responsible for the diversity of plants within a species?A. cross-pollinationB. TranspirationC. self-fertilizationD. photosynthesis
![Page 101: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Question 22
• Which process is responsible for the diversity of plants within a species?A. cross-pollinationB. TranspirationC. self-fertilizationD. photosynthesis
![Page 102: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Question 23
• Which of the following demonstrates the most significant difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?A. The chromosome number is reduced during asexual
reproduction.B. The number of chromosomes is reduced during sexual
reproduction.C. The appearance of the organism is changed as a result
of asexual reproduction.D. There is genetic variation as a result of sexual
reproduction.
![Page 103: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Question 23
• Which of the following demonstrates the most significant difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?A. The chromosome number is reduced during asexual
reproduction.B. The number of chromosomes is reduced during sexual
reproduction.C. The appearance of the organism is changed as a result
of asexual reproduction.D. There is genetic variation as a result of sexual
reproduction.
![Page 104: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Question 24
• What is true about any two normal gametes from a human male parent?A. Each has a diploid number of chromosomes.B. They can combine to form a new organism.C. Their chromosomes are exactly the same.D. They have the same number of chromosomes.
![Page 105: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Question 24
• What is true about any two normal gametes from a human male parent?A. Each has a diploid number of chromosomes.B. They can combine to form a new organism.C. Their chromosomes are exactly the same.D. They have the same number of chromosomes.
![Page 106: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Question 25
• A cell has undergone a meiotic division cycle. In order for the cell to achieve a diploid state, what must occur?A. CleavageB. FertilizationC. MeiosisD. mitosis
![Page 107: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Question 25
• A cell has undergone a meiotic division cycle. In order for the cell to achieve a diploid state, what must occur?A. CleavageB. FertilizationC. MeiosisD. mitosis
![Page 108: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Question 26
• In a genetics laboratory, two heterozygous tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant over short, what are the expected phenotypic results?
• A 100% tall• B 75% tall, 25% short• C 50% tall, 50% short• D 25% tall, 75% short
![Page 109: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Question 26
• In a genetics laboratory, two heterozygous tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant over short, what are the expected phenotypic results?
• A 100% tall• B 75% tall, 25% short• C 50% tall, 50% short• D 25% tall, 75% short
![Page 110: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Question 27
• Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs. Jones has blood type AB. What is the probability that they will have a child with blood type A if both of Mr. Jones’s parents were AB?A. 0%B. 25%C. 50%D. 100%
![Page 111: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Question 27
• Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs. Jones has blood type AB. What is the probability that they will have a child with blood type A if both of Mr. Jones’s parents were AB?A. 0%B. 25%C. 50%D. 100%
![Page 112: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Question 28
• Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A mother with normal color vision and a color blind father have a color blind daughter. Which of the following statements is correct?A. All of their daughters will be color blind.B. The mother is a carrier of the color blindness
gene.C. All of their sons will have normal color visionD. All of their sons will be color blind
![Page 113: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Question 28
• Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A mother with normal color vision and a color blind father have a color blind daughter. Which of the following statements is correct?A. All of their daughters will be color blind.B. The mother is a carrier of the color blindness
gene.C. All of their sons will have normal color visionD. All of their sons will be color blind
![Page 114: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Question 29
• What is the purpose of transfer RNA?A. It unzips the double helix so transcription can
begin.B. It retrieves amino acids from the cytoplasm for
protein construction.C. It carries genetic information to the ribosomes.D. It produces a complementary copy of a strand of
DNA
![Page 115: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Question 29
• What is the purpose of transfer RNA?A. It unzips the double helix so transcription can
begin.B. It retrieves amino acids from the cytoplasm for
protein construction.C. It carries genetic information to the ribosomes.D. It produces a complementary copy of a strand of
DNA
![Page 116: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Question 30
• Transcription of the DNA sequence below:AAGCTGGGA
would most directly result in which of the following?A. a sequence of three amino acids, linked by
peptide bondsB. a DNA strand with the base sequence TTCGACCCTC. a mRNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCTD. a mRNA strand with the sequence UUCGACCCU
![Page 117: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Question 30
• Transcription of the DNA sequence below:AAGCTGGGA
would most directly result in which of the following?A. a sequence of three amino acids, linked by
peptide bondsB. a DNA strand with the base sequence TTCGACCCTC. a mRNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCTD. a mRNA strand with the sequence UUCGACCCU
![Page 118: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Question 31
• The messenger RNA will carry the DNA’s instructions out of the nucleus to which of the following?A. VacuoleB. MitochondriaC. ChloroplastD. ribosome
![Page 119: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Question 31
• The messenger RNA will carry the DNA’s instructions out of the nucleus to which of the following?A. VacuoleB. MitochondriaC. ChloroplastD. ribosome
![Page 120: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Question 32
• Great caution must be exercised with recombinant DNA technology. What is the main reason for this concern? A. possible patent violations from competing companiesB. possibility of the fragile recombinant organisms dyingC. possible release of genetically engineered organisms
into the environment with unpredictable resultsD. possibility of producing medicine at a lower cost than
with current technology
![Page 121: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Question 32
• Great caution must be exercised with recombinant DNA technology. What is the main reason for this concern? A. possible patent violations from competing companiesB. possibility of the fragile recombinant organisms dyingC. possible release of genetically engineered organisms
into the environment with unpredictable resultsD. possibility of producing medicine at a lower cost than
with current technology
![Page 122: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Question 33
• Which of the following DNA technologies offers the best chance of survival for endangered species?A. SequencingB. CloningC. ElectrophoresisD. antibody production
![Page 123: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Question 33
• Which of the following DNA technologies offers the best chance of survival for endangered species?A. SequencingB. CloningC. ElectrophoresisD. antibody production
![Page 124: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Question 34
• A population of bacteria is treated with an antibiotic. How will variation in the population of bacteria increase the likelihood of survival?A. It allows all of the bacteria to be resistant to the
antibiotic.B. It enables the population to increase rapidly.C. Some of the bacteria may be resistant to the
antibiotic.D. The population will be better able to obtain a food
source.
![Page 125: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Question 34
• A population of bacteria is treated with an antibiotic. How will variation in the population of bacteria increase the likelihood of survival?A. It allows all of the bacteria to be resistant to the
antibiotic.B. It enables the population to increase rapidly.C. Some of the bacteria may be resistant to the
antibiotic.D. The population will be better able to obtain a food
source.
![Page 126: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Question 35
• As scientists have developed more productive crop varieties, farmers have switched from growing many traditional varieties to new high-yield varieties. For example, in India, the 10,000 varieties of rice once grown have been reduced to 10 major ones for most of the rice crop.
• Besides the varieties of rice being reduced, what else is reduced by this practice?A. types of soil nutrientsB. the gene pool for riceC. food chains that include riceD. human dietary choices
![Page 127: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Question 35
• As scientists have developed more productive crop varieties, farmers have switched from growing many traditional varieties to new high-yield varieties. For example, in India, the 10,000 varieties of rice once grown have been reduced to 10 major ones for most of the rice crop.
• Besides the varieties of rice being reduced, what else is reduced by this practice?A. types of soil nutrientsB. the gene pool for riceC. food chains that include riceD. human dietary choices
![Page 128: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Question 36
• Some species protect themselves by spraying a foul-smelling chemical when threatened. Why would a spray defense be a useful mechanism for a species?A. Predators would confuse the species with others that
produce foul smells.B. Spray can turn a predator away before an individual is
harmed.C. It is hard for other species to mimic a spraying defense.D. There is no known defense against foul-smelling sprays.
![Page 129: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Question 36
• Some species protect themselves by spraying a foul-smelling chemical when threatened. Why would a spray defense be a useful mechanism for a species?A. Predators would confuse the species with others that
produce foul smells.B. Spray can turn a predator away before an individual is
harmed.C. It is hard for other species to mimic a spraying defense.D. There is no known defense against foul-smelling sprays.
![Page 130: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Question 37
• Biochemical analysis uses similarities in which of the following as evidence for evolutionary relationships?A. amino acid sequenceB. bone structureC. cellular architectureD. movement
![Page 131: Goal 3 (#1-21)](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022103100/56813366550346895d9a7df4/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Question 37
• Biochemical analysis uses similarities in which of the following as evidence for evolutionary relationships?A. amino acid sequenceB. bone structureC. cellular architectureD. movement