glossary of spring terminology · leespring.com • call: 888-springs (888-777-4647) • fax:...
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CUST
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GLOSSARY OF SPRING TERMINOLOGY
Active Coils — those coils which are free to deflect under load.
Allow for Set — spring is supplied longer than specified to compensatefor length loss when fully compressed in assembly by customer.Usually recommended for large quantity orders to reduce cost.
Angular Relationship of Ends — the relative position of the plane ofthe hooks or loops of extension springs to each other.
Blue — a thin blue film of oxide on ferrous alloys, sometimes used toindicate that the material has been stress relieved.
Baking — heating of electroplated springs to relieve hydrogenembrittlement.
Buckling — bowing or lateral deflection of compression springs whencompressed, related to the slenderness ratio (L/D).
Closed Ends — ends of compression springs where pitch of the endcoils is reduced so that the end coils touch.
Closed and Ground Ends — same as with closed ends, except that the end is ground to provide a flat plane.
Closed Length — see Solid Height.
Close-Wound — coiled with adjacent coils in contact.
Coils Per Inch — see Pitch.
Deflection Motion — of spring ends or arms under the application orremoval of an external load.
Elastic Limit — maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without producing permanent set.
Endurance Limit — maximum stress at which any given material will operate indefinitely without failure for a given minimum stress.
Free Angle — angle between the arms of a torsion spring when thespring is not loaded.
Free Length — the overall length of a spring in the unloaded position.
Frequency (natural) — the lowest inherent rate of free vibration of aspring itself (usually in cycles per second) with ends restrained.
Gradient — see Rate.
Heat Setting — fixturing a spring at elevated temperature to minimizeloss of load at operating temperature.
Helix — the spiral form (open or closed) of compression, extensionand torsion springs.
Hooks — open loops or ends of extension springs.
Hot Pressing — see Heat Setting.
Hydrogen Embrittlement — hydrogen absorbed in electroplating orpickling of carbon steels, tending to make the spring material brittle andsusceptible to cracking and failure, particularly under sustained loads.
Hysteresis — the mechanical energy loss that always occurs undercyclic loading and unloading of a spring, proportional to the areabetween the loading and unloading load-deflection curves within theelastic range to a spring.
Initial Tension — the force that keeps the coils of an extension spring closed and which must be overcome before the coils start to open.
Load — the force applied to a spring that causes a deflection.
Loops — coil-like wire shapes at the ends of extension springs thatprovide for attachment and force application.
Mean Coil Diameter — outside spring diameter minus one wirediameter.
Modulus in Shear or Torsion — coefficient of stiffness for extensionand compression springs.
Modulus in Tension or Bending — coefficient of stiffness used fortorsion and flat springs (Young’s Modulus).
Moment — see Torque.
Open Ends, Not Ground — end of a compression spring with aconstant pitch for each coil.
Open and Ground End — “open ends, not ground” followed by an endgrinding operation.
Passivating — acid treatment of stainless steel to removecontaminants and improve corrosion resistance.
Permanent Set — a material that is deflected so far that its elasticproperties have been exceeded and it does not return to its originalcondition upon release of load is said to have taken a “permanent set”.
Pitch — the distance from center to center of the wire in adjacentactive coils (recommended practice is to specify number of active coilsrather than pitch).
Preset — see Remove Set.
Rate — change in load per unit deflection, generally given in pounds perinch.
Remove Set — full compression of a spring to solid state bymanufacturer when needed to prevent length loss in operation.
Residual Stress — stresses induced by set removal, shot peening, coldworking, forming or other means. These stresses may or may not bebeneficial, depending on the application.
Set — length loss in operation due to the high stress condition of thespring.
Shot Peening — a cold working process in which the material surface ispeened to induce compressive stresses and thereby improve fatigue life.
Slenderness Ratio — ratio of spring length to mean coil diameter.
Solid Height — height of a compression spring when under sufficientload to bring all coils into contact with adjacent coils.
Spring Index — ratio of the mean coil diameter to wire diameter
Squared and Ground Ends — see Closed and Ground Ends.
Squared Ends — see Closed Ends.
Stress Range — the difference in operating stresses at minimum andmaximum loads.
Stress Relieve — to subject springs to low-temperature heat treatmentso as to relieve residual stresses.
Squareness of Ends — angular deviation between the axis of acompression spring and a normal to the plane of the ends.
Squareness Under Load — same as in Squareness of Ends, exceptwith the spring under load.
Torque — a twisting action in torsion springs which tends to producerotation, equal to the load multiplied by the distance (or moment arm)from the load to the axis of the spring body. Usually expressed in inch-oz., inch-pounds or in foot-pounds.
Total Number of Coils — number of active coils plus the coils formingthe ends.
Trapped Stress — see Residual Stress.
REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AND CERTIFICATIONS
ROHS COMPLIANCERoHS 2 (European Directive 2011/65/EU on Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances) is European legislationthat restricts the levels of Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Hexavalent Chromium, Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB) andPolybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) present in electrical and electronic equipment sold in the European Union,commencing July 1, 2011. All Lee Spring Stock Products, with the exception of Cadmium Plated MIL-SPEC Springs, comply with the RoHS 2 Directive, including Directive (EU) 2015/863 amendment.
REACH COMPLIANCEREACH (Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) refers to European UnionRegulation No 1907/2006. The aim of REACH is to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environmentfrom the risks that can be posed by chemicals. All Lee Spring Stock Products, with the exception of Cadmium Plated MIL-SPEC Springs, comply with this regulation.
While the vast majority of Lee Spring Custom Products are also RoHS and REACH compliant, please note that certainspecifications requested by our customers may not be compliant. Lee Spring only manufactures products that are not incompliance with these regulations upon customer request and can advise customers on RoHS or REACH compliance issues if there is any uncertainty.
DFARS COMPLIANCEDFARS 252.225-7014, Alt.1 prohibits prime government contractors and all suppliers at every tier from incorporating“specialty metals” (as defined in the clause) into military parts, components and/or end item deliverables unless the specialty metals have been: • melted in the United States • its outlying areas, or • a qualifying country listed in DFARS 225.872-1.
Articles manufactured in a qualifying country, regardless of where the specialty metal may have been melted, are not subjectto the requirement.
Based on the definition of “specialty metals”, as given in DFARS 252.225-7014, Music Wire Hard Drawn MB, and Oil Tempered MB spring wire are excluded from this requirement. However, Stainless Steel 301, Stainless Steel 302, Stainless Steel 316, Stainless Steel 17-7, and Oil Tempered Chrome Silicon are considered “specialty metals” (are not excluded) and therefore may be restricted for use under DFARS 252.225-7014.
Not all of the wire used by Lee Spring in the manufacture of our products is melted in the United States or in any of the otherqualifying countries. Should the products you need fall under the DFARS 252.225-7014 requirement, you will need to contactLee Spring Customer Service or Engineering so that your requirement can be processed as a custom transaction. This mayinvolve an increase in price, lead time, or both, on a case by case basis, depending on the availability of a suitable supply ofthe restricted alloy required.
MS (MATERIAL TRACEABILITY)All Stock Spring products are available with Material Traceability certification; these products should be designated with thesuffix MS. There is a documentation surcharge included in the price. Please contact Lee Spring for pricing.
All Custom Spring products are available with Material Traceability certification. Please be sure to specify your requirement for these documents when placing a custom order.
EXPORT REGULATIONSAll Lee Spring Stock products are exempt from and therefore compliant with the International Traffic in Arms Regulation(ITAR) (22 CFR 120-130). Note that any customer required modifications to form, fit or function specifically for a militaryapplication would preclude such exemption.
MIL-SPEC SPRINGSLee Spring now stocks the complete line of products meeting Military Standards Compression Springs (AS24585) and Extension Springs (AS24586) as detailed on page 329. Material Traceability certification is included with MIL-SPEC Spring orders. DFARS material compliance is also included for stainless steel MIL-SPEC Springs.
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Global FlexibilityAn expanding global presence and an in-depth knowledge of the worldwide marketplace puts
Lee Spring at the leading edge of creating market-specific solutions.
With steady focus and attention to detail, Lee Spring partners with your business to find solutions
that meet your geographic requirements wherever your business takes you in the world.
Serving Industries WorldwideLee Spring is your global source for stock springs, custom springs, and wire products forinternational industries including:
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LOCATIONS
385leespring.com • Call: 888-SPRINGS (888-777-4647) • Fax: 888-426-6655
Global HeadquartersNew York
Lee Spring140 58th Street #3CBrooklyn, NY 11220
Phone: 888-777-4647Fax: 888-426-6655
North America LocationsArizona
1235 North Hobson StreetGilbert, AZ 85233
Missouri1334 Charlestown Ind. Dr.
St. Charles, MO 63303
Connecticut245 Lake AvenueBristol, CT 06010
North Carolina104 Industrial Ave.
Greensboro, NC 27406
Mexico & Latin AmericaMexico
Lee Spring de MexicoAve. Apolo 519, Edificio 22
Parque Industrial Kalas del PonienteSanta Catarina, N.L. 66367 Mexico
Phone: 1 800 110 2500Phone (Mexico): +52 818 308 7070
Fax: +52 818 308 [email protected]
AsiaChinaLee Spring – Suzhou2F Block 15No. 8 Dong Fu RoadSuzhou Industrial Park,Suzhou, 215123, PRCPhone: +86 512 6706 7226/7/8 Fax: +86 512 6706 [email protected]
Lee Spring – Tianjin2nd Floor. Building 11F Block 3, No. 7 Hongxuan RoadHuaming High-Tech ZoneTianjin, PRC, 300308 Phone: +86 22 5823 7228 Fax: +86 512 6706 [email protected]
India & Middle EastIndiaLee Spring Company India Pvt. Ltd.Plot No: 182, Hosur Main Road Bommasandra Industrial Area,Bommasandra, Bengaluru, Karnataka – 560 099 IndiaPhone: +91 80 49376666Fax: +91 80 [email protected]
EuropeEngland
Lee Spring LimitedLatimer Road
Wokingham, Berkshire,RG41 2WA, England
Phone: +44 118 978 1800Fax: +44 118 977 [email protected]
GermanyLee Spring GmbH
Altenaer Straße 2358507 Lüdenscheid GermanyPhone: 0049 2351 985 949 0
Fax: 0049 2351 985 949 [email protected]
HOW TO ORDER
386 leespring.com • Call: 888-SPRINGS (888-777-4647) • Fax: 888-426-6655
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Need a Quote?Lee Spring can provide a stock or custom quote on the parts you need. Get up to the minute inventoryinformation on all stock parts with just one call. Lee Spring pricing is available online 24/7 for quantitiesup to 1,000 pieces. For higher quantity, contact Lee Spring by calling 888-777-4647, [email protected] or fax 888-426-6655.
Need Engineering or Technical Support?Work directly with an experienced Lee Spring Engineer from design through production. Lee Spring hasbeen manufacturing springs since 1918 and we offer the highest quality technical support in the industry.Call us at 888-777-4647 or email us at [email protected]
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P 888.SPRINGS (888.777.4647) | F 888.426.6655 | leespring.com | [email protected]©Copyright 2019 Lee Spring Company. All registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Selection25,000+ products available plus custom products made to your specifications.
In StockSprings ready to ship today.
SupportEngineering and customer service ready Engineering and customer service ready to assist.
More ValueFREE Standard Ground Shippingon Stock Springs in the Continental United States.
FREE Platingon all Music Wire Stock Springs.
FREE Grindingon all Standard Stock Compression Springs.on all Standard Stock Compression Springs.
FREE Passivationon 302, 316 & 17-7 Stainless Steel Springs.
Expert Engineering Assistanceon Stock Springs and Custom Springs.
Certificate of Complianceon all Stock Springs and Custom Springs.
Guaranteed RoHS ComplianceGuaranteed RoHS Complianceon all Music Wire Stock Springs.
Live Customer Service Supportat all locations.
Comprehensive Websitewith online ordering.
Enhanced CAD Downloadson Stock Spring designs.on Stock Spring designs.
The Lee SpringDifference
Free StandardGround Shippingon all stock spring orders of $40 or more in the Continental United States.
Custom SpringsMade to Your Specifications• Engineering support from design
through production• Extensive material and finish options• Global manufacturing and distribution• CAD Assisted product design• Governmental and industrial
regulatory expertise• Prototypes through large production runs
SpringsIn Stock, Ready to ship.
Global FlexibilityManufacturing and Distribution• North America• Latin America• Asia• Europe
See page 385 for locations.
888-777-4647 (888-SPRINGS)Visit: leespring.com | Email: [email protected] | Fax: 888-426-6655
ISO 9001Registered
2019
STOCK & C
USTOM
SPRINGS 2019
P 888.SPRINGS (888.777.4647) | F 888.426.6655 | leespring.com | [email protected]©Copyright 2019 Lee Spring Company. All registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Selection25,000+ products available plus custom products made to your specifications.
In StockSprings ready to ship today.
SupportEngineering and customer service ready Engineering and customer service ready to assist.
More ValueFREE Standard Ground Shippingon Stock Springs in the Continental United States.
FREE Platingon all Music Wire Stock Springs.
FREE Grindingon all Standard Stock Compression Springs.on all Standard Stock Compression Springs.
FREE Passivationon 302, 316 & 17-7 Stainless Steel Springs.
Expert Engineering Assistanceon Stock Springs and Custom Springs.
Certificate of Complianceon all Stock Springs and Custom Springs.
Guaranteed RoHS ComplianceGuaranteed RoHS Complianceon all Music Wire Stock Springs.
Live Customer Service Supportat all locations.
Comprehensive Websitewith online ordering.
Enhanced CAD Downloadson Stock Spring designs.on Stock Spring designs.
The Lee SpringDifference
Free StandardGround Shippingon all stock spring orders of $40 or more in the Continental United States.
Custom SpringsMade to Your Specifications• Engineering support from design
through production• Extensive material and finish options• Global manufacturing and distribution• CAD Assisted product design• Governmental and industrial
regulatory expertise• Prototypes through large production runs
SpringsIn Stock, Ready to ship.
Global FlexibilityManufacturing and Distribution• North America• Latin America• Asia• Europe
See page 385 for locations.
888-777-4647 (888-SPRINGS)Visit: leespring.com | Email: [email protected] | Fax: 888-426-6655
ISO 9001Registered
2019
STOCK & C
USTOM
SPRINGS 2019