gnmt ch13 - kyoto u
TRANSCRIPT
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第 13ç«
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13.1ãä¿¡ããã®ãé£ãã仮説ãæ£åŽããââ3ã«ããŽãªã®èŠ³å¯
ãããŸã§ãããŒã¿ããå€æ°ã®æåŸ å€ãæå°€æšå®éãä¿¡é Œåºéãªã©ãæšå®ããŸãããä»åºŠã¯ãããå€æ°ãããå€ã§ãããšãã仮説ãä¿¡ããã¹ããä¿¡ããªãã¹ããããã®çšåºŠãæ°å€ã§è¡šãããšãã話ã§ãã仮説ãä¿¡ããçšåºŠãäœããšãã«ããã®ä»®èª¬ãããåºæºã§æ£åŽããããšèšãã®ã§ãããã®è©±ã¯ã仮説ã®æ£åŽãã«ã€ããŠã§ãã
3 ã«ããŽãªã«ã€ããŠã(10, 7, 3) ãšèŠ³æž¬ããå ŽåãèããŸãã3 ã«ããŽãªãåäžé »åºŠã ãšä»®å®ããŸããN人ã 3 ã«ããŽãªã« n1, n2, n3 人ã«åãããŠèŠ³å¯ãã確çã¯
ã§ãã20 人ã 3 ã«ããŽãªã«åããåãæ¹ã®ãã¹ãŠã«ã€ããŠããã®ç¢ºçãèšç®ããŠã¿ãŸãã
R ã®åŠçã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãïŒR13-1.RïŒã
Nn n n
N!
! ! !1 2 3
13
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第 13ç« ãæ£åŽãšæ€å®230
RãœãŒã¹ 13.1ãR13-1.RïŒ3ã«ããŽãªã®æ£ç¢ºç¢ºç
1 dpoly<-function(n=c(1,2,3),p=NULL){ # apply()é¢æ°ã§äœ¿ãããã®é¢æ°ãäœã (確çèšç® ) 2 N<-sum(n) 3 if(is.null(p)){ 4 p<-rep(1/length(n),length(n)) 5 } 6 exp(lgamma(N+1)-sum(lgamma(n+1))+sum(n*log(p))) 7 } 8 DrawHigherLower<-function(g=c(10,7,3),p=NULL){ 9 N<-sum(g)10 x<-0:N;y<-0:N11 xy<-expand.grid(x,y) # x,yã®å šçµã¿åãããäœã12 z<--(xy[,1]+xy[,2])+N13 xyz<-matrix(c(xy[,1],xy[,2],z),nrow=length(z))14 xyz<-xyz[apply(xyz,1,min)>=0,] # xyzã®ãã¹ãŠã®èŠçŽ ã¯éè² 15 16 probs<-apply(xyz,1,dpoly,p=p) # xyzã®åè¡ (3æ°å€ )ã«ã€ããŠãäžã§å®çŸ©ãã dpoly()é¢æ°ãé©çšãã17 probObs<-dpoly(c(10,7,3)) # 芳枬ããŒã¿ã®ç¢ºç18 higher<-which(probs>probObs) # 芳枬ããŒã¿ã®ç起確çãã倧ãã確çã®å Žå19 lower<-which(probs<=probObs) # 芳å¯ããŒã¿ã®ç起確ç以äžã®ç¢ºçã®å Žå20 xyz2<-apply(xyz,1,CoordTriangle)21 x2<-xyz2[1,];y2<-xyz2[2,]22 xlim<-c(0,1);ylim<-c(0,2/sqrt(3))23 # é«ç¢ºçã¯é»ã§ããã以å€ã¯ç°è²ã§ãããã24 plot(xyz2[1,which(probs>probObs)]/N,xyz2[2, which(probs>probObs)]/N,xlim=xlim,ylim=ylim,col = "black",pch=15)25 par(new=T)26 plot(xyz2[1,which(probs<=probObs)]/N,xyz2[2, which(probs<=probObs)]/N,xlim=xlim,ylim=ylim, col = gray(4/5),pch=15)27 DrawTriangleFrame()28 29 }30 par(mfcol=c(1,2))31 DrawHigherLower(c(10,7,3))32 DrawHigherLower(c(10,7,3),c(0.9,0.05,0.05))33 par(mfcol=c(1,1))
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23113.1ãä¿¡ããã®ãé£ãã仮説ãæ£åŽããââ 3ã«ããŽãªã®èŠ³å¯
(10, 7, 3) ãšèŠ³æž¬ããå Žåã®ç¢ºçãšæ¯èŒããŠè²åãããã®ããå³ 13.1 ã®ïŒaïŒã§ãã
ãã¹ãŠã®ç¹ã®ç¢ºçã足ãåããããš 1 ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããç°è²ã¯ (10, 7, 3) ãšèŠ³æž¬ãã確ç以äžã®ç¢ºçã§èµ·ããããŒãã«ãè¡šããŠããŸãããã®éšåã®ç¢ºçã足ãåããããš 0.177 ã«ãªãã®ã§ã(10, 7, 3) ãšåçšåºŠãããããããçããããšãèµ·ãã確ç㯠0.177 ã§ããããã¯ã3 ã«ããŽãªãåé »åºŠã ãšãã仮説ã®ããšã§ã(10, 7, 3) ã芳å¯ããçããã§ããããã®å€ãå°ãããã°å°ããã»ã©çããã倧ãããªããšãã®æ倧å€ã¯ 1 ã§ãæããããµããŠããããšã«ãªããŸãã
ãã®æ°å€ãæ£ç¢ºç¢ºçãããšã«ãã på€ã§ãã3 ã«ããŽãªãåäžé »åºŠã§ãããšãã仮説æ€å®ã® på€ã§ããä»ã芳å¯ãããçãããäœãæ¹ãã 0.05 ã«å«ãŸããã°ã仮説ãä¿¡ããããšããããããšã«ããããšãããšãã0.05 ãæ£åŽæ°ŽæºãšèšããŸãããããŠãã® på€ã 0.05 æªæºã§ããã°ã仮説ãæ£åŽãããããšèšããŸããä»åã¯ãp = 0.177 ã§ããããæ£åŽæ°Žæºã 0.05 ãšããã°ãæ£åŽãããªã
ïŒaïŒ ïŒbïŒ
20 人ã®å èš³ã (20, 0, 0), (0, 20, 0), (0, 0, 20) ã®ãšããäžè§åœ¢ã®é ç¹ãïŒaïŒã¯ã3 èŠçŽ ã®ç¢ºçãçãããšãããšãã« (10, 7, 3) ãšèŠ³æž¬ããããé«ç¢ºçã®é åãé»ã§ãäœç¢ºçãç°è²ãïŒbïŒã¯ã3 èŠçŽ ã®ç¢ºçã (0.9, 0.05, 0.05) ãšã®ä»®èª¬ã®ããšã§ (10, 7, 3) ãšèŠ³æž¬ããããé«ç¢ºçãäœç¢ºçãã§è²åãããŠããŸãã
å³ 13.1ã3èŠçŽ ã®äžè§ãããã
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第 13ç« ãæ£åŽãšæ€å®232
ããšãããããŸããå³ 13.1ïŒaïŒã§ã¯ã3 ã«ããŽãªã®é »åºŠãåãã§ãããšãã仮説ã«åºã¥ããŠç
起確çãèšç®ããŸãããã3 ã«ããŽãªã®é »åºŠãç°ãªããšãã仮説ã«åºã¥ããŠãåæ§ã«èšç®ããŠå³ãæããŸãããŸããç°è²ã®éšåã足ãåãããããšãã§ããŸãããããã3 ã«ããŽãªã®æ¯çã (0.9, 0.05, 0.05) ã ãšãã仮説ã«ç«ã£ãŠããããããããã¯å³ 13.1ïŒbïŒã®ããã«ãªããŸããéåžžã¯ããã®ãããªç¹å¥ãªæ¯çã®ä»®èª¬ãæ£åŽããããã©ããã¯åé¡ã«ããŸããããèãæ¹ãšããŠã¯åãããšã§ãã
13.2ãåå²è¡šæ€å®
次ã«ã2 ã«ããŽãªã«ã€ããŠãéå£ããã±ãŒã¹ïŒG1ïŒãšã³ã³ãããŒã«ïŒG2ïŒãšããµã³ããªã³ã°ããå ŽåãèããŸãã芳å¯ããŒã¿ã¯ 2 à 2åå²è¡šãšããŠåŸãããŸãã
è¡š 13.1ã芳å¯ããŒã¿
A a èš
G1 n11 = 15 n12 = 25 n1  = 40
G2 n21 = 15 n22 = 45 n2  = 60
èš n  1 = 30 n  2 = 70 n  = 100
G1 ãš G2 ãå±ããéå£ã«ã¯ A, a ã®æ¯çããããŸããããããä»ã¯ããããªããšããŸããG1 ãš G2 ã®ãµã³ãã«ã¯ã©ã¡ããããã®éå£ããã©ã³ãã ã«æãåããããã®ã§ãããšãã仮説ãç«ãŠãŸãããããŠããã®ä»®èª¬ã«ç«ã£ããšãã«ã芳å¯ããŒã¿ãã©ãããããããµãããã®ãªã®ããçãããã®ãªã®ããè©äŸ¡ããŠã仮説ãæ£åŽãããã©ãããèããŠã¿ãŸãã
ãã®éå£ã® 2 ã«ããŽãªã®æ¯çã¯ç¹å®ããŸããããå€æ°ã䜿ã£ãŠãp, 1 - pãšããŸããG1, G2 ãšãã«ããã®æ¯çããã®ãµã³ããªã³ã°ã§ããããè¡šã®ãããªãµã³ããªã³ã°ããªããã確çã¯ã
nn n
nn n
p pn n1
11 12
2
21 22
1 21â â â â -!
! !!
! !( )
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23313.2ãåå²è¡šæ€å®
ã§ããä»ãpã®å€ããªãã§ãããããå€ã«ç¢ºå®ããŠãããšããã°ãäžããããåšèŸºåºŠæ°ã®æ¡ä»¶ã®ããšã§ n11, n12, n21, n22 ãšèŠ³å¯ããã確çã¯ã
ã«æ¯äŸãããã®ã«ãªããŸããå®éã
ãšããŠãããšãäžããããåšèŸºåºŠæ°ã®ããšã§ã芳å¯ãããããã¹ãŠã® nij ã®å Žåã«ã€ããŠè¶³ãåããããšãã« 1 ã«ãªãã®ã§ãpã®å€ããªãã§ãããG1, G2 ãåãéå£ããã®ãµã³ãã«ã§ãããšããä»®å®ã®ããšã§ã®ãè¡šã®èŠ³å¯ç¢ºçã¯äžã®åŒã«ãªããŸããããã«åºã¥ããŠãä»ã®èŠ³å¯ããããè¡šãšèŠ³å¯ã®çãããæ¯èŒããŠpå€åããã°ãããããã® 2 à 2 è¡šã«ãããŠå åã®ç¬ç«ã«é¢ãããã£ãã·ã£ãŒã®æ£ç¢ºç¢ºçæ€å®ãšãªããŸãã
ããŠãä»ãè¡š 13.1 ã®åšèŸºåºŠæ°ãæºè¶³ããè¡šãå€æ° d ãçšããŠãè¡š 13.2 ã®ããã«è¡šããŸãã
è¡š 13.2ãå€æ° dãçšããè¡š
A a èš
G1 n1 = 40
G2 n2 = 60
èš n  1= 30 n  2= 70 n = 100
ãã® d ã 0 ããå°ããã€å¢ãããŠãããŸããR ãçšããŠæ¬¡ã®ããã«èšç®ããŸãïŒR13-2.RïŒã
RãœãŒã¹ 13.2ãR13-2.RïŒæ£ç¢ºç¢ºçãšã«ã€èªä¹æ€å®
1 # æåŸ å€è¡šãäœã 2 makeExptable<-function(m = matrix(c(10, 20, 30, 40),
nrow = 2)) {
3 m1 <- apply(m, 1, sum);m2 <- apply(m, 2, sum);
N <- sum(m);etable <- m1 %*% t(m2)/N
nn n
nn n
1
11 12
2
21 22
â â !! !
!! !
nn n
nn n
n nn
1
11 12
2
21 22
1 2â â â â
â â
Ã!
! !!
! !! !
!
nn nn111 1= +â â
â â
d nn nn121 2= -â â
â â
d
nn nn212 1= -â â
â â
d nn nn222 2= +â â
â â
d
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第 13ç« ãæ£åŽãšæ€å®234
4 }
5 # 2x2è¡šã®ç¬¬ 1ã»ã«ãæåŸ å€ããïŒãã€åãããŠç起確çãè¿ã 6 ProbDistance <- function(m = matrix(c(10, 20, 30, 40),
nrow = 2)) {
7 # åšèŸºåºŠæ°ã»æåŸ å€è¡šãäœã 8 m1 <- apply(m, 1, sum)
9 m2 <- apply(m, 2, sum)
10 etable <- makeExptable(m)
11 N<-sum(etable)
12 d <- seq(from = 0, to = 20, by = 1) #ãæåŸ å€ããã®ãã13 # 4ã»ã«ãšãæ£ã§ãããããªïŒïœïŒè¡šã®ïŒå€ãäœã14 x <- d + etable[1, 1]; y <- -d + etable[1, 2];
z <- -d + etable[2, 1]; w <- d + etable[2, 2]
15 mat <- matrix(c(x, y, z, w), ncol = 4);
mins <- apply(mat, 1, min);matOK <- mat[mins > 0, ]
16 # ç起確çã®å¯Ÿæ°ã®åšèŸºåºŠæ°éšå17 tmp <- sum(lgamma(m1 + 1)) + sum(lgamma(m2 + 1)) -
lgamma(N)
18 # è¡šããšã«æ£ç¢ºç起確çãç®åº19 prob <- exp(-apply(lgamma(matOK+1),1,sum)+tmp)
20 list(x = d[mins > 0], prob = prob)
# xã«æåŸ å€ããã®ãããprobã«ç起確ç21 }
22 d <- ProbDistance(m = matrix(c(10, 20, 30, 40), nrow = 2))
#c(10,20,30,40)ã®ïŒïœïŒè¡šã«ã€ããŠå®æœ23 ylim <- c(0, max(d$prob))
24 plot(d$x, d$prob, ylim = ylim)
25 # optim()é¢æ°ã䜿ã£ãŠæšå®ããé¢æ°ãäœã26 fForOptim <- function(x) {
27 a <- x[1]; b <- x[2] ;c<-x[3]# ïŒå€æ°é¢æ°28 # optim()é¢æ°ãç®æãã®ã¯ãa * exp(-b*x^2) ãšèŠ³å¯å€ãšã®è·é¢ã® èªä¹ãå šèŠ³å¯ç¹ã«ã€ããŠåç®ãããã®29 sum((d$prob - (a * exp(-b * d$x^2)))^2)
30 }
31 optout <- optim(c(1, 1), fForOptim)
# æšå®ããé¢æ°ã®ä¿æ°ã®åæå€ã¯ 1,1ããéå§ããã32 xfine <- seq(from = min(optout$par), to = max(optout$par),
by = 0.01) # 暪軞ã®å€33 optprob <- optout$par[1] * exp(-optout$par[2] * xfine^2)
# æšå®é¢æ°ã®å€34 par(new=T) # è¡šã®æ£ç¢ºç起確çã«æšå®é¢æ°ãéããŠæã35 plot(xfine, optprob, ylim = ylim, col = "red", type = "l")
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23513.2ãåå²è¡šæ€å®
ãããš G1, G2 ãåãéå£ããã®ãµã³ãã«ã ãšããå Žåã®ç起確çã¯ãå³13.2 ã®âã®ããã«ã ãã ãå°ãããªããŸãã
ãã®âã®äœãã«ãŒããäœãããã®èŠåã«åã£ãŠãããããããªããšäºæ³ããŠã¿ãŸããd ã® 2 ä¹ã«å¿ããŠå°ãããªã£ãŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšãåœãããã€ããŠã¿ãŸãã
ã«è¿äŒŒã§ãããããããªããšããããšã§ããR ã® optim() é¢æ°â»1ãçšã㊠a, bã®è¿äŒŒå€ãæ±ããŠã¿ãŸãããã®ããã«ã
ãŠæšå®ããé¢æ°ã®æ²ç·ãå³ 13.2 ã®æ²ç·ã§ããéåžžã«ããäžèŽããŸããã€ãŸãã2 à 2 è¡šã®è¡šã®ç起確çã¯ãæåŸ å€ããã®ãã d ã® 2 ä¹ã«å¿ããŠæžããŠããããšãããããŸããã2 ä¹ã§æžããã®ã¯ãæ£èŠååžã»ã«ã€ååžã»ã«ã€èªä¹ååž
â»1 optim()é¢æ°ã¯ä¿æ°ãšãšãã«æå®ããé¢æ°ãžã®æé©åé¢æ°ã§ããhelp(optim)ã§ç¢ºèªã§ããéããä¿æ°ã®å€ã®æ±ãæ¹ãããã€ãå®è£ ãããŠããŸãã第 13 ç« ã§ã¯ãç·åœ¢è¿äŒŒã«äœ¿çšããŠããŸãã
a e bà - d2
2 à 2 åå²è¡šãæåŸ å€è¡šããå°ããã€ããããŠåŸãããè¡šã®æ£ç¢ºç起確çãâã§è¡šç€ºãããã®ããããã«è¿äŒŒæ²ç·ãéãåãããŠããŸãã
å³ 13.2ãæ£ç¢ºç¢ºçãšã«ã€èªä¹æ€å®
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第 13ç« ãæ£åŽãšæ€å®236
ã®æ§è³ªã§ããïŒç¬¬ 8 ç« ïŒããã®æ§è³ªããã2 à 2 åå²è¡šã§ã¯æåŸ å€ããã®ãããã«ã€èªä¹ååžã§è©äŸ¡ã§ããã®ã§ãããŸãã2 à 2 è¡šã¯èªç±åºŠã 1 ã®å Žåã§ãããåæ§ã«ä»»æã®èªç±åºŠã®è¡šã§ãããããã察å¿é¢ä¿ãããã®ã§ãã«ã€èªä¹å€ãçšããæ€å®ïŒãã¢ãœã³ã®ç¬ç«æ§æ€å®ïŒãæçšãšãªããŸãã
â 13.2.1ããã¢ãœã³ã®ç¬ç«æ§æ€å®ââã«ã€èªä¹æ€å®
NÃMãµã€ãºã®ä»»æã®è¡šã«ã€ããŠãã¢ãœã³ã®ç¬ç«æ§æ€å®ïŒã«ã€èªä¹æ€å®ïŒãè¡ããŸãã
芳å¯è¡šãšãã®åšèŸºåºŠæ°ããç¬ç«ãä»®å®ããŠäœãæåŸ å€è¡šãšã®éããè¡š 13.3ã®ããã«æ°å€åããŸãã
è¡š 13.3ã芳å¯è¡šãšæåŸ å°è¡š
芳å¯è¡š æåŸ å°è¡š
B1 ... Bj ... BN èš B1 ... Bj ... BN èš
A1 n11 ... n1j ... n1N n1ã» A1 e11 ... e1j ... e1N n1ã»
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ai ni1 ... nij ... niN niã» Ai ei1 ... eij ... eiN niã»... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
AM nM1 ... nMj ... nMN nMã» AM eM1 ... eMj ... eMN nMã»
èš nã»1 ... nã»j ... nã»N nã»ã» èš nã»1 ... nã»j ... nã»N nã»ã»
ç¬ç«æ§ã®æ€å®ã®ãã¢ãœã³ã®ã«ã€èªä¹å€ã¯æ¬¡ã®åŒã§äžããããŸãã
瞊軞ãšæšªè»žãç¬ç«ã§ãããšãã«ããã®å€ã芳å¯ãã確çãèªç±åºŠ (M - 1)
à (N - 1) ã®ã«ã€èªä¹ååžã®ç¢ºçå¯åºŠååžãšäŒŒãŠããããšãå©çšã㊠på€åããŸãã
R13-3.R ãããæ€å®ã®èšç®æ³ãèªã¿åã£ãŠãã ããã
en n
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iji j
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23713.2ãåå²è¡šæ€å®
RãœãŒã¹ 13.3ãR13-3.RïŒã«ã€èªä¹æ€å®
1 chisqCalc<-function(m=matrix(c(10,20,30,40),nrow=2)){
# è¡åãåŒæ°ãšãã 2 etable<-makeExptable(m)
3 m1<-length(m[,1]);m2<-length(m[1,]) # è¡ã»åã®æ° 4 chi2<-sum((m-etable)^2/etable)
# å šã»ã«ã«ã€ããŠã(èŠ³æž¬å€ -æåŸ å€ )^2/æåŸ å€ 5 df<-(length(m1)-1)*(length(m2)-1) # èªç±åºŠã¯ (N-1)x(M-1) 6 p<-pchisq(chi2,df,lower.tail=FALSE)
# på€ã¯ãã«ã€èªä¹ååžããåŸã 7 list(chi2=chi2,p=p,df=df)
8 }
9 chisqCalc(m=matrix(c(10,20,30,40),nrow=2))
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13.4ã仮説ã«å¶çŽãå®ããŠæ€å®ãã
åå²è¡šã«ã€ããŠãè¡ãšåãšãç¬ç«ã§ãããšãã仮説ã®æ£åŽãããæ¹æ³ãè€æ°ããããšãè¿°ã¹ãŠããŸããã
æ¬ç¯ã§ã¯ãåäžã®åå²è¡šã«å¯ŸããŠã察ç«ä»®èª¬ã®ç«ãŠæ¹ã«ãããããªå¶çŽãå®ããäžã§ãæ€å®ããããšãèããŸãã察ç«ä»®èª¬ã«å®ããå¶çŽãã¢ãã«ãšãèšããŸããã¢ãã«ãšå€æ°ã®é¢ä¿ãèªç±åºŠã«ã€ããŠå°ã話ãé²ããŸãã
ãã 2 ã¢ã¬ã«å座äœã§ã次ã®ãã㪠2 à 3 è¡šãåŸããããšããŸãã
AA Aa aa èš
ã±ãŒã¹ n12 = 30 n11 = 55 n10 = 15 n1ã»= 100
ã³ã³ãããŒã« n22 = 16 n21 = 48 n20 = 36 n2ã»= 100
èš nã»2 =46 nã»1 = 103 nã»0 = 51 nã»ã» = 200
尀床æ¯æ€å®ã§ã¯ãç¬ç«ä»®èª¬ãšããŒã¿ããæå°€æšå®ããå€æ°ã仮説ãšããŠæ¯èŒã®çžæãšããŸããã尀床ã¯ã©ããªä»®èª¬ã«ãèšç®ã§ããŸãããã尀床æ¯ãããŸããŸãª 2 ã€ã®ä»®èª¬ã«ã€ããŠèšç®ããããšãå¯èœã§ãããã°ãã°ç«ãŠã仮説ã«ã©ããªãã®ãããããèŠãŠã¿ãããšã«ããŸãã
仮説 1. ãžã§ãã¿ã€ããšãã§ãã¿ã€ãã«é¢ä¿ããªããšãã仮説ïŒåž°ç¡ä»®èª¬ïŒä»®èª¬ 2. A ã¯åªæ§éºäŒåœ¢åŒã§ãã§ãã¿ã€ãã«åœ±é¿ããŠãããšããã¢ãã«ã«
åºã¥ã仮説仮説 3. A ã¯å£æ§éºäŒåœ¢åŒã§ãã§ãã¿ã€ãã«åœ±é¿ããŠãããšããã¢ãã«ã«
åºã¥ã仮説仮説 4. A ã¯çžå çéºäŒåœ¢åŒã§ãã§ãã¿ã€ãã«åœ±é¿ããŠãããšããã¢ãã«
ã«åºã¥ã仮説仮説 5. A ã¯åªæ§éºäŒåœ¢åŒã»çžå çéºäŒåœ¢åŒã»å£æ§éºäŒåœ¢åŒã®ãããã 1
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仮説 6. ãžã§ãã¿ã€ããšãã§ãã¿ã€ãã«ã¯ãïŒã©ããã圢åŒã«ããããªãã§ãããã®ã§ïŒç¬ç«ã§ã¯ãªãé¢ä¿ããããšãã仮説
3 ãžã§ãã¿ã€ãã®ãªã¹ã¯ãåäžã§ãããšãã仮説ïŒä»®èª¬ 1ïŒã¯ããžã§ãã¿ã€ãé »åºŠã決ããã®ã« 2ïŒ=3-1ïŒå€æ°ãæç çãå®ããã®ã« 1 å€æ°ã®åèš 3 å€æ°ã§å®ããã¢ãã«ïŒèªç±åºŠ 3ïŒã§ãã
仮説 6 ã¯ãã±ãŒã¹ãšã³ã³ãããŒã«ã®çžå¯Ÿå±éºåºŠãèªç±ã«æ±ºããããã« 2 å€æ°å¢ãããŠãå šéšã§å€æ° 5 åãå¿ èŠãšããã¢ãã«ã§ãïŒèªç±åºŠ 5ïŒãèªç±åºŠã 2ã€å¢ããŸãããåªæ§éºäŒåœ¢åŒã»å£æ§éºäŒåœ¢åŒã§ã¯ããããæ¥åäœã®çžå¯Ÿå±éºåºŠ
ïŒRRïŒããªã¹ã¯ãã¢æ¥åäœãšåãããéãªã¹ã¯ãã¢æ¥åäœãšåããªã®ã§ãèªç±åºŠã¯ 1 å¢ããã ã㧠4 ã«ãªããŸãã
ãããæ¥åäœã®ãªã¹ã¯ã 2 ã€ã®ãã¢æ¥åäœã®ãªã¹ã¯ã®ç®è¡å¹³åã®å ŽåïŒä»®èª¬5ïŒçžå çã¢ãã«ïŒïŒã¯ããããæ¥åäœã®ãªã¹ã¯ã 2 ã€ã®ãã¢æ¥åäœã®ãäžéãã«å®ããŠãã仮説ã§ããããã®å Žåãããããæ¥åäœã®ãªã¹ã¯ãäžéã«åºå®ãããŠããã®ã§èªç±åºŠã¯ 4 ã§ãã仮説 5 ã§ã¯ã3 ã€ã®éºäŒåœ¢åŒïŒåªæ§ã»å£æ§ã»çžå çïŒããããããšããã¢ãã«ã§ããã以äžã®è¡šã®ããã«ãkãšããå€æ°ãçšããŠããããæ¥åäœã®ãªã¹ã¯ãè¡šãããšãã§ããŠãããã«ããããçšåºŠã®èªç±ããããŸããããããªãããã©ããªå€ã§ããšããããšããã®ã«èŒã¹ãå€§å¹ ã«éå®çã§ãããããã®å Žåã¯èªç±ãªå€æ° 4 åãšå¶çŽãããå€æ° 1 åãšãªããå šäœã®èªç±åºŠã¯ 4 ãã倧ããã§ããã5 ããã¯å°ããã§ãã
è¡š 13.5ã6ã€ã®ä»®èª¬ã®æ¯èŒ
仮説 AA ãªã¹ã¯ Aa ãªã¹ã¯ èªç±ãªå€æ°ã®æ°
éå®çãªå€æ°ã®æ°
1 0 0 3 02 1 ïŒ RRAA âŠâ RRAa = RRAA 4 0
3 1 ïŒ RRAA âŠâ 1 4 0
4 1 ïŒ RRAA âŠâ RRAa =ã (RRAA + 1ïŒ 4 0
5 1 ïŒ RRAA âŠâ RRAa = k(RRAA - 1) +1; k = 0, 0.5, 1 4 1
6 0 ⊠RRAA âŠâ 0 ⊠RRAa ⊠â 5 0
â»4 3 éºäŒåœ¢åŒã®æ€å®çµ±èšéã®æ倧å€ãæ¡çšããæ¹æ³ MAX3 ãã¹ãã§æ€å®ããŸããR ãªãRassoc ããã±ãŒãžã® MAX3() é¢æ°ã
12
![Page 19: GNMT CH13 - Kyoto U](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022012412/616bcf31f3c5e21d6b0315bd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
24713.4ã仮説ã«å¶çŽãå®ããŠæ€å®ãã
ä»ããã® 6 ã€ã®ä»®èª¬ãã 2 åãåãåºããŠãããããã®å°€åºŠãèšç®ãããããæ¯èŒããããšãå¯èœã§ãã6 仮説å士ã®æ¯èŒãè¡šã«ãããšè¡š 13.6 ã®ããã«ãªããŸããè¡šã®å·Šäžããå³äžã®å¯Ÿè§ç·ã®äžåŽã«ã¯ã仮説éã®èªç±åºŠã®å·®ãæžã蟌ãŸãã察è§ç·ã®äžåŽã«ã¯ãæ¯èŒã»æ€å®ææ³ã®äŸãèšãããŠããŸãã仮説 5 ãšã®æ¯èŒã®å Žåã«ã¯ãäžèªç±ãªå€æ°ã®åã®èªç±åºŠãæŽæ°ã§è¡šããªãã®ã§ããã®åãαãšããŠãããŸãã
è¡š 13.6ã6ã€ã®ä»®èª¬å士ã®æ¯èŒ
仮説 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 + a 2
2 2 à 2 è¡šãã¢ãœã³ïŒdf = 1ïŒ 0 0 α 1
3 2 à 2 è¡šãã¢ãœã³ïŒdf = 1ïŒ LR æ¯èŒ 0 α 1
4 2 à 3 è¡šåŸåæ§æ€å®ïŒdf = 1ïŒ LR æ¯èŒ LR æ¯èŒ α 1
5 MAX3 ãã¹ã ïŒ ïŒ ïŒ 1- a
6 2 à 3 è¡šãã¢ãœã³ïŒdf = 2ïŒ LRTïŒdf = 1ïŒ LRTïŒdf = 1ïŒ LRTïŒdf = 1ïŒ ïŒ
â» LRïŒå°€åºŠæ¯ãLRTïŒå°€åºŠæ¯æ€å®
â 13.4.1ã1ã€ã®åå²è¡šã«ãããããªæ€å®ãé©çšããŠã¿ã
仮説 1 ãšã®æ¯èŒã«ãããŠã¯ãã¢ãœã³ã®ç¬ç«æ§æ€å®ãé©çšã§ããŸãã2 à 2 è¡šãèªç±åºŠ 1 ã®ã«ã€èªä¹æ€å®ããå Žåãšã2 à 3 è¡šãèªç±åºŠ 2 ã®ã«ã€èªä¹æ€å®ããå ŽåãšããããŸãã尀床æ¯ãçšããŠãèªç±åºŠ kã®ã«ã€èªä¹ååžã«åŸãçµ±èšéãç®åºããŠæ€å®ããããšãã§ããŸããèªç±ãªå€æ°ã®å°ãªãæ¹ã®ä»®èª¬ã®æ£åŽæ€å®ã«ãªããŸãã
ãŸãã仮説 5ïŒçžå çéºäŒåœ¢åŒïŒã®å Žåã«ã¯ã2 à 3 è¡šã«ã€ããŠã3 ãžã§ãã¿ã€ãã«ç·åœ¢ã®ãªã¹ã¯ãæ³å®ããŠãåŸåæ§ã®æ€å®ãå®æœããããšãšåãã§ããç¹ã«ãCockran-Armitage ã®åŸåæ§æ€å®ãšåŒã¶ããšããããŸããåªæ§ã»å£æ§ã»çžå ç圢åŒã¯ãåŸåæ§ã®æ€å®ã«ãããŠãk = 1, 0, 0.5 ãšããä¿æ°ãäžããåŸåæ§æ€å®ãšèããããšãã§ããŸãã
R13-5.R ã§ã¯ãRassoc ããã±ãŒãžã® CATT() é¢æ°ã«ãã®ä¿æ°ãåŒæ°ãšããŠæž¡ããŠç®åºãããŠããŸãã
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第 13ç« ãæ£åŽãšæ€å®248
RãœãŒã¹ 13.5ãR13-5.RïŒ2à 3åå²è¡šã«ãããããªæ€å®ãè¡ã
1 library(Rassoc)
2 # 2次å å¹³é¢ã®åº§æšããã芳å¯ããŒãã«ãäœæãã 3 casecontRTheta<-function(R,t,af,f,N){
4 popW<-c(af^2+af*(1-af)*f,2*af*(1-af)*(1-f),
(1-af)^2+af*(1-af)*f)
5 table<-matrix(c(popW*N[1],popW*N[2]),nrow=2,byrow=TRUE)
6 table[1,1]<-table[1,1]-R/2*cos(t)+sqrt(3)/2*R*sin(t)
7 table[2,1]<-table[2,1]+R/2*cos(t)-sqrt(3)/2*R*sin(t)
8 table[1,2]<-table[1,2]+R*cos(t)
9 table[2,2]<-table[2,2]-R*cos(t)
10 table[1,3]<-table[1,3]-R/2*cos(t)-sqrt(3)/2*R*sin(t)
11 table[2,3]<-table[2,3]+R/2*cos(t)+sqrt(3)/2*R*sin(t)
12 return(table)
13 }
14 af<-0.4;f<-0;N<-c(100,100)
# allele frequency,HWE-f,sample size
15 x<-y<-seq(from=-10,to=10,by=1)
16 #2次å æ Œåç¹ã®ããŒãã«ãäœæãåçš®æ€å®17 cattp<-max3p<-df2p<-domp<-recp
<-matrix(rep(0,length(x)*length(y)),nrow=length(x))
18 for(i in 1:length(x)){
19 for(j in 1:length(y)){
20 R<-sqrt(x[i]^2+y[j]^2)
21 if(x[i]==0){
22 t<-pi/2
23 }else{
24 t<-atan(y[j]/x[i])
25 }
26
27 popdata<-casecontRTheta(R=R,t=t,af=af,f=f,N=N)
28 if(min(popdata>0)){
29 catout<-CATT(popdata,x=0.5)
# Cockran-Armitageã®åŸåæ§æ€å®ãä¿æ° 0.5ã§å®æœ30 domout<-CATT(popdata,x=1)
# Cockran-Armitageã®åŸåæ§æ€å®ãä¿æ° 1ã§å®æœ31 recout<-CATT(popdata,x=0)
# Cockran-Armitageã®åŸåæ§æ€å®ãä¿æ° 0ã§å®æœ32 max3out<-MAX3(popdata)
33 df2chi2out<-chisq.test(popdata,2)
34 cattp[i,j]<-catout$p
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24913.4ã仮説ã«å¶çŽãå®ããŠæ€å®ãã
35 max3p[i,j]<-max3out$p
36 df2p[i,j]<-df2chi2out$p.value
37 domp[i,j]<-domout$p
38 recp[i,j]<-recout$p
39 }
40 }
41 }
42 filled.contour(x,y,-log(cattp,10),color=terrain.colors)
43 filled.contour(x,y,-log(max3p,10),color=terrain.colors)
44 filled.contour(x,y,-log(df2p,10),color=terrain.colors)
45 filled.contour(x,y,-log(domp,10),color=terrain.colors)
46 filled.contour(x,y,-log(recp,10),color=terrain.colors)
ãããã«ãããã¢ãã«ã®ããæ¹ã«åãããŠææ³ãéžãã§ãããšããããšã«ãªããŸããè¡šã§ç€ºããåå²è¡šã®åšèŸºåºŠæ°ãäžããããŠãããšããŸãããã®ãšããG1 ã® 3 ãžã§ãã¿ã€ãã®ã«ãŠã³ãã決ãããšãG2 ã®ã«ãŠã³ãã決ãŸããŸãããŸããG1 ã® 3 ãžã§ãã¿ã€ãã«ãŠã³ã㯠3 ã«ããŽãªã§èªç±åºŠã 2 ãªã®ã§ãæ£äžè§åœ¢äžã®ç¹ãšããŠè¡šããããšã«ãªããŸãïŒç¬¬ 4 ç« ã®æ£åäœïŒããã®ãããªåº§æšããšããããããã®è¡šã«ã€ããŠãèªç±åºŠ 2 ã®ãã¢ãœã³ã®ç¬ç«æ§æ€å®ãå®æœãããšããã® på€ãçããè¡šã¯æ¥åãæããŸãïŒå³ 13.6ïŒaïŒïŒã
åæ§ã«ãçžå çã¢ãã«ïŒbïŒãåªæ§ã¢ãã«ïŒcïŒãå£æ§ã¢ãã«ïŒdïŒã® på€ã®çé«ç·ã¯çŽç·ãäœããŸããMAX3 æ€å®ïŒeïŒã¯ã3 ã€ã®ã¢ãã«ãåããããã®ãªã®ã§ãçé«ç·ããã® 3 ã€ã®ã¢ãã«ãåããããã®ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã
ãã®ããšãããããã®ã¯ã以äžã®ããšã§ãã
â åšèŸºåºŠæ°ãå ±æãã 2 à 3 è¡šã¯ãèªç±åºŠ 2 ã®å¹³é¢ã«ååžãããããšãã§ããŠãèªç±åºŠ 2 ã®æ€å®ã¯ãããã«æ¥åãæãããš
â ãã®è¡šã«ã€ããŠèªç±åºŠ 1 ã®æ€å®ãããããšã¯ãçŽç·ç¶ã®çé«ç·ãåŒããŠããŒã¿ãè©äŸ¡ããããš
â ãã以å€ã«ãçé«ç·ã®åŒãæ¹ãäœããããšâ æ¥åãçŽç·ã®çé«ç·ãåŒãæ€å®ã«ã¯ãæ€å®ææ³ãçšæãããŠããããš
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第 13ç« ãæ£åŽãšæ€å®250
ïŒaïŒãã¢ãœã³ã®ç¬ç«æ§æ€å®ïŒèªç±åºŠ 2ïŒ ïŒbïŒçžå ã¢ãã«ã³ã¯ã©ã³ã¢ãŒãããŒãžæ€å®ïŒèªç±åºŠ1ïŒ
ïŒcïŒåªæ§æ€å® ïŒdïŒå£æ§æ€å®
ïŒeïŒMAX3 æ€å®
ãããã på€ã®åžžçšå¯Ÿæ° xïŒ-1ïŒã®çé«ç·ãæããŠããŸãã
å³ 13.6ãG1ã®ãžã§ãã¿ã€ãã«ãŠã³ããæ£äžè§åœ¢åº§æšäžã«è¡šãããã®
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â 13.4.2ãé¢æ£çãªä»®èª¬ç©ºéã§ã®å°€åºŠæ¯ã®æ¯èŒ
仮説ã®æ¯èŒæ¹æ³ã®è¡šã«ã¯ã2 ã€ã®ä»®èª¬ããããããªããŠããã®ã©ã¡ããã®å€æããããããªå ŽåããããŸãã芪åã®å€å®ïŒèŠªåãªã®ããããã§ãªãã®ãïŒã¯ãã®éšé¡ã«å ¥ããŸãããããã®å Žåã«ã¯ã次ã®ãããªæ€å®ã«ãªãã§ãããã
2 ã€ã®ä»®èª¬ã ããã仮説ã®ç©ºéãã§ãããããã£ãŠã2 ã€ã®ä»®èª¬ããç®åºããã尀床ïŒL(h1)+L(h2)ïŒã足ãåããããã®ãã仮説空éã®å šäœã«ããã尀床ã®åã§ãããããã£ãŠã2 ã€ã®å°€åºŠã®åã«å ãããããããã®ä»®èª¬ã®å°€åºŠã®å²å
ã仮説 hi ãä¿¡ããã¹ãçšåºŠã«ãªããŸããç¹ã«ã確çååžãªã©ãçšããå¿ èŠã®ãªãå€æã«ãªããŸãã
13.5ãæ€å®å士ã®éç¬ç«ãªé¢ä¿
ããŠãåç¯ã§ã¯ 1 ã€ã® 2 à 3 è¡šã«ãããããªä»®èª¬ãç«ãŠãŠããããããªèŒã¹æ¹ãããŠã¿ãŸãããèªç±åºŠ 1 ã®æ€å®ã 3 çš®é¡ïŒåªæ§ãå£æ§ãçžå çïŒãèªç±åºŠ2 ã®æ€å®ïŒãã¢ãœã³ã®ç¬ç«æ§æ€å®ïŒã 1 çš®é¡ãããŸããããããã® på€ã¯ãçžäºã«ç¬ç«ã§ã¯ãããŸããã
ãã®æ§åãèŠãŠã¿ãããšã«ããŸããé©åœã«è¡šãäœãããã®æ€å®çµæãæ¯èŒããŠã¿ãŸãïŒR13-6.RïŒã
RãœãŒã¹ 13.6ãR13-6.RïŒæ€å®å士ã®éç¬ç«ãªé¢ä¿
1 library(Rassoc)
2 Niter<-1000
3 Nca<-1000
4 Nco<-1000
5 chiP<-cattP<-domP<-recP<-rep(0,Niter)
6 for(i in 1:Niter){
7 af<-runif(1)*0.6+0.2
8 df<-c(af^2,2*af*(1-af),(1-af)^2)
L hL h L h
ii( )
( ) ( ); ,
1 2
1 2+
=
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第 13ç« ãæ£åŽãšæ€å®252
9 case<-sample(c(0,1,2),Nca,df,replace=TRUE)
10 cont<-sample(c(0,1,2),Nco,df,replace=TRUE)
11 m<-matrix(c(length(which(case==0)),length(which(case==1)),
length(which(case==2)),length(which(cont==0)),
length(which(cont==1)),length(which(cont==2))),
nrow=2,byrow=TRUE)
12 chiP[i]<-chisq.test(m,correct=FALSE)$p.value
13 cattP[i]<-CATT(m,0.5)$p
14 domP[i]<-CATT(m,1)$p
15 recP[i]<-CATT(m,0)$p
16 }
17 plot(as.data.frame(cbind(chiP, domP, cattP, recP)),
cex = 0.1)
18 cormat <- cor(cbind(chiP, domP, cattP, recP))
19 cormat
ãŸããç¬ç«ãª 2 ã€ã®æ€å®ããã£ããšãããã® 2 ã€ã®æ€å®ã® på€ã«ã¯å šãçžé¢ããããŸããããã®ãããªãšãã«ãã¢ãšãªã på€ã®æ£åžå³ã¯å³ 13.7 ã®ããã«ãã°ãã°ãã«ãªããŸããpå€éã®çžé¢ã調ã¹ãŠæ°å€ã§è¡šãã°æ¬¡ã®ããã«ãªããé¢é£ãããããšããã
ããŸãã
â R ã®åºåçµæ
chiP domP cattP recP
chiP 1.0000000 0.63872128 0.6711991 0.63932199
domP 0.6387213 1.00000000 0.5568540 0.04097478
cattP 0.6711991 0.55685396 1.0000000 0.53840145
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1 # ããŒãã«ãµã€ãº (NxM)ãšäžããŠåçš®æ€å®çµæã®æ¯èŒããããããã 2 CompareTests<-function(N=2,M=2,Niter=1000,Ns=100,k1=10,
k2=3){
3 library(MCMCpack)
4 library(clinfun)
5 pearsonp<-trendp<-kwp<-jtp<-lmp<-rep(0,Niter)
6 for(i in 1:Niter){
7 # $N\times M$ ããŒãã«ãã©ã³ãã ã«äœã 8 fn<-rdirichlet(1,rep(k1,N))
9 fm<-rdirichlet(1,rep(k2,M))
10 first<-sample(1:N,Ns,prob=fn,replace=TRUE)
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11 second<-sample(1:M,Ns,prob=fm,replace=TRUE)
12 t<-table(first,second) # åå²è¡šãäœã13 pearsonp[i]<-chisq.test(t,correct=FALSE)$p.value
# ãã¢ãœã³ã®ç¬ç«æ§æ€å®14 if(N==2){
15 trendp[i]<-prop.trend.test(t[1,],t[1,]+t[2,],
score=1:M)$p.value # ãã¬ã³ãæ€å®16 }
17 kwp[i]<-kruskal.test(second~first)$p.value
# Kruskal-Wallis
18 jtp[i]<-jonckheere.test(second,first,
alternative="two.sided")$p.value # Jonckheere-Terpstra
19 lmp[i]<-summary(lm(second~first))$coefficients[2,4]
# ç·åœ¢ååž°20 }
21 databind<-cbind(pearsonp,kwp,jtp,lmp,trendp)
22 plot(as.data.frame(databind))
23 return(databind)
24 }
25 N<-2;M<-2;Niter<-100;Ns<-1000 # 2x2ããŒãã«26 ctout22<-CompareTests(N,M,Niter,Ns)
27 N<-2;M<-3;Niter<-100;Ns<-1000 # 2x3ããŒãã«28 ctout22<-CompareTests(N,M,Niter,Ns)
29 N<-2;M<-10;Niter<-100;Ns<-1000 # 2x10ããŒãã«30 ctout22<-CompareTests(N,M,Niter,Ns)
31 N<-3;M<-3;Niter<-100;Ns<-1000 # 3x3ããŒãã«32 ctout22<-CompareTests(N,M,Niter,Ns)
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