GLOSSARY

The chapters in this volume contain words from several languages: Bengali, Hindi, Nepali, Sanskrit, and Tibetan. Many Sanskrit and Sanskrit-related words are used in Bengali, Hindi and Nepali, so there is much overlap in the vocabulary related to renunciation in these Sanskrit-related languages. Acknowledging this overlap, we include Hindi, Bengali, and Nepali terms in a single list for Sanskrit-related languages. Because Tibetan and Sanskrit belong to different language families, we list Tibetan terms in a separate list. Where alternative Sanskritized spellings appear in different chapters, we indicate both variants (samsar I a; jnan I a; tapas I ya; vairag I ya) . Three Arabic-derived words (khilaphat, majzub, mazar) are included in the first list, as they are used by Bengali-speaking Bauls.

Sanskrit, Related Languages of Hindi, Bengali, and Nepali

acharya ahamkar ajiv akhand Bharat aryika asan ashram atman avadhut baba bairagi(f bairagini) bansuri bhakti bhandara Bharat

Sanskrit scholar; spiritual leader of renouncer group egotism insentient matter united India noble woman; nun of the Jain Digambar sect seat or posture for meditation hermitage in Hinduism soul in Hinduism ascetic believed to be above all rule an old man; an ascetic Vaishnava renouncer flute devotion in Hinduism feast India

270

bhek bhek-dhari bhog

brahman daitva dan dharma dhoti dhuni diksha

divyalok do tara gaumutra ghar ghuspeti guru havan Hindutva imani batein jati byabasa }ina

jivl a jnan/ a jnanamarg kamkarnewali karma karmayoga karmic kashaya kavatchan

khepa

khilaphat

khukuri kriyayoga

kuti

GLOSSARY

initiation into renunciation, usually Vaishnava or Baul person who has taken bhek or wears clothes signifying bhek enjoyment; suffering; experiencing the result of good or bad deeds ultimate reality; impersonal absolute duty or responsibility contribution; donation; gift duty; moral order; religion waistcloth worn by men sacred fire pit associated with wandering renouncers initiation by a guru that usually involves obtaining a mantra region of celestial beings a lute--like instrument

' . cows unne house or home of layperson infiltrator; spy spiritual teacher in Hinduism sacrificial fire Hindu nationalism human affairs caste occupation literally conqueror; omniscient spiritual teacher of]ainism; synonym with Tirrhankara soul; that which has sentience in Hinduism and Jain ism knowledge; wisdom path of knowledge literallly she who works action or good works; fruits of action in Hinduism the yoga of good works pertaining to actions or good works in this or other lives paSSions tunic worn by mumukshus, upasikas, and samanis in Jainism crazy; mad with longing for Divine; Bauls may append this adjective to their name Caliphate; used by Bauls and some Sufis ro refer to institu­tion of renunciation traditional Nepali curved knife with an iron blade particular yogic technique; used synonymously with karmayoga by some renouncers to mean "the yoga of action" hermitage; small room, especially in a temple

Lalan panthis

ling a

madhukari

mahatma mahavratas majzub

mala maya mazar mithini

mithyadrishti moksha muhpatti mumukshu

mum murti murti puja nigodas nirguna nirjara pagal pandit paramlok path pran I a prasad pratikraman pratilekhna pravachan puja pujari

GLOSSARY 271

followers of the famous Baul practitioner and artist Lalan Shah who lived during the eighteenth century; his songs, sung by Bauls in West Bengal and Bangladesh, have esoteric meanings that are passed on from guru to disciple after ini­tiation (diksha) phallic representation of Shiva; a sign of Shiva's divine pres­ence and spiritual potential gathering honey by a bee; refers to mendicant practice of taking a little from many households and never a lot from one great soul; term of address usually for (male) saints great vows of a renouncer person who has renounced worldly concerns as a result of losing her or his senses; having ecstatic devotion or divine possessiOn garland or necklace; rosary used in recitation of a mantra illusion; attachments and affections one feels for others Muslim shrine dedicated to a saint ritual sister; fictive kinship bond established between two women in Nepal state of ignorance; delusion enlightenment; state of spiritual emancipation mouth covering worn by Jain renouncers one who desires emancipation; term used to describe a first year student at school for monastic training male renouncer icon in which a deiry resides devotional worship of icons the simplest form of life in Jainism without attributes or qualities the elimination of karmas in Jainism crazy; see khepa Brahmin priest heavenly region recitation life force; breath gift from a deiry or holy place; blessed food a ritualized confessional prayer in Jainism the careful checking of clothes, books, and so on for insects religious sermon devotional ritual in Hinduism; veneration ritual officiate

272

rajya roti rup

sadhana sadhu (f. sadhvi) saguna sallekhana samaj samani

samayik samsarl a samskar I a

sannyas I a

sannyasi (f sannyasini) seva shakti shiksha silpi sindhur

sthan sudarshan chakra Sufi Sufism

swami tabla tapas I ya tirthankara

tulsi mala

GLOSSARY

rule; kingdom unleavened flatbread made from wheat beauty; form; color; menstrual blood used in Baul initiation rites religious or ritual discipline; spiritual practice Hindu renouncer; ascetic with attributes or qualities ritual fast to death in Jainism society; community semi-renouncer category within Jain Terapanthi sect; woman who is initiated but permitted some practices forbidden to "full" renouncers, such as traveling by means other than by foot meditation on true self; state of spiritual equanimity cycle of birth, death, and rebirth; worldly existence mental impression forming on the mind; habit; also life cycle rite for Hindu householders renunciation of householder life for other wordly pursuits Hindu renouncer serviCe female creative principle; strength learning; education artist; performer; craftsperson red powder worn by women to symbolize marital status place; location sacred discus associated with Vishnu Muslim mystic mystical form oflslam emphasizing inner meanings of Muslim texts, mystical states to achieve close­ness to God, and the importance of a guide (pir or mursid) to gain knowledge; popular form of Islam in South Asia lord or master; term of address for male sadhus drum ascetic discipline, austerities omniscient spiritual teacher of Jainism; synonym withjina garland made of carved wood from a sacred basil plant worn by Vaishnavas

tyagi(f tyagini)

udasi upasika

vairag I ya vairagi (j vairagini) Vaishnava vanaprastha

vandana vipassana vritti vyavahar yogi (j yogini)

yoni

zildawar

ache ani aphyi be le pang byes

Bon

Bonpo brgya 'bzhi 'bum skor

chomo

GLOSSARY 273

a renouncer; one who has relinquished wordly concerns free from worldly constraints; carefree worshipper; term used to describe girls who are preparing to take initiation into renouncer order detachment; desirelessness a renouncer who is in a state of detachment worshipper of god Vishnu or of one of his incarnations forest dwelling; one of the four stages of life in classi­cal Hinduism devotional salutation a meditative technique inner disposition wordly behavior; business practitioner of yoga; spiritual practitioner m the Hindu or Buddhist tradition female organ of generation; seat, place of rest, home, womb; usually represented at base of Shiva linga icon revenue official in Jammu and Kashmir in the colonial era

Tibetan Language

elder sister aunt grandmother expiatory rite m which ransom figures (be le) are tossed Tibetan religious tradition that predates Buddhism and is still practiced in areas of Tibet and the Himalayas. Now recognized by the Dalai Lama as a fifth sect of Buddhism practitioner of the Bon tradition (Tib. Bon po) expiatory rite involving the ritual tossing of effigies village ritual involving circumambulation of the fields female religious practitioner of the Tibetan Buddhist and Bon traditions who lives independently m a village, without monastic support (Tib. jo mo)

274

dbu mdzad

dge skos dge tsha dgu mig bzlod 'dri chang drogmo

dzo

geshe

gnyer pa

gompa

Kagyu

klu

mchodgnas mkhanpo mnga' 'og

no mo Nyingma

o ma'i rin pe rag

rdo rje slop dpon rgyal mdos ri !a bzhugs byes

Sakya

sgrol chu

GLOSSARY

chant-master; the monk or nun responsible for leading the monastic assembly in chanting a monastic office of disciplinarian village ritual to honor the ancestors expiatory rite involving the tossing of nine effigies begging for beer; event to raise funds for rituals ritual sister; fictive kinship bond established between two women (Tib. grogs mo) yak/cow crossbreed animal used for transport and farm work (Tib. mdzo) highest qualification in Tibetan monastic system, attained after a minimum of nine years of study and thought comparable to a PhD (Tib. dge bshes) steward who organizes funding, food, and finances for a ritual or institution a temple or monastery in the Buddhist or Bon tradition (Tib. dgon pa) Tibetan Buddhist sect known for its emphasis on meditation (Tib. bKa' rgyud) underground spirits that rule over fertility and prosperity of homes, villages, individuals monks serving three-year terms as village ritual officiants abbot; head of assembly ritual, financial, and legal domain of a monastery within which it has jurisdiction younger sister literally "the old one"; earliest sect ofTibetan Buddhism that shares many practices with Bon and is known for noncelibate householder lamas (Tib. rnying ma) literally milk price, paid to a bride's mother jeweled headdress passed on from mother to (usually eldest) daughter at time of her wedding (Tib. be rag) a monastic office, head ritual officiant of monastics expiatory rite involving the tossing of thread crosses literally dwelling on the cliff; refers to a nuns' admission into assembly and more permanent residence at the clifftop nunnery Tibetan Buddhist sect widespread in the Mustang region of Nepal (Tib. sa skya) first watering; laborious process by which fields of seedlings are slowly flooded to prevent soil erosion

skal ba

Tamang

tsa mo tulku

GLOSSARY 275

the share that each nun or monk earns when public donations are divided among members of an assembly major ethnic population living in Nepal's middle hills; they speak a Tibeto-Burman language, practice their own form of Buddhism, and maintain strong links to ethnic Tibetan popula­tions elsewhere in the Himalayas. granddaughter; niece (Tib. tsha mo) reincarnate lama in the Tibetan religious tradition (Tib. sprul sku)

NoTES ON CoNTRIBUTORS

Ann Grodzins Gold is Professor of Religion and Anthropology at Syracuse University. Her research in North India has included studies of pilgrimage, world renunciation, women's expressive traditions, and memories of environmental change. Her publications include four books: Fruitful journeys: The Wdys of &jasthani Pilgrims; A Carnival of Parting: The Tales of King Bharthari and King Gopi Chand; Listen to the Heron's Words: Reimagining Gender and Kinship in North India (coauthored with Gloria Raheja); and most recently In the Time ofTrees and Sorrows: Nature, Power and Memory in Rajasthan (coauthored with Bhoju Ram Gujar), which in 2004 was awarded the Ananda Kemish Coomaraswamy Book Prize from the Association for Asian Studies.

Kim Gutschow is a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Religion at Williams College. She is the author of Being A Buddhist Nun: The Struggle for Enlightenment in the Himalayas (Harvard University Press, 2004), which won the 2005 Sharon Stephens Prize for best ethnography awarded biannually by the American Ethnological Association. She has also written numerous articles on gendering Buddhist monasticism, fasting rit­uals, Tibetan medicine, pilgrimage, and the politics of water. She has worked in the Himalayan regions of Jammu and Kashmir for 15 years, researching the status of women and nuns, the female body, birthing, postpartum practices, and the relationship between Buddhist rituals, social power, and irrigation practices.

Kristin Hanssen received her doctorate from the University of Oslo, Norway, for a thesis titled Seeds in Motion: Thoughts, Feelings and the Significance of Social Ties as Invoked by a Family of Vaishnava Mendicant Renouncers in Bengal. She has worked extensively with Vaishnava Bauls in rural West Bengal, focusing on everyday activities involving singing songs for alms viewed in light of subjective experiences of menstrual blood as a source of physical and spiritual well-being. Her current interests include material culture, popular and political Islam, and issues of gender and modernity.

278 NoTES oN CoNTRIBUTORs

Sondra L. Hausner is an independent scholar researching gender, migration, and religion as a social system in South Asia. Her manuscript Wandering in Place: The Social World of Hindu Renunciation won the 2004 Joseph W Elder Prize in the Indian Social Sciences from the American Institute of Indian Studies and will be published by Indiana University Press.

Meena Khandelwal is Assistant Professor of Anthropology and Women's Studies at the University of Iowa. She has published several articles and an ethnography entitled Women in Ochre Robes: Gendering Hindu Renunciation (State University of New York Press, 2004). She is pursuing research interests in the areas of feminist anthropology, Indian diaspora, and transnational dimensions of Hindu renunciation.

Lisa I. Knight is Assistant Professor in the Departments of Religion and Asian Studies at Furman University. Her research, funded by Fulbright and American Institute of Bangladesh Studies, focuses on how Baul women in West Bengal and Bangladesh negotiate between their identity as Bauls who challenge normative Hindu and Muslim society and their reputation as good Bengali women in the rural communities in which they live. She is currently working on a manuscript, entitled Negotiated Identities, Engendered Lives: Baul Women in West Bengal and Bangladesh.

Kalyani Devaki Menon is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at DePaul University. Her research has focused on women in the Hindu nationalist movement and ties into her broader interests in religious politics, gender, and modernity in India. She is currently working on a manuscript entitled Dissonant Subjects: Women in the Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, and has published articles based on this research including one that appeared in the journal of Asian Studies in February 2005.

Sara Shneiderman is a PhD candidate in Anthropology at Cornell University. She has worked in Nepal since 1994, and has published on a range of topics including women's religious identity, the ritual production of ethnic identity, and the effects of the Maoist movement on rural political consciousness. Her current research ventures across the Nepali border to India (Darjeeling, West Bengal) and China (Tibetan Autonomous Region) to focus comparatively on the construction of cultural, religious, and political identity in multiple national contexts for the Thangmi, a marginalized ethnic community with populations in all three countries.

Anne Vallely is Assistant Professor in the Department of Classics and Religious Studies at the University of Ottawa with primary research interests in the Anthropology of Religion. Her work focuses on the Jain community,

NoTES oN CoNTRIBUTORS 279

both within India and outside of it, and is particularly concerned with gender, women's religious lives, asceticism, diaspora and transnational studies, ethics, and the symbolic construction of human-nonhuman boundaries. She is the author of several articles and essays on Jain teachings and prac­tices, and a book Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnography of a Jain Ascetic Community (University ofToronto Press, 2002).

INDEX

Note: Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.

abandonment,207,208,216,231 abstinence, 15, 17, 18 abuse, 10, 20, 198-9, 256 Acaranga Surra, 227 acharya, 229

defined, 269 ache, 179

defined, 273 Advaita Vedanta, 12, 64 Advani, L.K., 161, 162, 165n2, 165n4 Afghanistan, 154 agenc~27,218n2,249,250,251,

261,265n4 and Bauls, 193 and Hindu nationalism, 145, 165n3 and nuns, 179 spiritual, 90n3 and Tibetan women, 71, 78, 84

aging, 232, 259, 261 ahamkar, 62, 66

defined,269 see also ego

Ahearn, Laura, 161 ahimsa, 225

see also nonviolence ajiv, 225, 226, 233

defined, 269 akhand Bharat, 15 3, 154

defined,269 Allah, 193, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215 alms, 95-6, 105, 108, 109, 115, 117, 119

and Bauls, 191, 192, 194, 197, 198, 200,201,202,203

and Jains, 240

Alter, Joseph, 102 Anandamath (Chattopadhyaya), 150 ani, 179

defined,273 Annapurna, 72, 150 a phyi, 179

defined, 273 Arjuna, 63, 148-9, 153, 156 Arya Samaj, 42 aryika, 229

defined, 269 Asad, Tala!, 163 asan, 125, 129-30

defined, 269 asceticism, 2, 128-9, 195 ascetics, 3, 21, 64, 66n4, 248

images of, 4 asexuality, 18-19 ashramas, 156 ashrams, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 22, 24, 25,

39-68,45, 129, 130, 131,251 andBauls, 107,118,191,198,200,

201-2,205-7 defined, 269 support for, 8, 40, 41, 44, 118 and widows, 260

atman, 28n13, 147, 233 defined, 269 see also souls

authenticity, 71, 84 Baul, 193, 194, 195, 218n4

avadhut, 43 defined, 269

Ayodhya, 145, 161

282 INDEX

babas, 28n6 defined, 269

Babb, Lawrence, 17 Babri Masjid, 145, 161, 162,

165n4 Babur, 162 Bacchetta, Paola, 146 bairagi, 191, 194, 197

defined,269 Bangladesh, 22, 154, 191-222

map, xiv bansuri, 15 7

defined, 269 Baragaun, 72 Basu, Arnrita, 146, 159, 160 Bauls, 5, 6, 7, 22, 95-122, 98, 174,

217,259,263 and celibacy, 18 and sexualiry, 14-15, 16, 193,

194,202 and single women, 191-222

begging, 8, 249 and Bauls, 95-122 and Jains, 259

begging beers, 172, 182 be le pang byes, 183

defined,273 Bell, Sandra, 18 Bengal, 261

see also West Bengal Bengali language, 97 Bengalis, 2, 4-5, 6, 9, 95-123,

191-222,248 Bhagavad Gita, 111, 153

and Hindu nationalism, 141, 142, 144, 148-9, 155, 160, 164

and service, 21, 63 Bhagavad Gita Gyan Yagya, 141, 149,

150, 153, 155, 157, 159-60 Bhagavata Purana, 52, 58 bhakti, 41, 119, 121

defined, 269 see also devotion

bhandara, 58 defined, 269

Bharat, 141 defined, 269 see also India

Bharati, Uma, 142, 143, 145 BharatiyaJanata Parry (BJP), 144, 145,

158-9, 165n4 Bharat Ma, 132 Bharat Mata, 145, 150, 151, 152-3,

157, 158 Bhargava, Rajeev, 146 bhek, 194,195,197,198,200-9

defined, 270 and widows, 260-1

bhek-dhari, 194 defined, 270

Bhikshu, Acharya, 237 bhog, 48

defined, 270 Birbhum, 96, 193, 198, 204 BJP (BharatiyaJanata Parry), 144, 145,

158-9, 165n4 Blee, Kathleen, 159 bodily secretions, 14, 18, 95, 96,

97-9, 104-7, 114, 119, 120, 121, 193

see also menstrual blood body, 4, 12-14, 26, 249, 250, 257,

261-3 and Bauls, 96, 97 andJains, 13-14, 19,223-45 othering of, 233-8

Bolpur, 195, 200 map, xiv

Bon,2, 13,26,69,81 defined, 273

Bonpos,69-93,248 defined, 273

boundaries, 22, 41, 64, 164, 248, 249,263

Bourdieu, Pierre, 184 Brahma Kumari movement,

16-17 brahman, 147

defined,270 Brahmanical Hinduism, 136n11

INDEX 283

Brahmins, 39, 40, 57 and Bauls, 96, 97, 106, 107, 114,

120, 121 and caste, 42, 109-11, 112, 115 and rituals, 62, 66n4, 95, 97, 116 and sacred thread ceremony, 108-9

brgya bzhi, 183 defined, 273

Brhradyaranyaka Upanishad, 24 British colonialism, 49, 64 Buddhism, 2, 4, 23, 69, 71, 73-4, 81,

91n18, 171-89,248 Buddhists, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 20,

171-89 'bum skor, 183

defined, 273 burial, 219n11, 253

Calcutta (Kolkata) map, xiv

c~te,4-5,40,42,48,96,99, 100, 111-16, 129, 133

and Bauls, 193 and Brahmins, 42, 109-11, 112, 115 lower, 119, 120, 121, 184 and mobility, 10

Cech, Ktystyna, 7 4 celibacy, 11-19, 26, 76-7, 85, 160,

195,248,249,262 and Bauls, 191 and chomo, 71, 80 male, 16, 18 see also sexuality

"Chandra's Death" (Guha), 260-1 Char Dham, 135n6 Chasey Kengtse Bon Hostel, 83-4 chastity, 14, 15, 17, 18, 29n19, 119

see also sexuality Chattopadhyaya, Bankimchandra, 150 childbearing, 16, 27, 80, 96, 117,

237,243 Chill uri

map, xiv Chinmayananda, Swami, 144, 148 Chitgopekar, Nilima, 256

chomo,69-93, 70,232 Christianity, 63 Christians, 146 Chudala, Queen, 166n5 circumambulation, 74, 183 communities, 2, 3, 7, 125-6,

127, 130, 132, 133 householder, 5, 8 lay, 2, 5-6 monastic, 1, 7 natal, 2, 6

compassion, 64, 80, 116, 130, 132, 225 Congress Party, 163 cosmology, 17, 247 cremation, 96, 243, 253

daitva, 141 defined, 270

Dalai Lama, 74, 81, 171 dan, 40

defined, 270 Daniel, E. Valentine, 100, 101 Dashnami, 41, 66n5 Dayananda Saraswati, 42 Dazey, Wade H., 64 dbu mdzad, 181

defined, 274 death, 1, 41, 60, 110, 179, 183,264

and Hindu nationalism, 142, 151, 153, 157

and Jains, 225, 239, 242, 243 deities, 46, 53, 55, 66, 120, 201

Bon, 73 worship of, 41, 42, 110, 111

Descartes, 225, 226 detachment, 12, 19, 63

and Bauls, 96, 191 and Hindu nationalism, 141, 147-9,

157, 163, 164 and Jains, 225, 232, 233-4, 237 and service, 65, 66, 147 and wandering, 125 and yoginis, 125

Dev Narayan, 252, 254, 255, 257 shrine, 253

284 INDEX

devotion, 1, 26, 47,49-51,59, 116, 172, 199,251-5

and Bauls, 27, 96, 114, 120, 121, 209-12,214

and Brahmins, 111 ecstatic, 214 and fasting, 234 and Hindu nationalism, 150, 155-7 and Jains, 236 and love, 119 and suffering, 115 see also bhakti; pujas

dge skos, 181 defined, 274

dge tsha, 183 defined, 274

dgu mig bzlod, 183 defined, 274

Dhaka, 193, 220n17 map, xiv

Dharamsala, 82 dharma, 69-93, 117, 142, 150-1, 153,

161, 162 defined, 270 of money, 21

Dharmashastras, 166n16 dhoti, 109

defined,270 Dhritarashtra, 166n15 dhuni, 22, 128, 129, 131

defined, 270 diaspora, 22, 144 Digambar Jains, 227-30 diksha, 200, 234, 237, 238-9

defined, 270 divyalok, 43

defined, 270 Dolanji, 82, 84, 85 donations, 7, 8, 63, 82, 181, 182 dotara, 101, 103

defined, 270 dowry, 8, 175, 203, 206, 244n3 Draupadi, 113, 116, 120 'dri chang, 172

defined, 274

drogrno, 87 defined, 274

Drolma, Khenmo, 30n23 Drugpa Kadyud, 176

see also Kagyu dualism, 225, 241-2 Dube, Leela, 230 Dundas, Paul, 227 Durga, 42, 150 Duryodhana, 153 dzo, 76

defined,274

economics, 4, 8, 16, 21, 25, 70, 71, 75, 80-3,259

for nuns and monks, 180-5 in Zangskar, 173-6, 179

education, 8, 16, 25, 40-1, 42, 77, 80-7

religious, 3, 65, 71, 83-4, 86,88

see also schools Eggan, Fred, 258 ego,4,24,62,63,65,66, 79,156 embodiment, 3, 4, 12-13, 27, 257 emotion, 3, 6, 11, 12, 14, 19, 131,

152,232,238,259,263 and Bauls, 105, 106, 119-20,

121 and Hindu nationalism, 152,

155, 159 and Jains, 242, 243 and widows, 260

ethnography, 22-4, 257-8, 264 exchange of women, 185

faith, 2, 7, 8, 142, 146, 150, 197, 230, 231, 232

fakirs, 97 families, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11-12, 16, 17,

50,232 and Bauls, 191 in Lubra, 75, 76 and nuns, 177-9 poor, 8

fasting, 14, 15, 20, 121, 231, 233-4

feminists, 29n 17 fertility, 16, 173, 183,231,242 fire sacrifices, 41, 42, 59-60, 66n4,

147, 182 food, 45-8,51,65, 101,

113-14, 120 at concerts, 118 and motherly qualities, 132 and ritual purity, 55 and yoginis, 134 see also ritual feasts

Gandhari, 154 Gandhi, M., 144, 148, 260, 261 Ganga Ma, 132 Ganges (goddess), 53, 112-13,

114,115

INDEX

ghar, 129 defined, 270

gharjamai, 200 Ghatiyali, 251,252 Ghosh, Bishnupriya, 151, 152 ghuspetis, 158

defined, 270 Gitagovinda, 157 global perspective, 19-22 gnyer pa, 181

defined, 274 Gold, Ann Grodzins, 115-16, 163,

247-67 gompa, 75, 83

defined, 274 Gopi Chand, King, 256 graves, 202

285

Ganges (river), 10, 13, 21, 56, 95, 104,

Great Prayer Festival, 182 Grosz, Elizabeth, 241 Guha, Ranajit, 260-1 Gujar, 257 112, 126-8, 132

Garhwal, 135n4 "Garland of Devotees," 262 gaumutra, 49

defined, 270 gayak, 194 Gelugpa, 171, 176 gender, 4, 5, 8-9, 26, 27, 57,

65,211,212,250,251,256, 257,262

and Arya Samaj, 42 and Bauls, 120, 121, 192, 193,

196, 216 and celibacy, 14, 17, 18 and Hindu nationalism, 142-5,

150-2, 165 and Jains, 230, 232 and kinship, 174 in Lubra, 71, 72, 77-80,

87,88 and monasticism, 185 and suffering, 115 and Tibetan Buddhism, 173

geshe, 85 defined, 274

gurus, 20, 25, 42, 52-4, 61-3, 107, 108, 195, 248, 256,258

and Bauls, 201 and bodily secretions, I 06 defined,270 and food, 65

Gutschow, Kim, 5, 171-89

hair-cutting ceremony, 75-6 Hanssen, Kristin, 5, 95-123 Hanuman, 162, 167n22 Haridwar, 10, 39-68, 125-38

map, xiv Harlan, Lindsey, 262-3 Hart, George, 119 Haug, Frigga, 14, 230 Hausner, Sondra L., 1-36, 125-38, 256 havan, 41

defined, 270 see also fire sacrifices

Hawley, John S., 262 healing, 115, 252 health, 100-1, 102

286 INDEX

Hinduism, 2, 20, 21, 42, 63, 64, 141-2,259,260

Brahmanical, 136n11 classical, 14 7

Hindu nationalism, 5, 7, 16, 64, 141-69

Hindus, 5, 7, 22, 23, 25, 110, 141-69, 194, 197

and alms, 11 7 and body, 14 and celibacy, 18 and marriage, 11, 17 and solitude, 9

Hindutva, 141-69 defined, 270

holism, 242 hot and cold, 99, 101, 119,

120, 121 householders, 12, 26, 53, 61, 62, 130,

248,258-63 and alms, 15, 117, 119 and Bauls, 104-8, 118-19,

191,194-6,203-4, 208-9,216

communities and, 2, 5, 8 and families, 11 and Jains, 235, 236, 237, 240, 241,

242,243 and karma, 63 and kinship, 50 and Muslims, 195 and rituals, 41 roles of, 150 and service, 65-6 and songs, 257 and widows, 251-2 and women, 10, 24, 150, 231,

232-4,249-50 andyoginis, 125-6, 133-4 and yogis, 129-30 see also laypeople

husbands, 207, 208, 216 and Bauls, 196-204, 205

identity, 247, 249, 251, 254 Baul, 192, 193, 199, 202, 203-4,

207,219n14 caste, 121 and gender, 77-80, 87 and Hindu nationalism, 150 lay, 89 political, 146 religious, 21, 71, 74, 87, 89 yoginis, 134

immorality, 160, 162 inaction, 63, 148-9 incest, 188n17 India, 22

map, xiv see also Bharat

initiation, 11, 23, 41 BauL95,96, 108-9, 12~ 121,192 see also diksha

insani batein, 141 defined,270

interaction, 5-6, 13, 25, 39, 99-100, 119, 121-2, 181

and yogis, 125, 131 In the Name of God, 167n21 intimacy, 6, 19, 24, 26 intuition, 43 Islam, 2, 145, 204 Islamabad, 152 isolation, 9-11 itinerancy, 191

see also wandering

jadugari, 256 Jainism, 2, 225 Jains, 5, 6, 7, 20, 25, 28n9, 223-45,

247,248,259,263 and body, 13-14, 19, 223-45

Jammu, 25, 171 map, xiv

jangli rani, 255-6 jati byabasa, 197

defined,270 Jayadeva, 157

jina, 232 defined,270

Jinnah, 152 jiv, 225, 226, 233

defined, 270 see also souls

jnana,41,64 defined,270

jnanamarg, 43 defined, 270

Juergensmeyer, Mark, 262

Kagyu, 74,91n21 defined, 274 see also Drugpa Kadyud

Kali,67n9,97, 150 kamkarnewali, 46

defined, 270 Kamlesh Bharati, Sadhvi, 149, 150,

155, 161 Kanak Prabha, Sadhvi, 237 Kandahar, 154 Kangra, 255-6 Karachi, 152 Kargil War, 146, 151, 153, 154,

157, 158 karma, 41, 48, 63, 64, 81, 232, 234,

243,244n5 defined, 270 and Jains, 225, 226-7, 239,

240,241 karmayoga, 63

defined,270 karmic, 130, 149, 225, 226, 227,

240,244n1 defined, 270

Karnataka State, 176 Karsha, 171-2, 177, 178, 181, 182,

186n8 kashaya, 225

defined, 270 Kashmir, 25, 146, 152, 166n13,

171, 187n8 map, XIV

INDEX

Kathmandu, 74, 81, 82, 187n9 Kauravas, 153, 166n15 kavatchan, 236

defined, 270 Kelley, Gina, 30n23 Kham (Tibet), 76 Khandelwal, Meena, 1-36, 39-68,

148,232,256 khepa, 193

defined, 270 see also madness

khilaphat, 194, 209 defined, 270

khukuri, 76 defined,271

King, Ursula, 25, 63 kinship, 173, 174-6, 177, 179,

181-2, 185 klu, 173

defined, 274 Knight, Lisa 1., 5, 9-10, 22, 95,

191-222,259 Kolkata (Calcutta)

map, xiv Krishna, 52, 63, 97, 104, 107, 113,

148-9, 153, 155, 156, 157, 193,262,263

kriya yoga, 75, 132 defined, 271

Kumaon, 127 map, xiv

Kumbh Mela festivals, 128 Kurukshetra, 153, !66n15 kuti, 129

defined, 271

Ladakh, 176, 186n4 Ladnun,223-45

map, xiv Lahore, 153 Lakshman, 56 Lakshmi, 11 7 Lalan Fakir (Lalan Shah), 105, 195,

209,219n14

287

288 INDEX

Lalan panthis, 195 defined, 2 71

Lalan Shah (Lalan Fakir), 105, 195, 209,219n14

lamas, 73, 74, 78, 81-2, 85 Lama Tashi Gyalzen, 73, 83 Lamb, Sarah, 99, 161-2, 261 land ownership, 181, 184 laypeople, 2, 5-6, 25, 39-40,

44-51, 88 and Bauls, 195 and celibacy, 77 donations from, 7, 8 and fasting, 233-4 identity of, 89 andJains, 13, 15,224,227,231-2,

235-8,240,243 and nuns and monks, 176-7, 179,

181-3 and travel, 1 0 and yoginis, 126-7 see also householders

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 185 liberation, 147, 148, 156, 166n5, 225,

227,228,234,264 Liberation War, 197 linga, 105

defined, 271 literacy, 78-80, 82, 83 Lo Monthang, 76 love, 119, 120, 121 Lubra Village, 5, 21, 69-93, 186n7

ill., 72 map, xiv

madhukari, 194, 202 defined, 271

madness, 131, 214 see also khepa; pagal

Mahabharata, 63, 113, 153, 154, 166n18

mahatmas, 50, 56-7, 58-9 defined, 271

Mahavir I a, 4, 227, 233

mahavratas, 225 defined, 271

Maira, 112 Maitreyi, 24 majzub, 210, 214-15

defined, 271 malas, 20

defined, 271 male characteristics, 24, 26, 48, 72,

77-80, 151 male institutions, 8, 25, 84 males, 4, 8, 19, 44, 56, 57, 74, 75, 76,

118, 132, 208, 255, 256, 260, 261,263

and Arya Samaj, 42 and Bauls, 193, 200, 203, 259 and bodily secretions, 97, 105,

106, 107 and celibacy, 16, 18 and Hindu nationalism, 142, 145,

151, 154, 163 and Jains, 25, 224, 233, 234, 235 see also monasteries; monks; munis

Manang, 73 mandalas, 176 Mankekar, Purnima, 151, 152, 164 mantras, 74, 108, 109, 110,

111,200 map, xiv marami, 220n20 March, Kathryn, 79 marital homes, 10, 11, 126, 133, 257 marriage, 3, 5, 6, 11, 14, 16, 17, 27,

133, 134, 173, 192,209,210, 211,212-13

and Bauls, 97, 104, 197, 198, 203, 204,205-6,207-8,259

and chastity, 18 child, 64 foreign, 22 in Lubra, 75 and nuns, 185 in Zangskar, 175

Marriott, McKim, 99

INDEX 289

maya, 195, 208 defined, 271

mazar, 210 defined,271

mchod gnas, 183 defined,274

meditation, 20, 43, 71, 76, 130-2 and Jains, 239

men, see males Menon, Kalyani Devaki, 5, 7, 64,

141-69,258-9 Menri Gompa, 82, 84 menstrual blood, 95, 101, 106-7, 263

see also bodily secretions menstruation, 55, 98, 104, 114

first, 107-8 merit, 183, 184, 185, 194 Miller, Joseph, 257 Mira Bai, 262-3 mithini, 87

defined, 2 71 mithyadrishti, 242

defined, 271 mkhan po, 181

defined, 27 4 mnga' 'og, 181

defined, 274 mobility, 9-11, 192

social, 176 modesty, 261-3 moksha, 63, 142, 147, 149, 226, 227

defined, 2 71 see also liberation

monasteries, 8, 9, 10, 74, 81, 82, 85,87

in Tibet, 187nl1 in Zangskar, 172-8, 181-8 see also monks

monastic institutions, 6, 15, 20, 25, 28n9,64, 73,81-2,84,87,88-9

monasticism, 21, 77, 85, 174-6, 185 monkeys, 161, 162 monks, 8, 81, 171-89 morality, 18, 49, 163, 230

mothers, 1, 5, 13, 27, 65, 108, 128, 196,197, 199,207,219nl2,231

and Bauls, 209 chomo as, 65, 80 goddesses as, 107 and gurus, 51 and Hindu nationalism, 149, 151 single, 4, 178, 209 and yoginis, 132-4 see also Bharat Mata; families

Muci Das, 112 muhpatti, 239

defined, 271 Mukta, Parita, 262, 263 mumukshus, 236-7

defined, 271 Mundaka Upanishad, 142, 146-7 munis, 232, 241

defined, 271 see also males

murti puja, 42 defined,271 see also pujas

murtis, 46 defined, 271

music, 22, 98, 192,212,214,217,223 see also singing; songs

Muslims, 22, 110, 161, 197, 210, 216 and alms, 117 and Hindu nationalism, 145, 146 in Zangskar, 187n8 see also Bauls

Mustang Bon Action, 84, 85, 86 Mustang District, 69-93, 248

map, xiv

Nabhadas, 262 Narayan, Kirin, 129, 130-1, 255 Narayan, Uma, 256 Narayana, 62 natal environment, 7 natal families, 5, 6, 249, 259 natal homes, 7, 10, 11, 126, 133,

177-8,179,248

290

Naths, 28n9, 256, 264n2 nationalism

Hindu,5, 7, 16,64,141-69 religious, 22

Nav Terapanth Jains, 20 Nepal, 8, 26, 69-93

map, xiv Nepali language, 78, 82 New Delhi, 141-69, 142, 153

map, xiv nigodas, 226

defined, 271 nirguna, 41

defined, 271 nirjara, 234

defined,271 no mo, 179

defined, 274 nonviolence, 14, 224, 225, 227, 231,

238,241,243 nunneries, 7, 8, 20, 23, 25,

91n21 in Nepal, 74, 187n11 in Zangskar, 171-89

nuns, 1, 77-8,88,89,89n1, 118-19, 186n7,228,250

Jain, 223-45 support for, 6, 259 in Zangskar, 171-89

Nyingma, 74 defined,274

ochre,67, 193,194,199,200,251, 252,253,254

o ma'i rin, 185 defined,274

oral traditions, 250, 256 Organization of Sadhvi Strength

(Sadhvi Shakti Parishad), 141, 145, 149, 150, 153, 160, 161

Padum, 187n8 pagal, 193, 210-15, 216

defined, 271 see also madness

INDEX

Pakistan, 146, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158

Palmo, Tenzin, 28n14 Pandavas, 153, 166n15 pandits, 39

defined, 271 see also Brahmins

paramatma, 62 paramlok, 52

defined, 271 Parmarthik Shikshan Sanstha (PSS),

234-8 path, 60

defined, 2 71 pativrata, 263 Patwardhan, Anand, 167 n21 Pechilis, Karen, 20 pe rag, 175

defined, 274 pilgrimages, 10, 126, 130, 259 place, 128-34 Pluralism Project, 20 politics, 80-3, 259

and celibacy, 15-17 and Hindu nationalism, 141-69

polyandry, 75 possession

divine, 214 power, 12, 25, 26, 85, 126, 127, 241,

242,254-6,259 and aging, 252 and Bauls, 14, 15, 27, 95, 96, 97,

119-20 and Hindu nationalism, 144, 145,

160, 162-4, 165n3 institutional, 71 and nuns and monks, 174,

182, 184 religious, 85, 120, 126, 127, 131 spiritual, 10, 44, 52, 53, 66, 133 and suffering, 115, 119 yogic, 17

Power, Margaret, 146 pran, 101, 115

defined, 271

INDEX 291

prasad, 47, 51, 54, 57, 60, 65, 160 defined, 271

pratikraman, 234, 241 defined, 271

pratilekhna, 240, 241 defined, 272

pravachans, 143-4, 146, 153, 158, 160, 163, 164

defined, 272 prayers, 42, 81, 150, 187n15

and Jains, 223, 231, 239, 241,243

priests Christian, 29 Hindu, 39-40, 48-67, 73, 91, 97,

167,206,252-54,271 householder, 73 see also pandits

primogeniture, 175 PSS (Parmarthik Shikshan Sanstha ),

234-8 pujaris, 62

defined, 272 pujas, 42, 45, 47, 52-3, 62, 113,

118,234 and Brahmins, Ill defined, 272 see also devotion

Puranas, 41 purity, 14, 15, 46, 54-6, 96, 114, 160,

162, 173, 183-4 and Jains, 224, 225, 231, 239,

244n7 Puvali ka Devji, 252, 253-4

Qur'an, 193, 215

Rabi' a of Basra, 21 0 Radha,97, 107,157 Raheja, Gloria Goodwin, 163 Rai Das, Ill Rajagopal, Arvind, 160, 162 Rajasthan, 223-45

map, xiv Rajasthanis 252

Rajputs, 262-3 rajya, 156, 157

defined,272 Ram, 145, 161, 162 Rama, 67n7 Ramakrishna, 64 Ramakrishna Math and Mission,

148 Ramakrishna Order, 147 Ramanujan, A. K., 26 Ramaswamy, 25 Ramayana, 44, 161 Ramble, Charles, 26, 78 Ramjanmabhumi movement, 145,

165n4 Ram rajya, 156, 157 Ranganathananda, Swami, 148 rape, 15, 110, 179 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

(RSS), 144, 145, 163, 165n4

Ravana,67n7, 167n22 Rawalpindi, 152 rdo rje slob dpon, 181

defined, 274 rebirth, 67, 142, 147, 149, 184,

219n13,227,232 see also samsar

reciprocity, 173, 174, 179-80, 183 reflections

of Jains, 239 religion, 4, 7, 12, 25, 162

Tibetan, 70, 71, 73, 82, 84, 85 religious authenticity, 71, 84 religious authority, 16, 71, 81, 85, 160,

162, 163 religious discipline, 3, 9, 42 religious education, 3, 65, 71, 76, 78,

81,83-4,86,88 religious practices, 3, 7, 9, 12, 13,

19,21,24, 74,85, 129,130, 131-2,250

Baul, 9, 192, 210 Bon,5 andJains, 231

292 INDEX

religious practices-continued and laywomen, 15, 231 in Lubra, 70, 71, 73-9, 81-2, 84,

85, 89 Tibetan, 79 and yoginis, 134 see also ritual practices; spiritual

practices religious roles, 73, 77, 78, 84 religious traditions, 2, 4, 20, 27, 73,

80,84-5,163,195,257,258 and body, 12, 13

religious training, see religious education

remarriage, 3, 197, 199,206,207,208 renunciation

history of, 3-11 Reynell, Josephine, 231, 234 rgya! mdos, 183

defined,274 ri Ia bzhugs byes, 1 79

defined,275 Rishi Ashram, 39-68 Rithambara, Sadhvi, 141, 142, 144,

145, 147, 149, 151-5, 157, 159, 160, 162

ritual activities, 24, 40-1, 63, 64, 184 ritual feasts, 56-61

see also food ritual practices, 18, 41, 71, 83, 132,

184, 196,219 see also religious practices; spiritual

practices ritual purity, 54-6 rituals, 2, 20, 64, 81, 182-3, 184

and Bauls, 97 Bengali, 6 household, 3, 5 at nunneries, 182

rosaries, 20, 102-3 rotis, 60

defined, 272 RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh),

144, 145, 163, 165n4 Rubin, Gayle, 185

rup, 122n5 defined, 272

sacred duty, 142, 153, 154-5, 157, 164

sacred thread ceremony, 108-9, 121 sacrifices, 42, 120, 151

and Hindu nationalism, 149, 151, 153, 154, 159

see also fire sacrifices; self-sacrifice sadhana, 9,40,43, 57,63, 106,130,

132,209,212 and Bauls, 193, 195, 196, 202, 203,

204,207 defined,272 and Jains, 243 see also spiritual practices; worship

sadhus, 39, 53, 61,64-6, 104, 106, 107, 109, 117, 120, 194,248

defined,272 and wandering, 129

sadhvis, 1, 5, 6, 126, 131-2, 150-1, 232,237,238,250,259

Hindu nationalist, 141-69 Jain, 236, 239-41, 243

Sadhvi Shakti Parishad (Organization ofSadhvi Strength), 141, 145, 149, 150, 153, 160, 161

sages, 56, 66n4, 67n8 saguna, 41

defined,272 Sakya, 74,91n21

defined, 275 sa!!ekhana, 243

defined, 272 samaj, 194, 208

defined, 272 samanis, 20, 236, 237

defined, 272 samayik, 234

defined,272 Samnyasa Upanisads, 128-9 samsar, 233

defined,272 see also rebirth

INDEX 293

samsara, 1, 142, 147, 149, 160 samskaras, 47

defined, 272 Samuel, Geoffrey, 73-4 sannyas, 96, 108-9, 122n3, 194

defined, 272 sannyasa, 21, 41, 47, 50, 56-7, 58

as service, 63-6 sannyasinis, 14, 39, 59, 65, 192, 250-1 sannyasis, 57, 208-9, 216, 241

and Bauls, 191, 194 defined, 272

Santiniketan, 193, 195, 199,204 map, xiv

Saraswati Dashnami, 39 Sarkar, Tanika, 150, 151, 152, 158 schools, 5, 13, 40, 57, 78, 82, 128,

159,205 Bon,83-7 Jain, 234-6 see also education

sedentariness, 11, 126-30, 131, 132, 133

seed (human), see bodily secretions self, 79, 146, 224, 225, 230, 232,

234,241 self-sacrifice, 99, 115, 119 self-suffering, 260, 261 seva, 21, 41, 53, 62, 65-6, 75, 147,

148,232 defined, 272 and Hindu nationalism, 148 andJains, 231-2

sexuality, 4, 11-19,26,27,65, 151, 192,231,232,250

and Bauls, 14-15, 16, 193, 194, 202 and Hindu nationalism, 151 and Jains, 230, 238, 241, 242, 243 and suffering, 115 in the United States, 29n 19 and widows, 261 see also celibacy; chastity

sgrol chu, 177 defined,275

Shah Ali Bagdadi, 211

Shah Jalal, 210 shakti, 96, 115, 119, 149-54

defined, 272 Shakyamuni Buddha, 73 shame, 231, 262, 263 Shankara, 66n1 Shanta, N., 233 Sherab Miwo, 73 shiksha, 218n6

defined,272 Shiva, 42, 97 Shiva Saraswati, Sadhvi, 154-7 Shneiderman, Sara, 5, 21, 26,

69-93 Shudras, 110 Shvetambar Jains, 118-19

ill.,228 silpi, 194

defined,272 sindhur, 166n8

defined,272 sindhuri, 151, 166n8 Singhal, Ashok, 161, 162 singing, 193,211-15,253

and Bauls, 95-104, 116-18, 121, 197,198,200,205

and suffering, 115 see also music; songs

Sita, 67n7 skal ba, 181

defined, 275 sleep, 14, 18, 52, 129, 227, 230, 239 Smith, Margaret, 210 Saba, Elisa]., 18 social distinctions, 5, 57, 212 social hierarchies, 4, 184, 185 social involvement, 65, 131 social nerworks, 1, 96, 121, 184 social roles, 2, 26, 57, 72, 132, 192,

209,210,212,216,224,231, 247,251

and Bauls, 196, 199 social structures, 2, 16, 126 social values, 3, 64 solitude, 6, 7, 9-11, 66, 199

294 INDEX

songs, 7, 27, 191, 193, 197, 205, 214,257

see also music; singing souls, 115, 147, 223-6, 230, 233, 234,

239,243,255 see also atman; jiv

sound, 99, 119-20 speeches, 158-64 spiritual practices, 144, 148, 215,

224,243 in Lubra, 71, 74-7, 79, 80, 83, 86 see also religious practices; ritual

practices spirituality, 20, 26, 160, 227, 236, 248 Sri Mad Bhagavad Gita Cyan Yagya,

141, 149, 150, 153, 155, 157, 159-60

status, 5, 11, 18,25-6, 126, 134, 176, 184,250

and Bauls, 192-7, 202--4, 207, 214,216

and caste, 41, 42 economic, 71 and Hindu nationalism, 142, 151,

160, 162 and Jains, 225, 229, 234 in Lubra, 75, 79, 88, 89

sthan, 125 defined,272

sudarshan chakra, 157 defined, 272

suffering, 115-16, 119, 120, 121 Sufis, 194,210,212,214

defined,272 Sufism, 210

defined, 272 support

for ashrams, 8, 40, 41, 44, 118 for Bauls, 118 financial, 1, 6, 28n9, 85 for institutions, 7, 8, 9, 28n9,

81, 85 for nuns, 6, 259 for yoginis, 126

Svetambar Jains, 227-30 ill.,228

swamis, 20, 43, 51 defined,272

see also individual names Sylhet, 193,209,210, 220n17

map, xiv

tablas, 109 defined, 272

Tagore, Rabindranath, 97 Tamang, 79

defined,275 Tambiah, Stanley, 173 Tamil Nadu, 115 Tamil poetry, 119 Tamils, 99, 100, 101 Tantrics, 14, 27n4, 96-7, 172, 182-3,

184,263 tapas, 131

defined, 273 tapasya, 64, 260 Tarapith, 96 Tattvartha Surra, 239 Terapanthi Jains, 223--45, 229 Tibet, 8, 21, 69, 70, 73, 262, 263

Chinese occupation of, 80-1 Tibetan language, 78, 82, 83 tirthankara, 237

defined, 273 trade, 76, 77, 80-1, 82, 83,

87, 89 tradition, 21, 86, 134 transmission, 70, 90, 99, 264 travel, 10-11,20-2,24,25, 129, 176,

203,248,251 and Bauls, 7, 191, 203 in Lubra, 73, 76-7, 82, 83,

88,89 see also wandering

Trawick, Margaret, 99, 115, 116, 119-20

tsa mo, 179 defined,275

tulku, 76, 85 defined,275

tulsi, 199 Tulsi, Acharya, 234 tulsi mala, 20 1

defined, 273 tyagi, 191, 194

defined,273

udasi, 220n20 defined, 273

untouchability, 42, 57, 64, 99, 115, 121

Upanishads, 24, 66n4, 67n8, 142, 146-7, 148

upasikas, 236-7 defined, 273

Uttaranchal, 135n4 map, xiv

Uttar Pradesh, 126

vairagini, 233, 237, 238-9 defined,273

vairagya, 66, 233 defined, 273 see also detachment

Vaishnavas, 97, 102, 104, 109, 194, 260-1

defined, 273 see also Bauls

Vajpayee, Atal Behari, 145, 153, 159 Vajrayana Buddhists, 12, 14, 23 Vallely, Anne, 6, 7, 13, 14, 118-19,

223-45 vanaprastha, 156, 166n16

defined,273 vandana, 238

defined, 273 Vande Mataram, 150 Vashisht, 56 Vatuk, Sylvia, 259 Vedanta, 12, 43, 64, 66n4 Vedas,42,63,64,66n4,67n8, 105,

107, 147, 193

INDEX 295

Vermont, 20 VHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad), 141,

145, 148, 156, 159, 161, 165n4 Vinaya, 173 violence, 8, 9, 28n9, 145, 148, 151,

154,232,240,241 vipassana, 20

defined,273 Vishnu, 42, 67n7, 166n18 Vishvarupa, 153 Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), 141,

145, 148, 156, 159, 161, 165n4 Vivekananda, Swami, 64, 144,

147, 148 Volatile Bodies (Grosz), 241 vrittis, 55

defined, 273 vyavahar, 62

defined, 273

wandering, 125, 126, 127, 129, 134 see also travel

Watkins, Joanne, 73 weaving, 79-80 West Bengal, 5, 27, 95-123,

191-222 map, xiv

Westerners, 20, 64, 81, 85, 131, 225,242

widows,64, 133,134,192,207,216, 251,252,260-1

Willis, Janice, 71 wives, 1, 5, 13, 17, 27, 126, 134, 185,

192, 196,216,231,251 Baul, 204-9

womanhood, 11-19 Women in Ochre Robes: Gendering

Hindu Renunciation (Khandelwal), 39

women's roles, 1, 2, 11, 71, 73, 77, 84, 126,133,134,156,257

andBauls, 192,196,199,216 in Lubra, 77 and yoginis, 132

296

Woolf, Virginia, 179 World's Parliament of Religions, 64 worldly involvement, 141-2, 148,

149, 164 worship, 20, 25, 41-4, 57, 97,

102, 104, 105, 107, 113, 117,251,257

and Bauls, 120, 121, 201, 212, 213,215

and Brahmins, 110 and Hindu nationalism, 156, 157 of husbands, 17 and Jains, 236 and suffering, 115 see also sadhana

INDEX

Yajnavalkya, 24 yoga,20,63, 130 yoginis, 77, 125-36, 192, 256 yogis, 43, 125, 132, 256

defined, 273 yoni, 104-7

defined,273 yugal mantra, 200

Zangskar, 5, 6, 8, 14, 25, 75, 77-8, 171-89

map, xiv zildawar, 171

defined,273 Zurba Tashi, 172-3