Globalizationln this pockage:

1. Pre-reading activity on Globalization

2. Write-up on Globalization: What is it? What does it mean?

3. Write-up on Globalization in the areas of Trade, Finance and MNcs

4. Post-reading activity on Globalization in the areas ofTrade, Finance and

M NCs

5. Write-up on Globalization in the areas of Cultural and Communication

Tre nd s

6. Post-reading activity on Globalization and Culture

7. Write-up on Globalization and the Environment, Politics and Law

8. G lobalization Fact Sheet

9. 'The Clash of Civilizations' by Samuel P. Huntington

10.'Was Samuel Huntington right after all', by Fouad Ajami, IHT

ll.Questions on 'Was Samuel Huntington right after all?'

12.'selling Globalization: The Myth of the Global Economy', by Michael Veseth'

l3.Questions on 'Selling Globalization: The Myth of the Global Economy'

14.'Cultural lmperialism: An American Tradition', by Julia Galeota

15.Post-reading activity on 'Cultural lmperialism: An American Tradition'

1.6.'Cultural Globalization', by James L. Watson, Encyclopedia Britannica

17. Post-reading activity on'Cultural Globalization'

18.'Jihad vs McWorld'by Benjamin Barber

19.Post-reading activity on 'Jihad vs McWorld'

20.'Cyberterrorism: How real is the threat?, by Gabriel Weimann

21.'Responding to Transnational Crime', by Raymond E. Kendall

22.'G loba lization, Terror's Unwilling Ally', by Loretz Napoleoni

23.'Globalization and Terrorism', by Jamal R. Nassar

24.Post-reading activity on Globalization and Terror - DEBATE!

25.Application Question Revision

Pre-reading activity

What is globalization?

smdll oroup discussions

Qn What do you think globalization is? How does globalization

impact your life directly? Are there individuals in our society who are

somehow not impacted by globalization? Who are they?

Qn lf we were to attempt to eliminate globalization and itsinfluence, how would you go about doing so? What constraints would

Qn lmagine a world without globalization. Would we be better orworse off? Why?

Share your onswers with the rest of the closs.

G lobalization

1. Whot is it? Whot does it meon?

It involves the stretrhing and deepening of social relations and institutions acrossgeographical boundarles such that, day'to-day aciivities are increasingly influencedby events happening on the other side of the globe. Also, the activities of localcommunities can have significant global reverberations

Globalization means that many chains of political, economic and social activity arebecoming inter regional or inter-contin€ntal in scope. L;nkages between societiesare well documented in history. The difference today is the intensification of levelsof interaction and ;nter connectedess between societies.

The modern global system stretches social relations through new dimensions olactivity through phenomena such as communication networks and new informationtechnology. These differ from the historical forms o{ globalization as the networks ofconnections are far more extensive, far more intense and have a far more massiveimpact on a global scale.

Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, involving diverse domains ofactivity and interaction, including economjc, political, technological, military, legal,cultural and environmental.

The significance of globalization differs for individuals, groups and countries.Obviously, societies that are intensely connected are sitnificantly impacted byevents happening elsewhere. That said, seemingly disconnected socicties can alsofind themselves profoundly affected by globalization.

Globalization is rharacterised by asymmetry. Not all peopie will have similar access

to global network5 and infrasiructures. At the same time, such networks have anuneqLral effect on the well being ot people, classes, ethnic groupings and genders.

2. Trade

Giabaliictian n,as Jirst seen 6t o meoas cj decreasing the poverty icvel oJ the vlarla.By ollawing the free law aJ cheop gaods of o high quolity produced os a result of theodvontoges af moss production, if would theoreticolly allow cansumers o widerI unqe af p,adu(, < of h.qhpt quol;Iy ot lowet p]| p,

The thinking was that each country could then focus on the means of productionwhere they had the greatest comparative advantage and the movement of labourintensive industries to less developed nations with lower wage structures wouldincrease the economic growth of these nations by providing employment at higherwages than subsistence agrlculture, the main economic activity o{ these nations.Jhis movement gained inrpetus under the direction of the World Trade Organization\\/hich encouraged barrier Jree trade on an international basis. The developednations supported this movement as they would now have new markets for theindustrial goods they produced and the less developed nations were encouraged bythe rapid economic growth of the 4 'Asian ti8ers' (Hong Kong, South Korea,Singapore and Taiwan) to try this route to economic development and employmentopportunities.

_the Llnforeseen results were that subsistence farmers were displaced and became

slLrm dwellers in urban re8ions and the small and medium industries in the lesserdeveloped nations were unable to compete against the cheap goods sold by thetransnational corporations and the franchisees of multinational corporations basedin the developed nations. Furthermore, the tax structures and environmental lawsof many small countries, desperate for investment by transnational corporations,tlrere negatively impacted by Sovernments/ attempts to woo such investm€nts. lnthe present economic climate, while most people a8ree that the world economy haslmproved to some degree thanks to globalization, the reality is that most people

argue that this has becn at the expense of ihe quality of life of the poorest peoplesln the Third World nations and the envlronment.

3. Finance

The exponsian of glabolfinonciollows around the warld hos been stoggering in thelast ttn to fifteen years. Fareign exchange turnover is no\^/ aver a trillian dollars otioy lhe Ja.i lttot ioda1,. cornponies can raise and invest rnoney regardless ol{:eagrophical boundories, m€ons thot we naw have o highly inteeraled internaliotlolli.tonce syster, for example, mony Chinese businesses ore listed in the Singopore:iack ExchonEc. As a conscquence, it is ihcreosinEly diff;cult Jor aounlries ta put:u€;rdependent fianetar.\t po!r(ies. lnevitably, manetcr)t policy must now be done(cking into octoL)nt the intetests oJ sometimes powetful Jarelgn entities investing ortc,aing capital )r a hatt covnity

The 'Asien Finencial Crisls'of 1997 and sinTilar tlnanLiai meltdowIs such as the onefailowinSthe Septernber 11 :001 incident have shown that world financial nrarketsarc incxtricabl_! linked Globalization has clearly meant that whal happens in une

part of the flnancial world impacts on the rest ot the !rorld. Yet this not the greatest

threat resulting trom globa i2ation The issue of speculative influences over thee(onomies of soverergn naticns wds firlt raised Dr. Mahathir N4oh:rnmed, thcnPrime Minister oI Malaysla, during the onset o{ the Atian Financial C ris is. The second

and more insidious netative impact ol globalization has been lhe holdinB of small

sovereiBn nations to ransom by Trans National Corporations Though China may have

been the first nation to embrace Blobalization through the voyages of the admiralChenB Ho, and the most ardent supporter of Free Trade today, Slobalization is seen

as a Western policy run for the benefit of the developed nations. The transfer oftechnology and jobs notwithstanding, the loss of sovereign power and cultural and

economic independence to the EU and the US is the main result observed in manyThird World nations.

3 1 Passible Iinks between Globolizotian ond Paverty

Presently, a global agenda seemingly focuses upon the possible links betweenglobaiization and poverty, epitomized by the United Nations Millennium Summit inSeptember 2000. Among the values and principles meniioned in the United NationsMillennium Declaration, the links between globalization and poverty wereemphasized:

Furthermore, in a show of unguarded cptimisrn about translnting rhetoricalintentions into an operative plan for development and poverty eradicatlon, theleaders o{ the world committed themselves to the followirrg deadline:

The central challenge we face toclay is to ensute lhat globaltzation becones apostlive force far alllhe worid s people lls benefls are unevenly shared. $lhle itscosts are unevenly d$lnbuted

We furlhet tesalve lo tial\,e by 20't5 lhe propanictt of the world s people \rha earnless ;itan ane dallat a day ryhc sufter han hutget and wha leck access 1() safe

This declaraticn cf good intention demonstrates, at least at the rhetorical level, thatthere is an emerging consensus withln the international community about theimportance of the links between globalization and poverty and inequality, and thatglobalization should fult,ll a positive role in reducing and eradicatinB poverty. At thesame time, there is a serious disagreement about whether the link betweenglobalizat;on and poverty and inequalily is a positive or a negative one; that is,

whether globalization creates more poverly or reduaes it. Moreover, ii is notcompletely evident that globaiization can reduce poverty. Alter all, divergentideological, philosophical, normative, and theoretical epproaches 1o internationalrelations and internationil political economy Benerare dil{ereni interpretations ofsimilar {acls. The assumption that the rnvisible and polent force5 o{ Blobalization{j'rcluding markets, science, and technologv) will resolve the problems of inequ.lityand poverty is not completely reassuring, considering the lingerlng realiiy of at !east

a billion peopie l;ving in absolute povefiy.

It is becoming incrcasrngly evident, both in rhetoriral ternrs and in ihe actualpractrce of states .nd iilernalronal institutions, that ihere are tangible and.ubslanti-l lliks belween glob!lizatroir and povcrty. For insiance, the UritedNations Development Pro8ramme (UNDP) sus8ests that colrntries should link theirpoverty-reliel programs not ony to their national poiicies but also to theirinternalional economic and financial policies. Ihus, in a world of increasrngcconomlc integration and globalization, those links can be crucial. For instance, sincethe Blobal recession ln lhe 1980s it has become evident that lhere is a directrelationshlp between external debt and poverty.

At the same time, what remains ambiguous is the character and direction of thesepossible links, ultimately interpreted according to divergent paradigms ofinternatlonal political economy and disparate normative views, such as realist,liberal and radical viervs. For instance, the liberalview of global economic relations,based on mutual and complex interdependence, reeards international economicrelations between developed and devcloping countries as mutuallV beneficial andbenign. ln this view, the forces of globali2atlon will eventually stimulate theeconomlc growth in the developing nations, thus reducing and even eradicatingpoverty. ln contrast, a more radical view maintains that the global economrcrelations between Northern hemisphere and Southern hemisphere are asymmetricaland approximates a type of zero sum relationship, accordiog to which the forces ofglobalization exacerbate inequality and poverty.

ln logical terms, speculation on thc potential links between globalization andpoverty prod uces the following ten pos5ibilities:

(a) Glaboltzotion causes ond deepens poverty;(b) Glabolization r€du(es ond even resolves the problem of poverty;(c)There is no necessary link between globalizatian and povefty;(d)Ihere is o negotive impa.t in the:hort term, tutning inta o pasitive impact an theavetallecanamy in the lang run;(e) Iher€ is a positive itnpoa:f in the shorl tenn, tuntnO tnla a rcaattve tmpoct an thecvercllercnonty in the lang Lerm;(f) there is a negalive tnpact ta a ctrtoin pa)nt, then the relationship becomesneutrol or insiq niJicont;(g) Iherc is a pasitive tff)poct ta o te.toin painl. then the rtlatianship becamesn eutral or insi g n iJtca nt ;(h) Iherc is 6 neutral ar itjsignifi(ont t.lotionship ot the beginnirtg, then becomes opasjl ive relattonsh ip; ond(i) Iher. is a neutral ar tnsiqniJicant r€lotionship ot the beginning, then becotnes on egulive relal iaDshi p.

\l/hat s evlcenl fron all lhose possiLle permutaticns is thal the links betweenglobelization and povert! are complex .nd ambiguous. The que<tion still remains ofwheiher gicbalizatio|r promi3es to ij{t the economies of developing nations, orcxacerbaies lncome gaps within and bctween nations, or perhaps leads to both(ontradiciory processes simultaneously. ln this sense, elobalizalion and poverty areifterdepen.ientr B obn i.ation noi onl,,/ alfects poverty but, ln turn, poveriy mightdctermlne tl-e fatc ol F oballzation.

4. Multinational Corporations

MNCs such os Nike, Sony,Ioyoto, Hondo ond Ford ore todoy a driving fotce behindglobalizotion, moking warld trode ond finoncial morkets more integroted.

MNCs naturally engage in Foreign Direct Investment iFDl), pLlmping money into hosteconomies, advancing the pace of the local economy and translerring technology as

well as knowledge and skills. Most MNCs are from Japan and the lJnited States(approx 89%), with about another 9% cominS from Iurope. Between 1993 and 1999worldwide flow of FDltripled, and even in the midst of the'Asian Financial Crisis' in,

FDI to the developing world was USS165 billion.

FDI involves a long term interest in the host country and also implies thatthese MNCs have a profound effect on macroeconomic policy. They can respond tovariations of interest rates by raising finance in the most favourable capital market.lhey can shift their demand for employment to countries that have the lowestelnployment costs. They can move their activities into the industries which give

them the most benefits. The fact that MNC5 can act in these ways influencesgovernment policy and shapes economic strategles.

MNCs do more than just expand the amount of tapiial in an economy. They also

increase technical skills and innovation of lhe host country. MNCs enable the localpopuiation to learn business skills, such as production methods, management

techniques and access to export markets. For example, if Toyota sets up a car plantouiside of Japan, it would need to traln locals to ensure that high quality standards

are retained. l{ Toyota gets a competitive advantage, the host counlries get the skills

and jobs A {cw proven examples are SoLrth Korea and Singapore The economies ofthese two countries prospered through export drlven strate8ies that used cheaplabour. This labour became skill{ul and cleative withirr a few decades. Korean firmsSomsung, Kio and Hyundoi and Singapore's Creot;ve ate a few examples of5Lrccessful local companies

It is however not uncommon to hear accusations thai MNCs are th€ new coloni2ers

of the modern era, exploiting incentives designed to attract FDl, and cheap local

labour. ln these .ases, the MNCs are not perceived to be Sivin8 ba.k to the local

econorny ano generally not seen to be improving thc lives of their local workers.BLrreaucratic corruptlon and poor enforcement of local trade, Iabour and taxationpollciL's could be a possible reason for ihese so'called 'neo colonial' MNCs As afesult, oniy a lew members of the elite actuallv benefit (personally) from thepresence of these \4NCs. Also, poor standards cf €:ducation, traininB and people

developmenl amongst the local population may render it very ditlicult for '\4NCs

totranslcr knowledge, skills and iechnology. lnevita[riy, the MNCs mLlst then relyl)eavily on expatriate manpcwer and the localg contir'ue to perceive lhemselve5 a5 apoor and exploited underclass.

Post-reading Activity

Examining globalization in the areas of Trade, Finance and MNCs

Brainstorminq

ln small groups, come up with lists of real life examples of globalization in theareas of (1)trade {exchange of good and services), (2)finance (movement ofcapital) and {3)MNCs (businesses setting up factories and offices in countriesother than the country of origin)

Share your lists with the class and collate your findings. When the list is complete,examine your examples and determine if globalization was beneficial to all partiesin each example. lf certain parties were disadvantaged, who were they and whywere they on the losing end?

What conclusions can we draw from this exercise?

Essov ptonnino exercise

Mindmap sn essay plan to the following questions:

-'Globalization only benefits the rich' Do you agree?

-'The rich become richer and the poor become poorer'. Comment.

-'The nation state is irrelevant today'. Do you agree?

5. Cultural and Communication trends

Evidence aJ qlabalizotion in this damoin is complex ond dtfficult to document.

However, same trends ore cleoly observoble. English has become the daminontlonguoge oJ elites, business, camputing, low, science ond palitics. The

internotionolisolian ond globolizotion ol telecommunicotions hos been

extroordinorily ropid, os seen in the grawth of internotianal telephane trofJic,tronsnotionol coble links, sote!lite Iinks and the lnternet. substontiol multinationolmedio canglomerotet hove developed ond TV has been trcnsnotianolised. Citizens'volues ond judqements ore naw influenced by o camplex web oJ notionol,internotionol ond qlobol cultural exchange. The copocity oJ politicol leoders tosustoin o notional culture hos become morc diJlicult. Far exomple, Chino h6 not hodextroordinory success in restricting the impoct af the lnternet an its domestic palitics-

Often touted as wesiernization or Americanization, globalization has been regarded

by many as an act of the West in imposing its cultural superiority on other less

powerful nations. Aided by increasing technological advances in communications(transport, infrastructures, telecommunications networks and the World WideWeb), the impediment of geographical distances and national borders have vastlybeen reduced as an obstacle towards social interaction at a world wide level Thephenomenon of the 'shrinking' state of the world where hLrndreds of kilometres are

bridged by thc nlere click of a button through the internet or a mere day's flightfrorn Iasl to West has led renowned theorists such as Ma.shall McLuhan to coin thephrase "Erlobol villoge" - a word that aptly illustrates ihe present conditions of the\ /ay we cu rrenlly live.

Nevertheless, globallzation should not be seen as something new or recent as since

time pa5t, different individuals have embarked on the euphoric ambition of LinitinB

the worlC under one particular order. ln fact, the<e previous efforts have historicallyeslab!shed certain lmportant foundational fundamentals that have paved the wayJor globalization to successfully take place. One such example ls the Britishcolonlzation of most parts ol the world, r,rhere in thal process Entlish was institutedas lhe linguo Jronco of trade, eovernment and livinB. [ver since, English has becomethc world s most lmportant language despite ihc small ratlo of people in the worldwho actually possesses the prowess and abilitv to applv the language.

La.guage inevitably becomes a platform where culture is lransmilied to those whoare instructcd ln that very langun8e which is taught. learnt for the purpose of lradeand communication wlth those in power, English ns a domlnanT !anguage therefore€xerts its '.,/ay of living over other \treaker nations Tele.ommunicetion technoioeres

such as the telev;sion and the World Wide Web (not aoincidenlaliy discovered and

invented bV the ciominant Western nalions) thu\ bring to those who own .ny ofthese technologies, some form ot culture that originates from the West. lhehegemony of thc film industry or more specilically ljolywood attests to thedominance of Western ideology in the world, as tilm conglomerates such as ti,<ney,

Poramauna Pictures ond lJniversal Studios spread lhe American way ol living and theAm€ncan Dreotn to cinemas worldwide. likev,,ise, subtly lhtough M]v, Grey's

cultore tor a globali5ed world Nonelhele5s, lo merelV c aim I hat America muscles its

cuiture over other nations through the use oi media and its telecommunicationsndustries is to'bllndsight'the (or:_pl-"xity ofthe phenomencn lhat is globelizatron

Employing simllar technological means, other nations have subverted the use ofsuch telecommunication technologie5 to re a5sert and pre5erve their cultures fromthe onslaught of the West. Using similar channels, globalization has unwittinglyenabled for example, national cinemas slch as Bollywood to develop as a Blobalindustry and eventually allowing it to receive acclamation and recognitionworldwide as it does in this present day Nonetheless, the preservation of lndian

culture through Bollywood cinema remains a largely hybridized form as the

transmission of lndian culture is largely enabled through the translation of the Hindi

language into English subtitles Jor all to gain access into that particular culture'straditions and forms. The access, ;n other words is limited. Neverihele5s, this i5 butone example out if many of intercultural exchange - a field of study that is gainrng

significance in the realm of academia. Globalization has effected a remarkable

change in the way that we live whether throueh the way we communicate or in the

wav that we have come to understand our existence through the different mediumsthat we increasingly interact with daily. lt then remains to be seen, how the

nebulous and complex notion that is globallzation willcontinue to alter the ways rn

which we llve and communicate with one and another in afast becomrng'trorderlPss'world

Post-reading activity

Exploration activity on globalization and Culture

lmagine that five alien beings land on earth. They are instructeC to learn

different languages to facilitate communication with the inhabitants of ourplanet. The first learns English, the second French, the third German, the

lourthArabir and Lhe last MdnC.rin.

What cultural attitudes and habits might the five aliens develop as they

learn these languages? What m;Bht be their attitudes to social and politicalissues?

5. Tl-|e Envlronment

Ihe environnent itselJ is inherently globol, wilh lile sustoining ecosystems ond

watersl)eds Jrequently crossing notionol baundories; oir pollution maving ocrass

entire continents ond aceans; and a single shored atmosphere praviding climoteprotection ond shielding us Jrom horsh UV roys. Monitoring ond respanding ta

environmentol issues frequently provokes a need for coardinated globol or regionol

governonce. Mareaver, the enviranment is intrinsicolly linked to econamtc

development, providing notural resources thot fuel gtowth ond ecasystem services

thot underpin both liJe ond livelihoods.

The environment impacts the pace, direction and quality of globalization. This

happens because environmental resources provide the fuel for economrcglobalization. The environmenl and globalization are so intrinsically linked, they are

so deeply welded together that we simply cannot address the global environmentalchallenges facing us unless we are able to Lrnderstand and harness the dynamics of

Blobalization that influence them. By the same token, those who wish to capitalize

on the potential of globalizaiion will not be able to do so unless they are able toirnderstand and address the great environmental challenges of our time, which are

part of tbe context within which globalization takes place. The newly prosperous as

well as those who have been alfluent for much longer will now have to come toterms with the limitations ot lhe ecological space in which both must operate and

also v,/ith the needs and rights of those who have not been as lucky.

Fbr example, higher demand, growing prices and dwlndling stocks are alreadypropelling new races for contro over key reso0rces The race is now on not just foroil, but for metas, minerals, timber and even for recyclablc waste. For many

developing countries endowed wlth critical resources in high demand, this provides

an opport'unity to harne5s the power of globalization and pull themselves out ofpoverty. At the same time, poplllations dependent on the extraction or exploitationof nitural rescrurces, or on natLrral systems and e.osystem services, could lose theirllvelihoods as local sources are depleted ({isheries, forests etc.i or degraded (soil

lnferriliry)

Environmental degradation could also impacl global productivity through damaBe5

io hcalth Derreased environmental stability will create more hostile conditions foreconornic 8ro\,!th and also"place new pressures on international cooperation.

Climale change is the ultimate threat to Elobal security because it can threatensecurity at cvery level fronr ihe individual to the planetary. Climale change related

sea ievel rise and agricultural disruplion could cause 150 million environmentalreiugees in thr year 2050. The death of low-lving coastalstates and chan8es in theireconomic zones and maritime boundaries mav cause lurther instabilily. Ihree key

security challcnges in the context of climaie change are water scarcity, food

shortages and disrupted access tc strateBic minerals such as oiJ. Historirally, these

have been ihe cause of violence and war !nvironmental stress unleashed bv

potential climate change couid lriBBer international migration and possibly civil

vr'nr5. ln fragi e aircumstances, envirofmenlal 5tre5s coold act as ;n additional

lr.

destabilizing la(tor exa.,orbatin€l ronfIct as it ccrmbincs w]th olher polilical and

socrai facl a]l !

7. Politics and Law

T.l GlobolGo\)ernonce

The sovereign stotes now sits in between o vost orroy of internotionol orgonisotionsset up to manoge ond arder whale oreos af tronsnotianol octivity (ttode, the aceons,

space etc.) and collective policy ptoblems. Newfarmsaf multinotianol arganisationshove been formed which involve collective decisicn making by governments,

internotionol qavernmentol argonisotions, internatianol non-gavernnentolargonisotians ond transnotionol pressure groups This has helped engender o shiftowoy from o purely state centred internotionol system. Two oreos praloundly

oJfected by this (vis o vis the events al September 1:l), orc notianal secu ty ond

Globalization has drastically transformed the nature of the international system and

made the world an increasing economically, politically and socially inierconnectedplace. Civic lnteractions are no longer restricted to the community ievel and are

occurring globally with a degree and intensity never seen before in history.

lndividuals from every remote corner of the globe can now quickly reach around theworld and access others who have vital inlormation or know-how. All told,globalization has made it clear that intra community ties are but one of many formsof civic en8a8ement that must be simultaneously nurlLrred in order to ensure propereconomic and politjcal development. The roles and efforts of lGOs {lntcrtovernmental organizations) and NGOs (Non'governmental ortaniuations) have

therefore become increasingly important.

As a vital new resource {or giobai mobllization, lGOs and NGO5 such i:s the UniledNations, lMF, World wildlifc Foundat on and Greenpeaee play an irnportant rolc. inlooking inio the wel{are of lhe world as a wholc Rcali?ing lhat the actions andreactions ol ea(h ndividual country has in tLrrn dra5tic repercussions for the rest ofthe world in ierm5 of €conomic and environDenta stability, these or8anizationstherefore work towards bringing a world view towards pollution, poverty andpolilical iurmoil in the various developing.ountries. taking a bi8 piclure approach,

'the-!e organizations navigate the vagaries o{ national pollcies and inciividual political

intcrests in these counlries in ordel to ensure that the world may remain

sull ainab e for future gen€rations.

7.2 Terrorism

lerrorist groups are themselves now truly globalised movemcit5 l5li:mic terror st.ln particular, operate, raise {unds {largely through illegal activities and businesaes

wllh legilimate Jronis), train end plan attacks in several different countrjes, usrng

agents of verious nationalities, thelr only link being ideologicel symmetry.Te.hnology is often harnessed to communicate clandestinely or to spread their

tl

rclcology. the atsents used in the September :i1 attacks were from Saudi Arabia, theUnlted Arab Imirates, Egypt and lebanon Post Sepiember 11, anti terrorism effort5

ignrnst Al alaeda have seen the groLrp's'actlvitics in Western countries severely

dirninished. However, this has brought about the advenl of loosely organized groups

lvhich swear allegiance to Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, though not formallylinked to the group or even aware of the existence of other similarly autonomousterrorist groups. The July 7 2005 London Bombings were carried out by British born

Muslims of Pakistani origin that were not believed to be connected or formallyoperating under the leadership of Al Qaeda.

As terrorism becomes borderless, nations must adapt their responses to terrorismaccordingly. As such, intelllgence and law enforcement agencies must work hand in

hand with one anolher. To illustrate, one possible scenario of a terrorist attack is an

attack by a ship on a petroleum or petrochemical processing area near the sea. lhescenario has the bomb'laden ship hittinB the petroleum processing area, creating a

catastrophic explosion which could release many harmful substances into theatmosphere, endangering the local population and perhaps even the population ofneighbouring countries. When preparing for such a scenario it is necessary toinvolve many different elements from the local security establishment. These could

include the port authority, the maritime aulhority, coast guard and other elite police

units as well as military experts on bomb disposal and the removal of hazardous

materials and pollution.

ln addition, jn order to counter the ease with which terrorists may be able to move

across borders, local and foreign intelligence and security elements must work in

tandem, sharing information and offering cooperation. For example, several

intelliBence services rnay need to share in{ormation in order to piece iogether iheidentity and lo€ation of a parti(ular terrorist. Th€y may also need to work in tandem\,",,;th local police, immlgrrtion and customs officials. When lndonesian lemaah

l5lamiyah (closely linked to Al Qaeda) leader Hamball was arrested in August 2003 in

Ayutlayn, Thailand,,the intelligence servires of Tharland and the US had worked

.loselyto ocate and capturc him. l-le was exlradited to the US as he was deemed a

mor:e valuable asset to US anti terrorism investigations. Hambali used a fal5e

5panish pa5sport to enter Thailand.

Sources. E ncyc lopedia Britannica, 2007

. The Incvclopedia of Earth ionline). Articles by Adil Najam, David Runnalls and Mark

Halle

. Ihe American Chronicle {Online): MNCs and Economic Globalization by Tanv;r Orakzai

o Democracy and clobalization by David Held

l'-

:€L.$_F-fqLlz.erl$-11__fil J*"lt€4fGlqltlalizatiDn is 3 trend ioward greater interartion andinterdependence aixong the teop!e, ccmfianies, crga!-lizalior]s, andacuntaies af ihc !,,icrld. ,ldvance:r in communicati$ns and informationiechnology a!-e t,i'omotiir(l this rrend by reducing the b:rri€rs of tii-neand distarice. Sijclt ad'rnnc€s !nclude the Internet, cell phones, andsateilite TV. in tcday's !li.haiiz*d world, an e-mail ser'lt ihousencis oFinjies away arriycts and is a,-tswered in Seccnds. A cly for assistancefrom one cor.Jiltry can rllc:i heip the next day irom d.rze s cj'othi.rs.In short, ,,{herc people

"!-e locat--d is less impodant than their ability

to comfilunical€ and r',/ork iogether. In the prccess, people,aompanies, and countries exchange goods, money, and ideas fasterand cheaper rhan eyer irefore. \4hat they produce may be ccnsumedin a nearby town. Or it may be traded across ihe world.

FOSXTIIiE lMPAC-]*',. new jobs, irriusiries (€.g. industrielizatjon in China, cell se.'/rces

outsourcing to Indjal" i.:chnojc'ji. iiailstitr in iess de'l€loped .:{rUitiiles {ccni;ute;-

haidr.'.;.:i.; ir Tal',?;]l-r, South Korea. scfiwari: jnc!st;-r' :Ela n ga !ai!';, jrrd ia,1

' greeter'/;ii€i'/ oi p!"Qriucis for the ccnsunlers (foc.J prcdu.ls oijloi season)

" lcr,ier irria€s ior- ccr:sumer goods (resull of ecoitornies of scale). ccnsistency in qr:Jl:ti/ oi p!-oducts (Standarciized mrriLlfacturedqoods)

. encouiaq-es jnaiiviijlel rights, freedom of p!-ess ilnd etherdemcciatic pi-ocesses {sei-, China, South Kc}reaj-

" Gives lndivi'Juiti-qthe chance to interact internationally, especialiywiih uii€ arf rnoderr] cflr.ni-nufiications teahnolcgy_

NEGATIVE IMPACT' Can cause structural nemployment (native hand-made textiles

lose cut to air$fa(:tirreC textiies in African and Asian nation:)" Cnn wipe olti ihe !i',/elihood of smail farmers, entiepieneurs,

srnali io irlediu'n businesses unable to con",peie .ljith t,iuli:i-National CorporationsIMNCs] and hypermarkets

. Gives an unfair advantage in certain areas toadvanced/developed countries over lesseT developed countries,making worse the rich-poor gap. [See North South expansion ofdivide, destruction of the economies of sub-Saharan Africannationsl It has led to a period of rapidly increasingly income and

wealth inequa!ities bo r within individual naiional econornies andsocieties anci within the global population as a whole.

^ Local cultures ere replaced by a unilorm and single cultu.e,dictated by the same poweful corporations that contro! theglobal e-conomy ll'icDonaldizatlonl

' Production oi gocds is contracted to under-paid wcrl.:ers !!homay be assembliflg cornplriers but do flct !,now bc\,v io operatethem and cennot afFord thern for person;rl use. lchina, Vietnam]

' Brain drain \fiestern nations a magnet for tl:e jrtelliqentsia oflesser developed nations, thus draining them Gf skiiledprof€ssionais necessary for their econoffiic, social and politicaldevelopment.

[{r5T@nYThe term "Gtobalizati6n" became popular in the 1990's. Bui many ofits features are not newT particularly the iendency lor people andcountries to trade and invest. For thousancis of years, people--ancl,later, compa ies--iraded across great dist;nces, For example, Curingthe Middle Ages {500-1500), traders iraveled the faned Silk ff.oad ihatconnected China and Europe. Likelvise, for centu.ies, peopie andcorpoaatic.rs iilvesie{l in ventures in other ceuntries.The rnodefn age of Glolraliz?tion gre,Jv out 6i the lnrju:;i'-i:i Ret,ilutioricf ilre 1700's and 1800's. ii transiormed the ;Srii:ullr.lra! s.lcieiies cfsoi e c{luntri€s, iirciucing tire Uniied Stai€s and Enqlairij, into mod?rnjndustrial ones. Steam- and yrater-powered rraahines iransiorrnedproduction, -ihe)/ made it iillssible to manulacture large quaniilies oigoods iaster and cheepcr" Trains a d steara-powered iloatstr3nsported goods farther and faster than ever before, Between iheiaie 1800's and 1914, the first era of modern Globaljzaiion, irad€ ltrevtguickly, as did tlre pace at wl'rich companies iflvesi:ed abro.Jd. t'eoplewere also on the move. About 10 percent of the i,/orld's populatiorlmoved from ELJrope anci other parts ol the wo.ld to i-eside in oLhercountries,

In the second era oi modern Globalization, from 1950 to 1980, manycountries open€d their €conomies to trade and investment lrom othercountries. They participated in international agreernefiis- An exarnpleis the Generat ,Agreernent sirr Tariffs and Trade {GAT-I-), whichregulated trade among countries. (GATT later became the WorldTrade Organization, or WTO.) Governments also createdorganizations, such as the World tsank and the InternationalMonetary Fund. These organizations encouraged countries to opentheir economies to trade and investment.

Since 1980, Globalization has quickened, driven by aclvances intechnoloqy and ciher factors, Better informaiion and communicationstechnologies dre making it easier for cornpanies lo operateinternationally. Using Internet technology, lor sxample, they canaitract, rea{--h, and serr'e ntore ausiollrcrs, e.ten those in distantcouniries. GJobai coi-ripirn;es locate and hi.e €rnplo./ees w.hilrever goodopportuniiies ari:je, regardless oi $/here thal mily ile. fhe'y' te!-id lolocaie the:l op{-'iai:ior'rs r'lhere production costs, inclijding salaries, areio\,!'. frnnsferi-inr; itlrsi i]ss frot one locatiofi io .irother io take3dvantage oi lowcr f,csts is called offsl]aring" lt afld oiher forns ofGlobalizaa;on er€ causing some countries to los€ iobs. In contrast,cther countries, pa[icu:erly sorne deveioping o es, are !]ainir]g them.In addition t.r t-.eneiiiing companies, new technologies are also helpingindividuals. For example, people with Internet access can shoit, bank,cr work for .l cclnlpany thousands of miles alvay wiihout

'eaving iheir

homes.

C{JLT4JRflA- } }'4 i: H R 1}., !-lttl!3:, McDonaldizaiion - Ev€rywltere in the yJorld peop,e shcp in simiiar

mells, ilai the sarre chicken nugg3ts at l4cDcnald's restaurants,drink :ii!rlLlcks cotfee" 1\ta[ch tfle ho,.'iesi l',i 5hcw:] cr aheultjmrri: Iia!;iylvci'ril tliockbi_tster, or listen tc lhr iaiest reportirom ll-"rit laui.: ne:rys chanriels. The arq l.r,erjt is l,irat iiie USculiure ar,d .+i.r.rmeicial interests are dorniniliinE thn wclrldecoronry <1n.j {,feai.ing ;n consurn€r culture.

" Loss of Uoi{:iu€ness/icj€ntity - culture! glob;llizatjon does notweicolne diversity. Independent shops are replaced lly chainstores and "cptions ior unbranded alternaiives, for open debate,criticism and uncensored arl-for real .-hoice--are facinc n€wand onrinou: rastrictions." lTheodore Leviti's essay "TheGlobalizaticn of Markeis."l Thus wherever yor are in ah€ ],!orld,you are rnore likeiy lo buy/uJear or use a siendardised productthan a prcdiJCl unlque,t iraditional, represenlath/e of your locale.. Creation of an elite uber-culture shared by the internationalsuper-rich - i.e. race or nationality is secon.lary to those w;thsufficient i'Lrnds to ignore social conventions, religion and law.The terrn 'Davos cuiture' is used to refer to lhis group.

' The cre.]tion of ll.le trallsnitior]al 'guest'y/ork--is l,'Jho bring theirfood, cuiture and sociai norms to Western nations.

RESEAR.CH SOI..|R,CE5:Weiner. Rebecca. "Globalization. " The New Book of Knowledge@,2007. Grolier Orline.

1T1-

<http://nbk.grolier.com. libproxy.nlb. gov.sg/cgi-bin/article?assetid=a2041728-h >.

2. Kitching, Gavin. "Globalism and Globalization." Encyclopedia ofScience, Technology, and Ethics. Ed. Carl Mitcham. Vol. 2.Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. 874-a77. Gale VirtualReference Library. Gale.<http ://qo.galegroup.com. libproxy. nlb. gov.sg/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=sgnlb>.

3. Prono, Luca. "Anti-Globalization." Encyclopedia of Politics- Ed.Rodney P. Carlisle. Vol. 1: The Left. Thousand Oaks, CA: SageReference, 2005. 2B-31. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale.<http ://go.galegroup.com-libproxy.nlb.gov.sglps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=sgnlb>.

, 4 "Globalization, cultural." Encyclooadia Britannica . 2OO7.Fncyclopaedia Britannica Online Library Edition.<l,t!p_:/iibrarv",eb.com. I

jboroxv. nlb.oov.sq/eb/article-22499 1 >

:,r

l0 rhe l,a .glossians ardr.nr b.nl or h.oDis-l.j iD i,andrenronirrr.

r.h poltrrizrd scenaros

5

The Clash of Civilizations'i I liurnucL P. f luni.ingtott;he rrro suspenttrd in .

'ss consplrc io under-possibilirv ot a globalrr I mue.,bu,,u,t1.r rrr r!. rr.t fq \lrrll

n tillcs nrd .reating a' rt inrcgratrcn. Bur in :

c slorr.€rrain ttrusr

e io 1l)osc lvlto conrrolLjnndkrterr) cortrol

nqsle between ]ihadrr .irrrisr, postindus,.^o to ire renninalty

s 0r

'croi1..rrs wiil hokl

'"r . ,,1 u.],i,ro,v toul laF,lish a macropeacc ,

The llert Patier'r ol C<rnllirt

Worl(] tnrlitics ;s crLering a n.}\'phnsc, rnd ;rr.llecruriis }tr.r. ror h,-s;rired ro proljfc.arc visions of irhrL it wili be - rh. cLl.l of hn(xr, thc rLr;D oi trrdiri(nnl rivrtjr.sbetwe.n natjorr riaics, arrrl thc <ltriirc ol tht nrtion sl:rr. tronr ihe conflii:{inrl pLrIs 01

f.ilalisrl 2rld globaljsnr. ?n4ns oiiers. lr.h of lhcsc 'jlir.Js .nt.hes aspi:c$ oa ihrlc reri,i.g r..lin Yci thr! ail miss..r .ial, irci:cri a ..nrraL, arp..l oi lvirar glob lpoliri.s js lileir 1o Le io rhc .onlnril yerrs-

11ir nrv hypodr.sis lliit ih. ilxirrJr.rntrl s,)u.e oi.o;ri.liilnr rh;sr.1! 'vo d r.r;llrnn b. pr;n)::rilr ideclo:r;.i:l or prnnirih .cononi.. The lterr ili!!stors ,ilo::1r l.,u rr-;n.lirnd .Dd the rioni.urli.! soirLcc ol ,ro lict lrilJ b. .uirlLiJ. N-xtiol sri.cs lvi rerl:rnrthe rn.st !r(rL.r1iil i.iors i]l wcrl.l .ifiirs, L!i1 rlr. pr'r.irri c('Iil !.rs .t !toi).1 roiirics'vi r'.,,,.' '.... ....,, ".,i r. r., ,I. .|.i,.: ,,... I;.., r, ..r1...ricns ltjll rlonjDit. d.d..il p'rljrics. The tauh lji.s r)ciu.r,r.jritiz.nions nill be rtr.1..,r,, ,:, ... , i. .. r..... .

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',, ', .. , , rr ,, , . n r ' p"rr.rr

lasled uniil the cnd oflvorld War I. Ttren, as n rcsdtt ofrhe tirdsian i{ei,olirtion an<llhe rea.tiorr rgajnsr ir, dr. .orfl;n of naridrs I'j.jd.d tc tic (onflirl ot: iitc.tosies,irst enrur conmunisrn. l:s.isni Nrzisnr ari.l litrert,i ilrDra.r.rry, irf.i rl)c, bctwecrr

()rign:iJr,rlnr lor a.rJjL ti:o !r (l tn'n -ranrn!t t, t J Lj lrnr:!m. ..1h. { r:.ir oi a:L!lir bor rr,. ri.,.r!tr .!ianr,t)J. Sr.r,n!r l!9j, pt. t.t r. 25 l],llr .1t,,19

'it) D.taLi :: (;L)it1ii:.ttiot!

.on!rrunisrrr trnd iilrrxi .ienrq:ricv. I)urir:: dle {irt(t 1^/,r, thrs l!u,r! (o,11! I tJ..j,JrLcmbo<tj.d itr rhc srrxg:lc l,er,,,"e,r tt

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,. .l i;.s{ co,r11ii:rs L.1r,1.i,,1.,i,."r, ,,,,r;r,, ';tr,"s i,rd idcologi.s !r:re frji,ir.ji.. ronilicis wirhi. \vcsier.r) ii\,iliz;!ri,,r. .!V.s!.rn cint ,,,:.,.,, ,, ,,i,lti",o t.:i,a t,,, t,,t,"t..trhtm. I hts r{!s as r.k ol ihe col.-r tvar as il wa5 otlhe lvoricl ivars i:nd,Ji..urtic. 6,lrs

ofrhesev€rrcenrir, rigtirce;1rh.and !;\cr.eorh cenlu! i€s. l,vith rhc cn,l o;;;.,.,;,trr,*iDternarion.l poliri.s l1ov.s oirt o{jrs Wesr.r, phrse, ind irs ijelterpi.,} L_".,,".," r;:'".e,-.rio,,r,<,.,., . \1 -,.,d,,,.,, ri^.. r, ,:,,,",:o,,,.,;;t ,.1.- . ,...-,;.i. lrz"Lion i,,,',,. r..t:.,. .,: .i.rt,J.,,.s rn.....upl-. ,.1 ;o,.,,,,.,.. .,,.",\Vn.-,n, r\:lil uu: .,.,i,,.n".r.,:,,,.,..' .,;;,, .colodalisn lnti jorr rh. Wesr !:r nn)r.ar s rn.t shirper! ot hisron. l_.;'

\{rhy Civilizal io *s iViii Ciastr

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lvh! wiil lhis L. ihi i:ireilirst, dillo,lr.cs irnl!rit.n iti:;tj!!r, are ncr orlj: re?li {hev arr birji. atiritiT.:;,,rcn J.ftr.nr ., .r ',.1, \u Lrt,,:,.:..,, :.i:rlnJp ..,.r... . ,.: .. ..i -..;jmporla , relgnrr. lhe p.oiJlc .rf d iiiaierrr cn.iijzntjons h!rt.ti{.rrn,

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"." ii,more lirndarnenrnt thrD diffecnces rn:onqi,,;;";;;;,;;,J;".:.ili::::,'ffii.i:l,T::i:i::l",:,:,".::li::::::ii,'i,-T:vioi,rce. a)yer rhe.eDiuics, 1,r,,.\.er. ,tittcr.nc.s a x)o.t ci1,;l;..,rior! ni\r g.!i.,ri.:i'li , orrr.,l I

- Sr..ond. 1h. vorlil ;, l,€.olrig x ,jjc"Icr ptd.e. -l.he i,tera.iions berwedr td4rcsol differeDr civii;zrrions rre jn.reasnrg; rtrese incrcasils jdcracrions inlen.;f" .t,lrj-,'o1.',',.,,,r\',,..rr 1.,v,"1,..,,1,;,.,.,.".c,hn,.,;,,,,,,,.,r,,.n

" _,,";.;ties wjthin civihz.t()os. North r\jii.!^ nnrnigratiolr r,, t,",,."- s",r..,,,", tr""1iti,"among Frenchincn Lrd ii rtr. su,e rnDe jn.re sed rcceptivity ti j,.,,,.ig..tir,, i;;"sood" I.iropein Curh,)tic pohs ,\n,rric.rns rca.r r_ ",.* ""g*;,"r, ,,i 1.,f,.1jnvcstrrlcnr th r tolarg.r inlcsi elrs lion (;urd.r,*l 1ru,"p",,,,.,,"rt.."iSttrlilarli., ij DoiJd Fl)ro1litr has po;rtal oui, ..An fix) nrrv br . .

",, ru,.,; rr,. ,r.,,,,Onitrhi lbo in \vhit was itrc ijrsr€or r.giojr (,fNigeri:r. lo Lrilris, he is sir,,pl.

",, ;t,;,.In i.ond.;. lr. ;s .r Nigerian rn Nerv \ijrk, hc is an aiicrn.,,:rhe inter.rc,,j,,;. ,,,,,,,,*p.opirs oi clifGrcnt .iviti7.ri1)ns cnhajr.c rhc .i,jliTrtjon .on5ciou5n.5s ol l,",,fl: ,i,",:

is lLr.n, iDqg

Iirir{i. the p

we[ es Isl:,

The r€vivil .ribasis f0. idcnri

IJaurth,lle !

In the past, 1

hu!sr,.rnd hld

Westem, usu,rlli

fiftb..!h0

Unior, conrn -rich, but Rursiclass and ideot{)

ihe quesrion irkno$. fronr Bos

hiilf r\tuslim.Irnrill),, ecor

r.r.onilicl bc..mr)f1!hj.hLlr!rintjdr'' idrnlirv iD 1.J!os 1)i

lv€r. PrirnJriiv co';rr I inri hrs lai)llcrl

urJ the trrlicr Lvlrt.d of1h. C.l{lW!r,rcrpiece i'.cornes tlt.

rrortg nr)r ivest..no'erirntns oi lor. tirgrts oF \\icsicrrl

..i

md rir. irorld ii]lb€Drjor civiliz:rnrns.. ilrihodo-\, l-aliJl

1 ri.ls oJ thcluiurczar;oni liom o)r.

-lsi.. Ci!ili:rrions3il;tion ir!1, mosr

iirr e;rt vierrs i,a ihc-iizci

ala th. sr.ie,Jl. rei.lljv. irxp.ri

{i.ihiir...ch}- fires!'-D!iru. f hir_' are irr

Dcluiel r.ginres.

'oi Jie.cssarilv rlrenn

;{r lri:r. .?.ncrared

rrs brtween p.opltsts rrrinsii! ci./jliza

pdc..rrxn,ir)ali:gtneraies hastiiin1.' inrnigrntion bv

r rir.iy to Japarese:-.r couDt.ies. sirni,rn Owcrri tbo or an

b sirl'll lrL lbo.Lcia.l;ons arnoD!:

r).ss olplr)Dl. tirit.

inIu1!'invlgoraIesdiflcreIIccrandannrl{t.ef rqtr) hjsbr}'.

ostiies str'i'hin8 01 lhot.ilil ):'irel'h br'k

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rhc r,rinr .rI rr,o!em.nrs r!.( a,c labct.(l :.fi,,,,,",,,.',,"iir,.: i,,.i.n)rrJ..nr..r.. Inud in \tesrern Chrjsr;iDir,),, Jua";r.,, 1.,r,:f,fs", .,,,iii,lJ,,;.,,",",n.ij r,i ;,r lslxDr I. Irost.ounr.ies:! nr,r,is,n!J,(!rd,is.,e.vou",,.,,t";";;i;:,i*,Jil.ii:.i;fil"l:ill.:l::l:i.:Bt lii5;rs ,*sons t.trc .i,Ds(.uhri,.it;.). ., ru .,nriii.., ,1..,,;., i;1;::;";:],corrl,i. i:: ore r:irb: donriri.r so.irl i..rs oitiii fr ,u":.",..,,.i",1, ...1,.,r.::'li,!.rrrnl ,ri r!!gn,l 'ir rcvairhe t1e llil,sb ,dr n .,,;,., a,,d .ornn,i,r'.nt ,r", :1:1.:k.ll,:ll;.1,*i:: li i,l:ll:::":

Lrufih.1i[-er!rl.iLol.;./j]izi1ior.o.sc;o!5n.$,!.r)ir..,j.iilijli.itrtilron:oilir.

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'irif\ of''an wesrcfn :;Lrci€ii.rs iger c riuil!,; rrr. !r.r)irr. \.lrii r.rcrn'sr io/ol.;.d \.irir rirc \visl, ba{i bcel c.1ir.ared.r {)rrorlt, ih: s,,,t,.1,..,,. s",,i.1, ,, . \4, .,,r/r,;luo . . . ,,. ,:,; ,.'''''''.,. . ...,,trr.r.,rr,,-,tn,,,t.,,,,,..,,,.,, . . . . ;,.ll::::-11:.,: ':r

I rlle rertrtio,s ps rr€ beiDg rev.rs..i. .i .1r 1..i:t.rnj...i ir ard iaijleir:ail.n .i

'in.r is..c!rri!3 in marrrno r,vcster..ot 1_i.,::. i;.,( sur,.";;L,,,;.l'' r'. r. . ..( i.. r 1r,,,,e. !L\leih. n'ss oftl. ir.rl..

ind habiis i'rit.re l('r'r l )t'rrlif anro'g

'r, . . . .r.I.i. .. ,.,r.rr. a.r Jiit..- ."\ J. , ,.: . .. ..,r j"r -,,'j ... rh.,r r.uL,rrJt .rrC,,r, , .,....,. ., '.,

u]r.r, (rnrn{,ri*s an 6e.orrrc demccrars:.!h. riclr i:an b:co;*.pLx,r ,.,i,i.';.o;,rich,huL,.ussians..,,otbccomeEsioninis,and,r,",l,,,,,",";;;,".,i;,,r,.,."",;,:;i."i,i

l"' . o.,,,:..r, L q,r":i.,.,, ...r., ,... , . -, .D. . i. ..J.,i , .,, , ,J,,r,.d,hJ,i..,, 1\.,, ..,r ..,.t..:1. ; , ;1lr. qui-lt(r ;s "\41iar are ).o.?,'tha,;, ii*" ,t'"i,,"r,,,,,'il;;r";-.r;:i:.1:r. "..,,.. i ... ., ,r,,., .,. ,.,," r,, rt,. iu"",, ,.r,. r,.:ro... i,,,,''i' :,i. ;.,,. i....d.r\,a.noc i,,..i.,...,,,,-t.," r,",.,,1.,::li:,;1i:""": l,,l

,...,,u,,sr,.upr. An-,.oncdnbphJ'l.r'. h "/h.r,.; ;:.;Jl:,',:i'....,':-

rr""" 'r htu.ulr',,riI i , '

, r . r . , t , n , , i r r., . ,,r ,ir,,t....,.t

I:in.rlt;'. cron,,r,ic reqi tsn's rncreasr]rs Ttcirroprrrnrls (,iroi t iri(icijrtri,,.re

i3 tcrlcni nr i;i l..rrcnt i' t:'st 1!5!..lr;3;l t.r.. t to 16 |!:...rn iD Nr(jrrl, _.\,r.1(.i.fiit;nporan.c ol rrltiola! eccnor:ir biocs n likcty to tolrm,,.,,,, j,r.,.,,",:;,, i,"fDtr(. l)n lirc ,)r. h,ii.i. s.r_ir:isl!t tL,){rriuc r.xi(!rilisrn r;1l frnrir.! .;,it,,it",,!oirs,:iorsxcss. OJ) dx. oLjrer lrr,irl, ecL:nouir rcsior.!isi, lnav sr..ee(t ,,r,iv ,,r,.,,

" i_''.,i,...,' :,.t,.t,l.. .., ., ,,tlatitb ,,fF!.oircrrt .utn,re ii,ici r.V.jsi.rll Cbisri.rnin,. rhe succcss or rtu r.r.;;, ,r,;.;;lan lrrec-I*de Are. iLfends on rtrc r:o.rcr5encr . o', .nder !!,ia o1.Mer(ic.r1, .:,ralt;.rn'rJ t'r-.:.rn.iItr:.. i .

| . , , , . I I ! , v j . . , ,.,, air,L ,,1r. ^ ",r..,rrrr r ..._.,,:,,..r t.

,,"'l',.'"" : r-: .,,,:ru,.t.:rn,r.".,n,,,,r.:L:t:,.,.,. :,.;., r, . i, r.. t. tr1.., r,r, ,,,,t"p.,r;'.,.rt..1\\iJn.o'",,: .,.,',.r.:,,r. .,,,,.,,,,. ,,,.,;,... , ,.'rr- i ,.. :. ,.,, ,k. ," ; .., ,,.,... -

.. . '.,.,

C,irrnlo' !ulru;c. i' .i,Jr1.asr, rs clcritr t'a.itirarir.q itre rar)id "'rJniio,l .r rh. ,.i.." ,, ,,... ,.' r., r.'. .. ..u:.:r. . , ^,, ,. " ui" l

5nrqxpor. arid rle .r.rs.!s ir]!r.st .orrrnr'nirjes in .,rh* oj.,, .,,,,",,,,,.. .,r,;rr, ,,,.{ i(td 1'"',. ore'. .iiruiil {o:,i,ton.tjri.s i..r e::sj!:,.11 ."",...,,," ;d",,r.tj.", .jj;..,,.,;,rcd nriinlard uiiin..!.J T:irir1 i;tc..1 .lcsd t.r.s€ther. ll c htrx] c;,1,",,."i;,,. ir,,:"'.'l:.1., ,. :.. "..:_..,. r.rr ..., , .l I.. ,'l|lllll'''!']',''i'"''e'':''|'''''''1'i''.''''i'l''r.'rlr.'''

-: rr. .\.,.t,,1, .,:,:,..,r. ,.,t,

I)eJpir. r* r!.r.' l:i;,:acs: {loi LiD.!,.c .i. nt rcAbn. rtr. Ctnt.r t 2s..t r.,nr,nr naA.sii i5 npj.il' .nrrg'rJ!: .s r ror,,r,tccntr for intt,,r,rl, ..,",n".." ,;,;,;,,." 1;f.nralisic trrri .orrrils jnbsrritjri inr.nrl\ .i f ,n;n). ou,*,,.ii,,.j or;..;;Jl:,;;"; ";i:i:J':..,'jLi:::.'l"l::il;Jl,:lll':t-.:':,r I ." r'o'.,'.i.. l. ,...

.,. r/ \, ,:.wrl. .j ,.....,qr.1.. !.,,. oi ri i.i.. 1,F,

1 .,'i.,u,'." .. i.,{..,,.. :,..rJ r.,.,.,,....r.,,.,in,.,,,i r.,e,.,,t ;,...: ..,,....,.r.[.,."]:ho,-i tJn. q,.,,.! |o. ..,t,.d A.rpr..It".n or.hellsr ]\sj.rr cconolry

.ul,..e r., .t:.......ur.jnr I .r...r:., ,! , ri.,.,..\hr,h,,r,. ..,!.,: ..,.,. , =.., :']

t'Jl'J" : 'h' " | - r. i..rr'r ,-,..,. i.,,.t ,.,.rr .-.cvqtrJ"r.r.,,.r),,Fi,np.t,r.ro,l,,rvr\..l"nJ,rprrsiono,rhi,ore:rr rzrr,,,n,,or,ndc,l

orie;Dally rD rlrc t960s b.! Turkey, rakisr,:n anci rran, js the rcatirj,.,, Ll.,t," ,.,,i"."oi sevcnl of ttrse cqrrtrier rh.rr rtre)_ had no chance oi ad.ri:jsiorl to ,h" ;,,.;;..,,,,,,dn,.....,,,ir..,,,,,,,,u,,,..r,..,r,,,,.,r ,,,,,..,,,,","",;"; ,;",..,,r;:.;sur rest on corrDror cuthuxi fbu,rl.tiolrs. Uili.ls k) truild. b.o.dcr Ltrribbea;''l.l'\ll''i'',,'|-'''''''''lJ'nr','.'.|rr''''|,'''|||l'|'''J''|''''\,lJrF 1Ji1.,l

r1s t)$plc d.itrk'rhcir idenriry iI cthni. aDd rctigjous r.rnrs, thei,rrc liketv to srr:i .l - , ,,,,. ,,.,.,1 ) . -,_,..,r_.".r,..,,,,i .; ..; :; ;. .,flnrr.F ,' r;, ,. I-, x .,, r.t.,,r,jrr."rr .J.r.,.lj,Jr jrn,,.,.:,,, i , , , ,

1 . . , , , ,t , , ,i')rdrer Sovicr Unio,r Dernrirs rra(titional cttrnic ide.ritics .i1d a"i.r.iti".1; .,,." ,;

I'! Dtl, i ! Lrl.biii.:ttiirtj

'lhe.

naiiri..it

3ll:e {ra,.i

TLe fault

Ukaire fr

tiris line. ol

Catholi.;

irirlRcvolu

, liic ot bto

unirlirr io it-rela

Korg, laiws:r,

lrgi.rldift€renccs,

l bt/ the leld.rs

ar.kt and Nterco-adeL Ca.il,b€an

e, ho&c!er.ltave io

i tre lil.l' to ste

riop'le of difterent.rn lrro1!.nd lht

Jlti.s to corre 1o

the (.ktsl).1 (:tyilizatio"s. 1)

rh. iar. DiltcrcDces in .ulture and r.ligxm .r.ati di1li'rcnccs ovcr folicy issu.s,rzllrgii! irolr hunan rglts to inrnigntxln to ir.dr iril conmertt to rlre crviurnr.nt. (;.ogripirlcal I,ropin.luit,v gives rjsc to conili.Ling territori:rl .hirs tront Boroii1o i\1ir.]ar o. i\'1ost inrpo.trnt, lhc cftiir$ ofrfi. Wesr io p.ornorc its valu.s ofdenr).

cr rrLi lii,crali$n as uriwisrl '4lucs, to maiDt.iji ;ts milirary pr.d,rnrinlnce ro(j loa.lvanir jrs ..ar !nn i. ;rtercs ts engeD d.r .oun ir-ring rcsporses fronr other .;vilirr ric,ns.

tl.....ringh abl.: 1o nic.t,jlizi support ind lorri cotlitrDs on rhc basis of i(lcolo.gl,gov.rnrxcrrr rrd gturps i/ill nr.rr:rslr-sh iitcrnpt r0 rnobilize sut)irc,r bv appealj g. .r - '. ,t,r',r ,',''., i ..r,,,.nL I \Tlr(.irsL 'ri iiviliT.iioiri llrui oc.ur,i ar trso [:vrls. ir t]ri nri.io l$"-.i, rliircc:Lr

grrqrs rl,rr| th. ia!lt l;r!s Lctrr.c! .iviliz.riions sr.ugg;.. .hen 'i.,1.'rlt,v,

!tr.cr ih..onlrol of 1rrrit.ry iId c::.h .rtli.r. Al iire l]li.ro kvcl, -rt.irts ff'nr (tithrenr cililizrljors.r)jlt.cte 1tr rctrtirc Dliiirery.n{l e.()non}jc tarer,:rruggli ot,cr thc c{JDrroi o1

int.rx:1il.r,i3I iinitrlions aId i|ir.l fa.ties, iJ!d .onp.ritiv.iy pror11.te rhcir parr;.ularpolnl.i:'l 2r.i k-lirirr!s \llu.s.

'fhe lrault l-ines berwren Civiliations

,1. .ir,, ,r'. . ,.'tr.-,'o,'5 D.l :... ,,,r,..ot .:j',"1 buun/itri,rs nilie rloja \\ixr.s ihc tash poir)ts tor crisis and trLonlsh(d. Tlrr (tdd war h€gan

. ir.,r ' tI',,". p, l r...rl .'i .r ol,.;.rl \ L,( , o'.r r\...ndr,i {ith th. urii 01'1lre lron Curranr. As rhe jdeolryicd dir.isiou ofELrropc h:rs disapptrrcrl, rirt culrrinl diljs;on of FluroD. ber\.reerr Western {tl]rjsrinIlirr., on rhe on.irarrJ. ilrrd Orrll.riox Clrristiaiit) and lsiam, oll ihe other, his reen)efgcd- The Do:t!ignjlr.i)it ,lilnlirr-s l;n. ji Eur:pe, as'n illia1l] 1,!"llr.. ir.s sus:jesied,

'ur_! v;.ll b€ th.

lisi:r ! in.lt:r-r.or lteslcn Ch[siiar]ir.r i rli.]i.r 150rr. lbis li'1. ruls along Ntniur .o,t +;. '..nadari.s l).irlecn |irlai(i nnd ii,rssir 2Dd Liil'een th. ]lxlri. sirtet alldiiLrsri:i, .ul,i rir1.n,il llcl.rls dnd U1 ;r). scfardt4g +,e rlore r-;rlLrli. Fesrcr]rii(rrD:. ira]n {,rl'i|1rrllr-\:..slerr Uii.ire, s$.ugs {ts.'rr2rci scparrriril l'rNsvh,anir,toro ilt re5i {n li.ir.2tr'r, ard then goes ihrolgh .i ogr-.la vja airosl .-!.tlv along theiir. .!.{ s.rrr.ii!3 i-ro.iia an.t S{oae|ja fronr thr rcsi ci}Lg.rsli:rii. In rhe SnlKantflii:r :inr, {rlr.in!|l.. .ol'l.iiirs r|iih rhe Iistori. bourlJil. ha11r€en iire Eapsburg arcilltfuRn rFroir'ls lhe ecapics 1.) tire rortl rnd r.n rt diis linc rrc l)rotesrant ori-alix)ii.; rL.:i sj!.rr.(i tilc col]ln.)Jl eaprricrtc4 ot lurope.1n hjsror letuialjsn, rhe

rr,. r,....r.rJ.iorj t1. lIr:h,.1, trtr",l ri,...,t,. r.r,t,.ti ;.ri ;i. rohlii,rr I Lltry ar. g€n err]]r c.o noDicrilv b.$ef oiTt]rd the F.oJt.s ro tIL.:rusi;and tirr; rnaY r,,'rr |rok lor'r)ril to inoeaslrg itMlrclridrl ir

^.crrJnon ]:urofc.tn

,r.(I(,r'r !ICl 10 tit. ,.insoli.lxrion of d.rro.rttric I,.Jliricnl j)stems. ihi r\,opt.s Lo ih.eirst !r)d south .)irhis l]lr. dr. {).thodoa or tlloslim; ihtl, Iistoricnttv beloDged ro tticl)Ltonrxn or fsarist cr)rpir€J and lvere only lightly rooched hy ilre shrping evenrs nrrhc resi ofluropej tlrc.v ere generally less aLlvanced e.ononical\'; rhc,v s.elr much lessiili.ir t.,le.llop st:ibL denccr:irii poliLical slsrems thel'c1,r.1()nlli;*oi.!tfr.. tr.sr.pji.rd tl. lrol {-urrxio oiideol(}gl is th. mosr silrrilj.lnl dilrii!re:lhtl in ijurop,-.is ihr .'.err u \ ugoslilix sho\!. it is n.,r onl), I linr oa L{i1f{renc,ri ilj! it5o /,. ixnes

.1.,....,1

+1 I ).bnting (;kb.ii.a!i0j1

(loFlli.t riorlg thc lalilt lnir hcr{er \lrestror and Ishtnjc .iejliziti., s }rls 1\r€rl

lloiDg ;x lor 1,100 Iciir. Aliir rh. ic.r,rlnrg oi lslard, Ihe Arxb xn.t Nlo.rrish si,.:t.r,:sl irid ii(r h onh .ni1.i.r 11nrrs in r32 Froj]r thc cltverth to th. thi rrLcn th ..ntri ir.''.. ' ,,' " "' ll.t..l ' 1.,1' ',r'ir .' .r'.,|rlv

".r' h '\,r',flr1e io rtic iloly lird l-iori! th,r l:,;rrric|r! i{! ihe irirent.inth cerrtut, th. OinDrrtt 'rrks

r.!risc.i 1h. Ljrlan\:r, cnt.n,i((l th€ir su'ar over the Mi.idle ljtrst a d the L\:rlhrrs..ipiurcd l](]n-ct rliloltc, rnd rivite laid si.se tD Vienni. ln ttre njnetcenih arld L,rjtsrenti.th cntrrrj.s rs Otloilitn roir.r decliJred Britain, Ir.rn.r, rDd lhl! .r:lablishld-lveste;D ontrol o.rci rn.sr oaNorth,rfrictr .nd thc LIi.tdle East.

Aii€r Worl.l Wir jJ, rhe \i./esr, jn ilrrn, b.gan to r.ireaL rhe coloniil emt)ire5 disrtpcrred! }lLst,\rab ,)urio'r,rii:.rl r.l thrr Ijl.d,ic tuB.lafi€Dralisjn nr.lnifiried rh.r'rsel'/cs; ilre W est t)c.arn e ilr.ri'ili tlep,i.l.. r on ihe Prrsiix! culi:co'.r uiesforirse|.fij1..iIhe oil ri.h Mrrsiirn cr)oirlrics L..enxi non..; d.h,nd,Nlte theywished to, !vc.t-.olsricil. S|vcrrl \rars o..i!rrcrt i)nl'ecn

'\.al-.r arri lsrael (crerted Ly the l!rtsi:). l:i'n.c

foughr a bloocly ul nithl.-"s ir.rr i;r ,llceri;i ibr most ofth. 1950s; BritisL and li.nciitor.cs u..,adcii iglpr in l9:i6r.lnr,r1,:.n iot.c! ,rerr !]t.r l.tlr^noD in lt5li; nrk.-.tlr.rtii ,\ntri.or aorcci r,::'.rnr.:i rr 1.aL;ro;r, ,:ilicktd Libyr, rncl eDgagetl ;r 1a n]!sr n iji laif enco rrer wiii I r r; r'J ra; r ;1.i l sl iic r.rrori$s, s pponed b.r ar l.xs1 l hr,r rl{iddi. tlastern gocernne|rs- eji:.].v..1 th. !rju1)on aithe rveak ard boDb.d \\r.-!r.r ilplar* acd ilsr:,llanr,rs rn.i jeized ','i'.s terr h.rsttiges. Th;s 1v!lfar. b.t"!e.D Ar.rbs 1.dt|c \{esl .uln;Jrated in 199.r- \el.r lhe ljnitd St.i:s seDi x tnassive arm.i tr, th.''.i 'u'l roJr.,r"

rltcfinaih N,\'IO plrnn;Jrli js !r.rt:]!;rglt drr.,1.J to potenfiai rhreals ari(1;rsiubjiin:rl.Dg its 'sortLcrri ricr.

This.cnrn.i.s old nilikr'; i|rlilr.tion b.firecr tllr Wcst d..l lshD is llrlikciv t{)

c..l;.e- {t.oul.t b.o0e n rr. ..irf,lei1r. 1Le {iiiliwlr lcfi sone ,{nbs leciing prod{lthet Sddan lfussein hld Nrii.l...i lsricl fird srco{t up io rhe West. It iiso ielt D. rtieetin:r ]tu il;ated rnd r.s!:iiirl oi tir \V.-{is rnil;r.rv pres€llce jn 1be Persi.n culf.thc \\csls ovcrwhclrn;)g rihtu) ,lornBatr.e, aird thejr orlJl rpparcilt inabil;i!. ioshapethcir derrnry. N{ary Arah count.ics, in addition to the oil e-rportcrs, ur. rerrhi g

le.r,els of ecoiomic ind sori;l ,le\-elopn.rrt rvhcrc auto.rati. forms of.eovernrrentbecom. irappropriatc ur.l ei1;is l.J inl.oduce delnocra.r become stronger. SGJ1}e

o.Denirgs in rtrrh polir;.rl :"rt]'c h:;v,: elrerdl ,rrcurrert. ihc prlnt;prl l).nc1i.;rI';.soitli.s. opennrgr hrv. b: ) lsiarni,rt rlolrt'renrs.ln thcArab uorld, m:]fu.i \!.s!irrrr.lemo.flcy strengthens inti !\,ene!n poliricnL io.crr. lhis nray bc a passhg ph.n{,rreIon, but it surely cornflicates rclatiors Let'vecn lslamic .ountri.s .nd the lvest.t...1

'lhe West versrrs th€ l{csI

l'ht iv.5r is D!$,rt r! .rrra,rrLlirarv ptek oi po\lcr iit relation n, o&.r ci!ilirirrons.Irs sL,pc.po\!cr opp{}ncnt lr,ts rljs:rppcrrc(l lrorn the nrnp I,liliriry collilict .rmonr:W.st.n !ralcs is unrhirkaLlc, rn.l lv.stcrD nrilit.q' powc. is uI.ivrLicd. ,\parr lrorn1.4'an, lhe !V.st J:ccs no ...,Do r{: ( hrllenge. 11 ilonriml.s inter natxDai toliticel ,Lnd

!c.uirv irslitnti(rri ar!,1rjth Jrfrl inr.rnatn)Drl dconoInic institutions t-lhbrl politi

rh,: Ul'l S.r.trity .

i,ri;.frl ..iiii

' l,lo,.ish 'rrg.

rrr ard (lhr;strin

ri*r ,n{l ljrer.h

m t iull]"tclg ti)

J,a..d in:.b;iilt rc

: 0a grrYrrnrnlnra stra|3:r. Sotre

iDrl iJ.n.itci.{ies: I -dlor i. tr\iesrl:r.

ir t.sri!i!1f,LeD('lri \ tnd rlrc Weit

) oth€r civilizatidrs-: | .orlli.t .mo g

.,,r1..i. Ata tomrti.'!al i.,lili.al and

r ls i,ltb,rltoliri

t nt t ,ntst1 oJ t,r't11.nttunsa ,\5

crl eml secr;ltv issles rr,r ejT.divrh seul.(l bv x (li.e.rorirc ot rtrc ijriled Sr.lt.s,Britrrn mJ lrr. :e, \vorld ecol(Diic ;isrles h)- I dn.crorlt. ol rhc Ur;ted Srat.s,(;errrnril' anJ l.rp2n. xll oI n4rj.h ri.inrajn extraord;rnritl. clor.e reJ!tor\s with .achorhrr to the crclusrolr ollcssctrrd hrgelv nol] Wcsrcrn .oLr|1r'ier. Dr.irions rn.rttt artlre ill.l :le.!rit,v C.!r.ii or in ri)c Ii)i.rn.iionrl ifoncrrr-t i itd t|t!.rtle.i 1ll. iur.rcs|s ol th. \ .st rr. f.cjcnrcd ro thr i*rr]d as ..ficctiDg th. d.sir.s ot ihe ,.:.rkl,:crrrnnrr;r,r'lhcr.ryfhLrr."rircqorldcorrrlL!rjr,v"hish..rrrJ,.lhc.ulh.rnj5ri..,)Ll,r.:tiyrnonrr irtlirrir:r "tlrt |ru: WoriJ"; ro giri glLrbaj L,rqirx!r,jr n).criolr rrit.!rjjrs tht.r.,, r u ri, Ur.i,,l .'r.i-',1 .:r,', \'....... .:rri , .,.rJ .

i!rcina!jur:il c.ono j. irsrihrr;rrs. rh. W,'sr proD(n.j iis ec,rii)Ii( jii.!.sr. .rr(lilrpl,s.s,n ..'iIef ritions tlle c(oDonii,: policj.s il rLirk!.rIrrrorJ.j.ir. tn.{r" t.jr irf]]oli \\irstcr peotl.s,theilvlfunckubrcrilywlllli"inriJ(,:lftorioritu {rlrjrnItrs:1lr.! a t'rrr otir.rs, bDr gcL rl ovi,rl\trelirnrglv unraror::l.lr r;tirrg i,onr iirsi :rt{)Llrevc:!orie.ise. rrr)'dodl.]xqr& liih c.oi!v Arbir(J! s.Jrrr.j,1!rj'.Liioj) or lt"I t ol-ii.jrl,ii rr.o liolilr.rilts

'!ilo iov. cxDrapriitirg (nher pe,,l)ic -r n!,r.r. jIr)lrjsjr* rril{t.rr)

crrLi. irid riitI rdl.s oi €.r]iiolrrn: 2i.i polirl.il .ol.ir.r :rni! liiri!rS .cDli'rnr.

\"/esltE donrin.ti4n oftirr UN S..{rrity Colr'.il ind ir d..isx'r!, reDlpdeJ oDh,by o..rs;ontrl ,bsretrtion bv (;1,i.., produced UN lesjrLnrurlo, ot rhc Wcsr,s use ofioiie io diirt h.r(t or$ oi t ui!2ii ard jrs eltlrlrrari.rr oi lri(r'-. so])lr;sric.t!.i vieaponsand apa.'rr r,r produ!. su.h 1rc,rl)on\. Ii also produ...l rh. tnit,r i!.r-!...dcdr!clrclion br th! Unired SLrres, lrir3in rrd lr.ncr nr gctnrc it)r Sccurr11,(:o|lcit tod.nrxdd ilru! l-ib.ra jrnn{i cvcr th! lr!r ,\rl1 t0t Lrom|rr8 slrljjccLs a;rti rb:i' ro in1;o-srsrr.iions wir.n J-ib1ii rri[scd. '\ircr d€li:trtilg thc ta.g.]si Lrrir .rr!nv. 11.. lv.sl ai.i nojhiiilalr lri lhror its wrishi arounl ;1 tir. ;!ral. $()rtl:i. i h. \\rcsl iji .tic.r rr !5irgirlerniiiolal iDsrliLrriotrs, niilii rr.,. D.re-ir al.] ..oro::,i..: re:e.rrts to r,::: ih! rrcrL(t ilulvs tLni q,;ll rnainliin r,ii'sic pr..lc lii:!cc_ tnrft.i \\;i]srJ n ji1'.r.ri-. i,i rl DJ.irr{r..;.- -. ... 1. :.

: , ir.. ..

signiica,r .lcnren1 ul t dr irr rheii ricrl'. Diiicr.Dce,, il |or'.r a:ri srrl!,ig]t,s illr r]trli-tarj. r.oriomic aili jnsrirt,Liclal gttcr arc thcs.t,rr so!r(.l ror:1jir.L i).r,j..n thc

.,' . '.... ..,-... ",." ,.. ,,.i.., ' .. ,r. t, .........,:it,,r-i',,

''uri/,rr*l ..ijli1::r(," rh!i "1lts ;r!l 'rcn." A1 a s,rDlrrit.iitl l.,v.j urn,tr d \!csr.inun]r,rr*r ..,'ilil::ri(, lh!i "1lts ;r!l ,rcn.',

cuifurc has irtirtrl perrr.rred rhc ien of tlhe lvoild. ,\r r nror. b;r]i li'vri. l,,]wrv.r,\\/en.rn .!r,,cprJ .ii*i. lundalncr]ratlr fforii itrosr p*,u.te,r, ni orlri ciriiizarjors.Ur.slerri id-ras ol indr.ii.lulirjrr, tibrrriislr, {:onsr;r!ri(Dxtisn, trurri!r ,ighis. rqu:,titr,!ibtLt1, rie rdc olhr, risrnorft$,, lrc maArcrs, rtt sepr,r.rt,:n of .hrr,-b urrt sutc,oiterr irt:r.littlc !esl,,r'." ., t rtn"';., liur ir.i".,, t2D]lrese, llnrdr.lJud,lhisr or Orrho'lo, '.,, \r..,..o ..i,,,:.

'.. rr.uri g-r. ,.. .,|....I.,.L.....,...,''8,,r I qJ.n. 'ri;i.r.rrrrr, r.rl rr".,..rJ.(.,rrnn.,r;,.r...t rrr,J.!e,,u,,."t-.,.,\.dnl,' . r,, rlr' rri" , ru r. liD oi . trrnd

',.renr .ti.rn t. t,. ro nc. ,

!,ur,\l .r ,,1r,r,.. ,,.-.. t. .. ,:r.:\..-.t.:.t..r,i.,....,.,....,..,t,,

rl.:. . t. .r'....,.r .. ,i,.^,,. I.^|.l ,,...,,,,i ,.;... ,t...r...rol,'.i ..-,t...,.,...... .-.. t,.,... ,.i.ri , (,

46 l)ahni;i!. ( ;inl.\:|i.!n ii/t

v.]ucs lh.tl arr xrosr i1rJ,'orl.1nr in ib. Wr,,i ar. lcrsl n,rPor.nt lvorl(l'!'idt." L1 thc

political ..ljlm, of.ourr., I[ll,],i;ji.rerces a.. nlo,rt nrr ;len I'r the rlfo.ti di ih.Lrnii i Star,\:nr(i crlr.ir l'li -rf.dr iro\!.ir lo ir,lucc i,thu. p.opic\ rn;Jopr iq,rslern

idea! crDicnring dcr!tuerac..xnl h!nr!rr r:gijrs. ilode.n {l$!!,.rati. gol,..l,lt.ni otjgirxr.d h ihe lvest. When itLr5 Lt€velirpcri i1!or1 W.rlern s{r.i€ri.s ir iia:i r{rrll! bc.nLh. " 1,, , i

The ccniril ixis ofn'orl(l pol;rics i. rhe iirtl'. is likrly to be, in Kishore illihbubi-ri's phrase, th.r codliat bi't1rr.n "lire lvesl and rh€ Rest" and ihc rcsfonses of ton

--- We3rrrn .i\.iljzrtions io r,restc.! powcr:i ri.ralues. fhose r.sponses gc'rrallt take ote-- -df aaombirlrtion .i thrte ionn:. -,\t orc irb'cll]t, ron-We,it.rn sr.ies can, likc l]!rrnx-.;l

d ]\iorth (ore.. rtteDrt)r rir jrii:'siic x.riDrt.,)Iisol:Liior. ro insrtl.te ih.ir $ci.1;cs}-ro,n f1'rcir!t;oir or ".olrtrpri.u l bi:|t w.sr. an(L. ir cltucl. lo opt onl ofparric4r:t

. iioit iir 1lc \a/esk'r'r-ioirlnr.re:l Siob.l .ontndDitr. The costs cltlis course, hoee'ier,:rrchi:jh, rdlr'/ s !.ltes h.r1.e porsu.:l ii.t.{rsirir'- A sc.on,-l ri i.ynx livc, r}re i!1ti'alento{ 'brnd-r:ago::ilg ' i;r in1{:n1'.i,rtiii r.hriolr,' iheorr. is ro attcrnpt r.] io;rt ih., rteslanJ rcccp: iis rJ c; ari irtsl;ilrrio:rs. ihc iiiirtl rllei naliv. is lo .iilempl io 'brlin.:"ihe v/esi i',v rirvtloping rtororniL: ird rnililart po'i.r anrl coop:ratirir Lrirlt othrrruoi W.ste! so.i.ii€s xg:,j)s: llc We!|, t'h;lc lrreserrir5 irxli.qero!-i ululr a'rd ilrsiilntionst in shofl, to lr(ricrniTe ir!i iioi lo Wtsrernize. l. . .l

tv.rtern .iviliTriion ii lrorh',\'ciricrri rDJ rtlo.iern. NoJl \\'e!lera civilizatior)s hrYe-.rtren4rie,lnr be.clnr nroJ..r qtlrc\r tr.c5rn;ng wesi.rir. -l.,o daie1,nlytapan has flriivsir.cee.lcii in this q1r.sr. ;.1('r [r.s1r.rr civiliz.l;drs ui]l .oxiirue k' rrtelniri 1ri ic.lLrirc

ile xrilih. rccir nol.rs., sk:ii.'. !r,r.binr' ! !r.i v{ pcis l ha t .rrc p:!i l oI bcing lxoiler n.

Tlrer lvill ilso .llcjr]pr to rc..'rcil"' th;s rnod..]rilr wirh thrir Lrnditiot.rl !uliule rnd!.alues. -lheir econonn: rnl lnilil-rry slrelgrir r€lniivc io th! Ulesl !'ill incrcase. Hetce1!e \Vesi

'i1l in.reasin:tll ir\ir 10 .i.cornrrr,d.re iles. noJl \\r.stern rnodc'n ciljiiztr

tiorls wlrose l)o\ver xpproi.h.s thai ci Lhe iveiit l)ut whose i'alu€s end lnt.r.sts (lifersi!+riil{:antiy from thos. ot tirc \aasi.'Ihis

'vili rc{trire Lie \Vest to Inairrrair the ..o'

rloriilj and riiijtarv rrovtr ue.cssary tc prot€ct iis int.tcsls in.chii.rl1lr r.hes-- civili?itions- Itlvili also, horvever, require the West to deveiop a more profound undersranding

oflhe basic religious and philoso phical rssrlrptions underlying other civilizario s,ndthe revs irr rvhich |col'l. m ihose civilizar()ns se. thcii inlerests. 11 will r.(ton. an

effoft to ide.tii,v .L!rerrts oi.ortrnlor.l!F b.i/rcen vJert.rn aD{l oiht! civilinrions.lo. rhe re{eyant 1uhrr.- t|fr. .'ili b. ri,r uniferJai ci1-iiization. brr lrsicn.l r ,'orl{l of,l;iierenr .ivili721io.s. cach oi r*iclr rrill irrrc Lo l.nrl to .oexisi *iih ihc olhcrs.

] NTF N NA'J'I')N T I.

-t{*.r*,{h ffirihrgrye

Essay: l,Yas Samuet l-.iL]nii'tgton r;ght a.taer ali?tsy fotrad AjamtF'iday, lanuarv 4.200a

(:) li v/ould heve Deen Linl;kc S;nrJelP. Hlntjngion to say l totd you so, aficr 9/1 1 lle is tco alrste:e.nrlserious a ma,r. v.4ih a klcend:ry c;reeriis arauably thc rnost inJtuenijatarrd o.ieinat potjilcat scienli:jtaf the lasi hirlf century - zlways swinlminc again:rt the curenl of p!eva;ti.g opirriorj

ln ihe -1990s, ilrsl in an ariicle ifi t e nr.gazine ioreign Iffai,s. tiren irr a book pvbtished ir tgge n.lerihe iiile "itle aiash of Civ'i'zriiorrs ard the Rernakina ofWorki Order,,' he had {:omc i)rrir litir z ih.risihal ren couri:r lo the zrilgeisi af t.re er. ;nJ Lts euL/h6na about qtobati2rLo,r rno a oorr:,,ertess.!orld. AIier lhe coid u/ar, he 'rroie. theli rvould tre a "clash ot civitizaiions," Soit trnC blcod and cLrttlrlEtloyallies \,rould claim, and detne, lhe \/orld ot slates. ltuntington s cedog€phy w;s drawn with asherp pencil. ltwas 'The fvest and ihe Resr": the Vvest standin-q atone, ond eighl civjlizaiions .tivi.jingthe rest . Latin Arnerican, Africa., islamic, Sinac, Hindu, C'1hodox, t3rddhi:I and .tlrmnese. And i! ,u5is

posi.col'l war lvcfld, lsl6inic cii;izal'on wouid re e,rerge as a nemesis toihe lvest lluniington fjrri thematle. il siark ierrns:

"The re'ations t'ehveen lsl;rr)l 3'd Ch.islianjly, hcih Ortho.tox and Westem, have oft:n treen slonny.E..h h;s been !h€ othe' s Other '1he 2Cih-ceniirry confli:: b--ivreen tiberat d€modacy :r,rct ir3rrisrLc i*isnr is onJy a iieeiing an.j suierficial h;storicai phenomencn compared b 1,le coniinuirg rnddee,rly c.r, riiici!;i I e laiicn bel.nreeri i:l:jin and Chisrianiry.

Those I S yolr)g ,arabs i'/h. sin-ick Arnci.a on 9/1 1 '"vere io qive Hlnriinoion moft: of h;stry s,..J|.,.1!,ru1tr^.(/:,ri,"!.r ../.r,.r.,.,:ri.,t.!,,.i",.4v.r,x..n.ir':/{,uu.b,.i,/,,,.. ,.jt.i,.,....

s.cietes, and yculrq A.abs anC ,lrslill;s were trav,/ ihe sho.k{roops ot a rl€W ra.t'calisfl. Iheif riseIia.l cv{rr'.vhcltned ihe ordrr in rheif tromelands and hed so;lted inio ron t,Juslim roct.jite.i ik$! ilr.bor.lers t'eti./eeu luusjinrs anC cth*r p€opies l..ratn {jerl qrown Jsserirte rnJ tLtlnerr]lrli ti:ei.jeolcltj.s r'i Vr/eslemiz.rlion th"l hcd Cofii atel lh'r hi.rones oi Tu/^ey, kan rn.t iire ,\-dtr .io d{i, asin€ll .s Scuih Asia, iraij b(icd; "in.iigeni. adon ' had becorne tlE orderol the da) ir s,rlji.)ii.s r^_,ios.l.aiionalsms once soullhl io ellulale fi€ ways of ih€i West

Raiher lhan Wesle,'liTilg iheir sccjetres. i.lalric lanris had devetoped a po\relluj cr.Isen.ls ir;:j.r'orof lslamiZng n]odernity. Thcre !1ras iro 'lrriversnl .ivii'zaiion,.' l lunlinoton had olrsenx,ct: itjir,6s olrtvlhe preicnse oi '.i/trat he calied "Davos culhrre,' rionsjsiinll of a hin laver ot technocreis ;r ,,J .,.-.ra.n,ri-.and busiressrmen who ,tather annL,ally ai ihat x,aiedrg hoie of the gtob:rl etire in Slvil.enail{J

ln Hunlingicll s unsparhlg view, culiure is undeiplnned lrnd deiined by power. fhe t-lcsi h2.j cljcobeen pre'emirreot and nrilitarily dominart, and the first generation ofthird \rorld nationatists hadsought to fash'on their world in the inlage ofihe WesL But We-stem dorninion had cracked, Huntingtonsaid- Demography besl iold $'e story: whe.e more than 40 p€rceni of the world pop!talion rv.s unddrlire political controj ofVlcstcnr civiliz:alion i. the year1900, that share had decl'n..1 t(, abcut 15percent in 1990, and is 5ei to conre d,r-wn io 10 fetcetiby the yeat 2025 Conversety. IstarJ) s shr..lhac ri:ier) lronlI percent ill lgUC io 13 perceni i 19{lO, and co,rld be as hish Es 1!l i}.rr.grt by 2021t tiis nd prciiy :rr iire iro.'i;rrs belr,veen locieiies \i,ith dvr'trdlinq pop!tat'ons WestrrN t urcpe be!i. orieexample. Russia anolhcr and those lliih yoLrng people making claims on the wortd tiuntingior say/this gathe.ing storm Those youn0 people ot the densely populated North Ndcan srates ,j/tro havebeen risking all for a iou.ney across the Sirait of Gibrattar w-dtk right out oi his pages

Shortly atter the appearance of tle article th3i seeded thc book, Foreign Aftais magaziire caltcd pona group otwriiers to respond to llu,rtington s thesis lwas assigned the tead criiique. twrote myresponse wilh appreciation, bur ,wagered .ln modernization, on the system ihe West had prlt in ptace.''The ihings and ways $rar tllc rrvest took to the rest. " l wrote, have become the v/ays oi lhe wortrtThe secular icJea. the slate systcm and the balance of power, pop cotturejumpinll iarlffwa s:nctbarriers, tht'slaie as an

'nstrument oJ welfare. all these have bcen internalized in lhe remotesl ptaceE

We have slrned Lip lhe ve'y sloflns inlo which wc now .ide I had grestioned Hunlinglon s suggestionlhat civilizal;ois could be found "whole and intact, waterlioht under an elemat sky." Furows, I

o

(q

obscrved, run across dvilizations, and the nlcdernisi consensus would hotd in ptaces tike lnd'a, Egypr

Hunijngton had written ihat ttte Turks rejeciing i\,1ecc,r. and reiecied by B.uss.Js would head tow:rrd-lashkent, choosing a pan Turkic wond lvly f.iih was'nv(:sred in lhe omiat Wester,riztrg creed oi

K{rn3lisn} ihat Muslafa KemalAtaturk h:d bequeaihcd h's counLry. "What, hor/ever. it T-urkeyie,:letned itself? Huntinglon asked. At some poinr, Turkey coutd be ready to give up its trustraringand i)umiliatincj role as a bellgar pleading fDr rnemLrc'ship in tire Wesr and ro resum€ iis much moreirnpressi/e and elevaled hisiodcal role as the p,irlcipal tstemic interlocutor.nd altagonist of iirc

flearly '15 vcars on, Huntingion's thcsis "i,ori

a .iviti--'rti(j)at chsh seenrs more .oinpeltinll io r,!e lir:nfire cniiq{c I piovaded at th3i t;me. kr rcccni yer!s, f.r exanrpte. lhc e.J'fice of Kemalism has comeurr.ler asssuh, and turkey has no''! elecr.d.n tsla'4ist to ihe presidency in open defance ofitienrliilary brreasratic el;te I herc h:is come i|l.n 'teLiefrniii.r{. ihai itultingian prophesied. -r o b!-, nrre.ibev=.dictriray not tle quita i]s st.aillhiJorwerd as h. foresaw_ thelst2 rists have pr€vaile{j, i}ulthc;,.lesi(id cjeslination, or so they ielt us, is siitt Brus:rels: in ih-lt Furopean shetrer, ihe ls'arnisis shreer'dtyfupe ihey can find protection againsl the pc,rv.ir c;the miliiary

f)

"l'llteech ycu djf€rences,' Kent says io Leer's servant. ;\nd t{uniingion had tle irtegriiy and iheloresighi 1() see the falseness ofa borderless vrcid, a wortd,.rithout difierences- iH-qis one of trvo ,

greai ;nleilectural figures who peered inio ih€ heari of Iri|g: .rnd were nut taken rn by qtobtism.scoaceii, Berlard Lewis baing the other_)

{:,i

,'.'i \\.\: j

I siil'harbcr doubis aboutwhethe. ihe radic€t !,(illmists knocking atlhe grles of Europe, or as.salrlling;l i:om l.;iihjn, are the bearers of a whole civjiizaiicn. ! hey nee fre buin;,1g qrounds oi lsta,n. tut carilhe firewith them- lhey are "nolrhere men," chi;dren of the franlier bet!,een tstam and the West,trelcnging io neiiher lf an_r4hing, they are a les{arn.jni io thc faiiure of mcd€rn isiam to provide ior iisc./n an.l lo hold the fidelities ofihe youna.

i\ro:e ornin,rusly perhaps, th€re ran ihrough l lLrtilEioi,,r iJaate:i ai arxieiv.bout the,jjati r,rd rhecoherei)cs ai lhe West - openly stated at tirnes. nraC . i..,, .l usjon- rnr cu gtrout I he tu,r peris of therl,:sl e'e not carefuily moniicred ane dete.rdecj, tiunijrglcr feare.l tstatu.,$ remain tslam, hc1,!rrded. bu: ii is "Crbious" uJhether ihe Wesi v/jii rematn L1.c lo itseji and its m;ssion Clearty,.iorrfi!Era. has not cielivered us olit of hisior/s

'ras:ronrj, the.;^,/crld l./Vicle Web has not cast lsiCe

blo.Ll arid kh and raith- It is no tault of Samuel iiuningil]n's ihat vre have noi heeded his darktjr, an.looss;bly iruer, vision-

l*.frTr crpyrrqht A 2ooa The lnter.aliona M.r akr riibhe I vtuw.irt.con

Comprehension Que5tions

qu€stions on 'SJas Samuel lluntington tlight after all?' by Fouad Ajarni {li-lT)

L lt would ha're been unlike 5arnuel P. lluntington to say, "t told you so".,..What does th;s suggest about the \,^/riter's impression of I-luntington'scharacter?

2. '...then in a book f-,ublishccl in 1996 und€I the titie "The Clash of Civilizationsand the Remaking of Worid Orcier", he had come forth with a ihesis that rancounter to the lgitgei5i of the era and its euphoria about globalization and a"borderless" world.'\ lhat do you think ihe woid;eifgeini could mean in the context it is used.

3. From poragroph 3, What do you see as the effect of comparing 1'The 20th

Century conflict between libelal dernocracy and Marxist-Le lrinisrn" and the"relationlsl between lslarn and Christianiiy".

4. fram parogroph 4, V,,lhat reascns does Huntington give for saying ihere "wasno universal civiiization"?

5. Ftom psro-qraph 6, ln your c'"vrr words, explain what FiuntinFian rTteans whenhe says, "cultui'c is Lri'tcierpinne.l ancJ defined by power"?

{. l'rom paragraph lO, txplain the difference between "a borderless,aiorld" and"r world !vithout differences".

Foilow-up reodingl:

8 F{dncis Fukuyslna's'End of llistor,v'o Noam Chornsky's'Foiled Stotes'6 Noomi Klein's'Shock Theorv'

S€$_Ln{L6iaeatlzatlAjJ-r.jlL_e_ MldlQl-the-S,lQt a! ig{}!.j}rr-!y

Michael Veseth

Lyrrle Biclr.!.9r1!!!.sjt! 15, ltr,19'18

id€th:n,{ing G!Gi:ira!iz;:i;lf,r r

The social process is really ol]e indivisible \^/hole. Out olits great streaBt the cl:)sslfytnE hand of the invesiigatotartificially exi-r.rcts eccitoiltic iacis.

loseph A. Scir'rr ?itc. 1

There ls someihirq impo!l,ena il;tDp..:!-linq in ihe lvcrl.l toda)/, an!] yr-e

c6)l it giob.rlization. l-ia,rrl'i(j slr'.ni sc, rnucit etfort itr/inq to deilunk tnemyths surrolrndinc 9l{.riralir-atiol. i jniiitt lc be very clear rjc',v tha.a thefor-ces l.'le sce and set!s.'aie r..ai. 3ri1_ if lhe piocess cai!.-rd clobait:t:l,.ioriis ltnpoltart-and it :: ti-r:rn ii i-' ,.tr/en ;nrr"€ imler iaitf ih:ri !,ye :e!;iflto undei-stanrj whai, ii t'.r:;il,' i:r, r,,iirai_ is ieft lr'hen iite rhei o.ic as eliiterjclli and i!.re srntrkescrel:r! is :tLripil..d ar,'.iay. When iltis r.iil-iirring tsdone, I suggest, we '!ili L,t"alt irn.le!-:i:ancj g;obaljzation rncj.e ilearlyanci be able to conce'\/e l.]l', bt:-l€i it:irr" ior \r./hat ii is- l

:lh€ Argurn€nt S* fat

So far in SellinQ GJabai;.:,?tr'or I ha\/r arqued that globalization ir)practjce !s very- rnuch Liiff.:rena irorn globaliz3tion in tbeory andespecially ihe visions of globaiizatio.r that drive political choices today_Actual global firms are relatively rare and the process of globaljzationis far less developed i:han mGSt people imagine. By sonie rneasLr!e5,ihe world is less thoroLrghly intellrated today ihan it was in the periodbefore World War I lhal. K"vnc:; has t{ieailzed.

When I examined case studies of four "global,, iarms*Nike, Boeing,Microsoft, and Frank Russeil only Nike seemed to fit the definition ofa footloose truly global busjness, floating effor essly in a virtualmarket world, draw'ng on global resources for its production andglobai markets lor its sales. When peopte think of globatization, for

good or for bad, the.7 ttrink about a world of Nike, i./hich is an unequal,envicus, peformance oriented, cap'talist world-

The other "global" businesses I stlrdied !.rere as unljke Nike as you canget. Soeing is a creature of the siale and in the process of negotiatingerith states has become cne, ilr nearly .-so. Micrcsoft is rnarket driven,but lt teeds stiong staies tc enaci ai!.j eriorcc intellectual properiyr:ghts lar,!s; it cannol e){ist as a fiiofiiable enteiprise without strongstates to enforce its copyrjghts. Illicrosoit's pr{laiuct lines illustrate :hedurabilib/ of local langu"ge, clilture, and hisio.y (distinct n.ttionaldlfferelrces) by the er{tent tc r,^,,nich they are taiiored or custornized tofii local markets. The Frarnk Russell Company, \ihich looks frorn theoutside like the quintessential vidual financiai fjrm, turns out on theinside to ile based on t!-ust that is built ihrough face-to-iace personalrelaiions, fbr which no electronic periect substitute exists.

Glotlajization exists as a prccess, but ii ;s less ccrnplete tha| manypeoFle think ani oi a Cllfereni: nai[r-- than

's comrnonly assumed.

Globalizalion in practice tui-ns oui not to be the triumoh of theirreslsiillle nlarket iorce over elj lhat stands in iis y,lay. The rLimors oftire deaths oi disiancc. an{: 1.he riaie a|C crliure anai the individua, aliare exaggeraied. -tl.rese forces, wltiri) har/e always lr iled glcbaimeri€t integraticn, still jii,. iii ;i rcila-!.

Arn.Jnq the rnany fo|ces lhei llmit the extent io which trueEiobaiization can hapfien is tlre il]ndantcntai instability of globalfinanciel merkets. If globali?raiifin is io happefl, I argue, !t musi drawcn ea.l perhaps be dri.ren bi" global financial inat kets, 'rhich picvideiihe econornic means by whiclr !-esources move around the globe. Butthese markets are an unstible icundation ior globalization" Globalfinancial markets are sutliect te baih ltlg instabilities caused trycurrency cTises and to smaller but iuildamentally more t!-oublesomechaotic movements. Globalization can only proceed so far if exchangerates are as fundamentally unstab,ie as I think they are. There isreason to believe that as global financial markets expand they becomeincreesingly unstable. At some Doint, the instability is great enough tolialt lhe lorces of econo ic integraiion anC perhaps io reverse them. Ifmy aral'/sis is correct, globalization is a self-lirniting process. The!.Jorld economy may nevei be much fitore "9iobal" iB a reai sense thanit is today or was in Keynes's day.

If globalization is not new, not ubiquitous, and not unstoppable, thenwhy does it get so much attention? I have provided two answers tothis question. First, globalizalion gels attention because it is a usefulconcept. Politicians, policymakers, and intellectuals link their pet

projects to the promise or threat of globalization and then seliglobalization to us. Because qlobalization is such a large and vagueidea, all softs oi policies and projecis can be easily attached to it. Ancjit is easy to sell this vague ialea to the public durinq a period whenlhere are ,nany reasols for anxiety a|d concern. Globaliznt;on js srictra useiul concept that if !t did ot exist, it !,roLl!d haye to be invenied-again, not to describe the yr'ay lhe worlC works. but as ar deiiverydevice for all sorts of good and bad ideas thai are packaged wiih it.

The second reason thai gloiializaticn h,:s been so effectively rn"rkeie{j:s that attempts to provid€ a scund economic critique of thjs concepthave thus far been inelfective. In some cases the economic anaiysishas been done, but it didn't nratter because economists tend,tocommunicate using highly spec!:ilzed and symbolic languacJe andrnethods. Noneconomist "ciyilians" simply cannot understand whateconomists say for the most pa!-t, so a meaningful econontic critiqu",j ofglcllaijzatiofi by a c€rtiiied economist might as well be ,rriti€n illMaitian on the back side ci the inaon for all ihe gcod it lvill rjo. t,toreto the point, hoy/ever, is ih€ notjon (lvhich I advanced in |te iaslaf:epteij that postwar eccnomics has ,ln jateniiona!iy delined iiself in ar.ei-y narrow way that eflectlveiy el(clitd*s ihe sort oi anal.rlris thatle;ds to theoi-eticai questjons about globaj markel fbrce:i. Crisis ardi:cinplexjty, which are ihe ttasis cf i.llv analysis of glolla! finatci;ririrefl<ets, are not econoinics as most economists u,tCer5tan.i it.ixpecl,ng a crltique of gloital markets iforn the economics proicssion,thereiore, is like expeciing a cjefense ol usury irom a qroup oi islainicclerics-

lhe boliom line hei-e is thai qlobaiizatjon is not r.vh.lt it scerns lo jl?.lile qlicitiua, lhen, is rih.rt ts iLl

{;lDbalizaticn and Compi€xity

The process that we call globalizaiion is re"lly a complex set ofchanges. It is driven by a number of foices that interact i",,ith oneanother in endlessl)/ fascinaiing 'r!ays. Such a process is calicd:.:onplei in th€ language ol noniine;r dyflamics, dnd whet ,r,,a iii-eseeing now is an example of complexity. There is no generallyaccepted definition of complexity, according to M. Mitchell Waldrop,whose bestselling book by that name helped to popularize the concept.I The subtille of his book, however-fhe Energing Science at theEdqe of Order and Chaos-suggests a definitjon. If thjs is a deiinitioncf cornpiexitv, then globalization certainly seems to fii.

The key to misunderstandinq globalization is io ignore its complexity.li you adificially extraci facts about globalization in a simple way (toparaptrrase Schunrpeter's epigraph to this chapter), then you willunderstand it as a simple process (e.9., demonic global market,i.apotent siater borderiess world) and succeed in rnisconstruing what isgo'ng ofi. Worse, your rnisunderstandinq wili serve ro confirm yolirhighest hopes and worst fears.

The problem lvith complex sociai proce:rses is ihat it is difficult toundersiand thern jn their complexity. 5() )"ve simpliiy. This process isnriiliciai, however/ as Schur.npeter says, and erbitrary. We must pickand choose the facts that we emphasize and ihose that we ignore- lt ispossjbie to see anything yoLr -r^Jani to see, ii the process is complexenoirgh. So we tend to choose what we want to chcose and see \r,/hatv{e }.iant to See. This is a serious probler!" U/hen we misunderstand theforces o{ change, misiaking thefir for angels or devils of our owncfeation/ r^Je lose contact with reality. It becomes all too easy tornistake friend ior foe and qood eli.ect ior b3d.

f"lcre io the point of ihis book, because gioba! aomplexity has so rlanyillerrelaied elements, ii is inasy ?cr poiitiaail and intellectualenirep.eneurs to pick and choose ihel; fa*s io suit their agendas, It isbard to understand glcbal .cnrplexily bui r:as:r io seii "Elobalizatjcn" a:tire cuie for ihis or the enemy oi iirai. Sc loiiq as globaiizetion is lhu-srn,sunderstood, it can be too easily abuscd ijnd .risuse{i.-lire histcrian David Cannadine iras !',/fitten about ihis pioelern--rn!s,Jnderstanding complex social pr.Jcesse5--iir the case of iheiricluslrial revolution. 4 The lndu.-cliial revoluiion in England was likeEloba!ization is today in that ii was a complex event of qreaiir pcrtarjce, but also of great corfipiexitv, it we can n'ranage tomisunderstand the ind[striai ievolution, elren gi!'en the improvedperspective ol hindsight, thsn we clear!y can misunderstandgiobalizaiion today.

The way that historians, economisls, and the informed public viewedthe industrial revolution changed r,l.amal.ically during the one hundredyears after Toynbee's Lect!,ires ati t.h,4 litdusi.ria! Aeyolutlon. V/ithoLltrnuch charige in the "facts" availairle, each gcneration was able lo seein the industrial revoiution a different image. 5_ In each case ii was animage of startling clarity and relevance to the contemporary situation.In each case it was the,mage that viewers wanted to see. Cannadinefound four "phases" between 1BB0 and 1980.

]n the 1920s, for exampie, historians saw the industrial revolution interms oi the social conditions of urbiJn workers and the unemployed.The "facts" chosen \,\,er€ those ihat best reflected the then currentconcern over social condition and poverty in England. U/hat they{lristorians, citizers, anil Gilicials) sa!.i in the Industrial RevolLriion !!asa mirror of their own tinres, and '.heit reading of this history probabii/also iniluenced their reading ol cuffent events and policy. 6 lheiesson oi history il]as that inclustry is hard cn the weak 3!.t.JCevastating to the poo|. som€thing shorjid be done to chen.lc lhjnllsbeloie il is tco laie.

Economic historians wfl.) ),vroie iront the mirJ-1920s to the mid-195Cssa\r/ a clifferent industrial revoiution. lrvhai they saw were the cycles inthe economy, the ups and doyJns of the business cycle that seerned tocharacterize indust!-ia' capitalism. In this, of course, they vvere guialedby the experience of thejt o,,!n times. The crash of the Greattepiessjon and ihe efferis of )lrcild war were on their minds and soijppeai-ed before their eyes in lhe forin oi history. The lesson oi hisloryi'ras that capitalism is unstible-lI bccams and crashes, but esF,ecially it{"(ash€s- Sollrething shculri be doite io ch:nge lhings before jt i*c ioo]ate.

Thcse who studied tila iitailsi!-::i i-e./olrtion frcrn ihe mid- i950s io the]97Os, ihe pericd ol the .jreat pos'rwar economic expans,on, !,arjlJrcwth, noi: povertlr end j'rr-rt cycies. -lhey saw ihe rise oi e st;t'cecononly to seli-sus'.aining ecoflorrlic gt'or,^{h. The famous sfaie: oi9ror1,ifJ tireory thal glii(i€d ccot-ro,l]ia Lroliaies around the worid in tl'e:L!63s uras ille prodLJct ol'Vt. 1,,,/. iiostow's examination of the eccltorrli{-hisioi-y of the industrial reyclulic . lrlDrc'/ed data (bettef facts) mekeuS think tod"y that Ro.etov,"s theoiy of the need of a "leading Seclor"lres as r/rrrong in iis interpretation oi ihe industrial revoluiion as il5cems to have been r,ronq in ihe fori-li of advice to less developedcounhi--s. Bul the lessoll ef iristory r.ras lhat economic growth cor!ld beaitained by promoting a leading sector. A great leap forward isneeded.

!'inally, Llannadine noted that titose lvho have stuciied ihe industriairi'v'llirtion durirtq the curreni "Ag{] ol" Dir inished Fxpectations" have.-.1$o ilerceived it as a distanl tnirio!- of ihe contempol-ary condjtiorr. 7

It was an industrial evolution, not revolution, with many evolutionarylalse starts and dead ends:

Instead of being presented as the paradigmatic case, the first andmost famous instance of economic growth, the British IndustrialRevolution, is now depicted in a more negative liqht, as a limited,

restr icted,. piecemeal phenomenon, in '/Jhich ./arious things d'd noiiloppen or where, if they did, they had far less efiect than ',\raspreviousi,v supposed. s

Ihe ;ession o;' history here is ti-rat drail'iaiic eccnomic growih is an:lirsior;, or al least rioi sometlring io be expected. The past js pretiyinlr:h iike ihe present- rfilred ir the dold!-ums. You'd better gei usedto i',.

,lt shou:d flow be obvious to you ihat the industrial revoluticn was a

preiiy carnpllcated process--ai least as cornplicated as gicbalizatio*,;roi in ihe l-ast because it incllding a dramatic global expansiorl cilrade. The industrial revolution \r,/aG clearly all of the thinqs that theseiour generations of historiaas atld citizens perceived: unequal,.Jnstabler d'/narnical, and evoiutionary. Ii v,ras rflore, too. But the pointis lhat v,'e select the tacts to suit ollr uses, to mirror the times.Cailadine's analysis forces us to consiCcr $/helher our verdict on il'leirldustriai revolui.ion says nlore atlout Britain !n i!-!e perioci 1780-1340o!- aboili i)ur o!1/n view of ccntertporary social and econcff'!cr:on.:Jil ions-

lhFj [jain Nclnis i l,^,,ani i.-i n]itke hi:re er e iiicsre. First, vlllnt "ve l;l;cicbeiizai.lon is not a new pfcce-s, even ihough vxe think of !i ns le1il.:i:r3rid, Eioilalizaijon s€ems io b€: coft!ile)i, 'rviih maity caLlses andeiteris, sor.ee quite ufiexpected. Fln;j!y, be:ar-ise glcbalization is s'rcorrrple)(, ii {r;n be v!e\,ved in rnary iniaysr et.l ti}ete is alln/ays ih:air;.jce ihai'fi€ ars missing the mo5t ii,'iilortant aation through a pocl-seleclict.r of "lacts." With ihese poinis ;ir mind, let us turn Froin pa:ttense io piesent,

{ri1r-{!blirirj WBlls, Corn!:rlex nnt€r"cti.ons

'dJhat we call globalization is the complex process that results frombreaking down the walls that separate and distinguish many of theinrFoltal-}t instilutions thai we use ic define the lvorld we live in. In our;ri.ternpt to understand a cornplex \r./orld, uJe necessarily try ioconaeot,.ralize it in simple ways. We put vai-icus elemenis of sociell/into pigeonholes or mental compartments, During periods of econollticand social stability, this simplified framework is useful. During periodsof rapid change, however, the old mental framework prevents us fromunderstanding the nature of the change itself. The walls of thepigeonholes must be broken down and rebuilt to reflect the newrealily.

The tact that the borders that define dte qeoqraphical tloundaries ofnation-states are nour less important than they were 30 years ago rsonly the most obvious aspect oi this gene[al process of crumblingwalls. Unfortunaiely, it has qiyen the entjre process its nanleglobaiization. Globalization is about the reed lo reth!nk slaies aodn.rarkets in terms ether thitn '.hose defined by geooraphic borclers, butit is about much more than r!s. Giob:lization i-c about a genera!b!-eaking down of borders and the p|ocesses lhat result from this. -foilluslrate and motivaie thi: poini, iet me diaw on analylic;!frame"joiks developed by Ke;rneth r"!j_ ,lrali_z,]arnes i\.1. F,osenau, andS'isaa Strange.

Kenneth N, Waltz is the euthor oi one of the most useful inlellectua'frameworks for understanding international relations. In his influeniial1959 book Man, the State, arid l,4ht he proposed a three-levelanalytical framework- e Human individuals exist within the nationsiate" which exists within an irter n:ttlonal system. Each element_,iFdividLrai, state, system has its c}^',i", narure ancj mctivatjons and iscorlCitioned by ihe rext higher;3vF! cf ari._rlysis. ln ,rriting aboul lit€prcbl"['r of war, for exampie" lvailz saial that lyar anci Deace .]i-ecorflpiex il.raite[s inat cene cir aii r'i-,.ree !3veis anci their iniefactions.To Linc€rstand vlar ar;ai peace, yc! rIti.tsi ui]Cersiand human ;ndjviaiLtalsand their rxol.ivations; i.he sleie, iis !;i.rii.,,atjon, anaj ttolv ii condjilcnsihe aaiions ot indi\-/iduiils; aftd tll!. iriie|r]e,rional system, iis stiucture,and h{.}',/", it conditions ihe acii.rns cf siaies. ro

Wriiing in i:fle i950s, ii was p! obably I el;,rt jveiy easy to conce ji,?e oi aliainework in r'vhich incli.ridu?ls aoul.,! he consideied separately irornstates and from systerns ir'l _strucrLlral aficj rnciivatjonal lerms. In fact.I think this three-ievel approach is siiii us€iul in considering rnafiyprolllerns. But the clean distinct.ifrn a;non!l tha three levels of a!raiysishas broken Co\,'/n. lndividu:ls, staies, anc systems now ;nteract jn avariely of complex waj/s tJrat in part define the world arounC us. thebrief case studies I presented in Chaptei- 3 do not prove this point, butthey provide a few examples that I hope will illustrate and motivate it.Boe:ng, for example, !\rould be conside.ed within the :ndividual tevel oiWaitz's analysis, sin{te it is a t'irfi rr,'a{Je uD of and controllecl byindividuals and lackiird thc a{thor ii y f rr.r.L ,r' rdtionally detines staies.Bul, ai we have seen, goeifig acts ljke il siate in its negotiations r/iihnation-states and is even treated like a nataon-state for somepurposes. In the negotiations that we studied. the nation-states weremost often concerned with profits and lobs while the enterprises r,veremost often concerned with security and autonomy-a role reversal.Both were caught in a competitive environment that brought their

interests togeth€r in new combinetions. The difference betuieen thefirst tr,n/o ievels of analysis is thus no lonller distinct, and theirintercctions are complex,

"Ihe l,licrosoft case study illustilted another breakdo!".i n in tl.risiranleyjork. Who determines ah-- sysieri? Fcrr Microsoft, the systent-etieasi the tarts of !i that affeca int.eileciual property rights -is terriblyirnpcrtant, and so Microsott !nvesis heavily in technology and legaltesoufces io iry to defjne the :-iysleryi y,/ithifi which siates and;ndivldilals operate" -fo L,e successfuJ, Microsoft must help create andslslain a global syslern Lhat protects it from the seii-iflterested.rrrrftiilive aciions of ihe ind!'./idu.:ls and states within that system. Ina .,rert.rin sense, l4jcrosoft must be the si'stem, or at least be of thesystem, since it has the strongest interest in defining and enforcing it.(I meei.r this in ihe larger sense, but of course, "being the system" isalsc Microsoft's strategy concernjng theii- Wlndows-based operatings)rsiern aird prociucts.) It is increasirgly hard to sepa.ate the systemf-rrJr.r the ind:viiluals who comprise ii anii tireir actions and n]otivations,

Ii js intefe:ting to consider how much giob;iiz3llon is associated urillltechrloiogy, tiespite the faci th;'r ina3rraticral trade and iinance arerioi inuch rfiorc iechnoiogy it'l'r--ti-.jiye ihen other aspects oicor,iemporary iile. Clire feason icr- ihi: association is thai ihemjcfcelecircn;c revolulion of !-ecenl :ieats has been an importanleie'neni in the ilreakdown of batii.:rs anioitg individuals, states, anclsysiefis, which we mistakenl]- call giol-ialization- tvlore rapid ancleliici€ni acr-rrmuflications have cleari-v helped insert individual interests.rnd rnoti'/aficns into siate-le./el anC sysie t-ievel issues, On ihelntefnei. in fact, staies and systetns are slrnost tlut not quiieirrelevait. The resulting frarne!',ro'-k is not glotlal and systemjc,ho,.'?e./"r, but iocai and individual, which js the main message I foundin Bill Gates's book, Ihe Road Ahead.

Susan Sirange has recently cieveloped a sirflilar theme in her book 7heRetreat of the State, in which she frames the issue in terms of thebreakdown of traditional structures of auihoriiy and the creation cfnew comb;naiions that ernbody authority jn nevi ways.

Strafige perceives ihai the dylramic li'lai we call globallzalion ;sconditioned by the diffusion of authority within sociely, nol justbefween nation-states, which creates different patterns of influenceand behavior. Using the terms of international relations, we might saythat there are more actors in the international political economy todayand more levels of analysis aTe necessary. Strange makes the point by

arguinq that traditional inlernational potilical economy is based on the"Gilpin equation":

5+M=Py'E

:-:tilies + M:lrkets = Political Ecenonty 1r

This equation suggests a staie-l€rvel analysis focusing on a small set cfnctofs. Ii is consistent with an internaiionai relations-based approacht{} inte!-national political economy. This way of thinkjnE musi r}ow bereplared, she Suggests, tvith ths sori suogested by the ,,Stranqce.juation'": 12

A{n) : X,(r) + M{n) =A{n) = V(i}) + Soi{n}

The interaction of many sources of auihority wlth many rnarkets Dlusrhs jnieracljon of many markets y./itfl lll.lny sources of authority, equalthe distribution of values within a colnoiex, filultilayerecl socieiy.

This r:quation siresses the complcxiiy oi tf;e jnteractions: mor€t levels,n"i-- aciors, and more Clfferent sjociai va!u;i.iens io influence- Ii !s ncil:trf, n.ruch thet states are less {io,*sriul ErC rnarkets ?re more L.owei{l-rl,i. i:; lirat ihe whole pracess a! datern,i;lli.'c! ,i,rhose valu€s cirlr,]t i:nC'ulta:ra Lhe,l'count is now iar filore cortgrle;< and at the same ti;-|€ ;a,rncr,: dynamic. What is mosi illtpor tanit here is not the lefi-hand si{_teci this eqLtation but the righi-iiand s;ije. 'i.he diffusicn of polv€r jssilln;ficer.rt only because it aljovrs a chanqe in rhe disiribution oi velues:vilhi..l socieiy. People u,tlo ieaf vnl,.rc .jh6nge withjn their 5oclalsysi.:l;ls iind in g:obalization a convenient cxiernai villain.

-.larres l,j. ilosenau has taken ihis idea tji ct-Llrrtlling wails and cornplexLieh;rviors and used it to develop models oi Turbulence in World poljticsitrat mirroi, at least meiaphoricelly, thr: formal mathematical modelsol hydi-odynamic turbulence that lvere ihe original chaos theory. 13Like Waltz, Rosenau develops a three-level framework of analysis. Heprcposes lhat there are three dimefsic s oi giobal politics. -fhe firstdirnension operates at the micrrlieve! of indivlduals and ',cons;sts oi th€ori€lrtallons and skills by r^.rhich ciilzer.ls of states and rn3mbers oirror]sta'.e organizations link iiremselyes to ll:e rflacro world of globalpolitics." 14* The second dimension operales at the level of"collectives," which include both state and nonstate actors and wherestructural parameters are particularly relevant. The third dimension isreiational and is a mixture of the fii-st two. Rosenau,s analyticalfranlework is not as easy to state briefly or to understand quickly as

are UJaliz's three levels, but a deep understanding of this theory is noinecessary here. It is what Rosenau says about his framework andwhat he does with it that I find interesting.

fi.osenau argu3s il"rat al! thiee climensi.Jns of his analysis .jreundergoing rapid chanlle ancl aie interacting in increasingly compiexways. Thai is. the orientations and skills ot ir-rijiYiduais are chanqingrapidly rA./ithin a system oi coilertives ihai is exFieriencing fundamentalstiuctural change, and .jLirir]g G period ,rhen 1-he natuie olrelationshipS L'etween and arnong ir)di"/iiL,als and coilectives is also iniiux. The result, he argires, is .Dncepiirally similar to the fluiddynamicai llows that produce turbulence anai chaos in nature.

Rosenau's work, apart from his rgl.ltively forrnal attempt to appiychaos theory to politics, leads to an inte!-esting obsemation that bringsus back to ihe qlobalization issue. \!hen the three dimensions ofpolitical change are mixed, the r€s lt is a bifurcatian, which is acommon occurrence in naturaliy ciii,.oiic sysierirs. Thai is, the worlddoes not settie into a sinple ar'rd uniarie €quilibr!um but deveiops apair of "strange attractors." lr.r Roserarr's an"lysis, ihe biiurcation

'stoward pojitical issues that ate ,.)o biq for ihe xation-state ("global"issLres such as ozone depleii.rn end rcean en\,,ii.0uiriental poliution, and!-egionef issues such as tradii)g lllocs) afld ihose lhet zre taa snall farihe naticn-state (rnan-1/ s.jcuritr' is',ues/ ,r,rany econcnric issues). 1IlRosenau's rncdei of politicai lurbulence, the naljcn-state is the n'rissingrniddie i,r ihe bifurcatron of politr':j.

This poiiiical bifurcation hypothesi,.r is interesting because ii arguesthat the "death of the natjor-stat€" ihat lras been 50 loudly proclaimedis rol c?used try the rise of the all-porrerlui global markets (which Ithink is !r possible). Raiher, ii is due tc'.he rise ea new combinatlons3f opportunities and constralnts wiinin the worid of politics itself. 6ttosenau finds tlre cause oi poiltical chanEe iJr poiitics itself, which isrefi-esh in g ,

We should press beyond e'Jen Rosenau's analysis, to cons:der theeconomic ani social as well as the political irnplications of crumblingwalls, rnixed levels, diffused auiho|ity, scralnbled dimensions, and nelvcon]b!nations of the institulionai €lemenis that we use to define ourworld- This is my notion of the complex global dynamic that isreshaping society today. It affects a u,/ide variety of structuralrelationships and is driven by a number of forces, and its dynamicinteraction make it difficult to describe and to understand. It isqlobalization and a whole lot more" when we choose to consider itwithout eccounting for its complexjty, r/e make a simple error at the

very least but also risi< making enorntoLrs and imporiant errors.Undeist"nclirig this complex silliation is difficrjlt, but misunderstandingil is easy.

3eLr"e ycu sharpen ycur pe| i:nd beLliit to ljst ihe problems with,rhe:li:aedit,q an6lysis, you shcuicl t(n(,u ihat ii)ere is a betier analy!'is:han ni j.-re. ,loseph Schumi]€'rer l{rcie l.r: in 19,11, when he gave thisr-crnfrle-\ i,roc:s< a sifiiple nail'l€, (:conrnJ[c develapment.

jlie1!'r Cc ;h:!ratiitris

Ihe best tileoreticai analysis of Elcbal complexity, as I perceive jt, isiounlj in ioseph Schumpeler's iirsi book, The Theory of Eca afiljc,e\,'e!opn-,etit, srhich he lqrote (i;r G"rman) in 1911. A second Germana.jiii.rn uris published in 1925 anrj appea'-eC in English translatio!..r ini93/1. l/l,ilrat rilakes Schui]']perei'5 iiJeoi), sc appealing in the prijsencctnt:xt

'9 its iociis on forces ih.rf saem especially r€levani iodayt the

tsnsioir beaireen ine sLalic .ind ihe dy ai-ric and an ernphasis on theiril0ori?rnce if inielle{:i.ual cfe:1.iviiy-. ;n l.t:li, as he lockea! llack aa the";lciraiiJr.' ,-licbaiiz:ticr Feiiod tran] ibe perspective oF Vieit ar::'chfii,i'iter s:w ii]rse as crjl-i,,r:i iieiiieitis cl:;oaial change. fhe pe\ii".ci iiri3 laka in the lrres€nt ccnie){i 3uiprises :jrrd iascinaies iite.

:ci: ! n:pei.e'-'s aaraiysis b€Sins ',.?iitr a broiogjaal ,-netephor for soi:ieiyand social change: Society !s iille i: Fhtlt cr ao anima,, with the dlein;riure tc irolh sustain (equiliilri n] irnd gro!1/ and change(developmeni). Although SchunDeter did not say so, ihis metapiroriiray be a fractal propefty ot biolog./, exlsiing rn evei-y scale from the.ell 1..r iie indivi{iual to the sF{:cies ic the eco:ogical syste.n. Socia!Jiyste,;]s oi humar'rs lit in tltere sortelvheT-..

Sihulllreter's economic analysis is diyided inl.o a study of equilibrium,the "circular flow," and a study of change, or.economic development,,,He conceived of

a "circulaa flor,rJ" running on in channeis esserl,ially the samc year aiterve:ir -sirri:ar to ihe circulntion oi th€l h,lcorj in 3n animal organism.lJo!../ ihis cjr cular flow and iis cha nels do alter in time... continuously,that is by steps which one can choose smaller than any assignablequantity, however small, and always wilhin the same framework.Economic life experiences such changes too, but it also experiencesothers which do not appear continuously and which change thetramework, the traditional course itself. They cannot be understood by

means of any ana'ysis of the circular flovi, although they are purelyeconomic and although their explanation is obviously among the tasksof pure ihec!-y. 16

s;chuinpeler's analysis of economic adtiviir--that ii aompiised a static{:'..lrilibriurn circular flow and a dynamical p|ocess oi econornjcajeve lopmeni--parallels Paul Samuelson's laier {livision oi ecoilorniLanaly:is irlto co parative statics acd con'Lp;ratiye dynam'cs. Thissir,ii;iity ls unsurprising, since Samurlson r^.r:rs:lchurnlleter's student.Secai.rse ::he relevant maiheniaticai tc!1ls r,rer': already available,5arn!elscn focused his altenticn on coinparirtit/e statics, and theproiession large!y followed his lead. '!n Th€ l'hetry of Ecanom;cDev"lopmeni, however, Schumpeter makes clear that it is economicdevelopment- comparative dynamics-that deserve the mostattention.

Lleveloprnenl in our sense is a ciistinct phenomenon, entirely foreign tourhat rnay be at)served in the circular ilow oi ir the tendenc), towardsequiiibi-iurl-r. ii is spontaneous and disconilr)itoj-ts change ln theclraniiels oi ihe flow, disturbance nf equilibriuq], ',rh;.h forever alters;r.raj dispjace5 tire equ!!ibrium stale pi-er,/iousiy el{isiiril. ztrh: paiaei of econornic dev€io:r eni aieilves iioln intellectual{:f.irti1,'lii/: which Schunrpter liescriiles sirnpl_v ;s the ai}liity icullrisiiak(: "llevr cornbinations." Gl']balizairioti, iit il"lis reduced tbrrtnode1, i:nd Eiobal complexity, is all about rle'/.r coiflbinatlons withintifrns, ';!itirin nations, and among naiirns- 5ui the 5;Dr t of derjelopmentthal Schurnpeter is interested in is eridogenc s, not exogenous, Thalis, it is not ihe result of an oLttside acrce but raihr.rr is generated byItferlal eyents. This way of thinking is coflsister')t with the biologicalrnetaphor and also consistent with my under,sianding cf globalization.S.humpei:er wriies that these new cornbinatlons come in five types:new gcods/ new methods, new markets. ner/i sources, aftd new formsof organization. rs Schumpeter's ideas are es current as today's l4la//Street lournal. You could find these ideas in a story about Nike or a"bord€rless world" coillmn t]y Kenichi t]hmae-

lrJhat is irntoriant about Schumpeter's analysis, holdever, is ihat thesenew cotnbiFaljons act to stimulaie int(lllectllal creativity, tleca se it isideas that count, along with the values that those ideas embody. Theclear hero of The Theory of Economic Development is theentrepreneur, the person who reacts to changing circumstances bytaking risks, trying out new combinations, creating change. Changeflows from the individual, through markets, to society- This change

diffuses authority and produces new dislributions of values. It isdynarnic and creat;ve, in Schumpeter's vision.

lhe abvious lveakness jn this analysis is ihat Schumpeter lvorks ontwo levels w;ihout providing a way lo ccnnect thent- On the one hand,be claims thnt "ihe social prccess is really one inclivisible \./hole," 1ebui then his tneoty ends up lcoking at new carmbinatioos fro.n rr',/ithin areiatively nariow market-based franrework. HorJ can 1 iind this way ofthinkirg nrorc usetuj or revealinq lba" giob:ilizatian? i do nol knowrJyhai Schumpeler wauid thini( of this" lrut I !-relieve that the newecanamic combinalions that he desciibes lt3re are only part of theclynamic process. That is, ihe new markeis that stimulateentrepr-ene!rs lo create new changes ar€ an example of the process oisocial change. i\lew contbinaliot]s need nrt be economic or solelyeconc:nic. 2q These ne,,\, co binations take many fcrms, as SusanSirange has suggested, and they prcd ce not jusi jre\r,i profits, butnew vallres. And Values are \,,Jhati co,,lnt. Iilese changss can resuit innew poiitic:ll crCers, includ;ng Rosenau's t!rbulent polit:cal bifurcatjon.-i-he lii renqth .Jl this \r,7ay ci thinkirg is that i'[ chalienlies LS to corisidetglobaiiz1tlan ns sarrnethiilO oi.l, noi sor|ali)in9 ne$r, as someihtnghurr;air .:;rd intel;ecitjal, .loi ; h,.tn'rEn an.l gerqrai-Jhicel, and tirai itencculag€s tJ.-s io perceivc i{ at:i iiie caijs€ c:- th€ efiect Gf the oltentnaoi new opf:oi'i ur.riiies. Tl"rese .rDio!-itJitilies are made rea! only whena,.t--C l'i b,v cieaiiYe intellecl. :iahuinpelr.lr citaracier:zed this processby l.i!e iamous t.ifnr r/€afiye dc:tLrucllon" ;1nij il is both cleative arid(:cslr J - i/L u(,:a,r.iF,i rs..,lan!i(.

Enci n( )j:es

l';$te :1: lose ?h A. Schumpeter, !iE i heot,/ ai tcantmic Develapment,trans. Redvers Opie (New Brunswick, Nl: Transactions puLrlishers,1983), p. 3. .s_aj!.

Pdcte 2; -fhanks lo Dave Balitent, who enr:ouraEed rne to give thischauiBr a ciearef and tjolder focus. E?qK

Note 3: M. Mitchell Waldrop, Comptexity: The Emerqins Science at theEdge of Order and Chaos (New york: Simon and Schuster, 1992), p. 9.Back.

l.i$te 4: David Cannadlne, "The Present and the Past in the Englishlrdustrial Revolution 1BB0-1980." Fast and Present 1A3 (May 1984),cA- 137-1J2. Thanks to my colleague Davld Smith for pointing me tolhis art'cie. BaeK

tict" 5: -i-he "facts" ha,/e chanlled ioo, holn/ever, especizrlly in receuivears, as i[]p!-oved dzria aboul vJ.rEes, producticnj itnd irade havebeen produced. BEL

ff;ste S: P€rhaps cne af the factqrs that infiuenced Churchill in hisclisasircus 1.927 decision io return gnitain lo tfre EoiLi standard at ihep!e!!ar- oarjty r'/as a percept:on ofihe success of Britain's qold poiicyduring the industrial revolution. gjlek

llote 7; In rrly book Mou tains of Debt, tar example, 1 cornpared thejrldustrial revoilrtion to a firountaln glacier, which is powerful, becauseaithough it rnoves slowly and unevenly, the iandscape that surroundsil does nct inove al ail. 3ac.!-

$Jst€ S; aannedine, "Pfesent ard Past in ihe IndLlstrial Revoluiion," p.l6?. -g.arl-{.

i',jir,rt.-: 3i XanlteNh i\. r,4laliz, Man, t!i€ SteiE, and War: A Thearetift:lAnd!!'sis iit"w ferk: Coiurnbia lJnivers'i:y piess, 1959). Waltz wriii,.s;boll'. ihr.€: "!fnages" in ihis book, ,lhich is ilre bas;s cf ihe "levels-ofirfialysis" ;.rpDrrach to iniernalioiral reiat;crrs. Bagk.

lloter :{Ci Siaates aci diiferenlly i'l a bipoiar lioild system, for example,thal'] in:l h:gemcn'c sysiern or a bal:rnce oi po\.Jer system. g--a_c]s_.

i\irltei :L:l: Susan Si:range, The Retreat of l/re Stafe: The Diftusian oi!]awer in t h.: \ivorld Ecanlrfly (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Universitypfess, 1.997), p. ,17. Rob€rt Gilpi.l is llre a ihor ol the standard text cnlniernational polilical economy, 7'he Palitica! Ecanomy tlf Internatianalf<elations (Princeton, Nl: Princeion University Press, 1987). EaEL

l\lete :!.?: Strange, Ihe Retreat of the Sfate', p. 33. EaEL

itrte !.3: iamss N. Rosenau, Turbulence in Worl.J Polifics (Princeton,l'll: Fi; c"irl. Llrriversity- Press, 1990J. 8ad!t{ote 14: Ibid., p. 10. EAeh

Note 15: Obviously, however, many of the new orientations, skills,structures, and relations that Rosenau discusses involve technoloqicaland economic factors. 3ack.

i.'lot€ 16: Schumpeter, Eco anic Develorneni, p. all. -BaiL;\lrrt.:,17r Ibjd., p. 64 gaci

; i{rrl"i i8: ibid., 0. 55. ilartk.

l'.1{r;:e i !: i;rid., p. 3. b.a!l!

li4t€ ?1]: jndecd, the very idee ii;a:i: i,,,-- r.l.toui,j it;{arnine t:-}{i-.e:5sr.sl:r quesiioits cf int€.nalionai p.rjji;f;jl :ta{ttl.j[].,1 is ajt exantDle cf tit3ir:rpot 1--1,c€' oi ne\J iritellertuti {:ol-itbiirait ions. i.jacl{.

Post-reading Activity

Questions on 'Selling Globalization: They Myth of the GlobalEcr:norny' by Mictrael Veseth

1, what does the writer's choice of the words 'debunk', 'myth', 'rhetoric' and'smokescreen' to descrtbe what the average man thinks aboutglobalization, suggest to you about what he believes the man's beliefs areof globalization?

2.. From paragroph 2. How is the reality of globalization different from thetheory? Explain in your own words. {Hint: Think about the advantages anddisadvantages of gloLralization)

3. From paragraphs 5 and 6, the writer gives 1 reason why globalization hasbeen llmited so far. Explain in your own words what this reason is-

4. Fram pltagroph 7, Explain in your own words why is globallzationdescribed as a'useful' concept?

5. ln the section entitled -Crumbling Walls, Complex lnteractions, y.,/hat is the- poini o{ th€ analogy of the pigeon hole?

2OC]41 H Lt5!i!f'.ld{ST E 5 S J\1/ C{}t'J-i-Fi 5T l'l,'it\.: !\JEFt 5

Cr ril l irai irnperialisnr:,4.n n{n-lericar-l TracJillon ov -?uiia Gateoia

T!;r,rel almosl ar$lvhere xr Ihc iv'rrld lodri rnd,. . .. ... .; .. . l-t ,., I p, \r. .,.. ... ^t;irr3, ,,r lirc rl ,xrfhr ri li)jssjng ile ne$esi .!'ise\le oli'!!\'! 11,. (.,r/ lri,r!,l, r'ju .\m.rrcar hsl,rs .rn l,e saiis

ll rklni,111 rrtr;rLlt,'rc.'l1tis prolifcrallo! oli\ncr;c!nt.L,ax.r\ rr,o,ij thc

"q].lr is more than nkrc acc ent. ,\s a

i,,?ro.ilrt oigbbilir!rnrn, rl is p:trt L\f a larg.r t.crd nr $.dlrscirds ,l!sJ!!nir.tion 01 ,\neric.r attilld€s dd lriuesrhir is.ll.n r.i'eu,tl ro rs r ulhiaL itnpt;. i! . l[hi! 19i6rrorlt r-.i,r'ivirrirr: ri:J {i irtal Doiijirdtiotl, lletb.ttlj.h,11tr ,1.tnrc 5 .rltLrid inrp.ri.lisn.s:

thr su'! !i r|! froces.jes bi whi.h tr societl rjlroL,rl,r nn'r 'irL'u,,le r forld s,rst€nr, i'd horLitr rirx!iditing srrtur is iLlrr.Lcd, p(ssu.cL!,I;r,iL,i, .n.i Jo clines bribe,j irio snafnrs socialirj!rLtr$! !r) .orr.r.rl(i to, o..vcn {o plonclf,lhr !:ric.r trn(l ,,rr!':rrtrct ol'lirr douri3it.cnitr oi

:i,rif ir ..r:!rnei iio!as; it ;\'olv.s th. disse!rnrat!{rn oI!slcr:rilr, ,iNrrrl.m lruriplcs. srch as lrecdo .,fld

ii.r .r"i. f|rlgli ijr:r i.r.Less tniglt s,rlnd at!.rl;rg,ilil!: s,ni,:., rl mlsiis ! f iihieiriDg lrulh !!a!y.irilu.siroLrtul 1lr. L'.rl.l !. gr.(t!.lh: {lisiFpriing dllr to ihcoy.rlrirflrds jrj jLr.ir.r ci.orro.ntc and.rhLrrrl Arleri.a.

il)r !:,4ti"3t1rts brl !!l l .ri..r.ultrril lnrpeii.liJrn Drxii, i lirt LLtriiji{r:,ii,:,rs t,:,' U.S. ;inpcriills.r t|roughlJll hiriir,v: ilre d.slr. i,ir....ss io foreignrrirhr(r ind thib.hJ in Ur. srper rill fi n.rrii.in collure. Though th!tlrd litrcs dres

-t,l]]rst lh. world\ larycsl, mi'sl po 'crlir!e.onoDry, no bus'ncss is complctcly s.tisfied ivith c{'Irlrol'lirg ,)nl! llt ,lnririri! !rul:.tj -A-neri.un .orlorrtio s

lninr tr .4lroJ Lh. lrirc. L)5 pcr.enl oi I'xe rrorl(l! .ois!Dcrs:i!rtll nlan!ir:,1!nrjrs rri credibll suc.c!slnl rltjr.il rcniL,r. i\..orrliiq 1o tIc arrcrllrr, Antr;.iar ill$s!,c,,{rri1i ior .,t!rnr\;,!:r1.i,v Slr }r.r.cai oighrbil bo\ o1!lircvenrr !r linuii) 200j ,\nd hho cdr iurger good oldilli.Lv D.\l \\ith over li),000 restlmnls in o!.r oDe lNndred.ourtftj, tLc ubi!trit{ms goidcn archcs olIlcDonrldiJarc nori, a.conlng lo Eric Sdnosscr's Firt tbrd Nrrnrr.

;22

''ruore ridclr re.ogniz.d dnn lh! llhristirn .rossl Sriir,\lle, ic a n .lnmiDrti,rn i.r\itrb)y hrrts Io!lnrrikrts, as tlre

!n.)oriL1'oiiort;Sr ir!! ftrics irr o blr ro.crxprlr riljl11, ,,..,. , rl t I r.-",\ tp.,,,. i, .,1.

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Co.pordions dDr'l ]r!rbor gual,ns ,loLrl lh€ dctrin1! 'iirl eflrits il l\mer i..n izatnri ol fo.rign .xhuci, ns nrLxr

corfu! ,ri la.i ,r-(Lrr:,ibl) conlin.c.i thenrlrlres lhrr,\urc.iuD.ullrrc ls slferior and ther.tbre its lrnurJr.e is

bereiir;J ra o1hcr, '].s!J" ciihL{es LlJorturate\', ibN

^d.rlc!ri l.1liinr rlre $r!.riorir)- flU.S. cuhLrrc ir xrllhrrg

bll n,jti ;r rs r\s !l,1irs th..dllxre itseli lhis itlihrtlc {as,.ir'', ..,,a [r...r1, h1".r '.; .io'

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lillr!':r1.iti dr. rro\cr, ";iiirior' ct:lur.s in a "!uri!al,)fr|i ti116rl' li is illis;.ro!airtbrlieiin il!! r nc! nrtrral,iiiv ol

ol ,, o, ,i

rr(l |.1 !!i.il sirar.::i{s 11,.-la.v.

h "t : " ,. \', i r ',r' -,,rlt\ oltii.if .!ituic, butlort doesrirc.orlrince ihersl ofrl,e ,'!rla d tire mp.rioril_r oi ilDrcri.in !:irltrrc? tIchs'er is ii plei nafiklirg. Wl)rd\c. illlirrpti.g 11r scll dlil.rn, r L,rmi, L'.1r entire rrliue, oi!ltctcrs halc al!'ilsbee'r ible to su.cessfully associate Aincrifln prodL,cts t'illinro&.rrit! ir tln: minds ol rorsliD,:is \rorldNide \\rliil.

lboll, ;roiricillr. i0!!rta.tiLrcd ,rrJtlc oi lhc Uj,i1.d5L!t.rl. rirr". .r. .rr,! scll;rg rl!r nnigr cl Arrtri.r .i lhe

|rd r,1 ooil' 1|is irdrslol.ble a$o.i!tio. .l!r(s !1,:,

nurets dll ov.r rhc globc ro elanor .trsclessly lor the s.!rc

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j!r irccni Iri.r. .j.D)d iin.!.Irr)rr(idrs hxt. d.v!hiri \lan rvdr arore sLrc..ssi:,1

'rl,rirrl !trite!:v: irsterd .a(hlJtis.

ng ,lriricr urloar:t! 1vilh blor.lt hautd. Inue eyeLl.

n.ran!]ri.!l r\4rrri.trl\. l|e./ pilr! div$lit\r 'l Irte .air|oign-\ s!.n rs r.1i!lorrlil! n.N jrrrrn.lnDji l'm io!i'r'il".r |'rirr \ilrk i;r dr.\rrr! oI lli. Urited Si.1e! his'., .'hi.r , i ,,..,.,.,.ur..t....tir .rt;alll errrt .x1i!r. i! rh,: 1\,orld r\! .;'rly eiar!fle ol lh'sglob.l nr.rkcri,r! rJ.!i. ias h) ni iD i (11).i Coix conxr!r..iri iroDr l9tl i!.,tL,i;,,q (h;lJrcn Iiom mnry dif.re.lcou rr;rJ i&noc.11l.. s'nijirg, lil like ro t(:rch ili! wo.ld t1r

sn)!;i Fcric.l nirnur'/llii llie to LrI i|c orlila Col'. tokre! il.!r,r,inl" liri!.',nr:r.r.irl ill.str.r(\',r! rrtinrpt r,)

toJtri) . U.S g.olr 3s a pr.d!.t cJa,ll€ !f rr.J:!r{.ndirgpolrrl.rl r ni:, ,.ligifir.. \,.cii!. and !.,,r,!j. diilire..ej'u .,r,r 1.. :, .; .,,1,,.,,. rl., ' u

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.Dlt{l to,\;n.,n.x rituhr i.si.'l;. r, r.. o . i,. in.,.r' .''

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iur!!r! {lr rlxv;'r idile rol. irr th. r.dpnr.al rebinr:hip1..trlrt. burr r rnd n'licr l:!r irlnrtic, r..o inr to f.l.r!''riKifids lrr lo.r4 i\rncni.n ruil|rrl nnpcrlrlisn l: s

Insrr(.i a sii\r ic,rd I'rrierlelt" il lhlr aid 3.lemolslft-ti.r nrrlJlrr,S fi! burnnre oi chickens otrl-(;dc oi 1;r€ firs!l-erlil.ky f'riid (l|i(lfn crtlri in l!d'r 'lhouir]l ihcrr hrrr, .. r .. , ,,i,. ,.1 r . "., i. . ,h.r. .,ld ,r...",.cs;la!... tlu $ieise, lrrele ti g ba.rigc dl An.ricar.ul txl i ilL!cn.. .c!1t irii$ .e as e!.sslr

Lo t'ounrling th. nrtiuen( {rf€ornnrc.ciiil nu}3rs 3rcl|r ,.rdir :r')J iriLrrnrlinn !.dustric,s, which Drrscrt litlr,jtiiclr trll] rr!ii.it res-(u3!s i,borl lhe \.ry r.'al mi1il.r'/d nd ,r co n.Jni. Lcge rirq rl th. I-hited Stnles. l.orica !l-\: t h.jrdrilr; lirr!.lirirns ro le ttri solr.efor "tajr:lrd b.]arrcd'iriir'ltir, Dl.rr ; lrrg. rolc in ll. ttuDilirii()! oin'1er;iiri inlL1.!.. ri,riri ihe uorld lir. .onconniio! .l

'1 .:oit' .r"lrr'l ", i

3n.i Ji.;tisJi ii,,,iir oiqi)riz.lio!s to sain nrrrt.ol !t thcmlrorj.: oi rh: rrL,.!lis iens sc../;rcs. Sxt(]lir.s .llorf ov.rr!5rl n'illilu ir.trtrrir.l.li N .ppr.{iln.i€ly 212 co!'tr;s lud!.lxcr;'r \cil{]1!id: rL, subscribe to UNN. a.)elrbcr !l-Iin. !!$iot I|. w.rl,]! hrgrsl !i.di. &)ngldiir.l€. 1,1

lIc,i,rrd! oi iJrliisI so.ioJojisl lcrcny li,rstrll, \ir.r.go,;rrnrnerl rl!,rrs levs r !.orlation, it is in.1ftct irnronnrg a fjr.. ol :nother .,Lrllr): foiitics -rrbi.!r is tru. oiro rlilr.

'irporr' ln (Jdirjri to t)olii'.s and.orirneie;rls.

n{nrolki lini (l}:N.lso a':escr,t foreig. c|urtrj$ trill''-.1",1 .. J 'rI r.'1...r\j1) ca ihc lri!.d -(i.tii

ihc Irtcnrtt Jcls.s &oiher lehicle tor the rorld\rideplotagllion ol ADrcri.an rnfiu€nce. lnieresttrgly, son)e

Ir. 'l, r r 'r'',o,n,t.,,n " oron,, I

iloni llifi l!r i.rn crllurll inrp.i.iisfl is ii de.lmeIi .l riri_rnr rLri lh. gloLnl a&:cssibiliiy oF lhis decerlr!lzedDr, Jtrln hxr,lr..ers.d,irc rclerrn.e 01 tlie'corr and

po ipjrirr' ihrort olg|rl,jl i,rflLreqce. This tlrco.y descr il,c$

ar ;nhcrcnt inbalancc nr tle prnftrily olrtlvnrd flo1! olinbrfalion and trrflu.n.e troni the slro g€r nrorc poltcr-lul .o.c" ralions such .s lhc Unncd Stares. Addition,rllv,s,(h .ritjcs rrllue, nrlik. .onsnnr€rs ol olhc. llpes ol

231

2 CON'TESTD.ln, lnlrxr(r ijsr rrs! x.li\el; s.Lrk lLrt irtbrrjj3ii,rriusersftn cor\,,k) sl!.lr!.se10irt)d 3Ll nrlss.3cs ol.\ne'."., r'. r l':.

llL.i, $nr.l|i: ii one $ .l.sircs, rr)o ..x! rclrss i rvcrhh

ol iriarnurron ri)our An.ricr r.ult'r.t pr'!siL\ r nlla;labirthrongh prrru,! {irarik'l!'ll.r! llk Lnt'|et c.n dranrrln.,11' , .iir.i .ri!,s!,. tiJ,\!!rrin.ultrr. io tiros! r'ln

I iir ririr..LrlrNr:'lrrt1cur.,l titrt cou reurlL lrorr thrs

.,,arlrunj:i Cl!;rti rrnlad,: io sni.rli onilor r,rd rr$rhrrthcir.ii;r.!:: ir,rss ln rr.lJrlis (i:J.t l$le.iloDlst |oli(i.srr!.'r rolrllr' rir,-iLil., hr'n.r'rr, 1,..ltuse the!.fu .iiilictlli liln1n.l.Drfr)r l]1{l ,iri,ii,r.in) l\rtrdo\!..llI. litniting ricers l,)the Irtcnrrl urrrli r!rurrj lhrl .ou!irics r!jll r.nriirl!irg(ly rl), .,trfi.'lr Irlic. t]r3n t|. .onr ribulo, s, ofinforrrairon olr li)r Iittrrii

frlt .ll !:.!rl .ftrs :r. lli. Anilrionizatron of the

NrLl !r i i..s.r'.i!e firllroDrcrni,. Propon,jr{s ol. lluduxtrriil;s:r, !i (ir rs llu:ri LotLkrli a n,rrrci staio; o1]i

r,irl ir .liJrlcr's Oifri!n,rnt ol (lonr,i.rrc, i!gr. !ir.rl

,{xr c.j.i. :r thi::rl nritr.irllj,. lr iri Il:( ir!erest rt orlv nlrh. l.hili.:l 51.,t!s bri rlsr L,t !n. lofld !I large itothkoti.ites s.n\rrl ilr!!rir!:i{iri thnr." iionr rir. C/rjri! .tl C;r,ii7,:itr.s t .ti !l: -i..qi,r,ir( ,,i rlr ill)i'1, Old.r rl,ii. llrc

!rr.,!.r rIr .!li!ral llj!j-, !ril;'! i,r llr no!ld, llre Drort lit,:hli ir liat ,:r)rli:i 'r:lll .,.,:!f. :iotilko!i irg!.s lhrt iirrr.rJ)n!rl !iriJini.,ll.ii;nrrs lh'o !l 1-r.S.iulll]lil imFcrii:lis[ .,ili Dro]rii)r,r i rN.r. !i,tble n'rilJ,.rne ii lriii.i r\nreri..rr llnrh' icilrs qrtrf)e ?s iii;!. rnosl jun, the nrollloi,rrrl, tir.r .r,,ri ?,rlijjtg L. rr,islilnlJ russcss Jn.lnrlmle iJscl{. i,i.i ijr.5Ert Bo,l.i ior llrc iu1u.: I'],cthkl)pl

i:i .,r.rcl i. d.. r5-\r: 1r!rrlcur! ifu o1r the t!.r), tD rsliblish;rq I gkii.Ji roricil rrilh i:i!irt.i c!llri.:ri barir.s.llotlf.r, !rt rJlr!1 (iti'rii,ir ,tlrt,ihrr liris trojf.red so.nr1)

,, i lL,\o1... . , , . . . , . r . . , . , i i i,qro rllcss irdj!'riars.ullLr(s lol !1!r uilikel,y pronisc ofarrild $'lilirr! c.n1li!ri

iroDrd lhe {o.ld, r!). Dsn€r is.n oRNrhelnrjDg''Nol Disrtgrrding ihc licr tl)rl a vorkl ol honrogcnized

clltu. lro,rkl nor rc.."\sriiltr !rtrrml.. a \orld $,itionl.onlll.t, rh,: .Luitlcr llbric ofdi!.rsc clltLrr.s iro Bl thc\vo.ld is A tiin(lrD.rnil rrri ndisf.rsal,lt brsis 0f hun.nritti llnorg]1,rut ihc .,rrr( fl h,r,r r c\irler.r, r)i1l;orsl,ale di.-J 1,) i.r.scr!e thei ndii.nonr .ul1u. li is a iundanrent.tl right ofhDnranity to b€ alloiled io preserve tbe

nr.nlrl, plys'.il, nrlcll.cluil, rnd creriive ispc.ls ofonels

u r'. .\ .rn . glub,l Jh r. ,.o,ld bi no h nb mu,'thrD r sh.llor', a.(iii.iil iuliuc" oa qra!erirlisrri reliart on

'24

lc.inoloi:r. fhrnklnllq 't

ror'ld bL Dc.rll nnpolsjLle nl

'r "i....1 ,d,, ;ll 'n 'pL ,\nd nor shoul.l rv. rinl ro Co,nruv lo lk,thkotl\(rul (-r.1rg! rrl Birsh\) brliri 11,d, Good dn.i evil, betlrr!rJr!rs!.o.\i5l ill tlis $'orlii: diereirrA)rdrabsolullsi lhis r\'1,rll. !lreUlrii.dStrt.s5houldnitbciblrtorrldrl-i.!rlr ii,r.e{xhir r.rinns lo i!c.i!i irs &ilIi!;ol olr}rrt rs

'gt,rJ uri lusr' r,r r:r,:l irodcriI0rtnnrltit,,rury rj.tns .1 n!rcri.an.ohDril inrp.

iirli5'i .fuil biilrd lo thr srlivcrsion ol tbtir .'Jltu..s.Urti'rlurlrtr\: these n.dqrs r( oti.n too $€rt t! ight the

sl!cnglir ol th! Urritd Sldr.s.rnd srbscqnonlv b p.scrlcr|uir nrtnr iitlo.rr. Somc couor!ltr .h d5 lia'rce,clnra, cubr, Carrdr, rrd iran hay..iteDpted to qurll,{nrcritas cll]iurai i!lhence by linjling or !.ohibitingi..rss ro imcrican clllur:tl pragrnnlming throu8h 5rltl|rij! d tir| ljteil!.1. lio,vekr, r..ordiDg to thc UN tlji-!ei,'.1 D.riarrrio! oilhmin Itlglrs, il is r b.si. right oi ail

tr,)iJe n, slrii, re.cir., air(lrntr! i,riorrnatiot alrd idcrs

thr.rg]! anI n.dii rl rcgrrdl-is oa liorliersl Golehr&nrs dioullil i;1. 1l] re5rrici th.ir .iliz.xi i.ciss iolni.rnralioj) jll nrtirr 1o fics. eLh.ir niti,rcrllurls.\\icrs.Icrid n si find r.r! torlcicnd loc.rl cLilllrfus ii a N.!ieJllti:i,irrs roi (oriirodis.lh€ rlehis ofir.ligen $t.oF]C

l|e 'ncriiiil

lrrrtorcri s.'htMis 10 llrt fr.'blJn oa

,'"' n *i..ufrorrisc nrcaiurrs ,:! behllf of lhd erdrrger.d .i:l-Iuirr ln ll. leff n"/l ii!. alirr. fi... Tironrri friedin.rtJ.,.", ,,- . . 7r'',.r. r.., .io,. ,..i

lar'lxri p.orc.teil r..a lara, es \,;tl] is ihc itpoilnmlri ol

iJ,)l;ircians i!it| .!riu.,l iri.Sriir: such air $osr ir) sgric,rl

luTl, cu]{ull,1!.. purc Sorthcrr f.ancc. Hofcr.r, rra,)nrlrcr n^tnrs iIr. n,,1,!i..r in ie rdDiiilNn ol{[cir lrrdcrrhip, so lnosr roLinlrier reed . ui.ldl. cl.ss rnd cljl€

d,nrlllel tr socifi !.liri!rn. Ii il is urlcrly i possiblt ion'inlrnr tl)c cLrhril trrit,! oi a rorntr) lhrough legisla

lio,r, Fri.driitn snF!esis the co.rnrf .tlcnpt lr' .{loc.lizrl'

to rbsorb influ.rces tlrrt r'rturally iil inb crn.'ich laj culture, to resist lhose ilrings rhal are

r.J1 ,r.,r."d... -,1 ,,.,.r".l. rr'u..i i'...ll]al, rhile diff.Rrnt, ran Di'.rth.lis' b. rijo)c,t!nd..lci rlrcC is dift.rent.

r\ .,," ot t.^, . r ,. ; . r' ;.,'JJ r l, ,,, rn,|lain the;rlcgrity ot a culhre in ihe face olci hrrlnnperialisnr. lIl /llad rj rvrl[,/./, tsc.jinnr Barber crlls tbr rhe

ftlrs.itarn r ol nongover rnr rcrirl, non.atitalisi sp..esconliiucd p '1ii

5l:!trlSllOfS .cntnrued to'r 1,. 2tlrtrourr Lrurg\ ro stk nr esirbli\h ir globrl soc'eq \rltc.clhi!!_'s Iikt.. rno,,rii scryilud! inJ hrnrir i{lrts violiri,,i}:lor't.\irr afJ ir|ct QLh pcrson is liee Io l;\r oul rlk.L\!Lr ol hir fr hcr lilr \!rthort ihrsc limilirnlrs /\s nr.ir,N'r..rit i. (!rrr.l Nilh .niploying {DIl,c.n|on)i. rican!

Ucrrie, thr.kerrJii\e i {rl)Fos. is lo.on.ert.irtc or, .iriLcr l,,rft riLln,q 9{a{l:, rI{ prrrchrsjnl: ll)rnr bul rrih.r il:!r,f.,,irn! io rh. Lij gqr!rnrr.rt Ii' prss li\s frol,ibjnrgorif,tIr.i ririil, 1(11 fr!(lL,.is ir!.\r)eri..r! rJiarl.cls i..riiolrtirr lunu rjqlr:r jD rh. Frodu.tn r ol thct j|')(\.-(he L.ri.1.r t,r i'ri!g iboLii lasiingch ie is lcgill,/.,\Drrcrnr ir1,r,,rl !,r fr(}ibirrd to,\ co!Dnrunrg ierlii,r j.tslirri. 'rl,ijr l.|.1rlroid ir. iilei.l i1 ho,r.. jIir fn,hjliiliiil,,',., 1.r,j]. t,,,

i"ll{idir 1l.isi.trr broilr.l lr frolrjbited trrln i,urrh!si.:r .r

fl)iU i)n.njrrt. $hr.cr!l {e lse the srr c r.rsoring ^nilI,Jri. r{, !iolijbit .o,foraiions lronr cmpbring labor trli

!i..\;rftutrJ \vlirh {l{rir coDtirrr! !o,,\rl)tri.rn stud.rds 01

rult|hcc ilrty orlh,rnun nglrj?,\lr.r all, onr o11|e Lc}goilJ olr\niticu lo!eiqr polc) ilj rlrr prolc.lnr oi]Iinrrlrrj:iris Thr\ r./. s\oni{l trr!ert o,t,otuliors rhrch yiL)taLe

stJr rit|ls iruDr tloirs Lusinc5s r! rh. tliired Starc!:\s oLrJ ,rd'l{l he.nrnf\ in.re,rjirglr rn[roDr..trd, !r iJ

!,jj.-\:iir) lo rdiir:lrrD ,nr pr:!riitl.s \\'r .rn't Jllo,r ouj\'ltr 1,) le ia{isliril nirh e,IDl! !..1!Fs lLat rrJk. !s ii.lbr!t!. .t.,ri ,nri:rrlr.s rirli(nrt tli,rliri: :ni .r.n:rl .l.n!!.liDrt ji) is ri !rtrrl.rl |ari L,l1[i] t.o.css, hui,:rrl]r1hl ijrs!1,\. !'irji{x rL:1Jolr lo 5aI thal hi\.jng rulnjr' xirc.js (i.nr h! i^lijnt jdrll\rcDs rt jroine i\ a rondc,i,,Jtrr) b:!r.ri!. t,!blLit)., Lut $.illri,ul i orher.,it. oi!!ri?rd r,ore, i.'..-, 1.:.:. ., , ,,,..liiJl. t. g drul.( ail i|otk thr hLr.r,r JiEuir nl nliiihri,i1 r!lih:rrrl) i!rr a iriithriglit.

Ann! .1.5ilev!kt/,a ludentit HarvirC University is tBL'ntt rs.yc.rs ald.Thiq c:say piacccJ 5cccnd tr rh-Aeiglir.cn-Lo tyr.mlr.or yr:.' .1!j ag,) categor_v rl rhc 200:l Hdr'nr-r E$ay

Voi., , ,li)' ,ur'. .,l,.c tr-.

i lLtllAt'jl lARiAl\J LAlf .onlhLred ir!trr D l-q

dri!r. ir t;t ;trrJs oi \r'illi;n lrqitncr, ihir ilrfind{rnti|Jlie i rrar +irit..)riil ncr Il|ere\. ,i! !ri,

ljt iJtl..!rrioril .iuiJ oir!&v 2re a gocd nfi t. icr rt, r.,.' d'

st:ft.irg Bi,! Lrr!rnd ihir trrsir rcle llre'; s.rr'. a .trind.rL,{r.t(,ri! ia rir:1 ilrr liirils ol i{r irFgiD"l;!ri. A'r cv.fr!f:((i!r! 5!J1' oi n!.:in^iioixl lirminjtrriarj l.1rr rfii iior.:rlro rs rriurlccrrrlrsior, ,'i1lr.lcgit j.lcol,,itirj iii\\',r .ri i:rr ia lr;r0rr'1r iilsiirxr 'lo.ffr-j L|;s r,r,h.th,ir,,!n i-.!r:r.s! il1r. rrriBth io nrelgllr is. chrrg. rfrgliilr....fi ir,r itis. !i rsse!.i., rs llunrNnilr nt a.iior.

(ULfUPA: lllrlNiALiSA,l clartnrca i orn L 24

ro 1]r. 'iiri.5_F.:.i' sr.h as .jllirc rrecns, tir..s nfr.!i!r ,s riojsi)ir or lornnurjtl schools lt is ,rlso .(i!iil),.ll . ri i., 1n!'t,ri r..r. -.1.

liliir:1,r!; i Jiiri!!rs. lrdrs cst..'nlll ne.il r counl.,rLJal

ir.r !iir.ri,ji .,r .',!u.ji.:,' co!s,{rcr;rn lirl :trs.,,I rnrrll.€ t-r':!l;tr il!(r; iIirrl;rniu.ls or .ourtriff .llticiollslf.l,r!,s. i. b..fm. :irn.r1.:rii,iri oi "rnorloriz€.1; ih.jiclui,:r ri,;rl,l br rxrL tnrl.; dxi nr.Lf.nd.rril rii Ihci!,rr.iDir Ini !rliitri.r Dl .\n.r !..n .llihr nl i !f€,lrlisir.

lI. rr:tri:!iL;liir' :oi p]!s.rving c tr..s iI.ui!irirrrrl .,rlrcl) !r, ii,o:c trr risli. I|c Ur,irtd S1.rlf:.xFl tihtrcn,e,rt rl,iI r!\:,I is !flxl ior its econonr., js'il !r.*.sJr ill', .,: r, .... .1..'..y t. l,brl,i. frnlil5. Ih..orircrxlc rnd politiGl !crdrri clli:i Lllil.(l 5i.t.s ,ro!til !.r!cilrdriscd to h.id the.r 1r.rdi

I (i! ror rrani lir hoRse It bc ilillci !i or illsi(ler!|d .r'f r'rjndflrr lr be shltfcd. I li3nt lh,:.!llur.,ridlhrxistabtLbrr!abolr nrl.hoNeasfrcrl) ispossiblc lrrll 1 r.lirc to be blo{n olT my fe.rbl anl

lbr r-hit.d St.rt.s r:Lrsl rcLIi.llr{!sc rIli n! !!!.L:lirr. .!r or -.hi\Jrl r€rgr s!prenrc, ior ll". n,.jrb itrii,,:;r' ,dir:ri's c.,u L,rir iirnircr hirrr. littrre gc,rr.irdri.

lllia G:leob of [,'lclcan, Vt.]inra, is tevcnrren ye.6 old.Ihis cs5ay placed lrrst in the thi.tcen 10 seventcen year oid.ge.lt|!,ory oi tlre 2004 Hrr,fi,5t Essay conl$! ior yo!n9\rvom.n and iven ot No{h Amenca

ili.rr k I rtxr G.klt)r rg oi'4;rhifgton DC, is lwe ty tlnce,/fii,s.1n. r:rs as:y flnlrir itr3i itr rhc eight€en to.rvrenly.ioil)c.. .l'l .!r ..i,r.l,jv or ri,e 20t'1 Huoarin i5s3v C.nr.tl

'.r'lo!r!rr,4/onlrn nmJ li4.rn ol Noiih Arnernr!

Firk up a aopy trfthe Humanist al..l

3. Dalton - Barnris & Noble8ooks A i,,4illior' Eookstcns

UofcJeis ljooks arrd fu]Ll5ic

l}rdof il Giri.li. ilawley-Cc(]kelo5cph Beth. Shinder's

and several othcr indcpendentbookstor{--s and newst.n.ts

, .16

?oFie - 4;lobagizatien

Article:

o Goleota, Julia- "2004liumanist Essay Contest Wiflners Cultural lmperiallsm: An

Arnerican TraCition". The Humonist. May / June, 2OC4. ?p.. 22-46

ActivityStudents will be tasked to read the above essay and will be shown five different

M€Donald advertising clips. Students are to apply what they understand from the esiay

in order to critically reaC the McDonald advertisements. Students are then to be split

into groups to deconstruct wh, how and what the 5 dilferent advertisements are really

trying to achieve !vith help irom iull.1 Galeota's essay- Discussion as a class can then be

based on the material that siudents have worked out in their groups.

Added suppiernentiiry activityStudents are io look at the last four paragraphs and sumnlari?e ihe author's suggestions

on the possible meihorls of solving the problem that is AiTi€riccn Cultursl lmperialism.

Articles used:

1) Watson, James L "Cultural Globalization" . Encyclop!dia Bitonnica,2007

2) Lechner, Frank J. and lohn 8oli. "Jihad vs Mcworld" I/r e Globolizotion Reoder 3'd Edition.

Elackwell Publishing, 2008. Pg32 -38

3) Galeota, Julia. "2004 Humanist Essay Contest Winners - CLrltural lmperialism: An

American Tr:dition". The Humanist- May / June,2OO4. PC.22 46

t{3!'TN.rR,qi- €L0tsALIZATX0r\.iE rt c''c lo pe d ia B rita n n i ca Arti cle

Cultural Globalization is the phenornenon by ,/./hich the experience ofevrryday liie, ?rs intluenced by the diffusion cf commodities and ideas,re.fie{rts a star}dardization cf cultural expressions around the u,/orld.Pi.rDelled by the efficiency or appeai of rvi.eless cornmunications,elecli"oi.ric comnerce, popular culture, and international travel,gl.baiizaiion has been seeil as a irend tolvard homogeneity that willevi:ntuail)", make human experierice every\rjhere esseniially the same,This apoeers, however, to be an overstatenrent cf the phenomenon.Aithougli homogenizing influences do indeed exist, they are far fromcreating anything akin to a single worid cuiiure.

fi?tn?'g€nce af gf@fzal s.tbcetltlrres

Soriie obseryes argue ihal a rudimentary version cf l,vorid cuiture is'iakiirg shape among cefaain individuals v,/ho share similar values,asplraiirns, or lifeslyles. The result is a collection cf elite Croups v/hoseun:ii/;n!l ide;-ris i.ranscend geographical linitatioirs-

"'lil--: ir{r::i " {.r,rdrt{tfg

3ri" slri,i'r {:a{lr€- accoriiinll lo Fo!itical sciflrtisi 5;Jriu€l Huntifigton inlhe Ci;sh oi ai'riiizations (1993), .ornorises an eiiie group of hlghlyedurat.-:ri ijeople wiro operate in the r;refied dor ains cf internationalfinance, medie, a,rd diplonacy. !\anred after tire Sr'iiss lown thatbeqan hoslinq annLlal ineetinqs of lhe worid fconorric Forun] in 1971,thi.se "Dar/Lis" ifisiders share corlmon ileiieis airout individualism,,-lemo.rac)/, ard marl(et econom!cs. Thsy are said lo iollolv arercogn:Tnllle Iifesiyle, are instantly ideniifiable anywhere in the Frorld,afid f€el fiiore comlortable in each other's lrresencc than they do

their less-sophisticated comPat!-jols.ar;tollg

The lnt{:rnational "fa{ulty c!ulr"

Tl.re globalization of cultural sLrbgroups is not li,nited lo the upperclesscs. fxpaflrjinlJ on ihe concepi oi Davcs criiture, ::ocio:ogist PeterL. terger ollserved that the globalization ot Euro-American academicagendas and lifestyles has created a worldwide "faculty club"-aninternational network of people who share similar values, attitudes,and research goals. while not as wealthy or privileged as their Davoscounterparts, members of this international faculty club wi€ldtremendous influence throuqh their association with educational

insiitutions worldwide and have been instrumenial in promotingfeminisin, environmentalism, and humafl rigbis as global issues.Berger cited the antismoking movement as a case in point: themovement began as a singular North American preoccupation in the197{ls and subseq ently spread to other parts of the lvorld, ira./elingalong ihe contours of academe's global ielwork.

fuo ng$)tern rnefi tal <l t ga n izat ions

Anoiher global subgrcup cornprises 'cos opolii;,lirs'" who nurlure aniniellectual appreciatlon for local cultur€s- As polnted out by Swedishanthropologist Ulf Hannerz, this group advocaies a vlew of globalculture based not on the "replication cf Linifcrmity" but on the"organizaiion of diversity." Often pfilmoting this view arenongovernrnental organizations (NGCs) that lead efforts to preservecultural ti-aditions in the developing hrorid. By lhe beginning of the?lst century, institutions such as Cullural Sunival e/er{: cper6ting on aworld scale, drawing atten'aion to ioLlig€ or.]lr g.oups !1/ho areencouraged to perceive themselves as "lirst Ijetoles'r-a erJ globaldesignation emphasizing comrnon expeii€i'?crs oi expioitalion among:ndigencr.s inhallrtants ol all lands. 3y sharpeili!.r!t suair i{jentiii€s,thes€ tlccs hnve gicilalized ihe movelareni il-. i,.r ese rve indigenous\,!orld cultur€s.

??el,n$tr;,] iti-srra,l vn a r lde t " s

Anrther group sterns from the rise of a tran:nai;onal !./orkforce.In.dian-born anihrope!Lrgist Arjui Appadurai h;s siudied English-speaki g professioflals who trece their origiir:r ta Soul.ir Asia but lvholi.ie and liork elsewhere. 'fhey circulate !n a soclai Hcrld '{hat hasrnultiple home llases, and they have gaineC access to 3 uniquenetwork of individuals and oppariunities. For exafipie, many softwaTeengineers and Internet entrepreneurs who live and work in SiliconVa'ley, California, maintain homes in-and strong social ties to-Indian

Maharashlra and Punjab.states ASSUCh

7r€ Fie{sJ"sf,ed?c€ ${ laca! tultut+:

Underlying these various visions of globalization is a reluctance todefine exactly what is meant by the term culture. During most of the20th century, anthropologists defined culture as a shared set ofbeliefs, customs, and ideas that held people logether in recognizable,self-identified groups. Scholars in many disciplines challenged this

noiion of culiura' coherence, especially as il became evident thatnernbers of close-knit groups held radically diffcrent visions of th€i.social !!orlds. Culi:ure is no longer perceived as a knoy/ledge systeminheriterj lrorn ancesiors. As a result, meny social scientists now treatcultirre a:i a sei c'i,deas, ati.ribules, and €l<peciaiions tilet change aspelrple :=e;lrl '.o cirnnging circumstances. lrlclcfrj, by the tLtrn of the:isl .e'riur), il)€ collapse oi ba iers enforceal ily Soviet cornmunismarid ihE lisa oa elect!-o ic controerce ha'-,€ ilcteased the DerceivedspSc{l qf :;ociai c:raaate eveny'".\'hei-e.

l-j1e ierrn local a.titure is cornBronly userj to cha!-acterize thee)(perienc{r oi eYei'r'day liie iil specific, identiijable localiii€s. It reflectsordjnatr people's feeljngs of appropriateness, comfort, andcorrscli iess-i.rtlribL,tes that define pei-sonal preferences and changingiasles. friivel1 ll]r-. stienglh oi local cultures, it is diffjcuit to argue thalan overarching qiob:rl crlture aclually exists. Jet-setiing sophisticatesmay fecl co;iiicd:ble cperating in a g:obal network disengaged ircmsFleciilc localiiies, blrt ifiese people aonsiitlrte a r,'ery small ntinority;tile,i nirmir.ris are insul-iicient to srisiain a c.therent cultural systenl- !ti5 rxlre lrnpcriart ir ask vrhere these ,licr-.ri oper.riors maifltain thejrlirfiiliee, xi.lari l(irji cf kinship nctr,^/ol ks '.i re.,. !irly ijg{'Jt, ii any, andlqiaihg. ih€ij.E i:j a l:-ansitolry ljfesi,vle cr :: reriuani-:.nt coitdiiic;1. Fil.itlt.s'. t€jctlc, !iaae aild lccaljiy si,iii iila.ier. ::vi:r't ihc iransnationalinrtrl.l3rs {iisd.rssed b/'eppadui-"i ere i.ooteci ifi loc3i comntunities boundb:; c9r161s6 Feli€oiions of !,vliai {e..li-eseitl-s an appropiiare andiulii liilg lllestl/1,-.

!: x +j {:! ; €: r} N: i n lJ g :.a b a I ; zai i ct n

llasearch cn gk-rb3lizatior llas siror,rin ihat it is not;D omnipotert,uniCiiict:cn;l iojce leveling er/el.^hing in its path, Because a globalcuilure aioes ilol exist, any search for jt would be iutlie. It is morefiiritiLii ic jfisic,ld focus on particuiar aspects of life that are incleedaffected by the giobalizing process.

'iike t:al r!prt:i:;ic:'i 4jf tirfie atld stl€{;€

Ti'le breakdor,/ oi li,ne and space is besi illustrated by the infiuential"global village" thesis posed by communications scholar MarshallMcluhan ;n Gutenberg Galaxy 0.962). Instantaneous communicatjon,predicted Mcluhan, would soon destroy geographically based powerimbalances and create a global village, Later, geographer DavjdHarvey argued that the postmodern condition is characterized by a

"tirne-space compression" that arises from inexpensj'/e air trayei andthe ever-present use ofielephones, fax, and, more recently, e-mail.There can be iittle .ioubt that people perceive the !,,riJrld today :s asmall€r place than il appeared to iheir grandparents. in the 11]60s and"70s imnrigiari. wcrkers in London relied cn pcsril s,rsterns andpersonally delivercd let-tei-s to send rer,l./s back to their h.rrnc viilalles inTndia, China, and elselvhere; it could take trcic nronth:i io reLcive areply. The ielethone was iiot an option, ev€n in diie emergencies. tsythe late 1990s, l.he orandchilCren of these fii'si-ijeneralion llljqrants\rJere carryinq cellular phcnes that linked theln tc corisins ir cities suchas {--alcutta iKolkata), Singapore, or Shangh€i. Ar,,iJ.rrensss of iimezones {\'\./hen people will b'e awake; what time oafic€s open) is nowsecond nature to people whose work or family iies connect them tofar-reaclring psf.s of the world"

Mcl-uhan's notion of lhe global village presupposed ihe uiorld,,iiidespread oi television, !.vhich brings disiant events into tbe hornes ofviewers evetrwhere. Building on ihis concept, !1cl uhafl [lairced thataccelerat€d conrfir-!nici]tions produce an "implosion" oi persooalexperienc€--thai :s, ci:siant events are broughi ic ti-'e ,mm€diateattention ill'!.eople h;!iv./ry aroi-rnd tf:e world^

-fhe sFech.ulaf qi.rwilr of Cable i.ievfs i',jetrJork icl.ltil is a case inpoirit. Ci,:ld became ai; icon cf globnlizatioi' b.v llroaiJ.ast;J!g it.s iJ,5,-style n3v,/s :irogi:nrryllllE around the !,lor]d, 24 icuis ;j d;ry. Livecoverage of the fall oi ihe cerlin Wall in i 939, the Pefsian Guli urar in1991, and exiended coverage of events surrcundinq liie i:errcrisl.attacks in :\iew York City and Washington, D.C., on Sep'.ember i1,2001, illrJsirated ielevision's poweful global reach. Scroe govr:rnmentsha'/e r,-spoflied to such advances by eiternptirlq i:rj restrlciinternational brcadcasting, but satellite comrnunicai'on rn:jkes theserestrictions increasinqiy unenforceable"

The standardization of experience

TravelSince the nlid-1960s, the cost of international flights has decllned, andforeign tra'/el has become a routine experience for miilions ol mid.lle-and working-class people. Diplomats, businesspeople, and ordinarytourists can feel "at home" in any city, anywhere in the world. Foreigntravel no longer involves the challenge of adapting to unfamiliar foodand living arrangements. CNN has been an essential feature of thestandardized hotel experience since at least the 199Os. Moresignificantly, Western-style beds, toilets, showers, iitness centres, and

restaurants now constitute the global standard. A Japanese variant cnthe Westernized hotel experience, featLlring 13panese-style food andaccomnrodaticns, can also be found in most major cities. Thesedevelopments are llnked to the technology of climate control. ln factrth€j ver'{ idea of roLrllne glolral travel vras incon{tei./able pricr to theuniversalizn'ricn oi air-condilioning_ An expefrl:n.:e of illis natLire vJouldhave be-on nearly impcssible in the 1960s, whefl the li/eatherr arolra,and noise oi the local soclety pervaded oile's hotel roorfi.

ChlthingModes of Cress can disguise an ari-ay of auliural di.,,ersity behind afacade of uniforrrity. The nlan's business suii, iiliih aolcured tie andbuttoned shirl, has become "universal" in the sense that it is worn iustabout everywhere, although variations have appeared in countries thatare cautious Ebout adopting global popular culture. lranianparliamentarians, for example, wear the "Western" suit but iorgo thetie, !.rhile Saudi diplomais alternate "trriditiorral" ljedouin robes withtailored Liusiness suits, depending upcn ihe occasion. In the eariyyears cf ttrc zisl ceniury, North l(oraa arrd Aighanistan were amongthe felv socieiles irold!nq oirt sgajnst iires€ gioitaiizijig irends.

The eme,-genae of women's "po!,riei suiis" ii.r l.he i980s siEn:fjecjar;oth€r forn: of glcbai cfnformity. Siyljzed trcrlser sJiis, rJiih silksLaru€s anC ca,lorir=iui b:ouses (ani,:io-rlue-< of il]e fiiilat otjsiness siJit),are no!"r woi-ld-,,v!de symbols oi fxo,Jeriiity, indeFendence, andcompeiefi.e, Mor--ovei, the €xporl cf Lissr-i cl{:ihlnt irom Westerncountries tLr developing rations has acceieralrd ihe adopUon ofViesie.n-st,lle ciress b}, people of all socioec{llrojnic ievels aror-lnd theworld.

Some milii:Jry ieshions reflect a sintiiar sense of ccnyeritence" Rebelflght.jrs, such as tl.rose in Centrai ,r\frica, Sclrih Lrnericia, or theBalkans, seerried to take ttreir style cue ir{rm the Euerrilla garb wornby movie star Syivester Stallone in his trilogy of Rambo films. In the1990s the United States military introCuced ttattle helmets thatresembled thos{: wcni by the German infantry durinq tvorld Ujar 1I"Mariy old.i Afiericans were offencied by iiite asscciaijcn with Nazism,but younger Aniericans and European5 nrarle no such c{:}nnections. In2001, a similar helmet style was worn by elite Chinese troopsmarching in a parade in Beuing's Tiananmen Square.Chinese fashion underwent sweeping change after the death in 1976 ofCommunist Party Chairman Mao Zedonq and the resultant economicliberalization. Western suits or casual lvear becam-- the norm. Theandrogynous gray or blue llao suit essentially disappeared in the

1980s, worn oniy by communist patriarch Deng Xiaoping and a handfulof aging leaders who dressed in the uniform of tl,e Cultural Revolutionuntii their deaths in ihe 1990s by which time Mao slliis lvere beingsold in llonq Kong anC Shanghai boutiques as high-prjced nostalgiawcar, SafrjralLd / ,lh p(.SLr,t,rdFtn Otl7.

Entertainntentfhe poy/er of m€dia conglofi]erates and the ulliquiiy of entertainmentprogramrrling has globalized television's impad and made it a logicaltarget for accusaiions cf cultui-a' imperialism. Critics cite a 1999anthropological stud'l that linked the appea.ance of anorexja iri Fiji tothe popularii] of Arn€rican television ptrgrarns, {tatably J'lelrose placeand tseverly !-lifis 9021A. Both series featured slender r-oung actresseswho, it was claimed, led Fijian women (who are typjcally fuller-figured)to question indigenous noiions of the ideal body.

Anti-globalisrn acl,ivists conlend that American televisicn shows havecorrosive effects on local cuitures by bighlightine \r'Jestern otions ofbeau'.y, indjvid alism, and sexuality. Alihcugh many cf the tidesex,Dorted are consldereo' second-iier shows jn the United Siates, thereis r]o f,iisp!-rae ih$'! ihes€ lrogra!]]s are parl ci ihe Caiiy fare ior viel/ersarourid ih. ,xoti{1. leirvislon access is !flldespreaci, fjven !i receiversaie nct present ill e\,f.v hoLtsel'told. ln the smail tot"r.ns oi Guatemala,the villa!.s e: ii:nljxi Ffovince in Chjna, cr- ilte hili seiilements ofBorneo/ iot lnst.jnce, i;iie televlsion set--.ofien a sateliiie systempowered by a gasoiine lien€relor-may serve i}yo cr three dozenviewers, each p.a,v;ng a small fee. Cclieciii/e vie!/irg in bars,restaurants/ anc; teahouses was comrnon dilrij.l!] the eariy stages ofteievision broadcasiiiE in liidonesia, lapan, Kenya, anii many othercountries. 3y tns 1980s v jdec,./ie!'ring parlours had beconte ubiquiious!n many regions of tile g,obe.

Live spods prografis continue to dTaw sor|te of the largesi globalaudiences. The 1998 World Cup men's football (soccer) final betweenBrazil and France was watched by an estimated two biltion people.After the 1992 Oiympic Games, when the American "Dreain Tea!-n,, ofNatio al Basketball Associaiion (NBA) stars electrified vjel.rers hjho hadnever seen the spori played to U.5. professional siandards, NBAgames were broadcast in Australia, Israel, lapan, China, Germany,and Britain. In the late 1990s Michael lordan, renowned for leading theChicago Bulls to six championships with his stunning basketball skills,became one of the world's most recognized personalities,

Holly"vood inovjes have had a similar inflLrence, lnuch to the chagri ofsorne countries. In early 2000 Canadian governroent regulatorsordered ihe Canadian Broadcasting Coiporation (CBC) to reduce theshor,ving ol Hollywcod films durinE prime tjme an.l to instead featuremore Ca,f radian-rnede programrning, CBC ex{:cLlf i\",€s pi iliesied ihatiheii- vie!/eT:; vJcuid stop watching Canadian iele\/isicn s1:aiicns ardturn tc satellile rec€ption fbr internaiionai ?t.rLe$:;lin'neni. Sijcl.)objeltions were,,!i-rll groundecl, given lilat, ir': i998, 79 percent ofFflqiisn-spsai(ing Canadi3ns named a U,5. progr.,..n rJher') asked toidentiiv their favourite teievision show.

I-lollywood, ho.,r,/ever, does not hold a fijoitrJpoly on entertainmentprogramming. The world's most prolific film indusiry is in Aombay(l,lumbai). India {"Bollywood"), !1,herc as nran} as 1,0fi0 feature filmsar€ prcdriced annualiy in all of lndia's majo. ianguages. prjmarily lovestories with heavy doses of singing and dancino, Roily\,1,ood movies arepogula. throughott Southeast Asia and ihe l.li'Jiie Fas'a, Siate censorsiJ'r Islamic couniries often find the inodest dr€ss atd subdued sexualityof trndian t'iinr stars acceptable ior theii alrdieirc{]s. Alihough the localappeal of Lo:lywcsC movies remains str3n.l- exposure to Hollylvoodl"ilirs srch ;s -jur;sslc Park (1993) al-]d Speed i1!94) {;jjjseal 'y'{lungInclian nrryjcgoers to develop an appr€claiirri l'er {he special eifecisanc fciirNtii€i- graphics ihat had be{ori}i'ii-.r lr"llriarl{s ci manvArneria;!n flinls-

l'octiFcod is ihc oldesl global carrier of culture. In fa.t, facd has alwaysbeeri e *!-iving iorce for globalization, especiall'l {lrjririq earlier phasesoi Eu.cpea.r ir:de and colonial expansion. llre hat J"eci pepper wasinlr-oducefi io the Spanish court by Christ{rph€r lolr.]lnbus in 1493_ Itspreaci rapidly ihroughoui ihe colonial liiorid, iransiotming cujsinesand iarfting practices in Airica, Asia, and tlre tvt!.ldle East. It nright beCifficult to inlagine Korean cuisine without !ed pepper pasie orSzechuan food withoui its fiery hot saucer but both are relativelyrecent innovations-probably from the 17th ceniury. Other New Worldcrops, such as corn (maize), cassava, syJeel potatoes. aod p,^anuts(grounajnuis), were iesponsiille for agricultural ievolutiofis in Asja andAfricd, opening up terrain that had previou:li./ been unpro{lu.iive.

One century after the sweet potato was introduced jnto south China (inthe m'd 1600s), it had become a dominant crop and was largelyresponsible for a population explosion that created what today is calledCantonese culture. It is the slveet potato, not the more celebratedwhite rice, which sustained generations of southern Chinese farmers.

These are the experiences lhat cause cultural meaning to be attachedtc Aarlic lar fcods. Today the descendants of Canionese, !-iokkien, andHakka pioneers disdain the sweet potato as a "poveitl/ iood" thatconjures iffiages af past hardships. In Tai!!?n, iry ccirt!-ast,independe.rc€ aclivis[s (aifiuent members of the r-jsin!] Tai!,ranesemiddie class) have embraced the svreet p,-riato ns an eiriblem ofidentity, reviving old recipes and celebraiing lheii- cull:ura! distinctionsirorn "rice-eating rnainlanders""

While tbe qiooal dist!-ibri'.ion of foods oriqinaied with Lhe pursrrit ofexotic spices (such as black pepper, cinnaino , and claves),contemporary food irading features more prosaic comnroajities, suchas soybeans 3nd apples. African bar'ranas, Ct',iiean grapes, andCalifornia oranges have helped io translorm expectations about theavailability and afiordabllity of fresh produce everyw*here in the world.Green beans are nor?{j g!-o!vn in Burkina Faso iri Centrai Africa andshipped by express air cargo to Paris, where tihey erld up on tlre illatesof diners iir the citv's top restaura'1ts. This pariicrll:rf exchange systern!s based on a "noniradiuonal" crop that was not grcr,/fi in Burkiaa Fasouniil the rn;d-:1990s, wher the lvarlcl Bank enccirr;.:gn--ri iIS cui{rliatlonas a nrgans of

':riciitci:!":!t econoroic developiile'ri.. Ihe caruntT)r soarl

became Africe's secqrid iargest exporier of !lreefi brtrens. ilentralAfrican la!-r,'rer-s cons€qlenily forjnd tliemselves ill difect co$peiitiGnwlth other "aolntcr season" grolriers of green beans frofi Brazil andFlorid?.

The average daily diei has elsc undergone tremendous clrange, withell nations converging cn a diei high in neat, dairy producls, andprocessed sugars. Correieiing closel,v to a world/,/ide rise in afflijence,the new "global diei" is not necessai-ily a beneficial trend, as it canincrease the risk oi cbesity and diabetes. ilolv yiewed as a globalhealih threat, obesity has been dubbed "gicbesity" by the lvorldHealth Organization. To many observers, the homogenization ofhuman diet appears to be unstoppable. Vegetarians, environmentalactivists, and organ:c focd enthtlsiasts have orqanize.J rearquardactions tc reintroduce "traditional" and more lyholesome dietarypractices, bui these efiorts haye lleen concentrated among educatedeliies in industrial nations.Western food corporations are often blamed for these dietary trends.McDonald's, KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken), and Coca-Cola are primarytargets of anti-globalism demonstrators (who are themselvesorganized into global networks, via the Internet). McDonald's hasbecome a symbol of globalism for obvious reasons: on an average day

in 2001, tlre cornpaDy served nearly 45 milljon custorners at more than25,000 restaurants in 120 countries. Ii succeeds in part by adjustingits mefiu to loctsl fleeds, In Indja, for exarnple, no beet Droduats aresold.

l"!cDonald's also succeeds in countrles ihat mighi fie expecteel rodisdain fasi food. in France, ior exampie, foo{i, esoec,;,,lly hautecuisine, is cornmc ly regarded as lhe core el€ment of French culture.llevedheless, l-lcDonaid's coniinues to expand in the \,,eay ltearlland ofopposit jo : h\y' ihe i:urn of i:he 21st century there were mc!-e than g50l4cDonald's restaurants ln Fr.rnce, empjoying over 30,000 people_ Notsurp.jsingly, n.lany Eurcpean protest movemenis h;1ve iargetedllcDor]ald's as an agent of culturai imperial!snl. french intellectualsmay re!.'j,e the 3ig Mac sandwjch for all that it symbolizes, but ihesteady growtlt ci tast,ibod chains demonstrates i;rat anti-globalistattiiudes do not aly,/ays afiect economic behaviour, even jn ;ocjetjes(such as Frafi.:eJ .rhete ihsse sentiments are neerly universal.

Like the;j- coLrnter p;trts ir) the Unitecl States, French orkers areiilcreasirqly prelisid ior ljtne. Tl.le t,,^jo,hour lunch js lirgely a lhing ofthe ptrsi.iood ?riii bevet-eclr: l-tQmpa;] jes attraci atte|Ji,ioil becar tse ihey cater tCthe mnst eiel1;ei-iiai iclt'n {ti hurtafl cor}sLrmp.tcn. We .-ie ,.vtlat w€ eat,ani wh€n iljet ci.t;nqi:-", loiiajns of natienal an.j ethnic :derility a!-eaifected. Critics cl.i;!.n r..hai the spreaci !f iast iood unrierminesindigenous ciJis;nrs by falcing a homogeri.,:etion cf irrorld ciietar-vpret-orence-c, birt anlhrcpglcgjcai research in Russia, -lapan, and HongKonq rJoes r :oi cL,ptjo, i il,r, ./ier.v.

Clo.je siu.jy 3i fLtliliral trend.-c al the locat ievel, ho\i/€v€tr, shows thatthe qlobalizatioir ci i?a.i lood can inl'uence purlic cor.tcjtcl. Fasi-foodchains have introcuced practjces that changed some consumerbehavlaurs anLj pr€:'rerences. For example, in Japan, where tising one'shancis to eat prepared ioods was considered a gross breach ofetiquette, the popularizatjon of McDonald,s hamburgers has had such a{]rartaaic impact on Dcp{jlar etiquette ti.rat il is nolrv common to seeTokyo co[]mLrier:-i eatinq ;ai public'rfithoul chopsticl<s or spoons,

ln late-Soviet JLussia, rudeness had become a high art form arnoogseruice personnel. Today customers expect polite, friendly servicewhen they vistt Moscow restaurants-a social revolution initiated byMcDonald's and jts employee training programs. Since its opening in1990, Moscow's Pushkin Square restaurant has been one ol the busiestIlcDonald's in the world.

The social atmosphere in colonial Hong Kong of the :t960s wasanythjng but genteel. Cashing a check, boarding a bus, or brrying atrajn ticket requir-ed br,-rte forc,.. l,#hen McDonald's opened in 1975,cr-rsiom€rs crorirded aroltnd the cash reglstel5, shouiit]g crders andwaving ilror].c,/- aver ihe heads of p€ople in iront oi them. McDonald'sresponded by Inirodircing queue rnonitors-youn9 qremen whochanneied customers into orderly lines. Queuing subsequently becamea hallmark ol llD g Korg's cosmopolitan, rniddle-class cuiture. Olderresiclents credii i\lcDonalci's fbr introducing the queue, a criiicalelement i thls social transition.

Yet another innovation, in some areas of Asia, Laiin America, andE rope, was McDonald's provision of clean toilets and washrooms. Inihis way the company was instrumental in setting new cleanlinessstandards (and thereby raising consumer expectations) in cities thathad ne'rer offereci puttlic faci!ities. Wherever McDonald's ilas set upbusiness, it fapjdly has l,.e.iome a haven for an emsrgifig class of!'niddle-inccme urilafl ltes.

The inirodu.ii.n ol tasi i+cd has been paniculafi).' iriluential cnahiidren, espc(;aj!'l since so rnany advertiser:rent! ere des;;cneaj toappeal to their. L-afqeiy as a consequence ot 3lich :rdverti,<ing,Amarican-si:yle birihclat Fait:es have spread to nrany p.llts cf thevrorld wh3rc inrji-ridua: blilh dates previously lrad never l-ieenaelebrated. l4cDcnaid's ?rr.rd KfC have become ihe leading ..reou€s forbirthday padies thi-oughcut East Asia, with specjal rooms and ser',icesprovided for the eveni-<- These and other symbolic effecfs nrake fastfood a powertl!l force foa dletary and social change, becausi: a meal atthese resj,aurailts rvili inlroduce Fraciices that younger conslJrr)ers maynot experience at home-most notably, the chance to choose one'sown food. The concepi of peisonal choice is syrnbolic ol lvesternconsumer cullure. Visits to McDonald's and KFC have beconre signalevents for children who approach fast-food restaurants with a headysens3 of empo$/erment.

R e li g io n a nd g lo b.) i lza t! a t)Centrai i:o Huntinqton's ihesis in The Clash of Civilizations js theassumption that the post-Cold War world would regroup into regionalalliances based on religious beliefs and historical attachments tovarious "civilizations." Identifying three prominent groupings-WesternChristianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism). OdhodoxChristianity (Russian and Greek), and lslam, with addition"l influencesfrom Hinduism and Confucianism he predicted that the proqress of

globalization \r/ould be severely constrained by re lic io-politica I barriers.The result ,vould be a "multipolar r,vorld." Huntinqion's view diiferedmarkedly fronl those who prophesied a stanalardized, homcgenizedc,lobal culture.

Th--fe is, l)cwL-.vei, considerabie ethnographic €viclence, gathered b,vanlhrcpclogisis and socjologists, that refLite.j this njadel ofcivilizational clash and suggests insteacl a rapjd diffusiori of religiousand cultural systems th.o ghoui the n/orld. Isiem is cne case in pcint,given that ii constituies dne of the l'asiest-gro'ding religio s in theUnited Staies, i:rance, and Germany-suppilsed basijcns of UJesternChristianity. Felore the end of the 2tltl) centu!-y' entlrearrondissements (dishicts) oi Paris were dominated by Muslims, themajcrity of thern French citizens born and rearecj in Frcnce. Thirty-fivepercent of stucients in the suburL,an Dearborn, i"iichiqan, public schoolsystem were Muslim in 2001, making the proyisio| of hala/ ("lawful,,under Islarg) ineals at iunchtirne a hot issue in loi:al iroiitics. By thesiaft of the Zl-st century, Musiims of TLrrkish ofjqin constit ted thefaslesi-gro\r.iing redor of S{:rlin's populatjcnt afidi in i-:crlhern Erglafid,ihe old indllsirlai c;lies oi Braciford and l\er:Jcasile had been r.evitalizedb.y' descend.?nag oi Pekls'L:ni a d Indi:n llusiii-l-rs r',,jto irnnilaratedduring the l,95cs ::ri.i '60s.

Fro r iis ii'cepi.icn_ [hfistienlt.y' has been i]n alJEiessirely p.oselyijzlngreligion ,,viih a EloL].ii:ing agenda. tndeed, ihe Aojii,rn CFrihoi!c Chu,-chwas arguably ihe ijrst globai iflstituiiorr, having spreaC rapidlythroughoui the European colonjal $/orld and beyonri- l.oda,r/, perhapsthe iasiest-gr.iwinq re:igiorr is evangelical Chrtstiarity. Siressjng theindividual's personai expeiie.lce 01' diviniq/ ias oppos€d io priesttyintercession],,-vatgelicai;sm has gained ?/ ide :irpr:ai ;n rcgioils suchas Latin ,qrriarica and sub-Sabaran rlfrica, il!-est-j ting serlouschallenges io esialllislted Catholic churches. Follo.,./ing the collapse ofSoviet porr'./er in 1991, the Russian Orthodox chrrch beqan the pracessof rebuilding after rnore than seven decades of repression. At the sametime, evangelical missionaries from the United States and Europeshifted rnuch of l.heir aiieniion irorn Latin Airterica ancl A,frica toRussia, alarrn;ncj FLrssian Cfhodox leaders" By 1997, under p.essureirom Orthodox clergy, the ll-ussian ilovern[]ent ljromole{j legislation torestrict ihe aclivities oi religjous organizations that had operated inRussia for less than 15 years, effectively banning Western evangelicalmissionaries, The debate over Russian religious unity continues,however, and, if China is any guide. such legislation could have littlelonq-term effect-

]n China, unauthorize(l "house churches" became a major concern forCommunist Party officials who attempted to conifol Muslim, Christian,and Buddhist religious aciivity thlough siate-sponsored o.ganizations.Many of the urlrecognized churches are syncretic in the sense thattirey combine zrsDect:r oi loral reiiilion u,/ith Christiar ideas. As a iesuittirey have been ai|llcstr i!ntlossible to organize, Iel alone control.

Social scientisls co firrr the wcrliilt/icle resurgence, since the late 20thcentury, of cons r\raiiye reiigion among faiths such as lslam,liinduism, Buddh:srn, and evi?n Shinto iri iapan and Sikh,sm in lndia.The social anci poliiicai connotalions of lhese consenat;ve Lipsurgesaie uniqlre'ao each culaur-e and religion- For- example, some sociologistshave identiiied Christian €vangelicalisrn as a leading carrier oimodernization: its erfiphasis on the Bible is thouqht Io encourageliteracy, lvhile involvemeni in church activities ca leachadminislrative skjlis ihat ar.e 6pplicable to work environments. ,As asociologist of religicl.r, Lle rger argues thai "th€!'e may be othet-giobali;ing popular n]cv€ilefiis ilodayl, but evangelicalism is clearlythe dynamic."fitrst

D€ m 0 g ra, h ic i tlfi ! leit tes

'-liJnticgtaii's "ala::h ul ci., iilzsi::nl]s" lhesis assun-]es thsl tite m:jcr East

Asian societi€s cansiilute ;n slli;rnce cf "Confuciari" culi res ihat sha:-€a [omrncn irf:rirage in lhe ta.rriiiirgs of Confucius, the a]rdieni Chinesesage. Early 21st ceni.Lriy !ii.rityles in Tokyo, Seoul, ilejjing,'faipei, andFlong Konq, hor,\rever-, sirrrvr f:l!- ;nore e\/idence cf !tlobalization thanConfucian ization. Th-- reprrleC I'rallrnarks of Ccniucianism- respect forparenlal authoriiy ;lnC ance.-{i.ral tradiiions-are no more sslient inthese cities thJn in Sostor!, Lo*don, or tserlin. This is a consequence cf(among other ihings) i sie:dy reduclion in family s;ze that has s'"n/eptthrough East Asiarl societi€s since the 1980s. State-impos.drestrictions on farr;ly size, late childbearing, and resistance tomarr'age amorig highly e{iuc.rted, working wonren have underminedthe basic tenets of the Confucian family in Asia.

Bidh rates in Singapore and lapan, in fact, have iallen beiowreplacement levels and are at r€ccrd lor,o, levels in llong Kang; b'rthrates in Eeijing, S,ranghai, and olher major Chinese cities are alsodeclining rapidly. Ihese developments mean that East Asia-likeEurope-could face a fiscal crisjs as decreasing numbers of workers areexpected to support an ever growing cohort of retirees. By 2025,China is projected to have 274 million people over age 60-more thanthe entire 1998 population of the United States. The prospects forother East Asian countries are far worse: 17.2 percent of Japan's 127

million people were over age 65 in 2000; by 2020 that percentagecould rise to 27.

lhe cornmodities involv€d in the exchange of gopuiar culture a.eieiated io lifesitie, e:peciaily a-c experienced b_v young fieLlpl€r: poprllrisic, lilm, r/iceo, comics, fash;on, fast foods, bev€rages, homeC€rcoraticns, entertainment systems, and exercise equipment- Millionsof people obiain lhe unobtainable by using the lntern3t to breachconrptter secr.rril,/ systems and irnporl barriers. "I!tibrmation r/ants tclle fa€e" was lha clarion c3ll of softlrare desicners and aficiorados ofthe World \n/itJe Web iB the tr990s. This ccde oi ethics takes ,ts mcstcreative form in sociei;es r.{here governments try harCest lo controlthe flow of iniormation (e.9", China and lran). ln 1999, when Serbianofficials shut rjc,r"Jn the operitions of Ra{iio 892, the independentstaiion coniinued its co'/erage of events in tlre iormer Republic ofYugoslavia by moving its broadcasts io the Internet-The ,dea of ;: borderless wor,d is reflected in theories ol the "vifiualslate," a r1e!.,/ -.iystem ot world politics that is saic to reilect theessentjaj clrecs of 21st-century capitalisrn. ill Oi]f c,. Control i.199/+),authcr l(evin Keliv irrealicteri that iite Internet wo ki {tradualiv €rodethe pc\4er oi gr\ieininenls ic .Onlrol ciiizens; arjrarra€s ii-t digitalterhiroicgv rr".!rLlil insiea3 n!lor/ peopl€ to;'oil1,r'r' t-ileir owfi i:li:eres;lsanii icrrr tran..c-siatfl coalilions. Sirnilarly, liiclt:iri "icserirarit*:, it:' T|1eRke of the \qtttiel State (19-og), rriraie ihat miiitary ccrf icts an.lierritori:l disllutes wculd be superseded by the iic!"r cf jnformation,capital, techncioEy, and manpo!ier bet',l'een stetas. 14ariy s{llojersdjsagreed, ins:sting that the state was unlikely to disaplear and cculdcontinue lo be an essential and eflect;ve basis of Eovernafice.

Arguments i-egarCing the erosion of stale sovereigliy aie pai{iculariyunsettling ior r:ations ihat have become consumers raiher thanproducers of digitai technotog),'. Postrsoviet Russia, post-t'.1ao China,and post-Gaullist France are but three exarnples of Cold War gianisfacing uncertain futures in the emerging global system, Frenchintellectuals snd politicians have seized upon anti-g!obalisn'r as anorganizing ideology in the absence Df other unilyjnq th+:rnes. in te-scartEs de 11,2 France A J'heu!-e cle ia rnantiialisatian (2AOA; "i:rance'sAsseis in the Era ol Globalization"), Ff"nch fcrejgn l,!inisier llubertVedrine denounced the United States as a "hyperpower" that promotes"uniformity" and "unilateralism." Speaking for the French intelligentsia,he argued that France should take the lead in building a "multipolarworld." Ordinary French citizens also were concerned about losing theirnational identity, particularly as the rcgulatory power of the EuropeanUnion began to affect everyday Iife. Sixty percent of respondents in a

7999 L'Expansian poll agreed that globalization represented thegreatest threal lo the French yiay of life.

Anti-qlabaliso) movements .1n(J the InternetAnti-globalism org:rni,.er:; ar-- found throughout ihe wc!-ld, nol least inmany management orEar;izaii4ns. lhey are cften among the y,/orld'sffiosi creative aflci soilhisticatcd users of litiernet lechnology_ Ihis isdoubly ironic, becaus€ a\,,en as NGOS conLest the effects oiglobalizaiion, they exhibii nreny of the cftaracterislics of;!.tloilal,transnationai suticuliuie; ihe lnternei, moreoyi,, is one of theprlncipal tools that maker globajization feasible and arrganized prctesisagainst it possible. Foi ix;rrnple, Greespeace, an environrneritalistNGO, has orchestraled worldwide prot€sts against genetically modiiied(GM) foods. Highlv organized demonstrations appeared? seemiflglyovernight/ in man'y' parts of the world, denouncing Gll products as"Frankenfoods" that pose unknown {and undocumented) dangers topeople and to ihe envii-cnrneni, The bioengineerit-tg industt-y,supported by vaiious scientiiic orqanizations. iaLlnch{td its o}vntrnternet-baseci cour,teriiila,ik, bul: the response was too iete ;nd ioodiscrganized io ouiilank GreenFeaae afid its tlGO allies. Sensai:ior.alrnedia coveralls had al:r:ady lurned consumer senljinen'i a:lairst GMfoods hefore the scientilic co!t-ifriunity even entered the deiai:.

The anti-Gl'l fsod rncvriIre;tt !leiric.nslrates the irnme se i-Jcrrer ol ihclnternei to mabillze pclirica, itroiests, This power de!-ives fi-om theabiiity of a few deterrnine.l aciivists to communicate wilh titcrilsanCs(indeed m!llions) oi poieotial aljies in an instant. The Internet's poweras an organizing tooj be.arie evident during the World 'fradeOrganizaiion (WTO) prciesis i Sealile, Washington, in 1999, tn whichthousands of acti./jsts corveralecl on the clty, disrupting tl.re lvtCmeetings and drayJjng the ,./orld's atlention to cr:ticisms oi glailal tradepractices. The SeBttie prolesLs set the stage for similar t.,,pes ofactivism ;n succeeding j/ears.

The illusioEr of global culture

Localized respansesFor hundreds of milliofls of urbafl people, the experience of everydaylife has become increasinqly standardized since the 196Os. Householdappliances/ utilities, and transportation facilities are increasinglyuniversal, Technological "marvels" that North Americans andEuropeans take for granted have had even more profound effects onthe quality of life ior billions of people in the less-developed world.Everyday life

's changed by lhe ayaiiability of cold beverages, hot

water. frozen fish. screet.ted windows, bot|ed cooking-gas, or therefrigeraior- It would be a mistake, ho\ /e.rer, to assume that theseinno'/ations have an identical, homogenizjng effect ,r'/here\.er theyappear. For most rura' Chinese, the refrjgerator has continued io beSeen as a status syrrbol, Thei/ use it to chill tleer, Sofi drjflks. anCfiuit, bui thev disptiss the rsfrjgeraijon ot vegetables, rn"at, and fishas unhealth)/. Furtherfi]ore, ce.tain ,roods (notably bean cllrd dishes)are ihought to teste beiler when cooked \rJith more t!-aditional fuelssuch as coa! ot ytood, as opposecl to botded gas.

ll remains dirlirul ir JrcLlp 1.h.rt lhc globatizarion of L.cllr,otDq,Ls rsrnaking the lxorld ever-vwher-o the same. The .sameness,, hypothesis iscnly sustainable if one ignores the internal meanings that peopleassiqn tO cuitural inno'/aiions.

Borrawing and "irenslating" popular cultureThe don]ain of popula. nusic ijlustrates ho!,./ difl-icull jt is to urrave,culiural sysielr)s in lhe ci:fitenporary world: Is rock rnusjc a unirersailanguage? Do reg!]ae ana ska have the same meaning to young peopleevet/where? A!1-rt: icail- ii!:,pi1 ed hip-itop (rap) s,,rlepi thlouc!i-l grazii,Briia'n, Frarcar Chilra, a,.td,ta{lan in d]e 1990s. yet Japarese.arpp-ersdeveioped tl-r€ir o,!ir. ic{:;rilze,j y€rsions of this ari fcrri, l4!_,,ch at il.iemlrsic ci h,p-frcp, griuilrjed iri urba African Americar et{perielce, jsdefiantly ant issr.:-r b!ish;,'ter]1, illt the .lapanese lyric cont€ni is rl€:cidedii,mi'd, celebraiiilll,y'ot.itl:ful sclidarity and exubei-aitce. Simjlar"translations" bea,,^reen form and content htsve occLrrred in ilr:: popmusic or'trndonesia, l'l?xico, aitd Korea. Even a casual lisiener oi U.S.!-adio can heai ihe irrofcun{j effects thai Braziiian, Souih Ai;;car't,lndia!, anat Cubarr fbrrt: have hed on the contemporail Arierjcoit popscene. An earljer exarnple ci splashback-when a cl,itural inncyatioilreturns, sornewhal iran-ciornterj, to the place of iis oriqin-u,as iheBritish lnvasion oi ihe Amerlcan popular music market in ihe mid-1960s. Forged in the United States from blues and country music, rockand roll crossed the Atlantic in the 1950s to captivate a generation ofyoung Briions ,rrho, fcr ]ing :-rands such as the Reaties ancl the RallingStones, fi]acie the music their or,ryn, then reintroduced it lo Amificanaudiences ti/ith if€fiendoils success. The flow of popular c llllre i.rarely, if ever. unidirectiona l"

Subjectivity of meaning-the case of TitanicA cultural phenomenon does not convey the same meanjngeverywhere. In 1998, the drama and special effects of the Americanmo,rie Titanic created a sensation amono Chinese fans. Scores of

middle-aged Chinese returned to the theatres over and over-cryingtheir way through the film. Enterprising hawkers began sellingpackages of facial tissue outside Shanghai theat!-es. The theme song of'!itanic became a best-selling CD in China, as did posters of the youngfilm siers. Chinese consumers prrchased rnore than 25 llliilion F;ratediand 300,0110 legilimate) video ccpies of the iilnr-

One might ask lrhy middli-ag,-d [hinese moviego€rs becarne soernolionaily in\,,olvecl vvith the story told in Titanic- Interuiews ;rrrongolder resiCents of Shanghai revealed tilat nany people had prcje.tedthe'r own, long-suppressed experiences of lost youth onto the film.From 1966 to 1976 the Cultural Revolution convulsed China.destroying any possibility of educational or career advancement iermillions of people. At that time, communist authorities iiad als.)discouraged romantic iove and promoted politically corr€ct rflar.iagesbased on cless background and revolutionary comlnitment. irrlprobableas it might seem to ytlestern observers, the stor'y' ol'lost icle an asinking cruise ship hit: resgonsive chord among the vetei-ans of theCultural Revoluiion. Their passionate, emotional response hed ./i'tua!!yncthing to do wlth the Western culturai system ihat trarneai the fjlm.btsteetT, f ititrit: se!-ved as a sccially acceptable vr.:hic;e iif ths pubiicexi-rression cf i€qr€l i?y a ceneration of aging Chinese revoli.lt:o.,Jnesrdho hari devoted ihelr lives io building a form oi :oi.iaiism lirai i:edlong since i:iisirptreared, Chjnese P!-esideri liang Z€min inv:tei iheent:r€ Politburo cf the Chinase Cornnrunist Party tc a private scTeelriri!of Til:afiic so lhat ihey wcuid Lrnderstand the challeng--. rle cilrrtionedthat i-itanic colld be seen as a Trcjan horse, carrying v,ri'ahin il iheseeds of Al'ierican culturai impefial:snl.

[:hinese airihorjties vrere ncl alone in their r isirusi i]f iiollyra6e3.There are those who suggest. as dicl China's li.rng, tliai exposlrre tcHollywrod filrns will cause people every\nlhere to becone more llkeAmericans. Yet anihropologists who study teievision and film are v"'aiyof such suggestions. They emphasize the need to study the particularways in which consumers make use of popular entertainment. Theprocess oi globalization looks far from hegemonic when one iocuses onordinary viewers arC their €iiolts to make sense of what lhey see.

Another case in point is anthropologist Daniel Miller's study oftelevision viewing in Trinidad, which demonstrated that viewers arenot passive observers. In 1988, 70 percent of Trinidadians who hadaccess to a television watched daily episodes of The Young and theRest/ess, a series that emphasized family problems, sexual intrigue,and gossip. Miller discovered that Trinidadians had no trouble relat'ng

to the personal dramas porlrayed in Arnerican soap oileras, evenihough the lifestyles and inalerjarl c,rcumstances diff€recl radically fromiife in Trinidad- local peo0le acii./eiy reinterpreted the episodes to fittheir own expeflerce, seeing the televised dramas as commentaries onconler!.lporary jile in iriridaal- lhe porirayal oi American r:]aterjalcLtlture, noiebly lvcrnenrs hshioBS, was a seccndary aiiraction. Inoth€r wcrds, it is a lnisiake lo t[e"t television vievrers as passive.

The ties fhet.;ti!l llir JLocal cLrlture remaills a llilu/eriul :nFluence in daily life. Peoole are iiedto ftaces, and those Fja.jes {:ontinue to shape particula. norrns andvalu€s. The fart that residents of MoscorrJ, Beijing, and New Delhioccasionally eat at ivlcDonald's, w8tch Hollywood films, and yJear Nikeathletic shoes (or copies thereotl does not mal<e them "giotial." Theappearance of lrorirogeneily is the mosi salient, ani uli.imaiely themost decepi;ve, feaiure ol'glcbalizaiion. Outward appearances do notreveal the iiilerfiaJ nrearings 'ahat people assiqn to a cullLrralinnovaiion. True. ihe saandardizaiion of eve.yday iii€ lvill iikelyaccele,-ate as diq!t:r! l€ah .Jlog-! contes to approxinlate the toaste. in" user-friend liness. " $ut ier'rnological breakthrcugirs afe rc| enougii tocreate a !'Jcrld cuii.uia. aj.rople ev{:ry, here shcw a aie:l!."'rg C,ari:ake ofthe fruiis of aleDel .a'..icn, irlri ihey _;ust as earn€slly'!r.,a;rf- I.r ceiei-lrateihe disiinai i!ene-53 II their ct]liures.

lames i-. lvaiscn"Glsbalizatici!/ i!"!lti.ri!l." Eltqycl!p€dlAat|tllrIica. :O07. EicyclolrrecjiaBriiannica 0nline E{iition.Library< htto:/lliirjarv,-e,b. sqr'r]. !j!piojq:.!l!-qo!._ssle!./al:ttqle 22499!> .

C OFic - 5!olra!izatidlr,

I rnsiead ol u5 ng,un th. 1 artl.l. 5ta1!d, t!i!^ mry suggrsr rhnl nun.nt5 reier ro all I arti.l.r in or'l€r to obtatn a berier

Artiile:q Walson, lames L- "Cultur al ailobalizat,o ". En.yclopedic Btitonnic.r, 2OA7

Activity3 lessons - i tor preparaiior!, I for ijatual! iiinqlation and 1 ior Cisarissi.:i] afid fee.lback-l he class wiJl simulate an official Gicbali:ation tcrum ',..,hich is supposedly held by an

imaginary .onservative Asian countrv. The goverrr]lent of this particular country hopes

to u5e such a platform to assess and deal with the impact of globalizaticn on rheir4ountry. Using the irtformation frofi the giveir articlel, siudents are to ciivi.ie iiito 5

Cifferent grcups to represent the it'rterests of these above meniioned 5 groups. Each

group is to present:

:L) HovJ globalization has imuacred them.

2l The gro up's response and nrea5 u I es ihat will be iakento embi ace./.omitat thas

ph en om eron.3) Suggest possible reiirsons as io wh! tite grorp's rauses sho!ld srpeise.j€ thc

other oppositioual groups' iniercsrs. Aiternativcly, suggesi ljossili.'reasons/advaotages is to wiil/ the other groups 5houl.l co-cperoiL- ,l/iih the group

{speciiically, the group that benefiis or sees globalization as. positive force).

I he 5 different groups nameiy are:

1) The fu'lulti-Nationai Corporirlion! in'.,ettin8 in this co,rntry2) Th,. llaiionaland CuitLrre Heiiinge Bca|.-l

3) Religious Leaders

4) Local Policy Makeri (inclu5ive of Agrjcrlliural, EdocatioF, Foreign Aiiaire and !mmigration)

5) Non Governmental Organizations

As a fcrmal forum panel, 5iudents y/ith the aid of the tlltor should note, asiess ancl

ptoblematize ihe different concern-( expr€ssed. VVltere iloss'bie, si!denti shoul{i fDrther

inter-relate and make connections between the different interest groups to highiightthe complexity of the phenomenon that is globalization.

llistcr).isnotoi.rr\|r::.r'.r:ri'.rti::.Jrerucrlrcrslanrloite.h\.rrr,'lrir.dl;,i'h r'., ,I'"r\i . rl. ., - r ' "t{ien}ocraiic h!!.n, atul {hi |r:1, jrair;.jnL: irri .;';i dis.or.J i(idrrrin.s. s!jl .l.rrrtjr !i.holjzoD iusl bejrurd ns. 'ihor: ',\jl!c lccl! bi.l: s.e ail of the hrtors oi ijrt ?rrcii::rr

', ufi,. lr.'h' 1,.d,, :,. ., .i., i', i....; 1.,r.. ...'. ,

iiJ"a.itr an i th ey de.]i.. I lf : ':{,1llri g l i:5 .;ui i!.rd. i Losr rflro iook for\ir<l pfup}r ts Icoiim.ici?i and te.hnologidl i lrJrliir,d.a.f .' . 'rirh,.l prrtjdirc rn3d. Do5siiri. h!sp.e,rding nrxrkels anti r:1ol.el rcr:hrol.:31 ..r.] *r!y !r..r.laiD 1]rat cv,rirthir! ir orsoon i{ill L.diff.ftnl. 1he rivrl oirr':rer s {err to .onsull {iia1er..t ahnaruc,i d.arso

lrom rhe librarirs oI crn*irii,i l)l:rlrrf.Yet an,vole riho re:rds rhr .l:jlv jrrpcrs ;r..irl)y. iakinil ir rhe Irori pis. a..ouiis

o{civil carnage aj \Lcli rs Lhc bi.s;,rrss ptii!.,tolies oo the rne.haii.s ofihe jniorlr.ri!,nsuperhighwayand the.rlxroirt(s ol .onrlni.:iior rncrgers. an).o!e

'vLo rujns.i.!lt)

crately to take ir the w]}ol. 160 degrcc iroDzoD, hnows that our world ar otir liv.sare .aught betwe.n whnt Willienr Bntler Yeats called the rwo eternilies of race and

io! l: rhat of rac. tefl c.ti! rg lLc tr iirxi j)|s r , i;r r i .f $r !1 inti.i|a tiirg rhe casnlorliiar!firtrie, Our se.ular et.rniri.s rrc,:orrupLd,lr.i!rt!.r, r... r.il!ctd lo.rr iJrsiglti \rircsiolmelrt, aid soul sir.1i .ir-r'n i. iir rir. ,1.'.nrrdicg Lorlv lrr r:hitl it nils ner.-ls. Naiil!.r.n(]t 'ro, s,rrl cfl!! ns r ilil.t thar is othcr ihaD hierl.., r,:itlrrpr',n,r.e r pr'1it1 rh..r . r rr n,'.y,ir.'oL rt:,

The 6rst scenario.oot.d in nce holds o t thr griIl! prosp.ct ofa retribllization oflarge swaths of humiBlind bv rvar and bloolshed: a threltenecl ballixnjzirior ofnalnD statcs in which culiu'. is pifted.giinst culturc, people agaust pcople, Lribc

agairst trib., a lihad in th. n:rI]r. oi! hundred narl(lvly coD.eivetl f.iths again$ .vervkind of irltcrdeptndcrct, clcr.r itind ol rrtill.i'l s,r.ixl c0oper.rrion rnd 'nLrtuilitv:rgxjlrit tecltroio$, aftatrrsLpop cullurc, and r grurst irltcilra L.d nra rkt tsi !itrirs l rrod€rnlry ns€il.ls !v.li rs rh.lrtlrrr Jn lrhich Dro(lt.niLy issuer. 'l h. sccond p.irrs lhrt I u tLu.

I

Jilrad r.'s. L.'lcW,-rrli-l I Ecitlotzut Btntct

!igidrl p0bli.irn,, l{r'ls lir..ft.l fr.,. ljcnJrnrr lnrbir, "l rodu.rnnr.'r, ltrdi,',1 ll.ltlrii/. lrntrrIrook, r!95, t. I S,9 10, ri rir

-l;iq.:-' --il

D shllnrrernr-s P:

ccol0gjcal ior.€s 1r

rqenlrhere witir iai'lcDon.]d's - i))\lc\\ic.ld ried loiqier... arulhi btn'arrd coming rrluc"

srurdcrcd jreoPler

or'trrs; olhets .' :

Drcmisc c.t !;rlua

w. arc .omp.li-rnd dn cit{oPic e

rlizil}g riisr:orit; ronrrinui lo a $or

rlr€ i.nier.i.s ol ..

garne couill! at iarulhhs ursin,., Ibertring ir l,lInJrEp.enetrs ie:{rs,,c KfC fi:rD!\itlels s.rte ove

sirLlggiai 1o rene\!ressrrer ro bot '

Conrpany. Serbi,

heaC.phones as th,l{;oking n:' fi} fa

tnrnrrlro rock ntundamentalists I

No\r ncither 1:r

scitnci: aod reas,

lienstrin) l,us bcc

-Agc ofReasor] si-anar.ht' is loose,

detail to acid. fh(thlt it nrakes pos

ofhuman histcr y

b.tvr€en r!em thr

hlr n connc,,lecrive hrna .o

]\ogr.ss toIihi(l ,rt onli,-.

\er

lihull rr. l"l t:\\4rlL| t',

ir shiDilrctil!. pasrels.. a brsv t,ortrait of onrushirrs .conoDri., tr.lrrobsi,-ai. .odccolog'cal l,rr.icr th,ri d.rnind jrtlgrutiol rrnd Lxrito.m;ry ind thrl rr.s;,r.riz. t.oflLs.vcrvlvh.rc \!irh fnrt inusic, fusl tr;n4rtc.s, arrd fist toorl \l'11,', Ll.rii nrsh,,rlrd\1.1)olr.Ll'! pr.ssln: !.tr)ns into onc homrlrerrcouj liol,il iL.nr. ;.iLr(. one

Ivl.Worl(l ii.d k'sclhir L,j/ Lonrmtrricdrions, i.li)rnatiolr, rlli(JtrjnI]rflrt,.!d .o :-rrcrcc {irrghr brinccn Brbcl ard llisneyland, the planer is trlli.g t}iciripiro jlv ip.rtanrl corri;rg rlitrctrrtl.; toir.thc..ri th€ ve,f sanc monrcnt.

Sontc rlut)r.(l obsrrvers noti.e onlv tlabei,.omplnining.bort rhe lho sanil rcwlysurr rtrl "i,eor'les" 1'l(: trd.r to rddress thej. rejShbr15 trni rni:u rill.ii !ndnr).rds: olir..s ,.riors in Disnc)l.n.I - seizr on 1inu.ol,ri1ic:tl pl.rriii!.1.r i!(l iilrprortlis. l)f ti11.ialirr. cicl-Jj!,;r3 Ii's i snr.ll !1'orld uiter all!" iJoih 2,. r'glrt, i,,it ]\vr

!!'e ar..onp.li l if .iloore l,r-...!rD ivlrnt lusscs r! rhe ir;iight ,,t sor,:rei$rtr-'ind un entrofi. .-r{i oi rll Lisrori or a r.'tun lo the f.st s ril1ls! | 1ir;,r,rs rr. LJ.dr,L

:rji?nrg .1ir.o tui; io rlc r irjra.e . a 3lobal anar chv, " to itlilt,rn's crpitrl ori:rll, !L'rla;noniLrl]t nl i yi.,rll !,rtalir'' "{)ut oi.ontroi."

'Ihe lfpir.rlt rulh. rvhi.h spe*s to the paradox at thr core of lhii b.oli. i! th.tthe t.nde .;es oib.rh lih?id ra.l Ucworld tuc ar wor,k, bolh vis;bl€ sou.rtri..es in rh.sarrie.olrnlrJ il liru';er)'sanr. jnstari- Iranian ?calols k..p or. rrr [,nri t,r thcnnr]]]h,. urgin-q holy 'jar rnd the other cocked to ilupcrt \lur(lo.il'r Star r,ridisll)nbe,trnifs in ,r,xiJt,, Dalnhre,

^t\d The Sin4]:!Jrs )rLtn hovermg ,rt.ilit.s. Llhin.s.

Lrnr.p..teu.s 'i.i 1;r !h. att.nrioil of partl carlies ir B.ijnr.q,!d rinnii,irous);pnrs

"- X irc i;xr.c|isrs jr1.iiies tike r\itinlg, HaDgzhon, and jan !;h.rf:!rti -.i*ht

r^,r'crl ' d rr ,l. Ku.\iir n"r ., ', 1 . . :

stl]rg-sii's rc r":rr,;r r!t r.i.ni iaith. hrs entelc.t a joint renrure r"i1h (ltrlii.)rn;a bu::;

ti*in r, Io l,Iiii. ,ijrd riii n.r1tral !.?ters under rh€ r!lrdr Sril]r iit!jrjrs \i)aicrCdnro2ri!. -(crtri:in is:irssj!s

"e;r,Ldidas sdcakers and lisir! ii) i.la{ir)r,r, on l! !iiiJjrli

headl)holr.r :j lhri l.ic fi lb.augh thcir girnsccpes ai v1lrryiri: :;!iuj.rc .j,jli.rlrlo,)knr:1 b 6il iii,r;I a,rrrctnrs- Ortho.]o:i Hirsids arlri brood;njl n,r! !i,z;r llrfc l-nr1b

trrrxJl k-. i o.li ,r,dsii. i,) ,rer lh.r r\ditioml mcssages out to the .r(-, ,g.rj.J ario.. uiriiefirr.lrric|iolirli tl.,r.;jrirri corrspira.ies o!1 thc Jnterner.

j"otr I.iilcr I;hN,i rai lv1.1v{:,rl.t is in itseu!o\cl. gistcry rlrdir.. 'r..

ih. I' iLiliph (,1

scli'nc..r,i rclsr! ' (,r;,]Jr. rionJirous p.rvelsion thc.€oiii,,lur! S|€llcf'1 i)o-.o. Irrl,r

kenslcn) lr.s ln:!l ,:i: l,:irrrot\. of e1'e* piilosophcr rnd po.t 1v|i iris r"-grelri:d iirc{e ofRra5{.r si'j,-. Lh. brij3LLernlerir teats lamrrrte.l "thc clDtr 1v;llrict hol{l, in.r.

, . ,,,n oh "^er "iJrhr,lr..J-\d.hjl lo .d(i. lh. ( hrisrii,r par"ble ol rhe f?li and oithe poi:ibjiili.rs ,)lre.l.rrfriorlthir il: :';tlics insjilrlr.aptrrrcs lhe eightc€rth .eLrhrry arnbilaL!.t :nd our orqrabout prsl : !J iriuie i rrNnr, h1i\!.v.r, to do r1or"- thnlr dress ui, rh. ,iirtril ir.d:;or:,rf huDaD h;I(,i-,' ir trlodir- .idhes. ii is not jihad nrrd \tclvorlil b!i thc icirrlrnshrpbetwccn then th.t rnosl interesrs me- Foi, squeezedbexlecr thciropp.'sirg for.es, the

11orld has beci j.nl spinninB oirl r,t control. C:rn ir h. Lhdi rvhrt iih:nl ud N'l.W(irl(1ha\-e ir conrDrD !s ,ii1ir,;hr: tlrr: elrserce oI comnron rvil

'll1d thll .on,;!r..trs d ..]l

l.rciiyi lumt)! ,:inrrul Lr'lilcr thr griidrn.r ofl,t!v I'e cail democLa,r?Prri!rtsrl!]r.si s r i,.)! tl:n so rn.tinres lurch backwn sj ill hisi.),vs l1i;ltir:lrir:i2!.

Jiitad no1 orrir rel]ilts xgaulst bur rbets \lcworl.l. wlilc M.World rot oujv rlnpclils

1e grssibie by

ior;l]'r;i oi

-rpl., iribe

r-! il.l,,tri.! Glchiji..tin n

l)rr r'.rcJr.s Jnd rcnrtu(.s Jiiru.r. r'h.' pr(,duce thcir .onrrirr;.s'd lr..rr .!1(..i athef. M' ,Jbj..i h.r. rh.r. is ror rnnl]lr ir! o]]t. s.qc.idal t:,orlrai,, l' O-*.,_f,ti$d jih.rl, tr'rr while cr.m;!in! rtcl\!)rt,t, 1(, kc.t l;t ",: i,, n,y i,,,r,, ui.r;;,",, ",,,iNhji. ,l!'r.'nrg lih!d, rlr:vd io lirr3i:r ttrc co.re_rt of Nt.World. {llt i! a {t;.i:.ri, n\:.\1,.,lJ rrd'r,,'.,u.,::,,,,., ..,..r:,J -.-. hu..,, .,, I.rr,...

t1lrt (l;lnjLrjsh Jihait ir.i trtLldriti ],.t rh.t irckrowfe,t:!", drci, po,,..t"i ",,J,"...ior icil jrteiltepe'de .e.

_ Lheie is x .rricirl djf.rcnce. hoiver.cr, betrreeo jnv ntcdesr atrenrpt:rt diaLLli. anJth.rt r)l thc Jlrsr.r's <)1 rhc iift:lrcnih celrtury. Siill sc.]ir.c(t L,y,f,. t:,,hgt,r"r,r*",:.Itri$ iir proricrs, l)oin ircsel ind trtarr bclievca ,"or"n," -,nui"s ,u,o o;,1. .j.ic,,;LJ.ocr.ss. l}rr ir ir hrrdtr ro l:rlicr-c thrr rhe.ixsh ol liha.i anil NI:Worl.t rvi iss,r.jsojrr ov.ffid"r.q g(!x;. l-hc., rcone scuns m)r. tiheit to pcrrtrt rhin 1rr l,rn;1h uma n libcrrv. l-he I rv(, r,ai,, in opposi,q e.:ci, orJr"L, r,.,,k r,, th,, s,_, e c".1,,. ,,,,, t, i ,,9,,r,r,- ...h:,..u.,. ..r, ,,,.h. h.n.,r.i.IJ r.,tm. r'.,.:r ,.r. ,.. ",.r,,,

,l,\t..,.i,,..1.;;,. ...srolid, .r1..rb.,,irg sr{ii,€s ci ir:rr.r adi tjr:els I:,ce e:si,;s ,r"""1t,,g jt.*...t",:.1r.r. llloJ.oiv: l,ilt Jro!' ,:i..ij.ij iher! .1o,rg ihe sr*." ,rr"r *,.*",,tit.. ,,,,.r ,;rri ;.rh.ir t--:isor:jrc.hrj,r:aicrjr.s tjiie i..ri t,rirt.r,s, jlirllariori,l hclei:: tilic 1i'" r,..t,,.r",,,urd a_.;.le otr€or b;1tLo:irds rxo.i.jDg rh€m lviih L-..1,r.n"s r,l:. i,"-so,,*. a,,r,.,.rrd Coldsi:rr. l',1.\! .go(is, t;(,s, i\1i l:rore trb.rlv?ii,..|.,,.n,r.. .,,,.,o,,-"rrt,..,t nJrr,L\,.,r:,...i,..,.rvhcrtth.trDdeicnrsoilhei,!osers,)fto.cesirriLia vljppearsciuira.!trbt,"""r;,t,r,."r,Afr:r rJl,Iitrat ord Mc\\.oir{t !,rr.ratt wir\ ec1tul srre;i.erh in opposir",ir".ri,,,r..,i,".Ji. drn'e, i)t p.roctriut trarr€.ts, rjrc olho by Lll;,c,.,,t;z;"q ln,ikers, thc ,ln. ." .;_, .

,ro',. 1.,r.I r:,,,r. i.,.,,.. r,.... ,,r,,,, .r . ,. . i.. ,-,..-,bord€r s poro$ fiorr ldttnui. y(r Ijiu.i ln.l t"ic\{iorld ha./., rhis j,r co n,r,,r,}.r:i,,,:iunle \var orr rhe s.)e.rciqn nnri,,r srare airii rhrii rn)dc.iline rh. nalior ;,,".. .i.,,..;,,., i I, ,i,L,r,,,.. ':.,... .\. i..1 : . i.rr ... r-r ....r . t,,, " ,.,,,o,,.,,i ,,r . .,1 .;'":J.,, ..l.'.,.1\i.,t.,r......r .r.:.,.,,,r,t,r,,Jr,,,,t;r..;,,,,r.. rr :1. ... J.l,..t r,.,.:.. .o,,,n. n;r.r ,,,t-,u._.o,,r,.t ,.",i,,..;.,, ,,,,, i;",. ,,conrmunities that slight dcnocracy in favor of rl.lannical prternalisn or consejrsuiltr'1!l:.m \1.\VolJL,..r.e..l ri r,.,.i , I. ro.r. , r. .o,.. rmFr,w.r " ,, , ;-;

'. ir ,,.r..t.u"-rh,r..rr.,u.......r.,it..",,,; ..,, ., ,,r,r;,. . ,an.lcoJ'Jno:3nrdtlntoncci.ightirrvetccrnuruicrlbr,,ttmocrari:crrizrrrrr:s:rnJ: . J,,,,r .i ..r.,,r, r,r,,,,1, qJ.,,i,,ir t ..,, ..r,,....t F.,n r. .. u. .1,,.- ..ll!i,,rljintL.^,rrt,F.., ,rromc,.r rtr"y,,urrr ro L,.J,!,"!!i\ttr ,,r,,v.,".

wh.,r *., . on. c Lrqd, | ,r^n.t .,s prorn lins r\e pub,;. -,.,.*, .,.i., ,. ",i",";",;.,,:l..r..lJJ,,gur-'uryr,r,$bF.,'rnBt,r.rrr,retd,rn,n,,ker.,r.nrho,.gt ...Jr.r\lutr.,t ,,I.,.lunrlv.u c...J ,h,,e i.., L,,,rr lt,.r\:nrn t,,x.. ,,,tr,. r..rt.. rt," ,,"nen'ous a,l.l srecdy lher look for siabitiiv.rnd rrtnsp..c..y, brr l L"t tt,"y.",u,i.,l t.ror .lrv.$ ( ) u I preferred tbon oi dcDlo.racv r{ihc t,aaitto n,rt ..ns"_,tr,., i,rr,

".,tr,,,r'.n'd€xuraric con*ir,rri(,rs ild Bi1ls otRighrs,.thc nerv rurptcs to 1b.,,;.,,r:",;;.,Srei.er su::gr!rs, $,ill bc \.t(D.,rild's .rnd Kcnrxck, Fricll UhiLk.i ,,

''1r,.o ..,u...r^,..,.., ..,.\.,.r.hrr,i,,J,.t , .nrr.r .r,rr,,,lr r,r.r,,..rrrrliznr!r 1r.,lirics ot pnrri.uta's1 jdentilics, p.oples .rciund rhc globe rre thr.r,",;J;i;;.D rra!-isri. rcllr.n ro rrredicval politics wtrerc locrl tribes anrj a-f;itio* e,n,".,,.

ol Chrlstiarir,

n_r, $r *h:.s

iJintity, il1.\!,

iind fr xticrUl

although we r

rs r(i ':ec{l

oneliins oi nic\lorld:-ld o1 visior, rnd

ll ;1 i dirlccric of.,:.li.il d,ftc,{,rces

,nwcrful :rtl ra|r-

!i!l.i dixl.cii. ard)c liiljghlrnnr.ni\

ai on rh.: \;rL of.. orld $-ill is$€ irri linD to udrnrre

!r' .!d:. !'orl( ll--ir brrelii:iarv 1n

.{ ]]rrg.is},larz, thrirg djstint solace

I ihe Daik 1lrit is

s : th. Ladisson,:an.,ri1i., C,:,k.,

\1or.i diiicctic.l]Iat)lv ur I ithcri.al?je dle.lions. rhe

s, rie orri rr-ci.at- i!ilirrg iqii.,'.1

1rnrorl:li.rbrrhriilr''sr:!ic's a,erno.-rnr;r .;lizciship.

3dis iiditr.r!!.eirrriiir aud hatfed-l;.rr:t:t trnscrrslai

jiftri)fii, i.a!,nqss oilrbii. irierest-iii'iiita;ries an.l

r.l illeolosr, dcr,!€lv iixerv€ ing-x.oriaieit as htiq

, :!s lrcl;rR.,hatyn.,rarkels. Tb€y are

i!4rat they relrard is, .atofs cl irr.c.lon

r lii:rrn," George

:i a;rd r reiri5ali th.earened withnrbitious eDrperors

lilnd {. At.)tatLt 3a

ro!et|.r rLllirJ rir. !v,r'td..r;r., lvonr.'rr)ti 'rc, ''itcil l)e rh. .'Divrrsrl .hs.i.ti.n

ola-jrrrsiir|;r, .\.n !s rhi, tnr...t oll1 j!)l.rc.l livcs iD r!,nrJ irr fi.iitu,rs rl.ijn.{J tn,idvoluJ ir). liN:, ipr^,c ) ro.r),s ot jdc, ir,v ihiswrsi lrcrt.tj,,;,ich prn,ces :,r<1 kir,.1; iitrlt roi p,,wc, rir)ril rhev.or.eivr(] rhe idcotogy ot r:{n,rntism Nrrjor:lisr'n<*rbjishrd,rovorr,u:r on I s,:ale grtarcr thru rt:e rrlil,e r.er l.ss cosrropoliLar thar:rlre unilcis.ri rilr,rJr dnlt ir filn€ gav. bi, rh r,) ttrosc inr{.nr..i;arc, g.r,i.ott" u.u"drnro.r.rii. irstiirrii':, thrt rr(nrJd.d,nc ro.onsrirr:r. th. ratio,r-!rxt,:..I.r,,trr,r ri,.tt,r..,l ol r|is Iis!(,.. ri.:cir inicur o. i! .r.rri!? tL !,ortll ir 1,ii.tr "- _rf,l.f."ic".,..,.,..t,,.,, r,.,,r,,t ...,1.,, rr,.,i,;srir .i rh. 1..(:,ors i.il).

ftr (hc triDrrli.llhc .oli.oi!tariorj bdrvc.r ;jlot)al coljDrercl rl,i ornr iriat €(ln,r:r.'l ., ,. r.,i-.,J...r,.. ..r,,r.i. ,.r.,,....Jtr L._-.r.:r- , ,' r 'l '. r.:.,,, t..- ,,,r. /j \ i\. ,,,:,. ,,1 , i!]r rtln. .l jii,..ii No(t lhe .orlir)or.i,eal ,]re pln ar risk. Nciiher lih*t n,,, l.,r.rr,,rl.rrjpir$ i{).crJ..urr rb.,.ivi. !n tuts unde.nriard ir! jrs (t.l1alrJrrtiznlgpfi.li.es; ncjrhergk)bal i,lJrk.rs iror blo.)d corxnurjli.s scrvice ptrbti. g"" . n. pu.i,".q.uitity o"ai,Frnr L rrarrjrl j! di.iarics and del;b$arjyc asse-bri€s;l"y ro,.ir nr rhe,"";,"i;rr".b:rds tJrai spr,rir or i:thrtI ofnclrll liber:rre(l ..i,""pi.,s,i

",ra ,o.t, a"nx,cr,rt;. insttt,,

rionr irlrc ar Lrcsr orrh rnarln t i'fl.enr. oo rhe flrti c jDutLi,r;trjr)rrl .orDoraliois...i r , ,rrh,r.,-rr-.,rt.r. ;. i1,,"," t_,..,,J t. tir,,....ri.lerln!, Il.,Vo.l.l , l ll)naltess flrnoJri.s olirrrtr. Btlon.qing b; rirrruh,o r,t.lt,,,,t.i,,\'.F,)n.,;s i dr$:,x.r: ri.kjJ)g d reposirori- i.or i.]criir.i, $_crlore bctrn5,:j n,

"or,r"r{ioc. iti,i ro or. i i, .-itizc,,. VvithorL cirizi:rs. ir-"."" ir.". r" 1..**_i;.t f.. .jlrr..lis,I ri!n:'rjrc. i sirors t.nl tr1 irs rnilti(,s I f.)rjn, it berckurs n:tisioits s1r.rli.qle' i ,, ,,. r'' ..r i.t.r ....,i ,r. .,,r ,,rJ..i _ ,,,,, rl

rJrc,rs ::,liirir. rr.l\. rrar r,:r behaliot prrrisu i:t.niiif ihal is ri.i.]i}l-a;.i|:, .nri,t,l. ..1 , .., : i. . ..rrJ:,or ,nihr r,,,.. ortr j.ii:ji,. rtr,,t c"r

'roD.rir,,1.l::';::'i,l',::..:iJ;l-?,"'.fi;::cu,:.rll.1l, i blrrro{ jis me.rDins i}c,qr rhose aiitilrrrs 1,iro,,:"ke tt." C.ugilti. ot,,, .,1, i,,',..,.4.r,,.c1,",,I,,.r.\..rJ,.,,,...,,,":prnir a!r.l1n,l.ni .Da'i;.ut!risD ol:: kitr(i toor!. lo Christ;nr rr{) tcsJ tl ,r Lluslin;.,... . ,i ,.....,.,..r^ ,.- tr.,.i...,.,.,,.,. ..1t,..,

!,t1 ::i.t,,.,..,.irn\'€ jirn{,.c'rt .ri(1uth it.'ir.ings: nlelrlitl polirics ,r.,i ,r,,,iticr,tt"L"t'.ti-.,,i- _,,i ,. ,- ,.j.r ,. iiS...:!., i ..,,...,., (i,\F,;,. \.;,.,. ,4.

3s lilu{i ru),1{,gjn I si,!rpl.: r.ar.h ibr. tocrtntenrirr,solrcserof.oDrnon plrs.rml",rr:L r-.,o 1,...1 e. ...,,i,.* i,. l..r,hir .,n.t,,..,.,.,.,..,u .., ie., J : u, : ..n..r, , .. ....,,r,tJ ,. .r.,,,,r .,,L.i, rr,.i \l \\u,t.l

Arnrii.x is ofien la( r .s ihe nodct lor rhis kin..i ot lnrisn nluiri.ririrritism,alrhougL we roo havc our crirics tike Arthur Sctrtesnlger, lr., t;r;hon1 muiliculturalirr 'L r" r'"rr" q , ,,t,^rnr,s,gral..n ,n.,Lr".r.Lt l. I nr tor.:.rc.nrrlrlr..,t.i.,.. .......,^,.o.u,,r .",,., .,,,..,.",,, n-i:,.. ,9..,t,,tbI rh. rn,ljcrl itilh1 I Le rir.rl;Dg fa.r rs rtlar t.:js rhan j0 Lrer.rnr iahou, r".,,"i "r.".. ,,,r, horcu:,,r ,.,, .,. ;1.

,f",: " "'"r1. ,rr':. yro"p.t,d .onpn.r,, ,en . .L,dr,e.,r ur jh" r, pJtirio, \, i

'l' l ,r'.,1 \r r. ., rl|.ut.,.,dt..[r r.rh. .rr. lr,rn,,.-,r.rrr r,,e,r,,1,ri"r,. r.".r.,r,

-:igre4--I

jn Dti\t1;?it i;iDbnlj?riintl

liLe jal,arr ,115121., 1i,"1 "fpe.ti

io rh. !),ii:ii!l. r'o.id "s 'dregrat

ru l olt ro bc .tlrar !::irl' flllticNhrril. .{td c.,?r iIl:rrritrurg,r irioi.. !Lc r)arion's essentiat Irrribute is mid.rirc .i;nditior) i.r sclf:ild r.!i!!rioi, a .1ni|r oi Lhe durnbcr of hn$ragej spokcaorllt]+.]heIorl,lsr::q.'sir'r]!.irFr Lrr;tl,)ljixijonsrouldgrowtoo"ss;r,.t

"".,,,,A, , -rl '..'I he lrodcrn nitii!i .i.r. irtjs aclr.lll a.t.d as r c trurrl iDreg.aror afid tr.$ adaprc.iwell to piurrlis! id.ais: civ;c id.oll)ities u!r(t .olsrituri.nal bjths.tround ivhj.h rtreirqrrn-v tlans anii tibe. qJl r.dll lr h?r rn)r l).en roo ditj.uL o contrjvc a ciri religioJrtor A$eriirans or Fr€n.| o. Stiifs, r;r.. th.re peopleJ' a.tui ,/ cortajn rndtirud.sof subrtrtionll tr.tions aD(J .ru'ric rrrbes ir.ncrtil se.Hrg common ground. ljut iorBrs.lLies rri.t Nolmnlrs? r1,'har:rc,:.i ;,r.re rhe,, tor anfhing lldt btoo(l and mtur)ryl\Li ,.,..r.,t .lj . r,.\.^\..ti..,. .,. ,",,,,.Qr;Lr..ris, 'lbiJlizi! s, C,itll.rirrrs. L'rjrs, ink.dra Zdus, Kurjie istx der I.lP.n.:se

p.oples:!ililriri.(.trntrjcs jnlabiri;r! r.rr:ons rtref.rnnoi.ati thejr or.inl t,eoplcs, \ ,,o .., -..i ,.. : I r^.!j:,hr.led tribLs ri.I il:t,rtJi cr in:r l]nfl .i'ic irith in sear<h of somethrl|,. iro;:!rl--ebl€ ,r id .l..trjiri xit. 11or' ltjjl ir.,)pics ho ,ldlne t!€mselv$ tl, th. slar{irlcr oI'' l- e rr ".l, I '.,...,,1 .,rr;fic,ar t ,h o..... , ,

iround aiisiri.t .ivi,: dl- o. r.)!)ro:rctai nrrkcis'i Crn idlcrrisillg divcri i{a,riorsoihl,r(nl iiom the gcio.iiir reorlircd ty.tLeir acci,:ni griev,uccs? I.. .l

i\lclvorl'l is x f!{r(ttr.r of plfirlrr .,di.i: .lriler b,v elprnsjonisr .onnler.c. lrst..tt)itle js Amcrjc?1r, jLs to$r srvl.. iis qarjds .tre .s nrN.h images ,s m.t;rjet, i,rt iLcsrleiic l! r./.11 .s-,r produci I!.. tr:: .ri:ro..L ,i ut Llr e :s cs:Imcciirl-, apparet * ft(nog,r_I is \rr)bds .re ,Ll:rlc./ 1)!r i! s.in rioier.r'.li! ilrd Cr.l ijlac mctor.ars ir{ris rcLt tro rn rtr ero.:C.rats, Lvhcrc rhev onfc repr.!.nr.1l i rrlo(le oi rranlporrnrion, 1lr rhe marqu..s ,rifloi,.i nraricr.afas li(c !i:r't.c ila,ri,iroi 5 linj thc ltard Ro& \lhere thcr beconlciccns oflitistyl.- Yo! don'r rtri't tlrtrn, pu {cct thejr vil,es.!.t ro.k to the iinlqcsrher.onjnre nr fro,n o1Li rlo\ics nn.l !.i' c.tcb.;ries, whose pcrsdliat app"",,-.". ;,.die kr,v to rh€.rild\, pot,ri:rr ilrclnitr ionr! .:,1i .ir.ir pt.t'et Hojtlaood. Mnsi., !iJ.o,lheatcr, books, lDd rheme pirks the nri' churches of a .ommerciit civjtization inwhi.h,malls are rhe publ;c \ur.:i and slrburbs thc neighbortcss neighborhoods ar.rll constm.ted :rs iftlse r}lto r ('criirg n.jonnnoJr i,orld raste aroLrnr:t crinrmollog,:,s,la.iv..tisiig slo,sans.:itrrs, :nr'.rs. br:rird nrrles, jnrghs, and rridclnxrks_ Uar(1

to!,'.|r,i.lds to solt. a |j l!. iJcoloqr ;! i..rrsm ie,l jnto a kind of.r eotogy ihal i!o,lsthraugh sould bitis arld llh .1ry!, vrieobsy ;s iLrzzie. and less dogmaiic rhrn rrud;ln,nal poliricJ ideolog,v: it may ns a .onseque cc be lar more su.cesstui iD irstiltinsthe novel values rcquirrd for glohrl uarkets ro sLrcceed.

M.lvorld's vidcohgy re'nnrs jihrd s nnsr lbrmidaLle riul, .]nd h thr loog rull irmay artenlrate the fc,rce of lihad's rccidivrst iribalisrrs yet rhc;fomrrti()L rcrolud(!r'r jrarrum"-ntajitirs rrc.rlso Jihad's hvorc.t l'capors Hurlr or Rosnian ScrL idcnlin exs leis .r rnil|.r of rcli ]risn,r;..i rxcn)r! rhin of 'r.dja propagrona bv rle.dc.ihrp sct on ]lllri(lrtjng rivil.lairs. kr horh iirvandr.nd ilos ir,.adb hro.{l.isrswhipp.:d list.Ders rito r killinr i.enzv .\s \.1, ldi ?tr(s.oci( .rirr Jon trrct.! ttrsnotic(11, r.giorrrijsur n pop rnusi: I).rs 1,.!onit ns trendy es rnicrobrclvery becr rlrdra..oh,.rsting cxble .hrrrrficts. anrl lirr Lhc srme rcrn'rs " the gtotral .ulrure is wh.rSivcs rLre k)cal cirltuL. its nrlalinjn. irs lrldicr).e. in.l irs rspirirjons I'isctsr pop ind

Iissill ro.k a

the Cl1(!'a1kr

..s s(l{rl}iIrz -

llanril-, ,,nd '

'their bodies I

Lr Russi

l grLnr:rd. Bllt ior

)v 11{e slluShrer ol

pparei .s itlcolosl.

. dre m:rauces oiil|s. lLe,Y bc.ome':k,o

lire jmuscs

ap!.:rirl..s aiej.)od. l"ilsi.,./id.o,

i:i ririii;-arior in.hbo.hcods - are

: aror:r.l ccnmon-,.drn}:,.\s. H.trd

iolos. ltiai.{orl(srgnuri. {iutn trrd;-'sshri h i siitling

rd in the long .un it

"-i:)nr]1t;L)n Jefr,lurv:ir Serb cn

a propaganda by a

Li.- radb broad.adsI ic lon lareles iras

!,,irelren lrecr an.i

.b1l cr{tlrr. is 'rl,at, . |is.;sr pop an.l

'-

:

.:.

::;

lihal ,is. nlr:,rotld J.i

fl:rsjd ro,:li irc lroi oxyn.rjonsj r.rrh.r lheY lrlarritist tlr. ditlle.ti.s of M.Wort.t jrparticrlarll tirrnratic ways. ucigraCe's r.dio includcs eariors ttj:r1 br.r(t.isr 1!.\hrrrpoD nlosi. rs , rcbukr r{, har.l.lincr i\,tilc,sevi.'s superndir')ati:jt q.Jv. rrre r nnd srii-i;o|s r]td broad.a;t nativc fol! rr;r$ laced wirh anriforis' er)d rrtj SaDrilj. slorinr(1rt:i.llverr tbc hternet llrs irs nco.Nazi buileriir hards rnrt l,rrL rr:shiir A, rr.niinl.m, . .'r". ..i..,n r.-ur,1, .,\4,rtt.. ,,.r,.t.,st,,.. .^,,..,...,t . .

th.t th. abslrr.tions ofc)'berspa.c too.re iift.red 'yitt rt fcculj.r r d r:rLid cdtrLrrll

tenitorialit? all lireir o\en-l !c (l)-r rri.s ottLc iihi,d \.1.w 011.1 ljnkag. rre Lle.ptv diitr.rjrrl. lrp,j, t;rs. to!

cxrnrplt, bctome rrorr: cuiir!r:ilf i sisr.Dr olr ir,: ov"'r r.idir;oDs irt ,e.ern r,.:t.s c,.(n,. i, f.,.t.. , "r.,.,. 1..,r.r l.-r t,. r,.,. J.l.\\',. 1, r,, .- , . .,r t.. ,.resuurani rn Jap.n lnessured 1,r volunr. of.uslo.rcrs

'!is j\lcl rjj i.r ld's. toflor,ert in

rie DunrL.r i'o stot Lr.1he ilolcn.l's Kerlu.k)'tiried 1]rickcn. In !r:a!.,r, wh,:re crjt.rural pnnsG conrplnrr bi&'rl-, of a l(rolnirlg Sixifll. liepLrbli(rr. i"ia lG,plbljqn,lArnari.aiie"). rir.r sov.!11mc!rI.rla.ks "traeglais' even rs

'r iurj(ts hu.oDisn(,,; parlr

iust ortsicl. ol P.,is. lir ihr raDe spiriL, the cinerna ir lstr.rrrkcsrvar dn lucricani a, r,.rro,. hi,,l r 5t,.a,\, \lJ o,, ,r..,, 1, n.. r,, rl-,,,^rthc Chclaiicr dcs rrrs cl lcrires tut1bilalence atso sr.rtks Illdj? JLlsr ([rsir]e o{ S.rnbt!r-,che& bv r<xrl rv-dr r'lliages niu jnm.(sed ;r poverty ar{i noioriorr for rh. infbrrr:l

r', ^ rrr, J,n,,l. .rl rr.,,, \. n \.r\, ..', i. ...'... .,... i,,,,,i,-o,.rs SCILPZ ihe seDt. C.!z lll.ctrofli. E\Dori Pro.cssjng Zone . \,jr€re ilindi .'1?rdi , ar! l1:1hri(; sperking.omparer proffanr.rrrj l^rjk- solrr,arr ibr Srus-!air.,Al&f, nnd r)iher lab1ri-corir conscious Druiri :rti rais tndi. tr ttrrrI ar {}nc. I r.iorc..r, p,'a' ,'rr' rn , hnr r'.. ',lr. ud. I :ur r. I .h,: :,i r,.

.r".r.;rjJr ,: ir...rn\crLLr \"r.r./ ,..r ..,1.,. (. t;icr.,ss;ig aD jrrerDalioiai .,(,rdrr." !.i-.i ilto afuther .oulry, ilii jrio th. riJri;xl'o$''''''1,''''l'''''': :

ir'iore .lrnrn.ljr.\'ci tb.ji in lljdi.. is thc srian.sr t)r.!?t..' .iljilrrt -t'.iCi tvj.\^/crtai,.,lr. .rF " ..: :,I .,!.\:..,,JL.,...:1..r.,: irlu I.t. .t . \ ,,.t..,told the brl.itrtigi. lct stori sf Ad,riira ar.rl B.rslo. ih,o mtr!: sr.r-cro.sai ior.ersLom\.r'J:.rn: .1.,. , ,,,nrt,-. r..ru..,". lr-r,rr.\. ,:,. .,:.,1.,.: ::

^'I ri:l',' li '-..1.. r. ...r,i,1".-,,.!i'ol,, irr..., ,tr\,r.r.. "rr.. -1,.t...- I.u, r,",,'rn-1,,,t rr oj1,.,r,". t...,.q,..,, ,l.i

,t i ', ',,' ,, r ..ll r,l, ,.'turc trorr S

^j.r\o. ijelcr. lhe,v .oulil crosi.lhe a:_ri.rl lr.order thrr serar?rcs thcir

i,rpo\rrishcd li,ie lrorn rhr srcrring sandrur o? N4cr,roi kt, iihiil .in,shi ui, ro thetn.Tileir bodi.s hy .riong rhc dv€rbl)k,

'idille.1..,viih brillos tioor oor:.,rlous sapcrs frrr

hl',,.. ..1 p.,,,,' \'..r,,1., ,,r inr r,rorr ro l.,r ,.t,.r..r,,. t,. ,,r.,..,,l .u,,,.lo\.c$. !s b.8is amirris to Mcwa.kl, kerc (torind in jc:rns lnd s.l.rke.s: So rDo, L]lrcinagints, 'd.rr rheir murd.r.rs.

lurtier east, tourists seeking a pi€ce ofold Russia that does not rake then roo farfr, ,, lf\. n F1.1,..,1:r,.i ,.r't |l ,.r,1 .,,e\tin,.l^tt l.l..r t ^n-.r\i.trt.,. rt.(.fe.turing thc norrrid;lidraj vis:g$ 'f {t;on} lxrgcsr b rn,.ll-sit tr,,iie Sprir,erLccn,Ifrdo;r]]a. Bor Georgc. t)a1,e Ste$ari. rn{lr\irrie I.nn1}x

ln I u ., ,r' L r..'n ..,'J .. t,.,. . ,,.leans both rvals: rorvard tlie rncr.rricious ;lcviiabiti.y oI t!1.\lc,Lld, l)ut riso inr.)

1N DebatillgGLobaL;zation

l;had's stiif wind5, healing to aDd frt a;d givins hcart bo$ to dre lJanglossians andib.landoras, sometimes f(' th. very sar,re r.:rso'rs The i,an-dossi?ns ba* on EuroDisnerard i{icrgroJi, whiic the P!nlloias i,ait Dililism.nd a v.rcrld ir PandaenloniumYer Mc\l'orid r;d iihad do llot reallllbrce a choicc brtween suln pol"rized sccnarios.lbgether, they are likely to praducc somc sliflirs anralgahr ofrhc trvo suspended inchaos. A ithetical jn evcrydctail, iibad.r.rd lviclvorld nonetheless conspire to under,nine our hard rvor (if only half wod) civil libe(ies and the possibility of a globaldemo.rati€ tuture. I! the sho$ run thejlorces oflihad, no;siei and more obviouslynihilstic than ihose of N,lcWorkt, ar! likciy to doninirtc the neir turure, etcbing sm"llstories of local trlgecly alrd rcgioiral geiiocide orr r}lc [acc ofour innes arld.reating a

rr:n dt. or rn't"b,lll' nrJ'hd L. r lr',n" r..v,,\ i.'ri'l.,,gl.ba] rrl,t',r:on B-, rrthe long run, thc forc€s ot M.$rorld:u: the forc:s [nderlying L]re slowcelt?in thrustof we:st€rn civilizatio.r and as snah riai; be Lrstoppable lihad's nicro.;vars will holdt]le headlin€s vr'elJ nlto tbe nex! cerhtry, jnakirg pr,rdidions oirhe erd of history looktrrniBilly dumb. Eut lvI.h'o'id's hijnble.:zatioJl i5 likely to esiablisil a micropeaceriai {3vors tbe rhlnph otcornneree arcJ its marketr nnd to gi\,'e io those who calrtrolL:fcrmation, conmunication, an.] etltarraiflIrert ukni?ie (if inadvertent) .ortrolo,rer huinan desti1lv. Urlcx we ian oi-lii an alternative to thc struggte bebveen JihadJnr Ii,\vuld. rn' epo.hor r.no r rl,,c.rd'n..! n.,rJ- Dosr', r,,TJn;., pusr'r'fi,'trinl, postnaiioira], -1'el scctadan, faarh , l)rd bigoied - is lkely also to be termirl:liv

'fhe Clash

the Next Patlert

l/orld politi.s is ente.rte visiorls of what ibetween nation states,

tlib3Ism a'd globalitem.rsing reality. Ye

politi.s is likelt to be

tt ii my hr?othesisrorbe prim;rihideikind and the domin.-the Drost ?orcertul zrcl

r.liil occur betlve€n 'tions wil domirute .bauie lines ofthe tutr

Conflict bee-eenthe modern rsorld. '

national system withlargcly arnong prjn.attempting to exPa

srrength and, most i

nalion states, and bive.c betwecn natioofkirgs ivere over; tlLdsted u til the cn.lthc reictjnr agaus6nt urrng colrmut

Oigrnd fubli..lon dcirili3, Srnnnc' 1991, !p l:

T-oplc -G16Fa [IzaI rort

Articie:

Lechner, Frank J. ancl John goii- "]ihacl vs t!4.World" The Globolizqtian Reader i'dFclitior. Blackwell Publishing, 2008. Pg32 38

Activity

After reading ihe article, students !viil be divided into groups 10 discuss the followingquestions:

What are the key features of "Mc\ /orld" and "lihad"?

How does McWorld provoke and support Jihad?

What does Barber find threatening about globalization?

Students willwrile their answers on buicher paper which can be put up in the.ourse ofihe lesson, for a "Gallery walk". Stu{jents t'Jill review, comment and pose questions ioihe other groups work by usin8 "Posi it" notes lvhen examining the clther groups' vro.k.

The G.P tutor will thereafter faciliiate further discussion and responses bv l-ruilding on

the questions, responses ard comments from the "Post it" notes.

"{ctivity {AQ related praciice)

Students willwork in groups to pick out the main arguments from Benjamiil Barber's

essay {as one would when preparing to answer an AQ). Following which, in different

Eroups, students can start to evaluate his arguments2 and write the;r responses on theprovided butcher paper. Students will put up their work so that the other groups can

respond by posing comments and questions to these evaluat!ons, durirg a "6allerywalk". Teachers may choose to discuss and give feedback to the different groLrps'

attempts to evaluate Ba.ber's arguments.

1)

2J

3)

rIo makeit more challenBing students can tryto evaluate Eenj:mln Barber's arguments within a singaporean

t s i,i rir;E-: i':\'t,: . > s .: ;Y l::.:=I it i? 1_i iii r!: ! i$;.8;: 3 !i.:iE; E rtiEEi-j -ilii"ais-'t!.i*i;:si €itgEa!: | {r=! |

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i.:,,r,:,,,:: ; Li. L,rrl,,, |:rri1r lctir rir, ri rlr'r l; :hr'r |:' l':cr:

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rr' r'ili:r:ninc cviderce loth ir rnci ag:rinsr i{i:::rtrn sccierrs 'rr1;rc;-

',iriiiri to c"b.rr.LirLrlr b td rl:r'rLicq of rcc'lr stcdies ani rinrtl;r'

,i",'rin,ui.rt,:,,'r,,,."herhcrrve needro beso coLrcrrncJ Thcco::c['sill looir Li rir: {iLLLrrc rno e:g''Les thar tht w'--r'l':i trLIsr rcl:in LIL';r trr

rr:rl LhrrcLlrfile rrrr L'ccoming ceL:ghr rrp il orerblo'vl ii:'rs

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r.roriLI," tLig.rcs, "ir's It sirLprisc drat cibcrt':LL'r:isn 11r!1' rrr'lrs rionq-

sirir,uLLr,,r '.eroors

oi mrss <leseuc':iorr in the uri'Lic conscio'rsirtss ' lur

tLreLcs ir;:i r:fr pLoblen: fLreLe is nc su.h drirg 1''! crbe:llr roLis nr-r tr

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ir:rrstrrcLrre -.isr:::r irare bcconrc nrlr:i.:p.;,i1:nt c'r: colt'rr. !rrJrcLrlorLs io, rrcir opeL:uion, uc'vvLrirrrriiiri* l,rve cnt,g:l -':,,,rrssir:il.cconicr'chi:lcs'heei"rCyleLrcjr.finn,;lrrrrlrctilcopriorr/.crrlrodern rerLoLisrs, rvho yalue lrs ano|."mic,i its roten!i:.i Lo irf,i.:t rL:.rr'

.;ilc clnrgc, irs;sychological impact, r;li it: media app*Ll L:r1:erl, Lhe

:hicar pcnr;i b',' crbcncrrorism has grabbici rhc xltention .! tirc ,nxrs

ncLlir, tirr securiry conrmuniq!.rnd r|c irfoha-tion re,:irnolog" (lT)

industr;,r louLmiisrs, politicians, rnd .rycrr! in r va!icl1' ol6eltis h.i';.

popuir:izcd a sc:nar:o i:: rvhich sophisr lrtl c;rl,:rtelro,irls elec,roni-

c:li;; bre;k irrc .omlrrcrs thxi conr.l rirns rr rir tralllc cc,rLLr,l 'i;tens, sLerldn,r hrroc xnd endingclire L,r: o,r\' millioas ,,'i'ir-:r l::rr

rlir:n,l s,:curir" iLselli .\nd yet, despi:.: :ll ,h; ;,ioomi ;::::irrLior,. ol ,,

cvbe:g:rcr,tc.i doonscil', no single irrsrr.rr. ,'i rcai cyi:,::Lerrorlsrr ir,r

;er bcen Lccorclec.

lLrsr hox Le:l is rie threrr that c!bc!'irlolir!:1 posesi i}:c,Lrs: mosr

cLiricLLl iriLmrructurc in Vrestern soriii,js l: ner"orkecl 'ilo,:!l cfri'ourers, rhe polcxtial rhLeat lrom cyl.e:teLLrri:ir1) is, ar l;xr! iLr tifr'.,rlaLming. i{;ckcLs, ahloLLgh not motila*C 1,1:he:.Lme goal: rilaL insriLt

.- r. r . r. l.::or. :..,Led.'"'inr.'.r I ...1gr.nirfoLnrrion r,nd ro rhe operation of.iLrgial seL.ices. 'l-rrLor,siL, scrrrc

ir!ue, .oeLd rhN follolv the h;rdrers'lcad rnrl then, ha'ring brol:cn inro

goreLnme,tr alii pLir.rre computer stst!Irls. coLrid cripplr ,:lr aI lerri ,1i:-

aoie rht rnijian ilnllnciaL, rnd service sccrors of advarrr:cc econo::rics

TLre grol,ing deperd:nce of ouL so(ieti.r on ioformrriot: rechnricg'i

d[,.,vs :c:rorisrs rhe ch.rnce ro .rpproach urgcts rh;LnvcrL]Li otl,crwist l';Lrrcrll unrsrlL:,!l:. sLLch :rs nriional .Leier e r)'sterrrs an.l rir- lIxt'1ic mi-

Cor,c:n arour rht potentlal dangrr prscii Lr obe',:ri:r,r i,rlr is :l:Lrr

';ell irrCcd. li,.rr rloes not m:an, hr, ,:,.:r: rirLL dl tl,,: lt:r,, trr 1r"",:

Secn 'orccd ir rlLt nedi:r, ur Congrer", a;rrl irr o:.rcL pli:Li: irLL;rlr r-c

Lrrior:rl :n;1 L.rsorrblc Sonc iean l;liLrpLv Lrr ustilierl, rrrrilc rri'.crr

rrc higl',1. o:.rgger;rtca. i!Lfthermore, 1ir! dlsLilcrion bcr'r.,:r: .irr -:a;r';'r;ri ud ,:;r.r/ dungc h0icred by ,:rirtle rr,Li:rs has r",: .i.:r |i,rr

1 Sit ]'.rrof rn r r. lr..r'.sl

i'r crolog,c;Ll, polirc.rl, end econr-uri': lnrcls lnve coni:in.ri L" ':,r,ncL: ri,e li:L oi cr'l'encLrorism, Frorn r or';cLrojogical pergrlr.'., rvooirhc grlusr lieL: r-.i mod.rn lines ar.,,olbi,r.ti in r: rtrn "clir: r.:r'

rorisn. ' Ti',e fcr of Laodom, violeoL lictlrrirrriori bLenr! rril rirl drc

ci;rLusL aLrJ orrLigrr fc1. oicompLLirl rec:uology Ar Lrrirrwr: rluc:ris perceilrd as nr,:,r: rlLrerlcning rhan 1 lrndrr,r Llrrear. :\iLirorg:. culcrt:LLoLisn docs ror eniail a direcr $rear of iolerce, lts prTcl.riogii,:linprcr on rrlrious socieries can be rs p:vcrirl rLs rhe t!:lrt oirtLrqri,,ibonbs. lloLeoveL, Lh,: biggesr obscacle: ro oLLr rLlcleLstar.,lir,g rl',: rrtr,i.drerr oiciirt:rtLLoLisur :,Lc a fel:r oirl,c LLrhro..'r r;rd;L ir.:ir oiirr,:, ra.rion, rr, .rorst, roo lrrch misinfonnrLi:lr

-.\l::r 9,I1, drc:.:curiry acd rerrorirr: rii:,r,r,Lrst soor ir,.:r:,r .;r'r.':

rer:'oLisn pro::rincnrI Ti:is rva: cnoer;llrri;iblc ;1iven ,ir::,rr,'r r::gl r-

n:Lrirl .Ltrrck 'r'rrc erpecrcd rnc rhaL r;,b:L::cLrorrsm sccr:rrl t rilir rl{lrcdr orporrLnitl;s ro irlicr cnorn,.,r:,|,::Jtc. Buli-,:r..ri: il:o ,poiiricrlc:,rensior ro rire new focLri,l r!errerorisn DLfrr:s r.1,rLr:

rrrionrl srcLLriry: inci:dirg thc sccLrL:Lr ,r: ,:, i:,,rspacr, :,1':rr; ::,rL'r,:i

prtiti:rl ::ror; ri rgenrias thar cxt.nd beyord the rp::if.. isr:r :r

haui-l.L ch: drbrru olcr clbcrterrolij:ir r':Ls ,:,r excei;rior m :iris pr,t

Lr:n. i:or inst:nc,:, )'onah ",rJe:'andcr, r rcLr.r:isrn rr\rr,rl)rI rr ':i'..

Por-rna,: irsriLLLt-.r rhrnh rarlk widr ci,rs. irnic ro ir.c :'trrlqcn--',rrrncL:nccJ ;,: Dt:rlL:eL 2C01 dre crirt.,icq (i:rr "Iraq |ir:,r'Tli: rer-vork suppos.ri! or,siitld of more ti13.:r crrc Iundrcd \\icl: :ies r:r r:t;

rcnrs rhtwoL-rL t,1 tr:(ls; ccrhenLid'l:),rir! rr: iacnch c:rirl-..', rl.rci,or "lJoS,' .u:rcks lsuch enacks rendcr corl,:ret sysrems ll;rcc;'sirLc rriroperai-.Le) :rgrLrsL li.5 cornpanies. "5;ri.i:,r li,sseir .'rrll lor I'r:rrrc r.J usc ri. cybrr tcol he has . . jr lr roL : ruesricr cr llSLrr"hcn.1'1..e cnrire Urrerl SLaLcs is thc l:"Lonr ]ir, ,',1:r.urrler clrln:riJ

":'ilr-r,er:irc;rrrer.rioni o:irs rhoL, sLrl , r .,rL,r:rrr Kr : ljr! li.i, .,irltpor' xrgLr]ll(r1is ti-,cx ueLng nade ii r :,r ,3g1esive U.5. priit', rL-.rvr:ii

lL.L.r. \o .,.1",,::,ce oian "lrq Ncr' 1,,:s t, ln,: ro ligl:tiionb.,tir,g lb.Lrc:L,rLism ias ireir,:r: r'rL lLrly a iri3rlr' -.r,1r.r;r::rl

;isi,e b!! ;rlio u: .co,rouricrli; Ler*:',,i,'g ':,rc io clrirt irrirrr,. 1,,:;

er,rcrged ro ch:Lliergr Lht r[nger ol oi:rrLriLoLrsor tir;rtr rr',: htr[urcl,eC :],rb,.Lrcc prolrcts rlrd isr:..1 .rlrmrilg rvhirr prgus l, r1,,,

sLrblccc :r:1r., *:peLLs haie testi6eii ;IrrLL r:i:enerrrilrL rfL,,.,ts i,r

r'rriolrs fifLLmst rrd pfil'.rre comp.rlri.s iri-.'ti sccuriti'r.nsLltanl\ a,,rl

r5l

irsLrlhJ rr1,rnsi.'r pro ecrile scir-r'.t,:. r\1rcr drN tr I I rr:r,clir rhc ae,:jefrl

gr,r',:r':r:,i;:r L,:qur,,ri:rl r;-i.:; biiiior 1llr infrrsr.rucruLc tr,:riq rlr, ii lur-1r3 r'crr, r,ri rhe IBI now h"s rore rhalr i,lilD "c.D.r i,,'. irir:,:ors."'rcr:oLriirtq r.. .r'r; srlrrer', sFe!).ling on recL;u.-r,:];l:r.1 lj.l:r\cl,rSr fi:s.,:.-lrirc i:rcr'.rLsr o.tL t|e ner: corLtic oi'rre.,., la.ii;r; olirL -l per-

ccr,r n t 1,'rcrnL oi:rLre 1I IuLi6cr of glo!rlrnlritr.: 'l Ii r-urr r epolcor:l Lrt:: "lrrLLLiL;- sp,:nerrg talt: rry from pcrr:c:r io :i prLctrr oiI'1 1,.,::1;cr: r,ri,,.;, rirxr r.m.r\t, irorvcvcr, ;: ur5;:rJ !i ir.,rtrjr rr tr

:rrr::rLr:r :rrrrri gr:oi'i rr,r !-,i b,:lrerr I t,i,:.(ni r,ril il r.i..rrilrr.ll lillii, r-.rlorr: rn;lin; I lirrearL."

ll:l; r,: ii:,,r.r ri:r: I I li0l.(lrril.\i:i!r;1,...r,r:,:r:r:Li,::r:rlr-rl:i,:, .:, ,,1 ;::r'lj,r"rlcrn i:,:rs ',:r r,'rrL,,ri rr.r,,,li..:,; rrr:,i l,r.:,.,'l ,:cr rh,:'rr,,-,::rlrrr:iii,] r1:lrr'irr,,.rl:,,;Lr;,r,:l:,,il",r:r,:s-

r.: rt,:':r,l .'iL.:;,i'ors rlr:Lrr rc:.rLr*jrr rr.L ii: r r,: r.rrrr, : :: ,rr, L!:;rril::'rl.r r l'rr!s.:lr: r:.:irnob3r'."i ,\i.ir rfri. r;ll I rrL.:rl r ijr::lLrcrr:hih,.r.:r' '1 :l,rir:ii.ccl|jl'!,:rrrcr5crrritrilrlrr:".-i:rr, ll-.,sr:,u,i,r,.r,ri'.'.r 1.,s l.r. r lL r.r lr.r,,,rrr lr c:rrlil nr, i,-r lr ; t ll ;::::, r..r:rl ir 'r_l'.r rlrrrijilrjs ii'mt no'r; rjLotr rlc rrr:i;.,ir,:. tiLc r .:e t-. i*i.lcnr,

..... .:... ...:'r;r,:r.:rrlii::r,i r',r;r:::eLrrcrk:nrl*r.:Lc;:Lrr.r-l:i.:',:ir:r":,r."::rLr-r:.rcl 1.nr iii,lg!. Jirt.o:,'ll rh; Depa;tnt,:: ol lilnri::rl Sr, riLr ir:,r.1:,r rr:,Li,r:oir:,,rLior;r.'\r,rii:0rli. i,.rrl :i.Ii, i,.. ,,:.r,ll':,r,ir,lr 5rr:1l r, r,r:pirrl'el tc r:r' ,ipl. x sc*or oiii..,: rc.,rr rxj or ilr,rr i(,r,rr it

1:or,:r ,;L rl ' 11,t:e ri.,:ri,r6s rtLLrirlv jlcl r ir'!.rii,r i,,r.ii:r .,i i!,t:r,r1ir rj,r r-rLl:lic, rnci Ll-,! 3.l rijrsrarior. li: itr1rc., ir j,rra,:r .i:2ir: ri,:r. l nrir,:1, ii 1,, Lj,r )..rr Liorrl l :.rgr:c or-Ciri.r i,:u: :i rr,r: l.; lr. ,r c,r-

.'

1. ,,r. i,i,ir:i l:1..,,1,1,:,1 ri,':iL r'.irr r,r,ir .,.,i,,, ..1:,, : ri:lrr:, I ir,',,r ,l.r,r iu,iii.,,,r sLLrir,rs ri,c foriLrri,,,q,.r:,:c! r;;.c:,.'ir i:. rlr':tit.);t..) t 1.:! t r i l : , r : lr ,.l :l r }.r..:iif r.,i]i. i,. i, l}:r.:. JrL,i,rl, I.,r-

',:irr, r r 'I I; r,rrtr:,il r,j i.rir:: l:relct rs Lir,l :r ljior.:lrr'erl. i:,f,:r:r:i* 'i.;ri::l r,To,r rL lrii.irrLi 1r rhr iliri':3rlr ,'r'.r i.::r..r:r r:u r-

,:rrr:: ri r: ::il,r rrr,; irr: r,r:

'l ii':l',r1,itr i' .1,,ri1!,:1i,,, .,,i r.,iril.:r ,l!,' 'i ,',i,., llr:,,:r,:v ri,.Lsi!h ril.i',', i,roLrs, r:i,oLricrl pian,r. rir].Lr1 ,r-rLLrir::r,C oi:.c,rsr or:rer Dhn6 (o1\'jrl.ir 1[r,, rt ,1:]cr;1.

152 Terror c: tlE l'xc'1e!

Dlsr oi n!.re inrisral svsrei$ rrc rl'cri'rc'L irrl con$olld;'' . . ".." . .1. ., .. ,n. ", -o o. o.l.

. ... : : ,. 1. ,,',. ,:-..,. ' ,h " . 1

hJi.l200l iLo|:' 60 p{cert olp'r";r ::rd cr:rgv conofltr..'rr.'rL,:o .r.t-PhLc lo ' '

: I m l. - e'r :l

d '"; ; 'r"r"r: er''d rewr c' L' r'

",.". ""di,r lrir! Lrori'rs sLLch rs iL' 1t95 james i-rond ic'Lrute

;;i;;; i;;;' i"'t, u,,u,,, and ,'L'rcl: sLrch as rorr Crrncl';cil

S"". r.'r'r*,"l'1.' llprce popui'rrizitg r ""iie

L;uTge of cvrrenrrmlsi

;.";;;.. i;;,",',"i,., ir"qu'ntl rrii ro Jis:inguisr bcr"eer Lr:ck-

.."" ,. ' rh<'-r

,.,; €- or-, . -,.-nso1f.... JJ I i r r"r'

,*"'...''"ii""n* t* government rn-':b iiLcs' ollhe tl'elis of proptic.

-n l-- :. .....',. '"- ", :rPU " I'

.. "" : ..' - oi

.-. ,t o 3 -DP 'ed :' '',., r .,:.. , L-:ur'j L:: ::

.'1.,,.,'"t,r't, ,.. n ,t,. tegrrL bv defiriie 'r';irr iome precisirr

\Alhat lE CVbe, Eerrorisln?;o. - ' 'r'

\ . ..,,.- i, --" \\-o ' ' t'tt "- '

,. ' - . "1 :-'cyb(rlcr " ( ne'e 1l i

-; ." r".-,"-,')'."! ' vhr'L'

rorists. l(crrn Cojcr:rarr reports b Dntnttn: )"['rg'tzinet

h Lir. l0C2 'eicnLch

fudv cordrced 'o;r d:: Conputer Ctine

R$euch Ce el' 909'! 'l rsponLLcrrs <itre;rei conpurt s<u'

'1.'L'"*i. *i'i'i^

'1" t"'inrcir'; 'rm'r' In ncdrer tcLr

'"..', ',,,1" -,"a'*a bv CIO Onlinc' tr2% of r'n!9xlis'

; onrl."- ch^ r'

"" l, :''r'*l' i$ ore

c ::' 'r ' :or

.i1,,-."".r""' 'r""'"' H'gie "r'

rolire iJr'rirtins itiliisri;l

" r,, ,i'" n*, t'"li.iroo: 't'ere"c'c

r$L*i!'t 180'l1rrl lnr!'fctl.r..i x!1x''6 on busirls

':3

, i,. Ir,",, rirrl,.ir!irrr r'.r.ir.xriL' irr!'r'r lrr''ri'"r

" ' i r rr:rt;: hrrlrcs. illlrx:.ri'ftr' J2 5rr^l'irl i'5P1r :iri\

|,r: ir;r rll r';,rL

li,r i,; rLir r::Llll cvitncrLrLrsmi TheLe havc r'r':n se'rrrl rrLrrnrIrg

l tocLr l rrr l ur: r .l::r'rlrd consnt:nt'lellli'rn "'f rl"e tcrrr'c"her-

,.,,,,,1.,,,." '*L. rs j,rsr roLtrl, rrucir r': :ir': '1:slLrrirLr h'r: 5c:r

n:ri,,,::*l n rf': pr.rrgL lcdirr' whea jorrrl rllss orpicrlir' :rL re lo:'

rl:'.r,,'L ,,,i ;lrr,,rior rrrlr'L Lhlt goo'j cpcL:rLionLl 'lcinri iolr ri:ter

,,: rrr r :r.,rr!. i: h.rr i,:lrr rrpeci.rtll: ccnrrr: I rlrr fcr'iir;: r'irlr :'rrrt'.r.''''''

':'''-':!

'.''-,ir , r,,.,:.:,' r.,i 'i,-,'r,,-i,',:al i',s"-ir Lr::Ll ro :rt:rLl|r r'Ir: r'':'rL'

,.,,1i,,,,r ,,,.i '-',,iirlc',1 .r,rrc3,'s r1$'rll c l.s rl1( :rc'r' tir rrirl ci

l''r'L,r:r:, rlr. sIt,: rll]Ltr i Lr: bccn mrJe ;o ;rrr:'oriLrce qrl-,r':r'i:i:un-

':':''''',o''o

Clonrritr, r:

..," .. .!i3u ij rirr colrciten:: of qberrtrc' r'iC rrvor il'lr-r,,i.,s r! ul,*,il .(x.k ;nd drtnt' rli trr:[r r.'rimr:rrpucrs, n*r'orl's and rhe irioLnat or storcri rirscin vrhr irc':t n JallCrts .r meLce i goreflrr'drt

'L ii5 Pmrrle i' irrra '

o. : i

.,:l:1,",r,:r l:s: r'tn,l i,:.li'r!1.r. S'rio* i:ri'|: isli'": :: rlcrl

i,rLnrlLrrrurtr l:liLl Lc rcs of rybrr'crL: is'r' l';':rrii:rrr "rrrlliL ir.r:cL ,rna.lrs Ljrrr dijr pr n:nersc|rll "$ ir:cs rr rirrrlt lrr rli'r;llr nr:iu'- -'orLld rcr'rl

l

154 Terrot of the internei

Ths Appeal of evberterrorism rlar" ?arr.oristaCybenerrorism is an artracrive opdo$ lbr raodern terroriits for seveL:LlreasoDs, Rs ljsred b)' Adam Saviro:'6

. lirs(, it 6 cheape! and ever.stcr rhar tlldiriorat reforisl.ehor. I. h". rhe rer.o,. n... ,c , :,.o.e at pubtic rio , e- un.v..,...e.,, . , o. jb,.

ionJ tuNputer wirh !n onliAe cojrnecrion. Te,ro!k$ do nolhe.:.. bL. "e.p,n cr2o, r, .rrcr-.:m..1, +roa.ompure. .1,eio. aan,8e i,..ru u c_r"12. rrr"L .. 1t, lrplop

. S{ond, c/berfeiidisn prorid* morc roonymirl Lhac ttre'i'idulonil" retorhr nerhojs. Lile muy Inrclm sl,.tan:(ororisr us. onlile triclbaorer-'sc1ce! !m$,'-oi tos onro ! \it5 sire $ an uddcnriGeci 'gLresr * rnakirg ;Lirerl1., d 'r ' ,ry .d. r r:l pol:-. ot". ro :,,t. -",

" Jh... . ,r..ryr....8.". - np ,k.. r.rd o ,. r ,. .'!or\-or ...rr...

rud baLrks, govcrnments, iodi'iduiL, public urititt.s, privare

1l

C.b rerror rl .rg:*Green i.rgeluo.phi:.c. _".,,o: r.-ri-c\.,o1.;, -,, mo. .,wrrrt,",.rt.:..,. adnn..rraLiou rn-..s

dorr lL,.l .,,de..':nd -r1d (neretb Lc)d o L.,rr, mrlsn: he,r -rL.tico . ".ie o ,,'y mc,5r.e. .r orrry cL., ot,:lI-pre,crvr o.. . turc r. r_ :.

;l,o rr.< nisr.r.oer..,nding regardir; rhe C,Lrncro., bcruec't qt :.c,, irrr dcyberc imc tuConwrze:rp.n:.

S-..1('. i,.oi rp-r-.ycrr eooyr r"."-io Je-roet1:rionsofI c r^o o .r.on.era Crbe. r.r.: r a cybe.rerron,.n rr o

@rernlhq{ Cyb spaceiftlct( n1sr h,!re a ";euorisi' coiipo-ne{t in ord{ !o be labeled clbenenorisn. The arrai}: usrinstjil re(or as commod/ undeLrrooc{ (tha! k, rcruLr in dcar!-,.oo-,.g(.."d:r.ucuUn .nlrik .lrnhafe, p,..-.Jmor '.on. rj- agaJ L\e d.",1.-ijr ba c.n,rarir,.r-j.nI.,m, on -cr 1o.ody"ndrrr..i)Tinvo\ing.orp.,.trRct..nology rs r weapon/orger, o;ty ,h. t"i,". -;y i,el.n*d .'rb..re, o i.rr 'la,oL..r d " . . .. ,npurc..s as r !i.iliLr or .i,n<:: .(..q'.e.. .\etner .or o op E,rC ^TmL.i,.

jon olo_hf, !.?r.e,..r..hpl/tnc! L e,'

l

l--r/berter.or srn

:ri!hn, a.d so on. S.vcrel $rriica ha,! sho.vr !L,dr cLiricd.r"J r r.- :..h.. elc.r'.. .o". .: I 1rl a ^:.c

'" . xr. ,:x -.1 o: . rt.ci. . e ,c rintl*rucoLLcs ard dre conplr.. qou,." ,t,", .,n tl'.. "*hi;t v.o'nt :.. n" j. g,, e ,. . \ey ,n ,o ,ro e o, n:.). r:ll rr:rn,*-

' lourth, c{b.llctroLisi acach crn be taurchcti fion a diserce.

"r'".u,c. j,-.p".,J JppfrnE.oIor!. r rrc o

. isn requires los physical tainnlg, p3),chologic,J in,esuncff,Lis! ofdeath or capllLe, and.s!ei rhin comnrblaj torm orrer ori, . rricng. . ierrorr.r orlr..s"and Letai| rollov$.

. nftli as dre I I"O\rE YOU viru slovrcd +.ben*rorut.rttacLsI r : t,.r to,.lt:.J '. .J, n d;,e lr , ",".,hln ., ,d cr J tr.o,,! n.e:hoor ?n :.c,.o -< e. .... bgLear*

']]ettia conrage, wbich is ular.:rLeh, vhaL rroLrrs

155

Terr$r"ists

ilI

,tt

ti

x

i;,i:

'1715: 'reraof ,Jr ,;1F ln:3..art,

thc Insrirrt ji r ChbrJ Connunicrrirrs iii 'l-1, ,r San l';,.,,c,r;o .i,,:iJlnrcncr suvi* pLuidc, (lSP) that insri:c rlu \Xreb t:.rSt, ol -4rrirlt t irhc I,t:it:t Corttrl Jt,rnal), a :'tJ:\tc:,r:;'e edictJ ;1'sipp rr:c:r

oi L\e tsrscur scpr,rarisL group ETA, !'l'i,i ;Llr;ch,:rs !vr\re! Ij l,fs rir.rcnovcrl iLour drc Jnrcuicr, so rhev brn,brrrLeci IGC's \{* r;r,: r'iri,

... .-..r ,. . gg .lt nroLg,rriz.Ltiorrs usili4ICC services. lGC pulleci rhe J*tral litttl s|it t'.:tr ii.,.cqr lrreL. Thc Spanish gorernm.:rri uri strspecred ol btlng Stiirr.1

thc c-nril bcnblng, bLLr ri:e irientiq oi c rrt;rcLrers renim uncrLnirr.

\l..'herrer or ncr tirc sLrsricion is g,elLibulri:d, ir ,,rlderlines Lhe irct til'-rhc hacl<tLr ists' rools rrc rvidely amrl.rble :.llcl crn be :rs casll; enplolcdD oo\.:.. ',rJl ,...1 ,.'.,. i

\1:nr' clt,crprc,ttsrers use dre thiLri rvc rpon 1i, the hackti'' i:ts' rr:e:rrir: .o,. ::::r.e nd -o .o|c' . ..-:r .. :. ... . :.-rf .rr o .

::oLeC inh,rrnrrtion, coillmrLni.:ition il:,:ilirjc;, inanci:rL irir;nrrlt,rr.erd so r'or:i.). for exa,rplc, Dororhy D:rrr;ng'' L:pon "\" Crll:: Tlrlo;Ncxri" :e!ers ro de CompLner ErneLg.r:: ltrrp,:nse Tllr Cor:r,ll,,r

rior t.cnrcL (CLRI/ CC), a feclerally iil:r.:J Lrt:rLch a,rrl ,levi: o2,:r*rcc:r:cr opiLareJ b;.-Cmrrgic lvlcLlor Ur.ir',, :rr'. r.!ich ir. L'a'r7 :r:o .,rl

l.ll'1 c.mpole: s.culiry cases ofbLc:l;l,l rl. ]ucks.'iIi rlLirrir rll'

i.."1",,' ';'. ro 21,;'56 in 2000 an(l ,,:, ,,r- rosr :.j,000 ririlg r1.,, iirrrlrrte curr'le,s of 2001 i' L: 2003, r--lllrl'/CLl r,:ceiveri :ilo:.l rir:r: ,

hril'nil|cr c-mril rness.rgcs and mo!c .|:rr 9ll0 hodinc L:rlls rcprrrirgincicLents oL LttlLLcsring iniormation. Lr rJr; sl:re,re:rr, lo ir"rL,hlrl3l,>29 co:rputrL sccLLLiq incidcnts .'*: rcl:orred Llotlevet, ;irlm;rr1., perhaps mosr, incide:rrs are nevel rcDorteti to CEI{T/CC or rnl.j or :;,r rz. . h. . n.mb+ov{ Denning xotes, c:rch singLe incicienr;i:ar is repoLted invol'rs, !n

fircr, rloL:srnri; ol,ricrins.This rise in c'yircr:.Lrr.cls is likel,v Lclatcd to tire

eLow,ng pop,rLlrir olthe Internet, ro an arpartrd-v growi:S rumlcL ol

vulcr:LLle urgec, and to the developnt,::,:,,, scphGtic;Lrc,J lC c:ry't.r-

l. .t o

'lirr lorLnh :rtgoLl ol hacktivisr ,.t.rlrri:r' rompriser "rLr::ls r.:rl

'.orrs. L.o,h oi'ihi:i, rLc loors ol nrlicir,,r; :o.i. rhat cri: i1:irrr.ull-Drrcrs rr.L proelgre tllen elves ovel cc:,:Iii'ieI rltc"vorks -ireii ir.ill;i;rcu bc erro,r'roLLs l:.c clcrle Rcd worn, rir .,r:,:rrp1e, irirrtl rr '';: r,

r:ri1!ior. seLrers ir, JLrh 2001 end cx'rsed :.::.6 lliiion in d;r:';L3r iir''"',r-

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'iLr:s ilar spLcr"i 'itir ;Lr' lroii:ic':i 'l rir irr

'. "rl li'orirrrrr'r Lr h:,r'e i:etr tirc "roLk cf hrri:L':' nc'r !:;LrrilisLs)'

' ,"".omu',u,. '*,,,",',:rcL rrorns hale lccr urcci ro:pL':rri politicrl

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Lil", "r,i :,,,,rtegric itsLiLrrrrs il "r-AfO

mcmi'-ei-:retcs rcctil'eC lir'rs-

i,,,1"', c-rrrii, iiorn 1LrrIlqc ol lr",ast$n El:opcnn counLrics Tte r-L-a;il

,""rrlo,r. r"i'1.1' h:r1 brrn pooll rrrl:slarcd inro lrngiirl" cr:lrsLerl

.l,l"rl,l ,,I .l"h','"s ol 5e,l''irl Lighrs and LrnsrLnrLt derLrncrrrions oi

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coutrL i' r'c srLloLxlf i:mrg:'i rirc

vlLi,is e[rrrr,,ric corn:lrrlicatiors il ijrcr, in ]i:bLrlr 2''r00' :hr sir's

ri i':rru or: ;:,:r, r-l ,', Yrlool, ald 'r hnsL oi odrel porl rLrLrl orrl:r'ricr

"',:Lr starp,:ci l:'cr sclcnl hc,Lrrs d:c to DoS rcnchs

il,,ti:ri,s,r, :JlloLrgh poLLticaiLi rnorivrted' 'loes nor rorsriru:e c;bei-

ru LcLi;n. r'!rc1<d"i:rs io .'ur to Lr'rotest r'rd riislL:prr th':1 do no; 'oanr

to iili r: ur;rrm or tcnrrize. llo'rever, hacl i'ism 'i:r; irigirligirr ri:r

..i,..- of ".'i,.ri"',o.i,".,

rt " porertial rhrt ildiiidLLnis lriti no mo:Ll

rrrrr r',:r-r' Lrv: nethocli sinii,u to those dcvtlcpccl by h::rkcrs rc wrert

i,r,,l l1crc,:rcr, ihc :i: L':rvt:' q;Lcnlr:'rlsr: rr'l lrrir:; isrl 11'

ru.rrliIris lrlLrL, trr|:ci:!1i il t':Liorist grcLrps a;:c ille:'-' rr:c:Lr! or []rc

,.,,,,',..'.',"1,,!i,l-i'L:o:iilL,r':lrlli':srlrri'l':i:'rri:':'rl'cir'r':''c'rrl.r- rnr::1ri:i ,l-,' ,,',,.'-,. ,;", oljcr'113 crli:i:il 'lcn:ri; oi ::r l;':ior:rl

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Ifichrel:\.\':Lris,Ic,rdoi:theJr:rrii,r,c,ri,rtiicLLrirL.r'rr|:rci,,r.tir,,,t-ics rr Darrmourh Clollcge, chssiiier r:rrtrLirt ;:L,rck.( i, i.r,.r c,:i.!",:,,(T|eLc rrc or:reL e,onDs oo,: oo',:,. irti ji,i, j,rclL ;rt:l .: iiltIrtr .1r.cnt:,ge ir cxrorrlor, icicnriLr thcfr, c-rLliL r:.:,i irruri. .irri( ri.,:rf, i:,:,:l

:crpor:lit:spioxtrg,:; J "Irrsidcr' ,rlr,-. rrr.;rr,'. rn sir"\.r!|, arxj.ii, L,ri!

c lrrrrn To i3te, i:lv re:rorisr grcLrp hl,r,.rsed c;,belrerrorinr, i:Lrrthel:.uc shown inreLesr nr $e trr:rrrr rs r rvcapon rnd rs r :arg:r-,\:cordirs ro \':rris, L|e rLerds clrarlr poiur ro rl]e fossiLriliy clrcrLoLrxs rsilg fc Inrcroer as ax,erlrr:, ig;iIst crlricr, i0hr:trLLct[Lcra:gcrs

r ,"rlrir':r,,rzr:.: SereLrlr:rrion-rtat:r, l:,;iLLrlirr.l supFrteir oi:,,rf:or.iin,(r.: -. ...

c;rbel' rrirrc crpr6iliries. -fttl,:

J' ! ). U tr) llr Thcse arc ri,r g,ur I,r 1';rris iirr:r rtr: ltiL:iL*: rr*grgr ir crlinrLLorism They rrLr r',;.r.;:r1 oihac-,rr;1 c,L:r: r.1ri, c,r r

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E Titii!:,+i:trlot'i;tar-jalridat")ii'.:t::,t:..:,rdlngro.r/r:ir,::c'hrLrrls.,rC rlip: jrjddics'who sLrnirij \vxnr ro gain iroo-Lielr ihrouqrrigh LrLoillc rrrac\s. . . . HoweveL, sr;cir ir.,rliriduals cu, siiL tralc slr-r:icd, disrup11\e inpacr. as erldcnt*l by rhe Fdb,L:xq,20r,r0 DoSarracls end reccnr desrrLLctivc rvor;rs."rl

\Yhv ;rre hackex reen as *re.rtening, anrl lhy are tirey ot:'tcn rssoci,.*ed '*lrl rerroriyr? FiLsr, becruse Crc IacLen LhernseLves lile roexugentr their abiliries. Douglas Thonas. a professor athc Urilcrsjr.oisor:drern C.rliioLni:r, sp"n, rev"r y""r. r,,rjli,.rg compLLier 1n,:1:eLr rnn eitorr ro unJeLsralC bener ivho rlcy;r:.; rnd what irori,,,rrc rllr,n,lccorclirg co Tlo:rrs,

jr.iirU {ori:J r)ik. sood .on:i i'tL r[r),r:r very (Lrlr rt,,-rte reniirg ro $,rggrnre rhL.rts i:,.1 (1i,fl:r:il rc:.:lii:r.i-rlc e"err l-h:re ls r big <liffercr.. br.ieu hxcknrg iltu:trS,r:\.:rrrtrl .oNrd !rsem (\!hich ir,r: i.,r :,.,'i,cred) lrxi t.1r,jrillr r:t rrtL r jrosrs dreif {::i r,.tr aliiich h,r t,x,rr).,,.J:lcrtcdlyl. \'1o;L ncdir repoLrs ir i ro ,1lrti,rgu;sh :lr.lL tl.,fro n r..rDl,Lil rtlrlarkinr:t Lr.5 i]1x. r r:i€rlixti, rt,:j r,.

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. \. r. (.r:irl,rit ic cileJ'icr!orr$. )l

l:ioq,rvrq evcr :hc disrirLcriou bcr',recr iucxc:s arrl rcrLorisL is'ori..rninq I$s |rcid. l, Fcbruar; 20011, G,:r 'lo\r Corrlon, rvhc rJso,1rv..j ,r! .irnir ci LLc I.{cmclarC SecLri.iq, Corucil, ,,pcir:: rL rhr: iisti-b:,fcrenr: in S;rL lir;Lncisco.l GoLcior:rrgL:ed Lhat:rrrc:iri, rrd so-:riiri c :'c: tcrrcri:': r.harc sone helr lnil,rLirier ir, :!cif irlri.i. "Th,: :rir.:r:tl:r,,rilyfi!j|Lji,r.lrhrsirtlow:,"r,o,'lorjri,l.'tIr:trrirl:il.fr.rl:r.lli,, i.r!nlitf.lrrnrr;rig; rloLh wpts oirr,r,:1.:.:rs .:ir,,, :r'r cri:r.c,l

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,:cr:1.1, 1,ri ilrrr rre, ,rlie :r fo1!-c. grid olilirc in: r'!sulr ir :r i,i:clrcLrr, rl-.c

r:s,,ir rs osLersii'f' rhc rrmer Both arc acrs olrer.:orirnl . . the dlnaqcwilib,: rlr: s:rnc vhr:rlrer rhc rtracker r.as a bor:r1 r"",..,:..,

",r org.nt,,.d

eririrnd or a ilosLilel n.tfion or stat€. Yrc need tc locus on Jt .r.rlnera-

biliLic,--lll nr,r gee .;oo hueg Lrc on r',hc, rhe rna.iter rrill l). ':,

& dro'JJifiU [iGrt$e of Uulrr€i.{hilitylly rhe leir: l9!Cs i,vbcrrerlo-.isn rpperrcd :o ic e..c:r,rcriisric rlrrcrr.Itir.iireii,rLLvCojiintodescrir:esei,:r:lscar,vs;r:r:rLtr;ir:lii,.isirrrirlec''. hc lrL:rrrr,: ol Cibcnelror'1srn" :r

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r \ crbertrro:isr *ill ,icccss the cot:ur''r,r .ri phrLrnlcrLrrrcrl r.rr.i:r:rrt,r ,Lnti c|:nsc rlre loLmul:s r,l "tj;rr;1on pLliL o:, l,r' rl,il,mi,irg rl:c protlrcL: lilt-rlrcarerirg

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chnse dre p:rssLrre in gas lines ar,i ;r.c lnlrc f.LilLLrcs.,L i;LijL,lr ori

rlc clccuicrl g:ld.

I{rLk \1. Pollin rdopted Collini scel,rrios o[ rhe r]slrs of c.'irer

rer:ori:rn rnC rdCcd rh:t dc sane LisLs ri,plt r.. "cor)furrr dcsl:r:.!.i

lor rhe corrtLolofproccsses," rhrt is, conpurrrs rhat corrLol rcrworls of.o,npurers :' Eirlt it: 1'ic kt nibL t'hr'tt ,{ rjber"ftt' tr', t boa'r. a.t

CanputerLl'til lotnr)AL and foLmcL irL.'11igcrce olicer Drr \rcL,:or,

pubLished in 2003, describcs dre 1997 cxclci'e code-nrrrrd ")iligirrle

llcccivtL," ,:olriLrcL,:ri bl rhe N:Ltionri iij.i,,i,x -A.gen.i (1i.5r1,) )! --'":rcLcne brlru rt,rr \SA t,lficiris cLirlcc rhiri-iive "lirLi 'ic.,ri' irci-tLs on Llre rrie:. Thq: i"cre instLLcriri to ,:rriu,p; ro hrch jlrl rn,l ,lis

rupL U S. ri.tional securir,'qstems lhr,r: 1rinr1, ruger r':s r|c iJ.lP:,clfic Uonrrn,l in li;rgaii.'I he ited I:.rr r:c[rLs wrrc riiol'erl rr , stonll iacldrg:climre rhar could be cbvrrio,rricC iieel,v ft.rrn iht !rrte,'

ncr. The; rveLc .llovred ro penetrete e1,,' i'cn[gon ner..r.rLL i,rLr p|o

hib;rcC iLon bLeling x,ry U.S. i:u's I'1.:r.:rrii,,g ro be luilcL: !irr:d ilrrhe NoL IGrcrn irtelligence scl,ice, rhr,vsraLtcrl bymrippng lctrrorlrs

ari ol'taiLrlng p:ss,vorrls gaincd rhrc,L.g1: 'irLr:e-rorce crrcLi,rg" ir rrirl-rnci-eLLoL merho"l ol: dccodnrg ercrl r:".1 J:,t.r such as pr'rworis o;

encrvpricr kels by trving dL posible comi-.ilntiors). OlrIen rirer' urec

:ilplcr trcrics, Lllc callbg sonebodv cl Lh.'rcirplone, pr:Lenrlirg rr, 'oe

r rechnician r:r high-ranting ofiicial, r'r'i rslilg for rLrc pl:r'o,il -Ir'.e

htl<eLs rr,.rurgcJ ro grin rccess ro Cc,zi,rr :l',:riricel Penilgor comtlLtcr

slstens Onc.: rhcr cntered Lhe sysrcn:r, tre'; 'oLrld ersitl crcrtc Lt,tL

,rccorLur, rleicLc existing rccounrs, Lefi,rr L l,rLri rlrivcs, rcrar:i,ir rr,,lriJata or sl:t r1-sterns rlorvr.'l hev brolrr t:'.r nrLrvcrk deicnsl * ifi rei:,-

te e.rse ,,,rd "rj:ho,.rr

bejog Lr:rcrLi oL ii:rrilicLill the ,rLrilo, i;ri:

Thc LesnL:s.,r.:re cirill:ng rnd strnrlll ii:, organizer 'l"hl iitd-ii:rr:r,lslng orLh hacL<hg tools rraih'olc on rlr l.,trr:c;, couiC L,r:,li inL,, Lh:

il.:1. :!i,i':Lr s l'rciilc r: rlrrL: r n:l-cor rioi s-,,:iin r::11 ,::ilrpir ii. 1L

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r rr l.'ri'.11, :r;ior in iL.rsl Li;r.u,: ir rlie l:Lrite'i Strrtr, s rr:h .:r rirt uLc-

c.,r:nLrrri::r'io:,: rrrl r:i.::Lir: ucr"r ricls. r:oLLLl < ir' 1,r :,r":L,ir.i rr:l.:1,s: i l,r rr.: !rrrr.:'r r.

-J'lrr lrlreruiriiiLy o;iri:t errcrgr incu;:1, s:rr Llc lt,,rr ,:i r'c: orr:

:1,"r, lir. \i1r,r rre!(r n;,r,rncric:rs elcrl,- :-rrrr "" ll:r !: Lr: :ls:

doeriur'] Lc {il! il :, :tratcglc cyLerrcrrorist rrLrch .rS,riJr.. r\r '.rirircc

irrrl. Th: booir cxi,hres in iiighrering der'rii i,orv :irc Ln:,,:i ci:utlr.rn rrncl ruid rjvr.L cr cvcn ex.c.d fi. .onte! .lccs 'r1'r 'rrrt cor-,c.rrion,:1, 1,h1'sic:l rttr:lr. Vcrror clains thet durir,g nn' girrr r,::r, lrxcrlge lrrgi: urilin conrianl in the Ulired Sr;rtes experier;r::bour rniliior o'belirrrusions. D;rtr on cyberatt.rcLc iiLrLing rhc s,r r.ror,hs fol"

it,irfi rh,: 9i I1 acraclis, collccrcd b1' llipterh, inc, r !'irglri:r-'brserlr:r,,r L,.rn',,stcillitr:q 1n :hr rccLr ri1' c,f orlinc inlirr:-.rxri.r) :ra iirxrl.itillrL,:r,r, r|r;,:,r hr.r ri:rparics ir: tie cnrLg. il:i,r:::r::rli:rr:i rLrLr

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I)rLeq,rhri,,Lr rrtl r: irLcrcmd iocLr on 9""clit:Liriliri hr nrrl.: 'ror:;ro,.leirL ccr,r-rnil rr:L ruilirirs rroyc drcir cj:rnrlon: io :|e 1:,icrn, r

irr 1,. :,.l,c oi-i,rLor.rtJ ctlciercv rnd Lerir:ce:i c,rsts. 1r'crLor: :Lg r,:r thrrrL,r ;rc,g;r irtiisrr;r rnj n;,ny otLer secrors 1-,a e |:conc ;,rv:,rLir,L trLr

gc!r io! v,rLioris disruDrions f,l creating l:rrcner iinirs (bcdr pirl';ic,r1and.riLi.l.ss) rr*,;cn tlrei. r,er,iorlrs rod rhe srrpcnisorT tortLo ur itr,rccLriritlon ir-CA'JA) sysr:cms. Thcsc .5CA.DI, s;'scems r,lnrgr rire flo*rf clecricic l,l ranLlC g.rs ard contolvrrioi:s in.:lLLsr: rl rysrc,ns, ruch

rs;5er,ii:ri prriersirq pl,Lnts, l'rter pLrrifir.rLiln rnC dcliluy, r'.,sccnr,

r/isre$rcr nlrlrg.rlrert liaciiiries, rnd a hrsr t,i mrlrfacturing iiLrx. -{:crL,r:ir r; ,rl iliti lc cor:tLri, riisru2t, or Jtel rh,: corlr,rand r,uri nlonirori3liu'rirrs rldomr:.1 irv tLrse spt,:ms cl,:lil drrcrrcn tri.:rrl ,urlro:riLi',,:rrr nl se,:LrriLr

l'r..,r il!-t r. 5r'l'.,:,riec, onr of thc .rcLidls r:r,r;'orL:r i:;,!cL; i,r ti-,r

ilrirl of i:)'rls ,rLlilt Lr:,..r.rrLn,:r;rbilitics ro r ,; icLr.rtr:i a:,' rcir::, dls'rn,,.:r;i rll rir,.ri.ri,. Tirr cornp:il7 rcoo:l:d rlaL ri'.c lLni'r:r.,i "scll-

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Celinirlor Lhar ir origiurte in a coLLnrLy rr ilc Srate Dcpalnrrrr's ul,r.'a'Jr l:rr). Pcrhrfs rerLoLists do ncr;cr: trrrc rhe hro.r-r.:rv L,' i,LLurl,

c, berrrrrclc or perh;rps nosr hacke:s ,Lr,: ,ror svtrp.rrhetir: Lo Lhc rlrii rlrcrori.r oLgrrizations, Hov.ereL, r!,rc.r[l r|c r:}.o grolfs ]oir li:€r. :|rr. ..- r.cr 1c.,rrr..rg.

EqLr.rll,r'' alumlng is rhe prospec: oi rcr:orisr thenxelves r1*igriug;ompurer solnvare for governmenr agcncles. R.emarltably:rs Durrirgdcscribes in "Is Clbel Terror Next?" eL ic,rst ooe srLcL irrstancc i: lrirool

I! !jucir 2! 00, lrpa.i \je$of.,iiii r f!li.cDepu.Dert,.p.,r.ilLil r sofnvuc svscear rher h,. ir.ru,.. ro taclt li0 fiiii3vc!icles, irclulirg uuarleC r:1, i:r:l ccer rierel,yi 1,. th:,1ur Shirrfljo cul, dre sane g.LoLr; rhr porad t!: Ibl1 s,lr

a r lLr 1tr5, ltilliDg L2 fccpl. r::: ,:,iLri,t! fi,0rlN n,.,.. .r.r ,lliri,rc !iihe (lir.oyd1,, iie c.l rr:.1 i.,lr',1cl{$lij{,1 r:.r,r.{Jr!r !,, L1i !.l,r.lc' lrrrner r1,.,-rir ,,1.1 LlcvclopcJ roira:rior r hrL S0]apose frrns x.,i :ilt.r.,:ricnr ]silcir. Ti:lhrc,vo*ert r rbconrnctor! ro 'tl*, irii1, ndlig ir !:r,.*iryxsible rir tne rrga:izrtioL: :r irrol r'io rv,rs ,lcrtlorlng,ir. r.lnvrr. .\ ruL.ontxcto:, rl:, r:.:.:r:ld he,r r.r:l':riIblm ro,,d b h,icl or lacilihl.:.t,ru r.r ',,ir dr !.:{s rt i irt,

i, r. I .C ; e.L..39i l'I pLoti:siol.us, colducted 1:or r|e tsusiness SoliraLc Allia,Lce .ir,-,ng jurt l0N:, Ltr:iLlcd rhrt rbouL !:,tri1:) ;,rrce,rrl oi rcspoi,itrts iil,:hrr r c,ii:eratrrcl i: likell, and moLc rl:,n hdi (55 pcrccrrt) srrrl rhe rirloir r r;[roL cvbrLrnac]r on rhe Uiire.i SL,Ltcr !:,s irrcLerscrl slr:e !, L i.r'Thc 6grLt i.rmpeti to 59 peLcent amore rirose respo a,ierts -,rilo rve:: ilciargc oi Lheir con:prnies' conputer :,nl lnrcLoer secL:rjl Sor:nLtr.trerccnr rgLeed rirL drc s$tcmenr "Th.r. is x gap be.'i'eer iii,: r[;tr: c,i

,r nr,Ljrr cyhcnrrci< rnd rhe govel.rrncrLs abiiiry to dcfcnd agrir:: ir."rnd rh: rgLtclc:rt rarc Lose to 84 rcrcrri rlong, rhose :--rlrr:fe:r: ..:rrrveLe nosr i,l1orvle!.geable about sccurrqr Those sur.clcd ncre r,o;r'

rcLr.trl rboLLr.rt:rchs ror or!1 on r'hc gr,"ttrrr.err brt cn pri ,r:r LrLEcrs

. .. L o. : . a-- "d,... o: ..

cirLi,rs':rr:jcrr srch * irlg untior:Li Lni:s r;Llr ri \.: Ili< ll n r,:prs wiiir;,ti,,: rc::'j,rrL, rnri rloLLnri L,r'o-rhlris l,ciicvcri ri,rr rrr:r1s lrr iikriT rr5: h.ur,r:IL:,i lirhl,r r!r nt::c *civlrLrlrl:,; rg,rirsr rh: conlritL s..s::,r,s

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r.nLL u.ril;ics (;:.r' rvricr srrrioLrs, c!ns, :rrirl ror,,:r- lir:rnl.;\ srrrriy rel.-rr.:d ru Dcccrnbcr 200.1 :pperLci Lo ccniirn rIc IT pro-

ier; !o ra ls' s!r.:p lirism a h':Lrt drc r.bi]1q c,frlrc govq Lnrlcnr Lc rlelind irsclL

.rgriusL I *bcr:rtrct 11-lihe srLrdr, conducrcJ bl ti:r IloLrsr: Governmrrr

. .. .r r r.fr.o:li<r,:Lri ,Lgcn,ie: or.cr,:hc colLsc olx ).ear rrd:r.verdrrl r:riics Sco:rrL,i:ic r,r.cci or nL:nerrl cLi;r:rir.lnclLrdir:1i-.ov rvcllrrr rglrL tri::ec1r lrplorces iu re;uriry rnd ge exrelm r'Lic! ir mrr csraroljshed s:i:u-ri:r 'r:r:::.,:l Lres sLrc! as iir,iting ac.€ss to s.riiri.rc dlre ,tr.i oufgiritcr'll ::LL-s,;,.r1 -.,,isrvo:ds. l,.ilr: rhrl J:alirl,: ini,:rl rrercirr rL::,,:viLirr,r'r; r yrrrlr rLl D rr i'l'lhe Dep,ur:::r,..i H.irrcLxjril :.c{ii!r'.*i::L:i, l:,s a ili,irlol rlc..orrd ir;rorlro i',g Lrili'rcc r irr rcceivl, rl,r,:r":'L ".r:;:ril rr:r,rL: rl:clc l*'crl ,lour ,rgncirs sl:,,lti -,Jso rtrnnqilr lr rnr r ri l'-L{!,:. L.tnLmtn:, ..vbs,; 1r! ir ir rr ir.,,esLi;rr: rr,d |Fsrirtr c:s,:r ril,rikmx ar,r ot r lornx olllcLcrinr iirlrcer rqcrcirs,, t, ,i,,ri ilj .lr r..,,.. -:;'hrlr',:rnrprL,:rci v,l:i: ri,,, ;, *ri,r,rJ lgri r!as,!g

:'1,t,'r.,:'eil gr'":rrrrrenr 3r:cle !r'on:Lr I L,f ro r D. Ccrr:.lrinr o,,ri:tre ,':tlrs, Iitp.,icL,ir li. l'rLrrarn ii\*ii[ ). r:haiL,rr oirhe ]jo,rri:ior.l,rr:rr R:ri,r:r S,,Lco nirL:c c,, iei:.rolorv, i.,.ill.d, 'r'h:

ihrcarricrrcrrrir.riristrl.. ihe da,rrre rr:.r coLLlci rc i:r|lcrcrl borl,l:r r*r: ri lrruti,,l loss r:1, porerrrirlir', ic.sr i f ijr ls ,:orsirle:.:,lit '

-(rc| r,:rdicr, rogether r''irh dre uoIrloir n-,rdir ilrer,:st ir L|e sLLLr-

i..t hrr,, lu.:i;rl polLlar liars .rboLri: clircrtrrL,,Lisrr. r\ .lil01 :LL:c1r L.rd:r |rr bitnet:|d AItreLicr,n Llfc Prr;cct i'r[rr1 :]ra: rr:t" |alf 'hr.,nc rho:i,irntlr\,nci.,rii surv.:,vecl weLe corc:Lncri Lir':r reLlr,ris: ccri,imorlr,:urcrs ri,LoLr;ir rre rcnrorl:s c.rNc.,ri,,g iro,nc..nri,,r.!s 1ir.lpoLveL urili:1cs. Ficver oer.;enr of reqrondenrs rrcLt '\,crl lorL;rri," ,u:dij3 rer:i:,r r,,:f ";,,,, r.,har *o!rlerr" :ri,. L,iL :LIlici, i.!nrir,,1 ,hroLreir

cor..puro rcolorts. 'i!e s!rIEt lyrs ra-kcr ir e:rrj,,' ,\lqtrr. r:iioLr tiier.:11.,r SiackoLrr srrrc( drr l'.lonheasr ilLrl btfor: scrcLrl rrnr.uif3 rc,rvin*rr rillicLli c.rllfrrirs th!crrql..oLLr ihr cornrrt'. T!.c lelj oj-puiriic

164 -l-el.nor or ih€ niE'rel: r a5

cio rolbrli';re rhrr ir ir p;srlrie tc'

t LrLge talr. Scrlc ,.olr:c'1 or r tlrr

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rwr eres concrr:rirg crLecerorisn r:r,r br e,r:r: highcr trrllt sri,l i.r:Jl.rinir, rli:rcLoroirIc p,ojcct.rj

FoLmcr lrriou:l :t:rLiir aclviseL Alrl,L'lr l.,rl,c, ir hjr slort (j;1.,'i!,r.1r.,, \v,jrcs, ')'lill:ons oi corlrputcr'rxr..'i' l,riividLnI rorirl .,r:,!hr..oc rgri,,;r rhe Ur:lred Srares "'i 1...1:., r',ur. rirat "tirc;,:r:ir ir r:r:ilourtl: thr bonLr" rnd rhrr "cyt:erar r r,:]r.:s corrid crash l,hn,:s, r;r;r1,,::

rsi iood oL ncJirircr to roison por,'r!:iolr. rr disrLrpt rtr. *r'::u r'

bv slLL,rlrr3 dorv:: cjcccicrl :nil commruir:;Lrior, svstens.' 3;r I-rirc is

nor chc onll higir-rrniilg ofticlal rr.rrrin;r .r. of c1 1.:,:rr:r,,ril, r 1n

tr1;rLcLr 2!01, rr-rior:J SecLLriry Advis",r Coudoieezza Rice ;'ri ilchrLrL.. ' .. -r I -r.1.,.i ( '. . I

rg:rirrst co,npLrL:r .rr.rcls rhsr could r,.Lerl: hrvoc on virrl ;cn ic* iu rire

Unued States "it !s r pandox of oLu iiures,' s.rid Ricc, 'ihrr n:e lerrcchnolog" rhrr r::aker ouL cconomi so

'i1'olrnic arrd oiLr nilitly [:c:s

so Liolrrlr.:rurg .rlso maires LLs nore vL,lnr:Labic."ri But hor LeJ is ,hc

rhn,n ofcvbeLrcrrolsm? Il drerc are :o n,r,y;rcdve haclcrs (l9 :rrLi:orr,

rccorLling ro I-rire's estimrre), rvhy ,.,rr: iircrr ro rcri ct:LLrrmrl,;r

How Real ls the Threat of Cvi::rrt'"r!"!'&ri6m? .

-{:rid li Lle .iirr $tuxrngs .rnd ahrLri:.g eratijrjcs rhii ir. rirbircr .j-.r'b:r rc:r'orsn gerrLttrs, i! !r inpotrrr ,l; Le rrenber orr.sitflt stirirr;i so i..r, !hr,. ]i,u becr no LecorJc:i i,r,:ri,rc,:,ri.r tero,is: .:r'b r, a,:r ;.::ir

r,r U.S. pul'Lir:rciliics,'ir:rnsponarion r,"sI;-;rs, nucle;,' 1,u.:, i:irnL,,,prver gLids, oL orhcL [ev co]llponenis ri rl'.e rr;riond hii.rLri:crLi:.L'lbelerracks erc connon, but relrorisc |.rve lor condu.icrj '"hr:rtl. lrri

-r -"c l" .o:d .,rl I'h m....1.:,r"or.r,r.TechNcLogic,i crpe.lise ind dre use oJ rhe llttLnet do not cojrsrLirrc

evidelce oi planning a cybcrarcach. Joshu:i C}een m*es thh poinr airi:L

Levier.ing rhe crra rerrieved from terLorisrs ir.{fghanistnn: "\i'hen U S

Lroops recovcLed Qr,edr Laptops in.l'igLunisrrn, olilciels 'veLL: irrr-: : o.r..t.. roeDr rt,...... .

bclievcrl Thel cLLsco"ered stmctuL:rLu i :,rgirccLing roi*,1e, rltc,r'oL,ic

modcLs ci r dem, rrrl infoLmarioo ,,r1 corlD!ri:erizel 1','lrc,' svlrcr'.Is,

or,cle.Lr ;orveL pL:r*, rn,.l U.S. anti iiuropn stadiLns. Il,jr . 1,1.1:

l.i h:" rl (-)r.r'lr :r|i :jrl .li!.f trr-rorijl ';:l'lL1jr:iinr''

r-r'irr' Ii' L| Ll

,ri,,l ,,,,,,'g".rL'rri",rs4'l:'rrlit'ci" ii<'r rlr' rlsiricr: :: ll :i lr::li^r;]t-

,;:,..:. .,ril"'.ii 'c n,,:r,',rL:,rncl:s rr:rr ilrrrtr r:rr' rr'l rl:: :rr'rrrt::r:r:,, .,rlijj.,i ,\:rr,Ldl:r;:o l l0C2 :'cl:orr i';rrlLi lr' l3Ii rii'ri:i SrcrrLiLt'

.\:,,rs:f..,, l| r,.rr':,rL,r,-tr,:ir',rs rt lrrrLtrurr r"irh ii:rir'r tri:ni;ei

L'.,'ici,,,";r 9;,:icert r": moLc si:il1ed ai 3rlrrilq'.:rrrLrtirLiz*l rccrsr

i,''.,lu ,.1','r,n',t",1'" iiitr r!r,r L:rrl, rni alir'1 r':'r:l:r r': irigirtr

': li r:: ' i,IlLrr |:tl:crs, l :i:orld l)e iot.d nre tning r' s;r:r :cc:rr r'' ii'rrs in

' rPo"r '"

rr.: ri:rpoasinic ior rlcng Ll"e publ1": :ncL :'::ru:ir: crot:sslor::ts ro

,;r:,or s,:iL,"tLi, l,r'vr i4 roto".rrc ivlorcov,:r: airi,ougir rlcre;Lt hrches

r'.,i, r1rr.1,ilit1'Lr d:r'rr,'.e 5isre;n., dis,'lllx r-!:oinrrr:r':c ;r:rri i'L'r '':l'cl'

rir,: t,Lii:;Lc, 'l c ',,:r

,ru;o:iil. oL ilLrlreLs clo r"'r Lnr:' ':i:c

rr:::rrr rv "kjils

;

.i.i1..', I'i,L;..ria.l lirr,at:rlerr ud lrrr:rgr':r'nr:r:rrrr' li:lirLiols trr

:a11,':. lirL!riir ll.,",r.,-'r'ho i's irter"rt"vll |rrld:r'1s oi rri':lr:rs'

.,t:,r.i. 'rr;r,,'' h: rrsr :lriorii'r' ol: iucicLr, i roLrlri sr-r' !9 rrr;':rtri c'L

rlrrr,. rir' ririr lcli:yrrcrr.rLror!srrl is l:qiigibil i': mrsirrpic:crLr''rtl:rr

,:ir,,;e hrciri,r, dc loL ir.rve rlt:LiL! c'r:cilin'lr orgalizc or e;ccL'tc ir:

;rLrrr:Lr:h:r Ioriribr rLri't!irg lror': rl-'ar a trr't'r 1rt":l'oi'ir'r''r'liislld-,clrrll,". ",i,."i

jn',lsscssing the }lirhs oi(--;btr:c'rLo:nm' Clbrr

rrii, rlrl rltlcr C'r!cr]"h,.rL,," a 20Ol r."pn't "'rirtcrr ier fn' 'l'rtcr

loL

5lr.Lrcg1ctriItrcllr.rLiolal5tLrciesb;.linI-c.rc,lnl the StaLr .rnci Corrrrlerce Departments r' "The iCct rl"'rr h:'circrs tre

golr.r ro l-,ring d.e rrrtiol tc iis isrccs is roc i'rr-l'tci'rd e sccrririo ro 1'ri

li't.o ,"rio,rsi..' t-",uis ,'l,rirns. "Nariorrs alc r'rolc Lolusr 'rl rlrc cr.]1

' ' .., ''l, r"i nc vber "r"r - - - ' -r "t' ,- l, " l\'b{'C

,'""', ,n" ,".ty ",,',ty*t

Lc:.iizci, in pan'rccrLLsc thry r'rt: ro ical vrti

lrfir., h,lr orler scuritl trpert:::r rr: l::r,-rl,,r:o irrtir::'io']' 'P

155 Te.rirr cl tfe lnl.trier"

c r.sillcrcc oi ccn,rLrrer svsLenu r,,,r::r:1. ir thc rr:r:rlr.,lr:nrr,:,r:,,irlesrmrnrs oi: tur:, money, ,Lnd crpl ris:. ,'ir Creen i,:scr lrl,,r.1,,,,r\!3.rDoir j,, sren1i arc f(recced br ".ir g:rliri:rr': ri1i1, L:.. r.jr ,rJ.r:r..Lc.iro lhc lrernsr or io any oprr coLI rLric r,::lork .rn:i rirLrs rrrr]r:,rc.r.:l.qlc :r lrL:LrcrLr, hirclrcrs, xnd iu'Li l\rr iror exalr,l:, rLl l';ci:rcDrrr,rlncrr proLecrs sersirir,- systenr i;r irot.ring LLrrr irom l:e \rr

''r.''.':''L'Tl). 9, il cv.ns ard rhe sul:;c.rLtrr groiring :l':rreuc:s rr'r';ir;:r,

:erroLisn Ligitighred othcr polcn!irl rx!r:ctr tar such xrraciri. Ir 20t2,ScnotoL ChaLtes Schuner (D-N Y) dcrcribeC 'the a1-.;olLLre hnoc rrrrj

r . :r,e , qurr o, ...ddc... r:, . r

5 r o: ..r ' o - .. i,' ,,, .,,:.rer€i, ar{ircs Crcen, "c-vberseculry ixpcrr qive sone oI tlciL highesL

rn3rlis rc rhe Fcd€nlAvlation Adr:riristrtrion, *hic! re:rsor.rirli rcp;r-ritcs irs admhhlrarlve anLl air rrxih; ron:rol s1'stens aoci s;Li:l.ir:rir,grps rh: laacL:" r llld rer rhere are orirer scurces ofcr;rrccn, i,r,-1.-rding

sub\ia)'svsrcms. grs 1ines, oil oiocilrts,;'0.,;r griCs, ..r:rlrLur,r;Llcrl:s;rsrcms. * nrer dams, and pubiic ser ic,x rr:,1:righr bc ernc|crl ro lnl:liL,L

rn:ss ciesr:Lrcrion. triosr oi rhese al ,r:rrL.rJo.l :rnd colrLoiic,l !:1. orr-prter slsternr end ife ir tiie orirri,: recLrr riuli rhus rr,ore

'L|rLr.Liricdrar rilitarr or eolcrnnenr sr.scens 'lir :LiLrLrate tlr t, .r:rL ,rt: ;rr:| ,:laaack, :, lur,e :00: \rory in dre ,'r:,)n,,qtr,r .&rr or: ri Qr:rrrr r.i|:,rerroris:: grre o arecJore xboLLr r ri.rrj1., i)r.ljter wno allcqr:cji.frrt;into the SiAD,{ slrrcrr ar rLizon;i, i,r.icr, c F-oo,",.l, il"n,;,, irir;l,Lnd could hrvc, rccoLcing to rhe a,ricl::, ur:1:rshcri milliois .Iglllons (ir;

nrter and rh,rs rhreatened the neilriil,fririr r:ommuniritr. I-lo"trer., :,

r. l.: .. .\--..or ...stoq' to be clrggclrrerJ rnci s:rirl drrr Ll: i,acl<r could ror llve r:sked or

cirmrged irlcs oL propeLryTo assess chc porenri.rl thrcrt ol cvlr:rrerrrr:sn, Dcruing rrrggesx,l

rh.rr nlo qucsrions be ashcc|| Are d)cr3 riflets d:at:Lr'c lLrln,:L:rble rorrbrLr$:rchi .r-ni rre rhere .rcroLs (i:r, :,,rn ri:e rbiLirr l1!;c l|r jnori$-1iL,:1 !o rre.Lrtr r!r.n rrtrcks? The rurr.g lo dte fir;L clrerLion is;rrcrjricrl irii.:ucturc svsr:,:mr rre conDi.r: r:rl Lheretiorc icrLr,i t,:orr.. ...: . 1.8r. .) c..

'l::.Lltn:C" rgrinsr oursidc mrnipLrl:,ri,r: rr,Lilcl oe ec;rsrcL ir': in,irlr,r.,icri,!g::i.n. o. ;,r .o,,.e.r etdl rer)1,,r{s, ., cituie corst.,a:,1. i,..rr..

a',')rr it_r.r.j.ii;r

llJ' r"li.ir (ii rlr. srloitl lirr;srl..^i,iccrrrlir:: rr ( t:.,!,, 1i,,..r,:sicc:.:.o,lp1!r,':i o,!,r L:r:riir;c,:s ;rorscs Lirc sp;riii,: rrr:'rrri,::, hr;r l,r,r'rii!i,i-, 1-. :'rn iL sfc.l4li;:cti .iCrl,\ r;sLrnr " .-l lt:e ts, ri:a rrsc, rler rssrirlli,; oir.:r.Lirjrr: ,rn rr:r:lo7:r or r:r-c:,r;ir,..,: ,:i: r;i:rr::i lri);tr)l l. i..sr.n lr. i!ir;t ?-0{t2 rr -rLrsLr1ii.ri rnr r:i:9rirl ro Jlsci:,,rlr e nlilicl e:li,-.lr oi: ray s.l.',x:i. i.rg ilr::lsLrlri,r :rL:rsiriL:t(ior:rr, r:ing drc s:wrgr crea,:rrenr ola:t! conrLrr:r sr;ct;:: 'Il.t prliL:::C*colc;i:ri Llat re !,r,t.,..ork:rt lor rhe cotlrpo., tilr rLcsignec rnr ph,:rsro,Lrol rofrvnLe. ft is rossibt:, ofcourse, rtr;rr src| disgru:riea tnptor-eer rrig|L'oe Lccm)ter1r.r;' reLLorin group:, sur ever jl rirc r:rorisis dt.Lenlst insrLl,: help, rh: degr.ce olCmaee rlrtl,coLrll c,rLrsc rroLLid stiil i_.e

iinitcrL..is Grcer argLres, rhe emplorces oiconpanics rirrt lanLiic pol.e:grids, oi1 and grs uriiides, and comrnlrric:rtiorr are.r.eLl Lehcrrscd lrrl':riirg.r'it! $e f.rlloLLt fion huuicares, eoorls, tornrdo:s. rrC orhcrn...,:i:li ,lisrsreri. Thry arc :rlso equalil.ade;:r r:r conLrining ell.1 reJn.d1.irq pr':i.ri,:*r rlur.rrrnr irora hu-'rm caus:s.

lrlri:r; iira'r,r ,rirr etreririlr': ro ir refc,r rjricd "C,,.irc: l':r:oL: prls,:..rlr .r .rtr .,.\',r ..(, .., I,- .

ir:h,rol lllfSr ir,Uor,rr:rri: Cr.ll1bLnia." .iccoL,-liie Lo i-rerrinc, lher"r,rLr sjrr,;::h:rr r.rrlLis;; gtnual[, hck drc m."lins l-r.j j:rnr.n rroLrus:,:,:1,:,:i lr r,orrr lr;Lrl:.r rhi: lirolve atl1-tling rriore rhrrr r.rnoyirl; iru:,rirri,,.:lv i,rmr rss ir;rcls. -f!e

sr,'ldy c-rlmired ive crr,:sories ot Lcriori;:Srr)llr .jrIrJr-,erjourIr scp..rafist. revoh!1l.l;rrr. r::ligioL,:, lri:,r i.ge,ar,l i*rLighr *rLtmis';. Cf gesc, only rircLeligioLrs grouos rir! xdrLLd!:iliirel.r ro seelr rirc crp;iciy ro irflict mr:slvr derlrge. firclcr groLrps, :hes Lirct' rj cr ern..rr ed, :rre psvchologicrllr, od crgl::lizrrionrlir,iil sLrireci Loc'ir€rre.rl:rm1, ::nd aly rn;rssirc dismpcior oi the iriou3(jorl ;nlja,srr', rcnLrc '.r'otid rur courtcr to lheir sel[irrr.fesr.

,\..,1,xr iire! ir Ocrcber t00C, rhe Nt.S grcup kjueri r recon,l rcpo, r,llls rnc cyuirirq li:e riecisicr:-nr,.jrg prrccss L1 rvhic! subscrtr:r.rLL':; r:nagri u rn.id resisr?nce Jcleirr rcl opetrir:,r:l nr::rocr,,ir,r,rr.: r,,!,,Lr.Lrcrisr,r ,\s Iletlu;tg rciqri rLl, rlis rrpoit rlr.. :ho.,r:

' ' '''ri i '\ "lr::i:'l.v:rp:11, 'Tc[rLi.rn ]n"e not 13r ;',r"it"t".] int'o:mrri,.n rrchro],;,r",r:<, rl:,:r rrrLrti:r' rrrl rrcri;.., rrLi rlgr.i ilrr l,r;ri,:;r l:qr,:r: nrri;,r,i :rrl ( ro.lrt. nny n:elrir:\rir inlcsrxli.iri ,r)ro on. gr.Lr:r ,. .

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I']:rd HrrLoL."lre L:rults rl'e!e firr lrom C.tir,:ntirg: thc ir;rclir:rr irjicciio,;rash drc I nr:r ,re r, .rlrh o Lrgh rhet' did ci, rLsc rt{rr rtlic danr;rgr:. .'i rclr I ir g

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I:r tr1a;r 2C0/r, clberrerrorism expert :\ncl1..Cuns olDertmoLLrl lloi.. i. L-hnol r :. por , .l

l'o:LLcuc:ism sisulrtion nmed Opcrlrio r l.ivclvile,"i untiiLrr[i]r rrrerr rhc prcprrerir:es rl:;he Ul1iced S!,r.s iLr Lir. trtnr ii,, ,r,rlor r'1.r'rLtrclr Itircur.corrnEr!tCoastst.rexrici!J,iVresr(-r:,rr.r.t:,r',rL;rl

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erlorcemenr, :'r",gi ,r'l emergenci 1.\,iLrse i.r,!orLs, :1 ,:rr Lurl"n',:,,Lrrenrri Sccrus: oi rhe rnonyLr, ous,utrc ri rl'bertirrirr r:,ri, :r.:. :, l

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rilrL lrc gore cn ior r.ten, ard the 5ir:rcr,al SccrLriry !-gc:rq,' :iii riL.':r:

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conpure:s ir drir coLrnrry lhat arcl.nriollised."1r Crrrs fhJ: rlrtr::rorgh sirnul*ions like Operarion Li';c"'irc, ulLLable jcs:,:ns cr,:, illcrlcC or horv r':LrioLrs agencics shcrritl lcspord ro qbeLrtrci:s nril,ir1i rheir o!, 11 spc.ric vulnerabilicies r;e.

hl,lu2005 e CLd cc,ncjucted r sinlirrtu: ol.r sophrsri*rcri n.:' :.c. .r '. .." U....r 'r':e .i (.ler. r '.

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ously consicierjng adding cyb€rrcrrorism ro rhejr arscoal. ,,V&ilc bjrLaden nuy irave his fing€r on rhe nigger! his grandchildr.en r:ray have!h€,, 6 .ser. o , he co rp-rrer mou,c. ,ejnar.red Frank Cit.rr0o of rreOl'{cc ol Hon -l.no 5e-uriry in lr: emer r rh 1r hr5 bee r *:de.} c;.eCVerton, for exarnple, argues rhat'hl Qae& fhasl shotn itselfco har,e arincesant apperlre lor modern rechoologl'and pro{jdes nrjr:lerouscilallons fiom bin Laden and ofi€r al Qaeda leaders rhar show theirrecognirion ofthis new cyberweapon.J, Aller rhe 9/11 arrlacla, bnr Ladenstated ro an editor ofan A.rab oewspaper thar ,'huodr"a, otl4,,rti*,"t-en( sls \ver. {:r\ hirr / ho wodd . r;hc.- knowledge . . Lrng.ng frorncomputers ro electronics againsr rhe infid€ls."r3 And indeed, U.S. troopssearching the caves in Afghanista-o found plans by rl eaeCa to attackcomputer sysrems ler sending al Qaeda recruhs ro uain jn high"techsysrems. One oi: chese recruirs was llHoussaine Kherclrtou, a thirv-six-year-old Moroccan who joined al Qaeda nr l99 t

"nd *,a.s s"it roiea,:,

n BF.Le.nnr.,hoo'ofs,, rillanceao:Abu Jv'onrnlea--tu.u .{i, ?h.lureric"n 'u-rc- ou oined orherrr"ilcc: rn rr,irrsclc,:ror daLr-b."es ro e.rn Jbor.' poren!.L u-ger, srch a, o,;dgei.rd,.rajor (por,stadiums. A-fter hjs baslc ftaining, hc joi1led al Qaeda's eleotronic work-shop ar Hyarabadin Peshalvar, Pakisran, rh€ c€nrer ofal Qaedat rcsearch

"rrd de'elopner r for 'org.ng ofele,rronic aoc...nen(. mca.rgc cncod.

. 16 ,no cecoding. ercrlprion rechrique,. aod mernods ot bre,rt<,rxe.cryprio1. )eve,r. n&ler groJps lL*e.al.firiated rhen.el"e. wjrn jQreda o, \nn rhe globrj ihad. indJding dl Qreor At.irnce Onrin.,whr-! ,ppeared "frer

(ri- and con.i,red of rhree P,ljsrani hacker

ttoups) and, more recentll OBI Cter; Islamic Hackers, and ,\fthanH"cLers.

luture tefroris$ ma)' indeed 6nd more possibiliiies. for cyberre$or-im rhan do l-: renor- L" orroody. Fu:Lncrmore. rhenexrgeneraLron olterrodsrs are nolv grolving up in a digital wodd, one in which hactrirglools ar€ sur€ io become rnore powerfui, simpler !o use, ard eajie( toaccess. "Cyber relorism," says Denning, "couldalso becomc moL.e :nric-tive as rhe real and virtual rvorlds become nore closel,v coupled, whhauromobiles, appliances, and o(her Cevices artached to the Intelner,Unle* r_e,e su.rcm, a e care[ully.e. l"eo, cond,r.rrng an perr-iorr,h.r:onys.c.ul. h"rm" oneonc may be.r , ..v:r, penerrrri,rE a \ eb <.rr lrodr,.' -\e noLior o couuLed I r.,-: o, ,sc ol r,3BIihc,! .o,.,

ll6VbertelTorisni

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171

bining convcnrional srrikes and cyLerrtrachr), is the nost alarning, i'or

ins&incr, a terrorist group n'ight sim"lraneousll' erplode a i:omb at rtlain station and laullch a ctberatrack on the communlcations infia-srrucrrre, rhus compolm<iing the clestructive impacr ofdre event.

IrcnicCly, success in the rvar or. terror is like1y to rnake terrorists rurn

increasingLt ro uiconlenliona1 weapons such as cybeneuorisn, Thechallcnge before us is to a.ssess vvhar Feeds ro be done to address this

!fibiguous bur polenrial thrcat ofcybeire orism, but to do so withoutinflatlrrg irs real sigtificance and maoipllniing thc leaL it inspires. Thetiieat of ryberterrorism may be exaggerated and manipuiated, but we

dare not deny or ignore it,T}re Lrse of rhc Inteurer by terrorisrs $ described in fie preceding

tluee chapt"rs has led several socieries, and in panicriar the UnitedStates, to rpply co unterterrorism measures on the Net,In lhe n€x! ch?p-

ter \\'€ willeramine th€se re$onses.

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COM!!'IINC *RA\]SNAT]ONAL TRIMI -

The Convenrion coversL def.nitron ol rrrsnr.ional org"nrzed cr.me':2. scopeof,oplicrLion:1 p-r'r iplron n crimrnalorgrn.zr',on ,

,r rn6 1'y Lunderirg.5. the crimlnal iiabiliry o{ busiless undertahil,rgsl6. efflciency of judicial proceedings artd sentelces;-. -onli .c.r'ior.S. .r ,nsprler-c ol Lr"n.a" ion".

'0. extr ,drrjor

I i rruLU. ,r"':rrrnce,

These subjecrs include money l+undering qd confiscationi Theproposed h;rrmonization oi legislation od these marte$ cao certainlyhelp to strike at the resouic€s of organlzed crime, so affqqting irsope-ar.onrl "oil,ties and irs irpac.ty ro enjoy rrs ill.cir profir".Ner.ertheGjs, there is the implession rhat, for the rest, even ii useful toimpro"e institutjons for cooperarion that akeady exisr, no decisivee./e" qill b" ,!.hie"ed .n rhe figlr rgarnsr transr."rio:r.rl crime.Slmultaneously a parallel initiative should be taker to proflote the realr-rerra,.orri-i-,or of poLce lorce,. .Jrhoug! tl., i\ r d.Trcu.r .a'lProbabLy the ciimate is not /er ripe to rea.lize ir. The creatjon ofEuropol, which is a lirst step in this dire-ction, nrus! be \r,n$lyweicomed and lrs work mr-rst be lollowed and evaluated rvirh great care,

having in nind its possible future exrension.

L orucd j F ,.k c's,zo

269

.v,

Responding to Transnational Crime

RAYMOND E, KENDALL

- Trmsnational crime is a majoi challenge facing rhe world communitlin general and rhe global law enforcemen! commtnily in parricular'

Too'ry, .L: corrL'pring e.lecLs reach tro "uert seg:_en' ol our socieLy

Vhan o.. at"rn,n,t (rr-s. irrontl crrne clocel/ - ) r€rollv

apparenl that only :r smrll porrion of it is random crime. The vast

na,iority is highly strLlctured orgxnized crime At intcrpol we have

defined orgaoized crime as 'aoy enterprise or group of peqsons engaged

in a conrinuiag illegai acivity which has as irs primary purPose the

ge$eratian of profits iu'especrive of nationrrl boundarles', Succinctly,

the aim of eacl, and every organized criminal group is rhe realization of

laige {inancial prolits through anv neans) as quicLly as possible

Frnancial profiL rs der.r eo from every Po;srb e sodrce ol illegrl ;cti"rty'.ncluarrg .raffi-krng ,r .ecurL.ies. a m. deals. smuggling. Lh- theft and

fencing of stolen properry, corrupdon, Prostilution, gambling and, in

parr rular. Lraffic\ ng i.r and J srr.bur.on ol drug"

The Inrernrrionrl Morrer-ry l-und e Lirr.rre rhrr wrLhin 'Le -orldcrirnionl Interflily approximately US55C0 billion in iil"gotren gains

cbange hands annually. Tel years ago lhal ligure was US$35 bjlljon.Contrary to tbe old adagp, i[ se€ms lhat crim€ does, in iacr, pay

Transnatiooal orgaojzed crime is r sophisric:rced, diversi{ied and

widespread activiry ftal annually drajns billions of dollars from rhe

world's legitimite economy by unlawfulconduct and lhe consisleni use

of force, frauci ard corruption. Much of this untaxed weath derived

Irom criminal enterprises is being laundered rhrough osrensibly

iegiriurate busin6sses, The 'business straregy' ol such groups is rhe

colrllPiion oI borh public officials and private cilizens and 'business

.orroerition' is eliminrred bt ur melr ' Ve :re all i.'ir-s r''he cos s

of th ' .o,ruption ir. -n.u.rrbly pr*.o on to ,,te oubl ,e ror' causrng

an additioo:rl burdeo on stare social arrd €conomjc ProgrammesOr,gariized criminal gangs have become increasingJy sophisrigated in

usilg rheir profir, power and influence !o iosulile dnd prot€ct fieir.ier,-cl'y rrom ois o ery rrio pro.e-ur-on

aaJ\i3rTlNa :11:\Sr",! f ION,\i CiiJlar

'...: l:.\. .o -i:....T:r:r;r,r:iorr,ri lim: corLinLLc; r., r,,;-'.1:.cl rr,1 grr:,' trprn,:l:irll,r ' ir:

:rv t.trlieI terrs wlth SccLi,r r,i Yr:,r, .'rc1 e'rerr nirh iuLr |i":l irr tlrc19lis, dmg rn. o:g:.::ized c:-11.: lrrrtsri!.rtiorr',r:rt io.:LLs,::;:irrrrir'1r'

or rire Siciiir:: \1:,ii,r. lcC,r,, l:rrrLlri r:ceirer ,rl;r,,;es r,,i,,n:ngia.esrigrtlo:rs ol Lhe Sicili:.n )'l'rilr, :iri i.llr,orla, rho iiii:-ilqLreLi. :1'e

Chinesc Triris, llie jrplLlese llril..l:r1;rr, lh! r;rricus Crlonbrr:: ,r'r'i

Sor:rir -r.rreliurn crr-tels, r!e r,.:L,rr. n ::r:rc,vcle g;::ri:, l:rr 'iirrir -lilr:11rcrir:rin,ri enrerprises and clim,:':41 :Lg:.rl;:r.rions .--i E;rs; i:r.r:rop':rr"'\rirLr

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icijririj\, !LlLl.J11 in;lLrClng cl;,:rlrr; uri jreroir r:lil,:llnr rn.l .::'rrL:t'

hLrrJe:iog.i.r" eric:cemenr tround t|c . o,iri ts iincl:rg tllt ir.vcsrigrrriors oi

o:g.lnizei crin: organizariorLi :,:' much rnore co;:llii;::el :!:rr... L. ... .;o.. . I P ol -".o:l:r't As \re l1;rve se€n ir Li:c irrr fer"'errs, c:1r:re ls Io :'r;:r!.:IrlJbl rh: ccirs:r.rinr:r oi na!iot.ri rotiers T!c viiesprclj i-'r:lirlc:ll,elncr-i:, social anc lechnoioli.xl ulliiges dlrt ha'rc crcl.rei n-rt|ir:

:he [sL L* o dgcrries ir;Lle rlLo'":d LrLgr:'.ized crieir;ri grc'r,ps r.' blc:'t"incre:rsnglr rctile in the inre.riti.til :''renx

These groLrps use rhe ii:ir:.1iil e.rse oI i.i.iirillior.l rr.l!.i,Lib,:nlize.l er::igrarion poLicie;, erpu:sion oi irce lrrie. irigh'LtciL

corr:r-,:nicr;lons equlpme:t rLrcl sophisticrieri rr:o:'-':i' Lu::c::ln3

recLrrLio":ts to enlrnce rnd Iurr!gr;hcir climine: eijlorts iol ilsLeirce, in

li:sL cre :lless,rge re receivr concernirlg rn Erri" :rcp:r'r o:grrizeri

crir-,e glcup, dr,:l in"esrigaticl rLriglt irvolve nl!pllcrrlc irlorr.-lirlior

lrom S;aiLr,,':d the USA, brnk lecorcs in S'rirze;irt:c' tciLirescs 'ILesiderces end businesses in Geln*n,'r.rnd ?ohnLi, r'r'j prssporr

.:o:. P r' .:.rnd I

To quo"e one erantple, the InterpoL Genenl Secrerarl:'r ls crrlrtnLiv

assis:ing in arr irte:ntion,rl i;rvcstigatio:r, kto*n rs Operr.rior'BL:rcL

Po-ici', "hich incLudes CoioLrrLir' lrn,:n;r, Gcrrr'rn,r' rhe

Ncrhe:l:r:rds, Belgium, Albanirr .,nd l.ithrLania The lnlestig;tiort:crlres,r;ou.rd :

'r,elf iinrnced Coiorll'irn organizxiion rvrosc :lcrni:'els

op.fn'Jc ln Bu.}lTrr.rilnga;nd 3:grri, Colcnbi.r, 'i:l:lc L'r':'- lLare

i1t'eicpe.l r:e rec!'noLogy or c!cirrslly to nix.ocirNc !'idloctbriii:iliCLi xir: ct!.er subsr;,rce: rurj: s irol i:lirrss rr tl 'r:rrlrteors::':ur sr',,rs ro:erCer rlt i:irpo.rnd ver, liii:':',ir :rr; .1cr:rr ir.".,'.,,1i,,,.',1 :r.*:,s. ThrcLrgl: :n::rslr rl s,:ilr': :i:r 'rlr:rlr::i:lli

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[!S!CND]liG iO l iLr!\SNll lOl'iri! Qf'lLia

rculirFly rh|ongh Inre:pol cj:rrnels Llte Cen::;Li -srcren:irt r.rs

s.:t.rrli!e.1 srrong Lir:1* l:cL: ecLr sli: sit,rri.*r:r seizLL::s in Colornbr:. rn,l'r.urrlc rh,rr lare Si",:l j.,"e;rlg;iors rr ,:rcj" ol :Ie ii'.t rr,enrione'l

:''.sr,Lrli n.c: L.rr iorr:'. rrLlr oi r 2i:,r:l :n::gglL;r: e:r:i :l.r:lLc:itrg

str'.rt;1 Lievlse'j by $e C.lorrrLrir:r LLrllicIer: lL ,s "'orth r:entioringh.:r:, rl:r rs r rerLrir oi,:rr ir::rrrriiare r.s;:rr',:r lr ri,r lr.i::lol Cen,::ll

Sr:rri.,rixr r.o i,riellig:r.e f:*ivr:i ircr:r ri.c \erire:hrri:, l:re:rclll,qoti '.u ;ri:1c ro isolrrr : s,,sprcr siiir,:,rrr ri ;o-ci:lc:i r;i,t:r ;ccrirLe

:eire ir crLrll i-.e er:oorrc,l:v iir irtigirr' lle s!ipn:rr rLrrrr,ired lliir: rt ioc;irc -lhc erx.rr;1 :rrrt:rigrLicrr t'r Ctlomoi.r :crrir'::1 ir rhree

,rr,'esl;. i,rcii',1ing cnc oi rlr riicLr:isrr rrc:rire: fr rhr r:-rliicliilgolgrlizrtir.r. This rs m trtrllerr t:::,n-oie oi:he crolilinrrrrg rclc rire

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E;Lsi Lurope:n orgarizeLl r:rille hrs bccn connonl;'. lri i:r:orrecrrl ,

i.r5cL1;;i 'l', LirL,'r,edir rs'1r.1:rsirn,-.rgu,z,':, rlirlr'. I Ie': r,inc g:'ri.:l:

cnrnriir:3 i oLr lhe lor,i-.rr c:rr;:ru:rsr ,:lrlrr ir: c,l r r::r, r l:rropc rrLi

:hc rrpulll.-s oi tlrt iorllcr Sovier l-rnior ro:e ,: dc,rriil ri:rerL

,r';elnr'ircn,ii1-r' i.i tire nu:ri'cr ol :rint s,nJiclcs risc s:eriliiv f ire

.. t.. . ....: . : :

op:r':iilg irtllirLrcrrlii, e:r,:i,:iLing Lirr S,i0r: :o 1i,C0i rpe:rrir,g ln Lhe

li: : .o... r . . ; rr'.:_r'it'1,alii orerrrbers. ,\ll ele cr:g:3criil ri':Lcrl.rtir crir,inrl Susil':r;es, olien'' .r :r .1.. .' :,,, :i :;..i l'' ' L - :oL

ItrL:sir, ud mosl oi tnis norey is i11 Lhe ionrrol ol L[ese crime

Irr l\rsi;r,iseli. tbe ;roiic: rLLtirc,rLtit: ,rr"'e stmggieC ro hcep p;Lce

''iti t1:c raheo.er oi Legitirt::e f,usincs-'ts i:;y crlne s1':r.licrres The

ir.res: il,ussi-.rn pollcc ligLrres 5r;rrc !rnlil.lC! .omp:,lr:s r:r lo": run 5v

Lhcsc;rime glcups, as teii rr 5t per cc:rr oi:hc b'uirs:,i11 S! ter ccnr

oi rirr ioirr venturer t-i',h Iorelgr liri:rl lle'rrll' :': Rrrrsi:rn L-arhers

il,rs ireer rrLLrder.ed !n Lhc grst ir,-r rr.rs rlleqillv io: i,rliirrg t ccnrltwirl ri:e :e11:iremerts ol Lhr llussian '-fhie;:s ir, in'

The'Ti:ierts in Lrr'rrt r Lcrselv crg:nizcc g:oup ci rlir: crirrlriItrtirls' wirose rocts rtc.r r,oL:r 5l:gs h l,rlrr-r Sov::l r''ilsrr: Ti'.c- r:e

seLrcrrri !; th,:a prlso,r p:er; ir, u,:mbersiri2;:ld ,-,osrrre:rr:cr rodc'

oi :rn,ir:cL ir is 5rj''reii Lh.ri Lr.r'le.'cl lirieles ir: 1 .rr ' irr'": irclL gi trr,:.rrr.ril,lir l.r' cLrrrr ir: r' rrr'::irrg,r;r,':,:r:l: in Lii,:';:,'rr. !Lrrrre

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.o",u^r,*l ro"nr.r'rrto"^, .o,nnt'- ]

rhe USA :ud Crnada These cliuriLrals are genenLly Lctrer edtcated and

-..,.-," lo.'.,llv lti,l'" 11 . rne t1p'r: o grrLz:; r- 'l' l-, ,r."r.ro "-t, 'rhe'o'cr: :'"rLe5 I e_:;: \l i''

-i."t.,-l, t.f'..1.'"g o.g r':z.t: n'conLrol Lrecrrgrr'k r" 'bsnl',ari Airlc,

"od op'"*r. Crug distriburion nciworks frorr,l slretegic

to*inn, ,lrougLou, tLc *o,ld Nigttian cotrtiers or inCivirLuais iro'n

"ti"': .ir,t"t"t**;t"d by Lle Nigerians, cransPort c large poriio! ci

rhe heroir :rbused in rhe USAs rhel smuggle Sornh'Anerican cccairre rc

".rro.,nd ,,,-, . p.c :lly (ou AInc ' rrd leu )ito-rfrrru4rr,,."'."1,

"-.o,;. . ufi'", '.j ;n r: se a- LoEur' pe rndoLhe co'---'ie

.n we. f,1,,..,.\.g:r:.r. .rrffick:ng orb.n:7lL,or'q are e"L'li n d in trc oo r:'

r,' .i-],ns.rn.re.o'aia'rd:rt rLe mrrke solererr\eroin<o:'" m ;r , on. l1.y ir""c lorgeo oL.r,"-ion: rir\ 'oc'r' P oCu €'j rn 50-tlr

1m.,.." .n,l cre:ed perm.r.n "Lrbuto- ne wo::': no on); :t

Lfr,.", b* oLro in futoPe' Ens! Asia irnd countries oi tLe former Sovier

Union.One lrnusual aspect of both the Nigeri'' *af{ickers and rhe East

FL oo .rn .:.r rnd -rr. l:r :-eelhei "'ii: t '' : :- ' o

". lr'; -.'.'... . ing"':'., ' ";L Lher org - -en r 'n e P' Lr? . '':

il Co," Xo'"" ',ain" Colornbiar cartels This al'iiit1" anJ :rilii:rgLr''ss

. a.,l, "fl"** and negori*e for rerritories lgain deLnclslrares d1e

,.-r-,.". f h..e,u, :-.o p rc tL- r' I i'r ':- c:r' I..gi.. rt. .l..n r-on' o co-rr'':rs F r -i': le {' r 'r rrir'

^ oupt wor'(.ng -.rl' -h"'olo It ;":(l) e )rrL 1 - -'o

i".r;'"* rt .1. if.* "f

nussian n'eePons ro Marrrst guJlilL;rs ir Sour;h"

^r'"t,*lrJ rofrr--i"e p,Lr"rnilitarv groups in Colonbia 'rntlI

s"rge o!

ro. :.rc llcs-ng :nLo R'r''.r'---ifrit...a,o it"ifi,"te laundering oper:tions hrs also resrireC in the

" ,ger." ol 'ign.fc,n g: zeo cri'r'e illL:'rc" .r'd o-r '.l i - r'

."'-rur , in rhe Crriooer , w h we-ket - onrn:e' or e'oxo:r1r''

.t; nr on,uoolvnefnrnr:rl ,e:-i'e< Are'en: 'r'u ol h- ('1nttr

;',;;, t;;j' ;o 6,nk or he l:nd o'itr :"eL'of 'bo' JSS' l

",t;;" ",.", L(St5.n. l,.rto e-rchofrl eur'.on'2 )n(':. id'nr'

"r,--,;,*,1""^a,rc o Irn.o[27o 'ho:€cr"ls r:] eu-(rl1

", i i ," n,'.r," .' .. b nri ;d on. uk'-:r.i rr o'r:l ' p':rel', ".t" ,1,"" ' .l ::: "o2'' \U'rL p:' i Le"rcr'r'rr"

,o..e-1.: ..-u: v Icr'e r'n * l.runCq:int:n r'' r'1 |1r ",, I - r .- .rd oltre. Fgot." . .:1.. tl,. Tl i ,: rr. ': l. n '.q1" '

. i!SIONDiNC TO II(ANSN,\TIONAL CAI},!F

not onl)' rhrough dr.;g rrri{icking l-,ur also orcsrirrriur, erroliion.iliegal lmnigLarion and {muJ opelarior:s.

_Money iaunderilg x one of rhe hLrge challerges ftcing lrn..lorcen.:.r r9 r.. .. 5.r ", Ll.e.,.,i; n'e::-.-or,.o.;.r zeC ,r:'r-e Jn I nd ,, r I - r cir <. tL.ro_oe. ?rL. .i-crir:rirral money is suspecred ol being behird a number of laiee propertyrjerls. This is all parr of rhe process ro make di.q,,non.y;l.gitin,orr,throngjr a ihiee srage processl

! pL.,lrE- vh,reflorc/. r,no\ed or-r lim.nrl r,;rn.zrLo..oIegrrim"re bu.ine,. u.| ", b-.rl o. .n-ll Lrm.

o rr' i-d - -i,"n i' , mr:re ' r.rr rre.eei:r. r re uri i. ot r.r:r brnr, o.trrmi

a integvtion - athete jt is fioved or to other- leglrmate, xsets such.,rsoci.s rrc ooros. oe-r. :ir.,e-rrr'.r5ep-ooer. I cle.e.op-er.. r-.

tLrus hidder hom l.,w eniorcemenL

'\,r,., c Flprocr"e g.o" l...r.:e le.".o,n.€r. nl ..- o rr.. c.c.,,_o-,:r: o. .1.-ol t," :-... )L-c i.c....t Lteg.oi-lor::r.orinir;rsrrucnre js:rorv a realiry ,rnC nrrion,rl rc lnrern,rtion:rl borCers rreriie*i.'e!' disappeal:rg. AlrircrLgh aivrrces in ccnmunjcarions andcoLrputel rechnolog,* ars creating unpr€ce.j!.ted inrern::ioral busiless.lo-r r r.(.. '\" e r .r : o,.,: r1. .o i..,.rr; r.t .., n .n.

"1.ecr."ere. ol lrr.e,lo..erncn. ",ri .",.: r periornr.,E:,. i. o.)The sarne rechnoLogies rhar have lrarslolmeij rhe globe inio the ,globrlr,illage'.iol legitirnatr. coornercial purposes are also beiog useri oy gioupscngaged i:r dmg trrfficiring, terrorism, econcmic crirae, trotfi.liing inwerpor-.s rnd rle smuggling and rr.af{lcking oi human beinrs

,

, INTERI OL

V..I rh.ra; "hanger.r r' . a o.rr.o..rf. v .?reoo., Inierpo ...:r rn.*.,r..rs - pcrseLo rr<l.i.orrjrr.r:.)I :no c' Ll or.l:.r".poI lr,d. go.re or.-r:'. -1. r.g. .rr n3 ir r. ej .ri bc .g rnrd..o ,lc ,.r:.

'". ..1 , .. t.:e.. r I :... .. r ror.... . n

..c'.,.1.S arr : t:. r'er " .-rr;.r.r"dr er.u., i .,. -.ol.-:Lcti... fo.uel., r -cne"l. i,r.r..,r:o..- o.r.r.:

': .rro:-i"r. .' ..,:rs. "r"i y (:. , ,. ??.,"

COI,JBAT]NG "]'NANSNITTONAL (]RiI\'E

1-.1.. e. i oll .. Jr s. roL :c ..o go I . i. o .

.oLr{ries tLe nredjun for cornri|nii:arlon ors Ltlorse cocicl ToiL}.InLer:ol bo;rsrs lr eificien:, sec.rre rncl relhblc relecotrulrnl..rirorssl,sr..t fiar links e:rch of rle Liior;ol l'lational Cenrr.ni ki:.e;,.:s b-, ."-

:::rll -:rc givcs rrc: rec rccess to :r ,:;:::r.rl dat:rbrsr of iri:,r::rrirrl r ,r

rnte::ationrl crime ;LrC crlmirris. lh*e rerneins, lr.n"e.:.r, mr.ir r. :e

Fr;sr, r'e nrsL ur,ierr:ke .r r ,:rliryi.le cooliirr:rLj rrri ,:cr;.r, r-j'.i[r enicrcemenr resi]onse th;r1. i: ci:nsistenr rvlLi: the iLLriirm:r:irtdem:cntic :rirciples ol iusril f 1:r,t ::rtr:rs arrrcl::rg r,r'gr:rlzirl rLi,r:lgrorLps strongLr' anJ hvlull;'r"-ll:in lhe boLrndrriel ol c;ch;iictieclco.r:.:r.;'s lur rsCicrion rni dren r,: i:i r:e .rl !-.rop r.i,rrr, slrring iir resrl,rinr...:..-...1.n ..'rr on rLl.oL.. . coun.r"

il acdition ro excranging Lr.:esiits;itlre dat;r. rqe trl:st lriplcr.c i,ni,sl_r r,hrch ro incr'eise the e;;r:hrlee of lrrl erforci:trlerrr.rL:liLcci

-rechnology rrrl lorensic Er!rl.lir. I|:erpol ccrri:rrur io exrloicilirlr,tlves ro srr,ndarciize ho*.h. eriorcerrenr ::g:oc1cs ccile'.:r, rn:lyse,sro:c ard uiilize erlCeDce of crii.-:rDal ,:crs. !i'e conrirue Lo s,;ri r: roinp: ovc the le.rel, jntensily an:i q,ultr.,' ri lnvesrlg,lrllc coorar,rtil'n eniiilior:n,rrlon.shrrlng itmong liirv .li.rl.em€nr itejlcles rriricl ih.

1;::e:-rol h:s and musr conrirue :.r sn:."e as a !:iege rhrL llLrirs iir,: irr:'enlo:cerntnr .',gencies oi th: r'er[] Onlv lirl rhc tlrir;:rred.cor.iirtlor ol rhc lar,' erfor*r:;Li rgricles oi tle rr:riri rsir3 irr.,-:L:1I ;ne3t !h€ c!rllenge oi dre cr.:rr r'.ll ,:here b:- r rr t.L,rirr;irr .i,:r !:r:r'.rpon rhe clininals and c:irne glo,rp: trrr r:orv crll tlr; eu,lrr: q,.j'.1'rir.ir!onr Crr s c eonr:n;e ro igrl r p:o .tn ru.'esl:iiiiif. ,lr,rli.,iis, rf.tr ,,r,,rrd::ccrer perctr'ations, elecu,rrlic lTcnlorirg, ccrrrcll:d:reli'r:.r,.:r:1. irior:rant :rrren:enni Tle l,:r'c: is ro. The probien ls e.,,oi..,ri

. o :'. .-..o.1: ' : ,.r... .

1n th; corrrxr ol rrs geremL,:ifrrrs Lo sLrpplv r::ejrrb:r c.ur!r-ier-yirlriLlior:r,rrlo:t.ir(nr! various crimrrri cr[erprisr:.Lr:r] ,:rli'i-|rris, Llc

.'..n.niL l: ....: o.... r. .,

1956. rs studling aLl rspects of t!c crgrrnized crinie issLc lhe L:ng,rcrn..:.. o. .n- :...... o crerr" ' :. r iu. drr-b- " o ..r:. ( nc

r, e.rgr6ed .n :. r .llegrl .i.r..) .: o. I

.:rner-,rlc iiLicir rrotl!s In conr:r'cr: ,ams. rhis neans Lh:LL Lt:c i.lrcjt'r

llEslONDl^..c ia,r t !.r,r-SN"r\ fio:riJ_ Ctnnt.

s Lo ,rsrf.irLls! anci conriluousl;,' LLpLinre I romp:rle:.rzrd iiie oll''''''l'l

iute:natron.rl rri:iijcirlo.s th;i crgile lr. conLin.roL:s ;rirrjr,:j

e ro rross cirrci :rri rn.rir.;t :ll Lrl|:,.:r.rrrr,:r or-: o:gr::iue.1 :rirre:rri 'ri:r:11 rr rrcr:r'u: r :.oLrnrrrL:;

e io iriss oo ri1rel€rarr irionxiorr ir., r'1,,rt :!rcrllrr i;Lrer, b:rllerinsL.:.r-is, ilLcirrir.r:il rLries. :rr. I

: t-o::ln r,r,:,r'il:l,lri ,Lcirr't .rnl ,rr*r,:l:r :,lir:rr.rr:es, siur,-.cs:r in.l.. ... ;r .J : :.

il orrlcr ,:o c::,rit,',ri inr,,,se drt.r iror: i;re rrgirnizrr.rr, s c.:rr,1liz.dri;t,rbr:e, r nLrlrber' ri oii:ci,rls rr tlir: ger:er',ii sccrerrrirr hrlc r,eenLr,rineil ar cliue xnxirsjs aoC lorc lorir lhc rlLiy,:i:rl crirni;:rrlinrciliqcrce unit (ACiL').';ri|zlng slair.oi"r|.-i:ir rr:rivLicaL scii,.rre,this r-Lr:rt h,rs becr Cesiglel rc ,r:rsure tir;u iull etir',rnrr,te c..r bi rrtel o!tl:t Lllrllir oi lnlolnuricr, ;!r'i is storei :r Inrolpri's cr;rninrLilir:nr:icn rrsrer!, lioi r:r:rep,:, 5;.er:rrblishing t!c li:rLs !crteer:crires rnd ofie::rlers ud Jisse:rrinalng thl: inrcrm;Lrion lore:rpi':irrLririn ir), l', ,n.".'r",. co.:r:rres, irrer.coi plo.irLes l:werior:crr,:nr ;'ilh lai..ntle tii rcti.l:rr.'.-l: crir,inri inrel-iqrrt,

Or: on.3oing erolcL:r ri [:Lt: L!r r',r.grnizr:l cr]ars !lr:cI oi r!c{ClL ls !i!e go,rrcsL projecr',h;:r dral,;..r:h coile::,.:g,r::r: r..rlrs|rg:rio:'1rrLIn corcrrni::g !i:. E:,!t [!].oi-.ii!:: irlrNc sl.,Ioicrk,s 1r-,3n!icnBJrL:,'ro.:ri1' I:-, thrt,,cln irrre:rrl hrr r,,:;r;r *r'cr,,l nel r.:oic:rs ol

''':.':'irrtsLrit;t:ons oi these glor:D,

.l ..... ..r .. :

:or,tlin.,ri::! lntcrl;Lri:,:ri rnr: LiomcsLic il.l5!i:r1r:ir: this i.ecLrir:s. or' g:. i .. ,., .

rl,urrrirg irc irv.sti"ati." rLrDl-to tc e,1.ti c:hrr.]r1 rrile: ic con:rti::rcr:rrrion:j orgiuize,l c:tre. Crrrrrr,s r.or.k ro:eric: , li.;erior.'cliellt r-,1rsl.1o ihe s;Lne.

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lrll1O8 TERRORINCO]ITORATID '".,)

MrLslim countries? The answer, for rhe tine belng, is !1ol Reaolorizirgthoseregror. snere 1s.ar.r. erol i, oreecrug r. nor re:,rL,le. e en il rj:r, , vhrr'hF BucL ,rorn.n (rrr-, .n i. plec've t rrrerprog ro d.). f.- "r,. i\y",.er.colonizarion is gone.'Ihe difficr.ri!ies encounlered jn re.butlding Afgharisler,rhe ^Lrrrrn.eof *o'd.e,rders ob:.krr"U.c. i-v"<.o orl.aq, nr .o:iical !nstabiliry ol the ne* Iraq, rhe split betrveen rhe LI.S: arld rew Lulopa

"r.do.dE.rcpe rre-,1 rgn' ri rhe or rger ,oo'n.nt "h"rd. rne .'re..:of....

ro! fo rever p resent in lhe minds of Vesterri p o licy-mak€rs, js a co dtc D_1

reninde! dlar maior charges in Weste(n Joreign policy are needed, Wa::,is

not rhe besr opdon, ko icallt, any corfliet Nill boost the Nelr.Iconpmy ol'l;r' .r: whi:rr f"ed, or contl.crr: .o w.'l econom'_ e nbrre^e\ .rnd any conr'

mercial srrairjackets lmposed upon couotrics that harbor terlor.groilps,Closingchannels to the legirimare international econodjc sysiem will only open

!rp new ones to ihe illegal one.

N z polauni, Lurollz '

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I8

G lobalizati on, Terror'sUnrviiling A1ly

"lniustice is ilfli.ted aa ns anrl oryot[\Yestern pcople] by ptt palitj.ieks.'

, Osama bin Lader

Dlys AFT!! rH! ITARcH rr aftecks ln Nladrld, al"Qaeda disrriburddthrough rhe Internet a new terror man',ral, "Suikes wirhin ciries are a type o1

r:i,' r dip oclr.y. . rrec tr,e do.urrre. r. [hr- r/pe o' o lck rs ofren.u- t

ren rvirh blood. embci..,.r(d ! iLr. o.o/ pr.rs rno oe.lumeo $ rLn g-nposder."i The manual is a chilling reminCer of thc reasons why, since thp rngicevenis of Septenbe, rr, the incidence oi terror anacks in MLLslim ond

wescern cities has ilcreased exponentially. "Strikes bear a polirical meaning

relnted to the conflict in ldeoLogy. Tirey are considered as messages sent.to multiplb partiai, rhus choosiog rhe rargets js done widr extrene precisionr Those

foribings-suqh as rhe CIA building bombiug, the lasi Riyadh operarion-were wellexicured and *'ere de spt(ks to awaken the srruggiing lourh,". The

lexicon of Islamrst arnred groups is encrypted ln iheir urban terror a*ions;these attacks bea! a doqb)e message: a deadly political wanring {or rhe ene.

mies and a porverlul revolurionarl cali for tle lollowers.Among a1-Qaeda's primary ains is the destruction oi the economy o1

Westerr: countries. The aim is "to create a disruprion in the stability requiredlor moving the econordc sector to$'ards derelopment,"r summarizes lhe !eI-

ror inanual, Ir is in this context tha! one has !o analyze the srborage of oilwellsand pipeliirqs in,lraq; they rvere ad hoc measures ro kcep Western economic

inierexs ar bay and ro danlxge the ifiterests of Vtstern oil companies kaqioii'ievenLres are managed Lry the FLrnd for the DeveLopment of iraq, which rs

controlled by a conmittee of the lrovisjonal Coa!!tion t uthorir), formerlyireaded by Piql Brerne4 and cornposed ol seven Americrrs, one British andone AustraLian reprcscntati\,€, in nCcii!;or to the foreigr minister ol Iraq and

''c ;r' ' I

rlt#,,:: L!e r.;lor. ll is,r!1t.sL rtris bircjrgLrrnLt r|::t Li:e O::Lol.:r r...r. Lrrt! tornb"-;r:.:r.: irn Loo: r-.i.]ce Thr rrrr,r:k rrI: r.,;r.r r:i : :lrbri', , ..- rooi( _r_.]ce I!. tr .rrk r!i| 1.,;!.r !i : 3lrbri :rrarrgl to r:lesLror rlc rr.:rd -'Illlj DCO\-OMIC C0\riaiULNcES iii,t;*' :^l--,tion,..l i:coiorur o! lncjcresir ari ro r:ie.:Lr: rhr lt;etslrr s,j.ir' e:.ororric rcrJ

oI !h,: Cesr!!crion oi $e \1.:rJd -irade Cerrrer lie: !he .sr3Lri: rgaiisi 11)c rll l;11::. frol 'r

rr h rN- --.)oR. -,,1 \.-,1were delivered by an al-Qaeda courier ro the aell lhdr ealried our thethe balance was provided by funds w.bjch,were alreadt jn Turkey,Iobjecrive of the resrructuting was rwofoldr to shjeld the organizariou,si

changes gcnerared bl reii economic.consequencas. These chargestaie:riirpp..rcriro .r. .ll. The irr,rsio.r of Afghan.sr.rn --d -!s s:r ir T;.r:.

srones in dle war on ierror, accelerated rhe fall ofrLledolla! z/is-a",ts rhe.tt;ud the Swiss iranc, tbe othcr llvo widelyrraded currencies. From.thet:o. - r M r-c5,:,oor, -n. mo)r f erlec! coLre.Jrcn exlsL5 -L we-T .r€..,p-crarion of rhe dol a. anc dre roprccrarron ol rlese rwo c.rrrenc,cs. Orcrsam€ period, a simjlat correledorl characftrized the relarion;hip bciweel]price of gold and the value of the doliar, Is ir feaslble ro.eay rhatj rhadirs rernarkable knowledge anrj understanding ofthe s.orld,s financialmar

"l Qre lr oredrcred r\c econom. ionseque jccs oi rne BL,sir v .r on'While this rhought mq' be repulsive ro man]', i! is e djstinct posslbiliryneeds to be cotsidered and analtzed._ve !w ve !w!J!sQ.! a!! d'Ldrt.cu,

r 1," LII',J repon alro.arnerr. r r" nao.l ryof rheWewroLr cr plorics o, legrrimare businesses \\,hich are diyerred ro rerro! groups; as well as rhe diiiisul.,li€s encountered ln blocking lunds generated bl bugiiess empiles managed-by Islamist terror symprlhrzefs, asr for exaxlple, thar of 1'oussef Nadai:.r':

frogr the counter-terrorisur Lreasures which al.eaeda anriclparedinel,lrably iollow rle Septembel.rr alldcl(s, arlcl lo prolir froril

Th€se ditficulties sprang frorn ihe idiosynclaaies otdre globalized iinapcial mar,.?er Unr.JDece-rberroo3."\r-a.anEglpri:rnarion:lh,,rng r:srvirzerr ncl,designated as a terrorlinqrcier by rhe UN and subjectecllo sanctions (itclu(liing a travel ban), rraveled iieelv l Europe, whete he hacl li.ess to mos! of '

his Ecakh.rs Nada used rhc flej{ibiliry ofrhi financjal markels ro ljquidatese\Leral companies by appoinring himself as liquidalor and reiocating tie luldselsewhere and out of leach oI lhe aulhorirjes. The.FinanciaL A{tion TaakForce (FATF), an internaiional organjzarion based in ?ads which is attempt,rlng to block diLty and tertor money frorn flo*jng jrto legirirnare eco-non1ies, '

blames the lack of cooperatioo and poor information.lharing practicesanong countries for rhe failure to cut olf tetror,finances frorn rhe Wesrernfinancial sysrem,,r Howevert icounter,te{odsm officers ofien haye litrh to

'h.rre. e pecrally rhen -orey uarels rnrough lhe olrshorJ l-"nk.ng e)srerr.-T\e FATf "g.ee: wirr rhc U\ ri)ar r1rgerrnB tJamjrr ch"rjrics hac a.so proveotery d.llicu.r. Ohen rnose c.osed ln one coJnrry reapperr rfrer 1 Iew monrhsLrodbr a new name or move ro another coirniry,Al Haranain, which i!],a.ooz.ad oecn fo'rnd gJii.v oi acrild a, a Ironr ior.r.-QaeC" ,n r. l-,osr;.u, dnJ)omar:rn or.ncn"s.op:ne<tan Iil:mrc.c\ool ruJ"iana,",r Dcce,nber zoor.\ PATI offic€r aam.,(ed tL€' "hrf ies cdn bc relo-.,red r. q-ick I i5 n.one)

r:i. u.o[,\ .z\'t o\. rFp\ort\ -)rvll.LtNJ \ tv _.j

rvired fionl one place ro the next, The speed ar whjch offices aLe movedto country is also a by-pfodu* of giobalizarion and dereguliza-

farl1 globallzation seems to have been mox€ of ar obsracle than an'iu trackrng terrol money,

t lhree )'ears srnce Septefiber rr. the Islanrisr religious colonizarioii}ili 'in lull swrng and charitable orgrnizatio0s are hs most poweriLrl rooloencr rL.ng ne\v .narker. 1o.h1 Alrica . -l-e qc.r f-orrr.e-: tri .ir".." .r rq

i - F. rd.are..,ro,o .ui,c .c r m. \q. ej . .t ,, .da t...{ Wa-t.:o .,

dier .from Tanzania admitted ta T;ne $alazine rh:i SalCi Arabian andicharities regularly send molrey ro his country, "Otficiallv. rlre money

jusecl to buy medicine, bur, ]n reaiiq, rire morey is given to us to suppoourwo,,nd t-u"gurr< ., In \{?.rAic).(r rd.A-rb,rrn" S,d"n rr. rh"rlnjor sponsors, Thanks to !hei( money, lslamlst insurgencihas exploded inS€negal, Gambia, Niger, N{auritania and Chad, In Nigeri6, rhe inrroducrionof fte Sharia law is spreaLlhg froni region ro r€gionj bin Laclen has cvendecldred rhaf the country is "ready for ljberailon,"."

,v spreading in both Easr and Vest Afrjc.:. ln Easr Alrica, Sonalia,, rlldTirnzania are alliong rhe courrrics targetcd L]v SrLrCi terror finan-

Iu Africa, as in South llsr Asia, rhe colonizarion forces hnle foond r fer-tlle rerrajntin dre failure of lh€ dom€stic polirical economies.l CorrLrprion,uremployment, siow econcmic gro{th, poverryJ inequrable dis!.iburion of11'ctlrh*these ar€ all-tooJal!1ili?r econcmic factors boosrirg rhe spread ofislamisr insurgeircy. ln Aflica, as in SoLlth E!1st Asia, rhe lslanrst ieligiouscolonizarion is promoted by Arab economlc forces; Saudi iinanciers ardYeoreni buslressmen, lor example, lepres€nt the clrrvlng ecoronrc Sackeis ofIslarlist teuor inSoulhllst Asia, Centlrjes 3go, traders ard nrerchanrs frorrtlie Sor:thern tlp of the Arabian Peninsula, a region rhat today belongs toYenen,rbroug.ht Islam io Sout| Easr Asix, Thus religious as lvell as rradirg2Lcl lorllne cta. .es bcrreen rhs"e..vo r5ior.. go br.l..ere'-r c-nL-r.e..Tl-i. ero'-.- whn \eme.r b...r',,-ne. n re a " ro.gprr.", c n 50rrt. f ".,Asiaand ,,vhy they are amon'g the maior investors in the regiorl; Lrnlo(unarellsome of rhem control joint venrlrres rvhich operare as fronts foL al.Qaedc.+

THE ?ATRIOT -{CT

,. In,Ocfober zoor, the U.S, Congfess approved rhe Patrior Ad, rhe firsr finan.cia! corinter-terrorism measurer The Acr js based on rhe convi ion rhirmoncl larrndering and a l.rcl oi ri"1nc rl ' n.lrre c) )., e .r! r.r'eo (l).

, financing of globalterror:isrn, At a nacro level, rhe Patriot Acr targets three' areas olthe linancial system which arc believeC ro lave been exploired by ter-

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rh,:norementoilunds.Ir(cFirrsirolnthrsiriL:!oigir'!:rLlz'ri,rirrrrriri:,rij', !-lLrr::n bark;.:Lc rcLl p.:r') ri,qLrcir scrccrinq:rd:eirrs::o rcorer,ue ltri:

at rrcir oivn expense, ro rlrii(e surtr th€./ lcox, h{rrr,co co'rpil r,,irh litt ,\cr. i/r'lr\1. cr .e tl.-c...,. .^nl-"-rc...o r...: .l '!

TI-il i]IACI( l,l/!RI{ET ]rLlrO [\C].il\::CIrrpcrlork rncL others r,::arri tirr uerv Legisin'-ior as rn irlr,.rsir--n in to iirc ili'racj oi rheir customers.: llr..\'.rcr. the oir s.rioris iiio.r;r rt i.:g|l:L ,rn Tlrt I'rLrlior ,lc: md orr:r' io,.u,:r:''Lc:ro:r:r:: iir:rcr:l r:t:rsuLcs, lL-.r g::rn:lrsLr.h .ri ihc P.nior -r.cr, ..!hr::lr iilrts rhe clegrce oi ireeriu of icL:igr br r,cr, ri!.rc irj,llLtseC br fir !:lTl |.rr I irr; r rcrv l|lir-eLl 1n;rcr, i1 .mr, rr rldLr;

!h. ilicanul irrnking s,rst!m l-his s)'stem can ic.iescr:L.cci:: : rr::rs ol :.it:rnr;r'c anii unrcgulered rrenrrlrrs. rhrough rvnich morr:y r',rlr,:: lr.'n c,rnr'lLf io co!r::)' One of thc:r :.:lirorls is thc lllrc! lvlrrket I'],:,ro lrrhir:.',:rnoilre: ore is rhe l,:r;/e. Tirc Bhcli lvlarker lcso 1.:cLange ir iha rr':r:r: .ri

rnorer i ;nie|urg most conrnorrl:'rrrd $-rciclr rs:i tL rr: {ioirrrIifr .:ir lr::tL Sorrh -\rleric:rn d,ug:r"rt1-.. Tle l;lr.rlr, ..r'hicr: is .er' :',:tr! ,r t rrI'luirirn{orli.ispredonrira:rLlluredbvlsla:ri;l:rr:rglr:1.!,1.!ir11.lnurkr:rLe cxtL.mell eh:sive Lo riilrjitionai orrrr:rj icl1:r'o: irir!ir ililJo ror urr olle rhe phvsrc.r, rrrrr::rnr of c:rsI l i-rrL i,ir. c.lrrrrr r. -r!,Lii ri:iiLo:ricrilr :oth ;vstcjns I|r,r'ii.i iir!orJi]rg r. i,:ir.:i;rirs ,ri;1,,1',ri -r:r: ' :r r:r.ideregrlrrzrrlr:nr rhcv, are I LLll rr.r;:r,rtior::rl. t|:1':r,'reii e;r r r,ri li.r lr:rro iicl: ;rr :hc c,rsl oiten LL.,u rs ir Lic:rhl anil llrr ir, iier itirr /:r:r;lrr,'rl, r

in rhe errir dals o: rh,r.''Jr.i:llii) drug c:t,ei, c:sh *rs irori,:r !:r-k L,r

Coloir.bia bu rhe sa.3e pl,rrer rr,licir took t1',e ilrugs to Arn.r'icx Orcc;tlColodrja, CollaLs had r". i:.- rourerred inro pesos.r:rf ti:e hrh rl coLr.,;,r

b;rrken B,;t ihe ploccss tr: s:o"r e:rd rhe :lrug tr;liickers i:rd ro siore hr;:rnorirls oi cash. Crsh srolrgc crc:led seleral !-robi'111e Onr l}iolL,i:rrdrrg rrrif:clte:, fur cranpir. l:.rrirri so mucL ca:i: on hi; prrp:11 :i:rr rcc:':icralh, uler i: raircd !::r'rli. ihe resulrxnt lloc:Lr

"L:rhr,i tl S. ir:.lr :

rlorvrs rrr:. ;loggirg tlrr i'\r,rijr !rstenr r: I;.Ir;i:i:l ro lri;.r li,'r-r:r;r:.rrho cire:rs rhc U.S. crst.r', !r'Ltl.;: i:nanclll rf',!:i;snl,.D ILLiL irr iilb::i irrol:,r ric:r rL. rLiiL wrrrl.',,. -: ,rl oiUS.cLlr:,r.:,.i:irl..lr:i.:.:::i,',i,usL ro rir,: Coir,urbrrr dr,:; :.,rcl r: 'o fAlli, rir r",f ,,f giL t) r l,,: r ,i .';L

ir:g as rrs rrriirlr. or :o S;',(.i,,i l-,,)i ,1oso :r i'.j r.:,j,rurii.rs 1I ri,.s.,' 11.','

Lr,rtlons iirc jl secju.ied.rr:,| ,.'r; t :lrtv Lrre l,:,:l:Irr.jclrs r:: i lrrtr "Lr .:i

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Tle.,1a.'theBltcL\{niii:1'rsoLxihang.$'or:lslsirir['slnrpir.iilrrrLrl::r,ir lclr:Ls :,.u,l",ivcL bult c is'r tc, :, Lronel !r';k:r l:. i 1i U.s . !,ir. rqr.es r.d\.lu:!,e L: ri i LliscornL r:' rire rfiicirl rere, grncLr,ir; :t,llrnil 4. lcrc.i :

Tht crsh ls luLrded over i| !o\.s, sritcesc! ri .!,j]] ii).i;.lc !ir. lrrll{ or I ,i:r1

lrl :re cc.Lrt"portting pisos.:Lr lclirered ir Crl,,:::b,:r r ii,r r:cks Lrt,.r

T|:i:rolrerJisrriburesrli!Lii:si,rir.-ingi!s'r:,i:t;:i,'oif,.ilLlirs.,rfoi':r'rirfii ir sairl: a ourrs trxo Lljsrurls ri U S. i-.rrli ric:,r, rls. ()r!r r :. Lr,,f..',s irl ire blni, it can be cljri1 i[iai riated, Al tiir l:it:'c iir]'r

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itiJ.n. rhit can be corverr:d irxo ral rlpe oi.urEn.a i.:r Icr] s|ort rindThrs the drcislon ro colrerte consjocrable a:llorrnL oi;1-Qacrla reaLrJr irrLr-.

solLl r,/a: iaciliarcd br the elficien.t .i rhe sysrc.]rl ior tlrrsforming go[1 irrLo

l;rsh; ir rufr, tllis boostcd dre.;olrme of transaciioos i'.rndled rir rhe larrrla.\rml.rli1l ii,: ot|er gre.rt acir'::rrrrgi. oi rhis infcrrnnl s)'siilr t! ils r.i(i:!1)reril

irr3srncc i:1 .M11t \vhe!! Isl;ris: rerror is blossoming :irr11 r'lterc ilrr Li i,rl.:il:gsr:rern:s *c.rh. 1n l,aIisran, ]r:s rsiirrared thaL,rr :1i1.rrly b..rij ir.n,rc1j ir,.:::LL S1 brliio::,'ri ioLeigr Lerr,:.r:::r: t,1ss rLriri:ir rrr /nr,,.r1r if::rLri.:, .,..nrp,rk. ( irh rs l:t!I. as i L: i,;:lur I .,:trich rrc rflr,ilr.!l fii, . !r r.ir,rl{ r!!\krn.jr5,r!!hF:rs:r\sj:.:r,,i:r.rfrri.rielr:r:'jr:r.:rl';,ir,; c r,-,;:r.:r:r:! .]r ior.i!r cr.r..arBd f.rri:rrlr,:J: ir.. JowJrl.!r'n j.1.::l ir'r Ilrir .: ilis' r..i,

:reLr .rLe :,ock alrer bioci( ri ;:r:r.rini.rJ. \,;lri.t. ir;Lr,il,: c;r .r , , rL:.;, l:;,: :

rirr,LL. 5l.c .rjll on oi feni|ir.ii:.j r;ni-r the r.l r.llrj.i.'trf,-,.. .rtri ,{! r.ri ti1: iliddlc East.i. L1 bJr:, ql:.,,: Indira aiar,.l:r ",ri.*li : r:..:i: r,,:r-|:iign ro;r.rdrc:tc :!, the laliiia ii L,rllered ro l:rri,.ii,r t:iir s:.ijti1ri,rin r!rlorl':o irs Lx!.h rs .+o .l€rc. t oFtltr..iLrirr's grosr irilli.:.ri tr.i.L:..:.r!

irrel!rr, exchanqe coltroir rrr ,rr:x!er facrr:L th:! irrcririrrs it'. rnlr]ttr'--try oi tre h:u:;ia.ln ry98, \1i,dr rhe i\lalavslar Eol errrr*i i:r:pr:ire{i .i!rir,rl.oIrr'ols io !r'!vcrii .aDital li g r:s, rle ,arrah becil1re alrs r:11.;pil s,rr'.e ,:!

icrcign e::ch.urge.

\r,lsrern tc::or b;ckers ah. rf,,olr t! rhe,4,rrl:i :o senrl mo;;rr Lo irh r:srr:ncj groups. 1n the sLurrmc: rl,,.oo:.. rhe inciian p,-,iir:e Lunrasl.rrl,r:cl:c'1,:Lhlrrgir rrh:eJr more" rrisri r' ,r 'lio-KashIrllri |,fiLj\ir .'lirf L.:_rr.r:r rir.l: rrrsier:c;i t.: Krshmiri ferr.f l]rrrriz.rirons. r\ ,tttuii:t.i.t LI;lirrLed :]l.j:r.o:r;y rr: r!r UK cirarir)tt io:rr'rrl rli irliin, Iiir or.r, tir::r t1.r;r\i.:(, ii |r i

tr:::rlt r;c'ru::t rs hrnds:or h s ... ,,rzlri,:. I_le !hci,ri.ri::,.ari;ir.ltrIii. irir,:i:rrlllg :i:e txore1 into o!11c: i]r|! r..orrnrs, ilrc:r:rirl-t, r:rc n.ii.r 'r,r.:l',('i ,l

i-.rrl< rr li.rsir:i: ironr rvhrr. li, r,lrirlrcn rhe r,o.rr., :ri rl;iir.r,:.1 ,r l,r ';,,r'

i-iioIiir 'Iht1lOi1'SNl\';ri:i,.,\i';CirLAlii)1.!iiiriririr.rt,.riuti-r

li:r:rourlrrrgrieterreror(vorrrri.,isl),t'ol1J:Li,riLr,:r!rprr:L,ir:: rr ri-Qu:dr rnd i:s globai nenvoll oi lfiilirres, celh ulr; sl.ct:rs, na\c ilol\,rrrrconenLr:l| and tole" ar. m.,re.:[xnt thnn ev!1. ]si;ilrst t:r'rol l.; slror::r LerniLhable abilny to adap! ,n coun;"r-t"rrorGt n:asures Ir r.sponic rc dre

ciosuLe ol thc rla:ning ca*p in .\fghanistar, Sr.rdin alJ ih! Brikals, iorcx:npLr, el.Qaeda began.rar|rirg ils iollolvers ",/irJuajli', ' ft us* dccr.rnrcnts

ccnrrining rnilitaq"-;rainrng couses, such as maru:ls cn irol ro lLril'- lornb.,.:,lnci, crn bc dovnloaricd lroli rhc Inrernet ody rt .,r,: tirn.. " l-iic .i.cF

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UrdoubLedll since S:!rlmbrr r r the rt:p,rctxird, ol $c eLlro r,;nii,r,s !:fjoihr bocsrerl the appr;ri :1r: i]Lrlope rre:,er:s ro r:ror:.:. l.:,:irrlrrs.s .r Lril r:r -r'ol spcitlsorr. Ac.orCirg ro ti,rrlrrr!d Bal.or. ii t,.jrer b*rer,ir six nortr: :r.rloIr. jtar to laundcr.lirf,.'-.ro,r.l.r! Durii.i liIs,)rr:ori !irc tiLlr.irlrs t-rll

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'r'r:r, irol! ,h( \lait:r ir(i

the'rdrangera are increarirglr l:rundeung rirrg l:orey tr ii.,rope Tie lit;r,cipal ccunrlies where rL!s :rcli'rir. rakes flace rf,J B.lgiLlur Ird ] ioli,rnri.loul carnings of rle foLr;r:ajol crirninal org:rnL:arionr, i.., trlair::, c;nj.r.r)'ndrangcta ard sacra c:i.lli! .,rnlrn, anll-ru!r.! tJ rc iE:.c.lrt ci lieLJr i;ljrieLiro Ico bil|on).{t

Iflt:rlio organized:rir:r,- lj i,ic:.asir:l).rirjL,g (rLLrcj !..,r:r!1..f li! {lrf!..!ra.ie ictirjrjes, rhrs m!aJrl ttrxr ilre edro is .1so rscrl r:l.l)q rir iiri: Lort.. .'l:j: ut*siblc ro thlrrk rh:i c:L:ri:rr ue paid i: ri:llar r. . r:rpi.ri,r: ,,,r i:aiirn .r:Lr,

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harhrsh :rd :l.rr rlv;s ,:1rrr:,rci bl sLrspccreJ r1.{l;:er ,:iiiiiaLir. -ihr ciri;las siorc,i il 5i'b:gs,.,r,rr:l: ,.eigi:i:d aboui 7: ::ounds i:.:c|. Ls:ner;.,,r1:rerrnges lfoln $8 ro $ro j lilir r Jr l;rs.rc Dnrg snugiii g ir rcr rirL: sojr r:rrn-

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'3jrcrisrl inr.lliqc]lcc nil harc i;nirrmtr:ri ti,c rrk pialeo !,1,rirc ]i:ropc.|r

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-f!c irirL..ierLn rr:two:h is :L1lrl rtcrLrirrg l:urr, rtrr \l::iirrs ro crrrr rir

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Tirc rr.::r irr ctr;r:.ae or rhr !ilirtl.; o1 itrrNps.r s.lt.iitt b,)m,oi:rs nr jfic Lsj.:.. . n. . :

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lrrd lrrkr rvith ihc p€orl,r ry|o panicip;trJ i:r rire l'i:r:Lrl lo Lrbirg.

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re?r(.er ..Europexn nosqires are ilso iLe hL'.rdquarrcls oflrriicai islauist lrerclrr:rs,

':rople l'ho ir rhe last dccrrle hrvr successhrill oltrincri poliLlcri rs; i,rr i:r

Europer: countries becaL:sr oi rer'secution in their' olr. 5r',cL:l ci tLetl rr'e

lirk,r.] ro alZrrqawl, inchrdirg \iullah Krektrl ore oi rirc ioirn:ieLs oilsiir'il-ltiarn. Krekrr, i{ho rves borr ir lraqi Kurtiistrn. rcolc si'r:e ir l.lorl'.rr rj'-. r'. o, Li . c;pe ( ro:rr lrL .eir. < er'.1-. r.- r,. - .. 1 :

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rvirlch r.nxor be consiJrrcil r,,11)!isLrl. This lncide.r lrirl: ig]l!t rl c r..rl ri llrrir proper;iciinitior oi reirorrsr;. ur

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)ri., f.r thcir :rcrivi!ies. I l:c lr,c1: cl controli, i.e. :lli.i!rt ci!DL!:i re:r.r,5ril

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I " o. :.. rr,'ern ne J. l... ..:.inrestjga!ion by dre Ob,.rr"r:', prblished in lanLiity:.cc.t. rho,vcri thrrhl;rmisr.ells based h Ersr::n i\rrope ba're estrLlislcC cor:Lacts rqirh tlt3rlkar n:iia rc purchase :Lrms a::d :rplosilt:. Tl,is ii r vrrlr i;:rporrarr: irci,is a.qurrrg expLosives in \!sLcnr lur ope prcs.rts serlous iliiiicujties dt,: to

ol n r'

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Iior,rLrs lorclers ir Erslr:: i.l;r..e rl:r ::llb ll ersr :o nrre :,r mri iLanl a1; tirc:ivo BLirLsh sriciiti i-.orni:crs vho::;rrrrr: oL:L riu rar,cks rr ftl dlLlrji'flcl ria the Siji(ins ro SlLir lmm lhe:t ![]er cx!c!ed j"rrel. --\rorhrrLoLrtr is tirougir thr !lrriiterrutrl S;r.,\r.r)rdilg to Itriir: mrj:srr.r1es,fta:ia:r cells !nirid ro r,l Zif.i:,!: ii rC r!ris, : r1-l.jt.rm srr,rqgi:.1 L,r",rpt::l sui-c;r:Lc rrml-.ers irn Ir:Lo .-1,:ea iior:: j,vrjr irorr ,'l:ere ric., rlrrrei \o:rh\\trt - r r:r.

liastecr EL;rope is clso rhe irrost rrpcltr;r,rrd eiiicic:rt surplier oi:rtsriiL€ntrLies. -!ifli l'jcidirg oi Lhe j:rrrj:l' lir',:; h:s succ,rsriLrllr o 1-.rr ir,eri se"erellikr lluro;ean itlentitri:s'o' r..nsrerlng L:r rri in ;: Ul( l-.aseLi RLrssiarr lrr,qLr;gru.\i'sDaplf t|at oifereC i'hcip" rrirh 1r:ssrorL: jJi: wrs conLlcrej bl l iorneLJ(OJ) rgr:r vlo residcs ir: l,orron rnd l iro i:lrnr rlre ro-5.i,l'e:l lvirh rhrsLr:9li.r:1hc inke DrssiroLL;.rrl Jrivir:3 i ccnser r,t'-e lrran'1ia.:nrt,l ir l-rLr:girrr

:riLj sol; i() ljrr bv : e$r3 ci tr!::irals !r'r::r lisr.fn EurrDe .::fa|li: rr d1,:

LK. AccordirE:.r FieiliJrg rhcs3 irlsc (irili.ies :fe produc:d :n " LacroLics" rn

i.rrtcn I-ulo:e:rd rrc trrlcr:r1y r.i:ii..erri. r:ril "rri cira o, cLrst:rg as lirie r.Sr,c:: c,rci:. q'lile on tlc liar'l nLrL[,:r irLgtr] ;:!!ijorrs iosr Sr r,occ.."

firril-i l),'11 t:iE LLRo!11!i\. \ill \:Oiil('iirrtLr-.ip,:urlr.rnrlJki!rir:-.Lrr.-iiL:,i.rr':.,rrr.'i::l:rcr:rirr;po:ror'r1,iltri;. !olerc6 rhrs orgrni?:xtt.n is:,ri:1. .rcrrc::r,r: iihc r r'iriir..irt-ii.rfliri or i.rf.r i!:r rr 'rrr ;ll::;rriz r: ri r:r r::: rrr.rckr -r-r:s rrrrnrrL"rc:i; rs

,ifIiinr.ui'.:i.r]rpar:i15rp:r'Ii:rrrrririrlelo::rir:::ss:litrli.lsLr::ill,rri -\irL.ri:]; lNl -\:rr::!,r reI rr iiL;ririi L,.ri pirrn:1, i.rr.1ri1 rrrrl r:re;Lrrcilr,, ii.r r)r (lil-r iL,r.:.:,sli'i ri.il,r..ii ,i r ,. ,n'r,i r.crr: !r'li.irgs r rLe tLtrro' r rlse?rr!te gro.rp5 lo.s.l, llll..l r,-..rl,Q.t,i& -1:r r::ic rerrL,tlr:,rr:r,;.i 1r..i3r, ri-Qrl:(l"r r'!rr,le,l ::r'L clrost ri rlrr. iLrrr.: ,r:,1 : s,rLr ol srpcr,\'rrlonr rirc scclsion Lr !rck onc rrtrcl lrsccrri oi rr:rr[,r r. rr]rrr, :rpor lioiileci cost ber,:iit rral; si: oi rhe oorlbrni;, ,r; hrs :rrrrgrii irlnr :l:: inics".lsrrion lnto the Dlli bon]bing. iLrce r:r. i',a.k lirs be,:,r su,.."siiiir lrr! e-

xlcrlcri, tire LlCership ol a!Qrrd:r oliicrel['tncoLsfs jr. i:] ir ,\frii :.or rir)rol Os'ln)r bin Ladcrr,lvltrr he oilerei,r $rcr:o rirL iirrore::.;, t r|ccriicrlly r!terr to rhe l\{.tri:i,i L-.,.rnrl1lr:; ,r; ::r rL ilrrdi t1r rr,.l( '.

Succ Serttnrber r r. lshrrr:i i rrel E'-.1:fs :rcr-oss r|t rr oLlJ lr.rrc lrrrcrsifll; rr.r.r:lopcc lerrl rcchnir;r:s l. e:ltiL..r.'r nr!r::sil\':5,.rn.i :ro 1,, rscL

--,l tn-.,.,L,*.**Jour..-lhave to rely upon rhe fnnding oi alQaeda. The lvladrid bgmbingentirely sell-Ilnanced. Foltorving the model of aL"Qaeda,thc Islnmisrwork is shaping a Life of its own, In lurope rhe.mosqlre nenvork replesslrong backer; another is direct sponsorship from Ardb symparhlzcrs,r,rse r mixrr.ue of legiriinare and *irninal a(liyities, l-, Spain mC in kah, rnibers of Islanist armed groups rl'ork€d as $echarrics and rtaiters to su

$emseives and to redLrcc the financial borders of tl:e organizarLon, llowe,rcrin€ L!$ains the mosr irnportart source ol re!cnues, .Farid BeialiAlg.rian inlrrligran! jailecl in England jn rhc sumn:er ol rooi, helperllJr5o.ooo rhrough an imernalional fraud;retwoit. He adiniucd to.hcleir:ruded bgrks and credir card companies thougir he cieried knovr!monel was used lor terrorjst purposes,6T Creditcard ira+cirvas co;rdlctedskjnniirg devices, The credh carC numbers were used thr.oughour Eu ropin DLrbaj.ln zoo:. credit card iosses du€ ro fuaud accounred for $414 milliLxpets are adamanr rha! rbs q'pe offraud balkroil cijrr.:e and

The European network also funds irself by smuggling dxugs, as was thin rhe lvladrld bomblng*bankrolled through the saie of hashisir: al<sra .

* rno reve"res lrom I crr\ cr.rre.., Tne lirl. benr e-r :l Z: -q.,-.. a

Ansd allslam, which is lnvolved in the smuggling ofdrugs from Afghadconfirms thar Eurog/ean Islamlst groups benefir fron rhe sale ol illegalcorics in Europe.

Three years after Seprembel rr, rhe Islamist rerror retwork has evohrri oughou! !he world, EmLrlaring al-Qaeda's nilitarT icrians, appealinglilar sponsors and utilizing $e techrllques of self-fjnancing, it is becomjglobal organis$ $'ith a life c,fits own. Moqtada alSadr h:s been banlciobl lLaqi rnoney-changers u'ho hope thatwhen hegails controlofrhe holyciof Iraq he will hand rhen the monopoly on currenq exchanges, \X/ith milli

gion, such as the laraala ot tbe Zakat. What we ^re

lacing loday is a po{nc.;lful enemy, one who has an io"depth knowledge of our worldr ao enemyn r.div I no '

oi Shla pilgrims ravellng to rhos€ shrines each.year, lrofiis w;!1 b9.g!enrilllAl Zarqa\vi's European network is susrained by mosqnes and cl{rrldes; ,

complement lhem wllh ancienr insftumeots, ireri&1ge oltheir cutule alld:telii.

Nor only have Vesrern counter-lerrorisn poljcies been unabk ro srolinancjng of terror, they have failed ro curb rie distribltion of r','eaLth irhe r"'*o,1. r ke. -lerrent ;r rhe.pre'lJirrgof T.larrrsrre r..rr. I.rracorlhe n€w generation of lslsmist terrot leaders, those who eventui{lyreplace Osama bin Laden, urdersland globalizaliou and are using itpviftual training courses; ATM nrchinest offshore bank accourlrs. Thel.aho

Conclusions

iDE rH! FiNsB,Jriy p^t{K rlo5Q!F. in LonCor, ir rvis pcssible untilil,v to buy videos oflsiamlst p|opag;rr,da, Among rlre bestsell:rs I'ere lilms

rrving the last hours in tbe ln'es ol surcide bombers in a Snsenrent lusr Ir blocks rvay iror, the mosque, J€wish a.ra!e1r ictors sragcd pla)is to

ise nroney ior Israeii !icrins of suicide bonrbers, This is rhe rvorld ive livepu dail-v life carries ol in rhe shado\!, of political violerice. For t|e Nonh

od;on NlusLim anclJewlsh cornmunities, rvho live next ro each other andjre ic,"rre brrtc er,. i,erc r. n. 'ther rerlr,y. (etre.nber rr h . onl'

it to d1e rest oi !he l\'orld,Regirdless of what ve call it-rerrorisrn, terror, crmed suLrggle, political

ce-!h9 lise ofvjolence for poiiticalaims, rhe targe(iflg ofcivilians ardiltate of sheer fear thaL jr creates have :rll loeen pan of our world lolover)- 15. D.F r ' r, h.! '. eJ,,oL or r'rharB€. hr. pl e on,e on l,.r.l-een

tl

atly rnanii.'ulaled. hr Nortl London, !lependlng upon vhich siCe ol theler you waik, a sLriclde bombqr is a rnrrl)'r ancl a h€ro or a rerrorist and

i,r;'s., .$irr,.-r- 1.!-r .r.,d '.n.ch L rer:r,go:..ou.d" b.rl.-:1ng a pc,lirical btidge bcr\l,een ihese two i[rerprc!arions a! rhc Dresenr nme is

' 'In this book'l have tried to circurnvenr rhe trap of politics, usirg an eco.

imposslblc. Poiitical rnalysis is lainted bl resentrient aDd skgwed bv hairedEcororaics offbrs a more Cispassiora!e tool ior:n investigation inro rireIolacs tha! make aod susiain armed organi?ations Econon\ics ma!, in dre

ehd, even olfer a viabLe soltrtion.

nirmic analysis to trace the birrh and elolution ol the New Eco omy ofi'erior-a web based on terror! iiime, ccrruption and deceit This is not anisolared network created by the interaction betrveen armed rrd crimlnaloigaujzatlons, i! rs'an rnrcrnstional €corromic sysrcm iinked to both legiri-

, iia'fe and illegirimate seqors of traditional econonlies Like any econonicsiitem, the Nerv Economl, ol Terror has grown through evolurionary stages

io talce on a life ofits owo, The principalstages hsve been the lvars by proxyoldre Cold Warera, theloreign sponsorship olarmed groups, rhe privatiza'tjon of terrol ihe bjrrh of stsi!'shells. and lhe Nlodem Jihad.

,Iilll

tr

l

iii

ii

) .) t,-,t '

This work could not have been done rvithout the gridance, assis-tauce, and encouragemenr of many indldduals. Fi$.t aDd folemosr, Iwant to thank Professor Manlied Steger for his condllueus support ofthe proje L. Prolessor crege" read nranv orah, a..i mro" nr n,".ous..,g_8c:..ons He wr( a-wdys rle.c ro help \virn rn idea or.o;usL lisicn ro qyln s-rarrors Proie..or 5.eger'.- a -..re fnerd cnd a panr scho ar. liisseries coeditor. Professor Teneil Carer, rvas aiso patielt and uncler_.r, )dirg I coJld nol hdve Ljrermt olberr"r sen.s eCi.o.s ro v orl<,rrrn.Jennife! Kneu ol Rowman & Litrleield believed i:r me wher t hacl10 rbr< n'\ se. . Her. uggesrions rcd her pe-s:srcnr e m"de rhF rro l< pr e-sent"b.c V. gradudLe "jsijLrn.s. Srzj.ne Daddl. ard.nrJlorr.r DiVae-go ora. .upprbiobl-eipiugrncour,vi.hrhi.book.Arrho-),uasrdec_icared assisrant whose persistence condbuted to making this rvorkbetler His hard worl< and dedication leave me indebted to lim forer.er:rirar. r : u rc ot than* musr bc rJclcd ro nl) wil., Haran, and n v hrl_dren. 5 rtni :no 6ina. for purr.rg up ru.h me rvhen I rvr. u..rler ."c pre.-(ure ro (urf cre _'.e manusi aipr.

\{2sszr, 5"*,1 R' G lr!!gz!gg--?rd-+rgAii[\*-jrgl. ll!-Lt 0.eilrr- ""1!I'Mp (ey.,r.zn ,! i-;'l{ral)eld zod (.

. .GI.SEALIZATISN AT.dPTERRCRISM

The telroris! attack oi September 11. 100I, and the slrbsequent bio-rerrodsnr incidents worlchvide oysteilized ihe need lor research andanaiysis rhat deuonstraie thorcughness, c1uality, aud innovation oi iheissues ol gLoba|.zatiou and terrorism. The world today is verv diflerentfrom rhe u'orld onr grandparents lir,ed in. h is much more .onnectedaid, perhaps, much more dangerous. lL is, iT cwever, srill essentialiv the$ame world wlth sinilai folces of dominance and challenge Those whoare domrnaEd challenge those who dodinate Nalurally, when "Rome"

is ettackqC, ii responds wifi deadlT iorce This book \vill no! discuss

globalizalion ancl rerronsm liom the perspective ol dle dominan! pow-ers onlybut wrll also introducc lhe liews ol lhose who are dominatedb). them. Flistory, afrer a1l, is fr-rll ol exampLes where victims Leanted thedi:,orrsc of oporess'otr l.on .ho-e uL6 opprs5.sd rnem \.5Ior) har

many aranples of_vicrims rvho are portmyed as aggressors and aggres.

sors,asviorims. Thls bookplans to challengewesLem dbcourse on bothglobalizadon and lenodsm by inuoducing the hopes, dreams, andaspirations of those who struggle for liberation from hegemony andinjx.5tice.

Glo5:lzaiion

. - ., .o-r... o. br.1h..." D.. o..n. . , r l.: r\jn. .. .r ... .nr |e ila/' . :. .o 1.C ,- .:to :. r":- :L.rl

lion time irnmenor'tri. This g1c'oai iurerdepetrclclce hls beeu lr.clrng'_; l-,.. . . .-e.jL L\ ..rt r.".

- Ls:.11..,:rr; .o.:d h.. o rn( I,rr:- cr'::...:'''''r:''o'''c''.'|'rlj'''.'''Loo'''''-'1''

srries. ihr reDiC prcc ol rhis rr:-trL:oritrctedless ltrs lccl :iit,ril.s ,Ll.iollnion maliers lo l:rbel rhis rrltlrr'r:rl t.rn'gLcbaii:r.ti.-.,r.

'\l! crilrrc(l tL. irvenq.Fi.rt:rlir.tr'fhroLrRn illi {,.,irs ,ri tj,)i).:i:lrr.ricl Sin.e rhcr giobrlL:anor lt:ts l::ir':nle a pclvtrilil c.rL.cDi r: rll.,.iiriL rs|ecs olcilr Llves Go.renlrenis:o oiien blat-t'r tiLr:j:: rroui:,i,: L r:c,It.oll']rrs or glcbariisnlicn. Corpr:t.,rion: .it)\!'ns::a il_ o..al.?i ro "i..:tueir"in ih. :r.r'gloiJ:tl niukcr pLir. Scilrlats debare El.bali::xtiolt lrit.i ttsmel'l15. Boc,is i,x.] r':lirgazine a! ticifs c;]|..y rhe b::llrcl' oi giotrliitior, .r;r\ejr ,\ il,-lr rc r 'brorder

nT ari{e!. llut giobal:rrlor is tlri lirlt ,i ia.ait!ph3LroneioD The process oi irlleriierandenca ,r',as 3lsa a piccess of

.1o1. z..tot. . rt.t n,q .: ,1:- :. :-. oenL:11... :,r - I .

aliz;tiorl in tlrepast decade Prior Lo the falL olrle Scviei Uuiori. giolralizaLloLr .,virs checl(ed by lhe ccn:reliiion beflreen fas! lltl \\iisi j\fierdre cicnrise ci the Soliet Union, rhe lhallenge rvas Lelt to zi lir','r,,clk,hcLpti:ss r,ongolernmenlal otgelrzirriors tha! havr ro charcr rc :irl-. aT

c,re:t Jlo'.\' tre momer'rtumCLoi:al:-:etion is rt, e integriitior rl;rrrkels, i-roljiics. r'rlues. :rrll llrL,

ronment:rl corlacnt! ecross fie !lnlrt. 1- ht! p!o( cj.r oli]]tat.tiiil:rr t5 ili..',,::.,by loLh tle clesrre lcl higher p.oliij :n.i :lspitations t(:.r-,lia,:lrr ,:.orlrnri(pr'ospcil-\. or x beLler lLLture for lirl plaL.-:r rod 1$ inllnlililrs. a!DiIl':lrscl c.:porate gloiraLlration lear !rc.,..] eaononic riispir]ilrcs b:]1€etl iairiid pooi loss ci clrltutal dis riu i ii"cn css , cr en'iro rr ire::i tai .ie."1l-'rC^ ijo o.Co]-l]ori,te r,lrigefs see globali:eticLl iis a lneait to deveicp ue11'n:ir',kets fo| rhe:i prcducis and seniats. Coy.mmellLs Jltcit s3e g]ob.rltzaticD' r-.roir. ..'i ,ourse'o, (. o1...n"n., :,r t. li.'-cr rlc

oppose ir or as a means ro enhance thef economic posilioDs Lxborrrniors lear ir Lecxuse it cliverrs jobs $."a! !o dist^iit placcs wilere cir$Diabor- anC s*earshops replace ulion work. Entronner,ialists fear thero... :,:.DJ.rt<o p.o..J- or_ ct goo,t) l -rtc-L< 1 . .

rLucrng clnlolnrartal disasters iiveslors in 6neDaial ar. rl)ck rilarhets

Gl obal izeli a n a nai T-"rrc | is tr,

sr.rppcl| it As a rneanJ lor i]orli.,lia ,jiorvll't li s!11r1, glcbili:rtLon is inerll,c1'r1ai' cori.entious !opic

Scholors rre iu the nticlst ci lhis cieb?l. on globaij:alioll Sonlc

eque!c globalization \\ith inier.ic..ndeilce, otjlers \\1!h iiDcm[zatloni

olllers lcr ecLudle it r(ilh ulilersaii:atjon, !l es lerni:e tici. alrd e"en

irryeriaiisn. Clcbalizatjo. has lrlso been eqLreied wiih lransiirlionali?x_

rot], bLlt iha rea]iry is lhai rire B','o cor',cepts tlllieL TrallsnatjiJLlaLizaiion

trtitauccj Iatloill1l {rnti!ier, .;liLc glolralizaiion sonieiifncs n'a..kens

tletn. flr schoirrs dls:rllss li: ,.liili!-,' ol thr .i'rcelri rLtc;,cil.ll Cic!al'r::itir,r, lli:teiore, 1.r,. 1--ccorili' ,:l ci,-ncIpl ciiisi.r! r1i:cnalirg calliic!cis\,r:1aj!:,)aiicl:r.-fa iLs .i clc,es ii iir llrrill ar lar:r:,

ila!i Cairses ani Cor_se '.1..ln.ter a: G aLralrzalroi

'gl. .. . .1... 1 _ 1' o

rle.:iiir. !o1v6id gLol.rai:2aiior _ir-,lrs,

!oxl; r'e:l:l: arlJ gr'erd plav Iir3lo! :ole as root crlllles oi glol-,Zluatiorl. b-en tirl arca ni ic.hr,oio!l'isiLr';lrabll !i.r'el Lrl' dre pral'.I xl.lir.r' lLl L-'l ciei ro selioiLslv rLis;.rss gicb_

aljzeaion, xn !.nal)'5i5 cf thc roct causes alrd .ollsccluena.s is neceisaiy

Globaiilerlorr is rootccl in L'o',teL aud 1\eahl iiheihtl lc: Llle gior,r'

oi God, Lire enpire, ihe llalio.".. ol tfLe .clPora'jDil, ;hr: slrerd c'f:eo-ris, gooals, llcL iclaas grcv anal clercloPe.l Jn lLe process lcgerirorrl

iollrilires ]ilo lhe l11et1r,'ir.i! csll trn ]'u...iili ihe grise of;lcbaL::;rtion

Bui rhe j-.rallessicrl oi hegenronl.'lrs ci'.ange.1 oler line ln recent

I.ars. ,:Ji)eiiajlv iftrr If e nellist cl I he -io1',.i i I i'1!n, :l_r,l Unileo Slr lcs

Lrr.s ilitrcl iLseli':rs lit soh gi,rir:ri lrrriinc::i: lr.'1.: \liiil'l ris ..rlro::lc'.r'!rls lercLlLrg tver',' ir:ll ol illc giocc, ll1e I-lilr'.(j .i!3lrs scl crr I io !rlr-i."ci. i!s aconomic arid nliitarl rionrir rct ii'lc:1rl llciiils in cc'ir,crlicrnld r),-.iidrai llolx.litalron .rrrdli lLl. arlsl-]i..s .,l ahe 1-nil.d 511lls l'.nte

c.rltriiluled ro gferleL.deirli!'rLil.n a11cl ccYc:',:ll ii : rnani iitj.l.ili.e5 -!uitil-)irdonals n]or'e ir.lo a.or.rl!ry', s1r''a!eh.ii:- cltei, rcs!1!, rn.l dis-

liicxtions it the lraaliiional ecoiom) ccaLir

\l'hile globalualion conilibutes lo hoLlrogef,urition airong ireoplcs,(: nor1t.."te.hnr-oqc...:l. r'r'L_ic r'i i., o rriJ.. _ _l:c o:_

':.r. o)o.ro^\l'l01'. 1 ".: (ll.. c "-r '

lure: d1e cul Ie ol liberali:ation, pnvxti?alioll, irl')o nlarl(cli:aiion Thjs

Dloccss ofllegen1on!1aliou is leaclilg lc the ene:l3nae anC c.nsoLldidoroi a srngle b3Eerlo!jPo1\'er

'-....'!.1'. . O/oi.r":i:irn an.; T:i|''r.jri

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,i l erL: rrr, :;:;ieascci rlit| ih: ;::ot in lr aorrr..lnriaiiJir :rna tralrrarlci;\,ili iL r: ir.:iir Lhs lracl'{r.u:rr1 :hii scir.lr::j jLr.i.r( P:rir tiiiil xr.l Gr.r'

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GloboieaLton hrs aherdl rr:r,,rsri tf. sint:i:i1.1;t: iL1.,.t:.1 ,_.r!11.jit

. .L.,\(r.o I . I .

... e-. r. 1.. .r( . _t r ,.. .1. olrcolie :ptrl ar leasr onc ol tirlrl j\t elso haYc I rill:l ,:colr,:,|rt; 1-l c..1 n r. ....r.-.....r!I iit ojr llacc las at: iur.):ril i:., the rest :t t,r: ,,r-t.lii I:ri,ti]].rii.-lhas:rlso lolr. global, .,s lrilj.rlL,i]rriotl j,.ii rirr,:r f,:rc:s,u,,", Lu,,,.r,it:letcr !ontoge:rr:iltioD of .Il rf )ilii. Bur i,itr,t r1c l:rtr :t t,a ,,.,,,'.. :... or

): !" n .. i... :

J.. r .I ...- .. ..1O.. .t I

o: -.: "

. .. rq. .:fircugir Lhe \\brlcl Banl(. rlt. r,.\o:1rl.ii.ie C,'..Dj,iitorl, a,L.l iili. lt_.t,ltjrrI]oLrel llouei:rry l-urcl hes rrcri.,ccl lllos! afielil:.r1] rlC c:r..rsr,,i s,:tjrL:slcucen Suil relonls" inclu([ L.j-]r.xtizatio|, :\c disiita|rljnd ol pubiic

..... :o: :r.p.:....... r.,lo..r.i. ..:....o-c ". ,.,..... I -, r ... t:.r.:,.d(c ' 4o.:.. .o. : .. ,. ,, _l

-

.. ..:.. -, ,C o. ;. r po\ . , .. 1' .1: t' t .r [:.. n. .. -)o ..\ar'-u'rlir; rhose rr,.ho reluse le riCe r:l change riril resisr ljccr-.r.;r ,r:.rirtpraponderance olporver, relLsrariri: i:rlcs o; f.\, i:l.its li:irir r.-,c ltric,inorEation of nilila:,v porl,a. ti:. :i.dition:i ;,I:|r r, u a,.'1,,t.: ,,rt ll.lrrter lossLLil. Therefure, nlr, :lcls ri resirr;r:-,rc :l.e :lirrrq rr:,,:i.rL.crl.

,:.ter l rolorlLcs

G Obaltzitl :rr,t-. irierdeperr,l) ira-l_ir.rrostcor::u.llusageoiglrfrr|:a:ir,rusu:iil.,.L::i5|lir:lirr:rLl,r|:r:"ii

l'.: acre lil tiYji. l\e \1oricl11',: ILlltrtr hrs becr_.:ll :eetrlr:: ilct ll:ri r,tsl.blc despirr rlr bor.d.rs lhar .lj..liir i(s $ani,si:atrs i:..il.r.ii.iili)t ri.,e.rorLd is s0 iDierr:oanecled rilrL :!,c li.,elihocci oi onr cielcniis ln lhc*oik ;ncl l--lod,rction ol rnm)/ oljr:rli. \\hen r1t rlsji :, l.,ir.Ll rr:alj. :rercr,.raii, .,isiL.r globai mitiret,pi;,.r rlliile: lhan a :lere i:r:lL shopping c,:r:_:er \.\ih.irer ef 1re bx) Lo.i'j.lluLr-s rnad. in \.ll:{ic. r,rr.l HorU li'.r1; Dis,ict rors ir'-.ur l:l1g1'ldesl), or i\trii:s t:.l1] \.ietl)ir, :,ri(i Itcii,!].sil, r..:,r t:t.,:

\lbrLa! Tlleje organizatioDs \\'.lk rogether to Urimiitc cottrcrr,tc lrpetl'slcrl inlo an.l cLoninance of ir1:enrational mlirkels. The lV-l'O r,]lri .'iireCe CisluLes beFl,een memb?i counuies in an elloft !o re.rL',Lae ll;!(i,3

bariels ol according !o rrarv oDponents ol aotrolate globaiizatior, ioclninare barieN ro cor?orare prolits. The Itr{F and \,lbrlcl Banli prorirlelort pachages ro nT any l'ilircl u'oild countnes, :rccornpiLniecl b; rei-.uirr:'ments drer nedons receivrng Loans lorver theu trade'oerriers lrrd iirl{iiloiiler reaL'.lircnents, suc! $ lhc ldl'alization ci state ir'ralusEies fl1dc l :]Lo .J(.: 6o\arn,i , ,ce\,

G oballzal cr as Uir versa iraton

Scholars, dipLomars, and poLrticiarr ofiea tell us ih;rt.ve ljvc ir a lllobirlr.iLlage. 1(oliAnuan, secreairJ -gan clri cfthe LJ,rittd,\:,ri..ns, er:cn r.,:rlas lar as to call ioi redefinirt sor'er'elgary bem'.rse ,.f lire Ie: i:cs oi !loi:-aLizadon i \\'irh fie upid cier,eiop:rent oi inlorirali,)ir ieririroiogits.such anallsts foresee thc ad..,i!it ol. a piAnetar)' ]ncrser ofcr:ltulcs, ideas.

aid ecoion,ics rl',rcugh a llllii)csig lhat u.ill {orge pcoplc al1 c.c,- ihc\rcrld into a clcser !!1it. Stelher D. Krasner arglre5 thaL ihl coni.inedonslaught ol morletarl uricr-i. rlle Inteliler. aable news, ard non-gcl,elnlnenral organlzalions are ciraiienging th'J notjor ol so1'ereigrt)i

elen dlough ther ale not desi|c)ing jt.8 Horreyer-, ,(,,rair ;r nocci ls ,-rD 'Lc

dispute, acrlsidelug fia! nurdnrtiornl colporatious .1c stjli riliirrr cunation'srates in order !o exisl :rs oiiclal instituricr:.s ard, r.s gol er.]line:.subsillies arai proteciionism su4ge:t. ir crder-lo.11jLr:. ilieii ..'cr'\'slrr'-

r4ul aoiForiilions are also at.L.-cr.hn! on statas io hrpleLcrl .axf ld-

heis:ve rlade ngieeDenls, su.ri a.! rhc iiorth r\ cr'lca) i_ircL: lii\lirr\qi:rl-I:lcnr a^\AFTA) and rhe Gen l]r ai Agre rnen! on Tirifs rri liail- (C..1|'il,

as ricll:s ro cnlor..ce the age:',das cirntemali;nrl blls',ress insLiirr:]ot:s,... 1(.: 1l \olcBJ...:. u..:. ...." ..

. O: O:. O)'.' l-:

Globa izalioir as Westerr zar.irn

A nu:.,ber' oi sclLoLars srress rha! gloDaiization j5 l,j:.ling io rlle sj:r..id .'i\\'estcnl cujlirre nnd placlices irclud the l.oild. Spclis icor,c such as

l(obe lJryani ald Sammy Sosa. 3s lvell as pop starr riLrch as E,rriretr'r el.lB i rnr,v Soea:.'s, have gained 1. oi id\,:i.ie no Lo rie r,, t!.! .- .:.r ar.c ir erio nn'

A laba li zi1 ii a it .rd l:!jx o t)t n

ilgsiro.,;s LirrorghouL rrosi oi :hc l oilcl ilr l-ili:lx i\icDorl.!'s icslllrL'

):3r1is hev. e\?,rildeci r:rPiailt ircut 1il+ :iior.s li', e -Yeari '119 lo c!.1' 500

to.Lalt C\N InEmatjootl ii nc$ aleLLal--ie d,ro'iglloul rh,r n olli f iil isLe-

!isi.11:Li.t tlle lntenler. Bc i! l"lcl)rtild s or air"Fl rhe cl;ir'fi's oiclcing

things aie lalling by the \?n)'srde arld nxking .oom fo: lhe nlodein"

lorLr ciclciLrg thlngs. This nror:ess ol"irtrderrlizailon is i3r,uriourll to

1il -rr_,edcanizltiolr ol rhe glol-.e.l" BenjauiLr Bill'ber aiguas ihat giobal'jznrlon is leedjllg io a homogerrize.l "l'lc\\:orld' i \\fiicr Alreilar pop'

!lar'.uia!!re ard i.r:ri',,.ueLisn :s .trtal.li! lira gLol--e Reja.ill_g sljlll.{nerlc;ur ild cons,.lrnefisl (lomifalio1-r, orhtr arl!ufls ale lrcdLrcingrlrcv!rir.u'.i ofresisiriua.. \1')11.1_,llar-!er l.ir::, l,r as "lillli ' (llol) \'ai Ili,1osi r-t., srrnce Lo glctiil::.rLiou. ltoa.vei aan-,Lr: iilll tiro-(c l\'ilc \iel\'.O .:..... r. .OOr.( . . ..

' :i.l f"G obai:eircn as 0a

Scme scb,rlars ccntenci d;at g1o-1rali:arion is an ideolcgl- ci narkbL ecou-

onl)'. j\'Iarired E Steger:tie:: to ;lobalizalici ars a:1 idecLcgi rnd .rlls il':.0,,1'..r 'Ir.rr crc".er'. rI q' c"..'r')jl.'< lll,l* ri_I.Li oa

,,'1 . , .o< ,rgro:.'-r,p. !..1r \v r[1.:r '.o'r .. _ i:1 .] J i .l

scale.ll Pe|hapg dlis vie';'i5 ll'rc ll'icst ploriiirenl oulsiri. tlle Uriied!itaLes Erucpen and Tbircl \Vorlci scholai: oilEi erflail', gi.belizalion

ii d'..se cdtical terr1ls illenin iilot io| exarllule, !)_. in acl.lreis iD .he

hr.rutloniri I'orur,r :rn Glooa]l:r,Lion ilr \e1( \irrli Cil\" rroclaiFreii,

' CLc,rali:;rLior is \{;ri \\ a iI,] r]'.: T\Lral !'brlri i;rrl lor sLri:trLl cruunies

.rlled coi.;lrlzeiior "ll h ji ritii !lcll ci gl1-'i:ali:r.tlcr. iirL is 1-'chird the

rlcir\':lircn ui illnse \rho ri'-rgc ihc sl-uggir io .rr,li il. r1.Ex:ive iln|ic!llis !it:,,(gg1e lta-. mact glolrait:aii,tn ;r lo:r.i poiut :ri ilostj I fassLons

irrf n.c:Lsia'aiti licl,irli pl rrrls

'Ailt 5io)3 iza-!L lit i:oraes

,\1;!rJ' llcill.irit: a!1d c'ijl.s oi aoLl)oarle paiir"al rr. Dlicr ii;racrLlitlci)

lalelc,.i 'r.nrigiobaliza'"ion prot'":toe." 1b s1'e:,h ln ::ucb ieitls ts iai :oo

1?q1r i-ar i ..rer1 1\'o r se, it ls ini'.'r.lraie. \\iilel', iLiscri5iig lLoLr|:arioxiristlc.esiilr)'Lod:stinguial.}cr'i','enils'1r''iousfoi]r1s l\.lLr'li:r-! fciir-ir:rrr,, c,:rr,or.,art (cconomic), irllliLarl. r:ilirour'3nitti. lcchtlologlcai. aucl

culr,,uri gloralJ:1)n. lake ole specific t'-xarrpli eitlicrnnei".trLists 3r!'

. Llr..:n-. .

. _o t !. ol .. . . r e:. .1 ...-......... .' .o.j O-:..-o e,h ... ..,.b....,.,..- , j ..: 1,1... ! r . " t. ..., 1ro..': .r : I'E:r f-.- Crirics ci corporaie tlol_.rrit::rLlroLr ;rrt mar.v rl.J g.,.,,I-ir! LL: ri|nr:r,:r.sSorlr:.cppcsc Lhis forr:r oigl.bai::::r:ion becrusc tilrrseL: Liir: jtet oiLit:girbrl rnccnc ol rhe pooresi l..5itr ::r tfr" ,,"rl,l .:""f1,,i,if..t," i."r,,",,errr aJMrLrta jncanle conti:l!i:-j tc l.:rL: Thc;i1,. oci.r,cClt-l|,: :.tC\ .l]:.1rhr pocr,:orlin,,rrs to rvidcr:. ,r,::l tl:r roncerl: ;i ilr. I.lat.r.lrl o l,;;:be:l tllgoiren \\Jhiic rllor:slll:; riie t..".uct,,..1,-,.ii,i.. 1r...,... o;,1',|]1,i1un1llon, j.h. nunbei ol rillrrir,.itts ,it thr !nili(i S,,,,,,. g,.ur", ,,,,,

!r j\r-.. o o ln 1..- :. b j ..\'1lrch :1. 1a00, sonle po.,i.i.j.lr,, jr i"*" ,:r.l"," ,*i..,, .'i1,.""

t",r"q,'lrsacr hrs d.cis;on as .,llslisirlril.i;le ar;i, p;rir:i]rs, ,,,,: ,,1.1.."r. ,I:.o1.... ."L-, glo i,. ., .- .. .South is l cle^f c:lLse ofconcrl:r lit rtanv oFp.ritelij it.llolr3Lir-t;j-iolt.Orre brllior oronle lmng iu rre i.irsi rncl ihir,t ,l,orl,f' ,,"i,

".',. ,,i, in.. .orl.. s\r. .. ,1.. .. . .,

L: . .. .. r. ( Ilo\ .. .e. .1..

Lfo' ".. .. : :r. .. .:

.1. . :.....n. ..ro. '.. .,Dtl^.e: s,.ciaL l-.rorectjons. \\'n(r 3irii !r.itlisr \\rilli",n C,",,1..,,,:",,. riliirs iL.xrsrs r.d.,\,, "rhe glcbal ..i)trrti is r-Llnnirq cLo....r iriii, .ir:l.cir ilt r thc'r oilcl icr rhe lcl,esr connoi.r rjcrotiri.,ror in ie;,". ,, fr,.,l"",J ..,,..il.Ji

\....:.TOr.. ).,. ..... ..:. n. ..' l. .t.t L.nt .. . . . .). . tcnlr . .. .

' ni . ., olt c.l .... . ,,.,,. -: :.or'roriit. Dolref The \fl'O his L.cL:ti airrckeC ict irs .l:;t,: l:i r:li:-s:cll.i,

r|;cr4:orrre rLLLing:. Lon \\trihrl rrncl \ttchelle Sibrzr Liclicllr: tlc .,\.id

| : n.,i-.o.. : .:. orr. .. - .:.: : ... .. I : ,e\ " en.. - ... .,1 .

:.'.1... i ..".:g"ia. t..: r-rl.- ...,::. 1,..r. .,nLleclaled barriers to trade.',16](c\in Darr3her, an .rcri1rsl arrlr.oiiruDrl.-L oi.. I o fr .,n6c...xpla r. . . lgrr., :, ,,. .... t -"..: .' -.: .:rrrng L"r'- ,-, . - i." ,, .. - ', '

' oi \'.1. 1 .rk .,, , ..1..(. ..:

A loba lt nlic, a nd'iE. ti tb n I

lars fiuliL ;]lcl iess arccass io iLlr i-rLa-.:r.,eii:l!: ril l.r, crntncri , ti D,lri,lleroLaces nur:l: ol Lhe resporsibiil$ lor rhis trclr(l or.t tnt.n:tion;ll Lr.,lsiressi. stiL-,[i.ls T]re ",r\,erall. rir:ust" cf li\ll, iirl \lbilcl Banlt prLiiie , ior\'r:_. ., r'L' r '' i".. ..o. .t .

li er:l,.lolilrlioir bi r |r:Itr;l::1 :oila':rtjrirs, )ritrh.:r rarLr.rllj .j:ri:a.,f :..1 .1: ..!

rr",rril)-:s n r:orir'ol mrcl..albrt ii! ii::sr \\bfl.l eii:cs t,r Jliie itcouo;..ri:'''' t . t . . . l

Ar iii,i tLriio,ra, (rfitci].1 iil',,: l,1F

!ol..e .ri ll: sifnt_:.sr 'r: lrlsl oi iltc rr:l.r::ai er:ri:or:r1,, oilrr. lrrsc.l,1e taur i;rc: Palist, lilcsiill:Ltiial)'.li11:ji:Ji frr rirc l-.r:llrn arIldi.,fLr.fiJirrf.;r' rr ll.: bool.: Tjir il,,it r-.ra rti.rlii_i ,ii. ril a;r:i tr\. i,rtl:lst i) ri'linr:s rlrru) .f !ia .i11.]rr,gs r'r'.ri irls rctreai.ir .,,rircritiiii{ il-.r lr.c,i..5 c:tira Il\'lir i'.rLrit iri;e|,.:.ns li]:i]r{:f Irlfi ciil.: ,:cLrior:lL!,r ILrsefl: S:i!:ir:.rriro (iisclLsr,cs rhc.on.litior-q ilte Il,,lf slrs iiI e.lr', coLrr, .i r:ccr.ingirorirl i},r! lo;,Is. .r'crirrclinq lo.itiqlir:. e!r:r, acirnrr\' Ls r.r.l:lir,..l 1.,.. rl.ali'lF la cLraci i\e::.rlrle iorr.sttt: trrrccr: lq:ifrlLir: ana: f,ll:jsl it-t far|cniia:rl ol rirr rrqr.iircm.uD. \,rhi,r'n irraLirdf ti:r irllrlrrl;

I :ilt, )r|rlr'dtaj_r,Dril'di,:iti,)ii ci .ri.rlrj irt,-lii l.it,j :,r.alr iJ airatria 4,rij1!iilili aofllririi!! \:ir',ilr!:rt.,_l-,rjyitj:1tr(ni5...ic\i,:al :rj aor)!farpr.-sjal, i,altlculaiil, lrheir cc:ritricrng Ic:e:ri corpo12ic laii..iles sucilxj llirloi, Dirt to lieirtior :lte (iiii,atr-L-rri! ,:fiaai! cf _.uii l:rri,'lres oLt'. J c. r .. .l

i. l(t!.tj!e.l "c.l|ilijl lr.r'ir.t ii!.irlit.irirri, ficir:1irg tliL: loltnr:g ol'be:ii.rj i.'cstiictiFB t\. ilol',:l c:ilit:tL il artd c,,,r r i i F:r;L r,nii fllll',r,'irilal s1'rats. CouLtlalej rlltalLra iaoLtr-.:Ii: :t"sis i|.r r:rLrrrtei;,, r1,'i I . ,.

Cauit;r] I1ig\t, irr turir. hrrl.,u iicaiard! i:coL)cijrr l:llic,rrn. r.,ir.:r ir.. lhe case of.;\ril.r11rr,r

i jlirsrrlerl "nrcr'llet-las ul pricit-,t," ir ol|ef $oids. raiJluq pi.ps.r.r:sserli;rl gooi,s iLnrl serrci'.r l,l lt oi iics. irrjc. :r.i.rersl,

'i:_ :. r..cr..l.-. . -. :: .:: 1.triciLl: end looci i-ogtrtriil; lltis rrnii l..es l,:rl ic incr.::<ec,,slci:L':rnra5i.'ia as iia l\il una:i|l.gclifrlii' desclil--rs thc t--ro;Let.tl

iliI

1

ll

r''- L\..rnp.C qrr re .: . .ot - 0

!J "r1 ien.r,tccJ L.. I ol.Dr_..i..i :,r..t.,.-' ing riois tltroughoul the nlldoit's capjtrrl. 1t rras l6s,r. -.i.rorr.n U,u,lhe ILIF had mairetmirditcl thc piice il]at.erse an.l c.rer! prrr.iiaieclrllerd o! dm€ rhat s,rcli rr jncLease rr,oLrlcl ljiel, p:or.ole rnEau;rdcrL{n lioi.:l

4 CcntltLiscry jrct trdde, :r1,r,nting require.l redtclLrits il rlt.:lis l.idcihcl tade banie$ flll;rn3 1!rn the Fii.:r \\crll r. iii. lhtr:l\\rcrld The carch, ho,,r.L.,,ei, li ther i:irsi l.,t!.i(i ccritiic! arerllc'nec to coLttinue ..1i iir pt..rea!ioliiil-. :ts is'.::ti. ir:,:i..riljrqlcgall, prorectccl :noncF.it.! rLialet ritc \'\TO Illipj l1rr.anrt;rit.nrassr!e subsiclies for naicnaI i[dustrier, i]rci lol,.rn,reil lal.tits: .::rt _t-o:, o .)o..

.i:r-er:n ich corjnties, ror c!,clonc ha_< bcnrlllcci iior.rr iu.lcl.arrqlobalzarion Ner'corporate he,:icm: qenteci bt, tiioi,.r li:alic n rLe l,:ad-ilrg ro iircreased hsccuriq. in tLc rvr;riqrlace. Bcrrreen .1973 .rna M7, Lr

is estirnatecl rhat the average inccrre of the poofest 20 Deicelt ol_.inei--.lc.. . oc..,n. r",h..r., .i..,on rot i.,,t".:. ,".\ -ei -0 ..r.er.L *at.J .... ,..f :.(:i o {....1 .

aerr l? AJ lltanulaclur.ers relocate to reap gteaterpiofirs cl[cireapcr laborin dre giobal Sourh, worliels i the icll l,lorth are lcsing lheir'sotriccs .-.1

Lvelihood. Ilanual labore6 itl uiudc,rlai iire under Ctrear :rs colpo:aiiorsshili their prodrLcdon to lo\\L\raqe ..o'lotnies abioad lnLpl: enratioll c,i\.{FTA, lor exarnple, has resultd iri lhc loss of 7jr,r.0C0 U.S. nmrii.rc,iuring iob: to \La{tcar1 maquila.iorrs (lwcarshcps) ti ,r..nerican iaboi. :: l" . erog<..r1. . . \\-... ... .. ... -.:.lhrcugjlorir rhe 1990s, apprc,'iniLei., l,alf oi uriol or.,1mri:ir,g t, LiLe

L .r: . ( o " h. . o-..r ''.r.. .. .:.occn Fan,\' prodN cticn liom dte lti,tfr,l ,ili1,es to triexictri ilaqutllLLilrr:.t:

. t r.\....n 0..: m.. :.Lhilled xrth cofpcrslc globalilriia:: ,:trlel Thcl liii:::clccilecl r-,rllriorr rvages ancl bad worl< e:ti;.,rlrrclts. Streatsllcirs oire::r.qneraLerreaLih ro corpolate srocl*rolCers rt:cipe.petur.te rov.ury fot litr \,rcdiers. Sonte ofthe s\'ea$hops enpio.. ciriici laboleil l.'orldng in ur,he;rlrhy.. :'.- 1dn;, Lsen. ....

Trkc. Ior er;lnple, dre slcr! ci Icltal N1asih. lqtal r,r,15 e11r3 6i 15ltlousands oi Pakrsraui childr.r lr'ot.lrg in the O cli: lc:irpel r)1iiis.

G bha lt ze ii a tt a tld'i e r.,tt: :t',

Lie$raen :itii,C,lC luai I ,00"r,{)ilil iri.,icsliLr_,r i r.:lc fer Lo.i!ye.l '-l'.r: :r:ei oilo,;r r:rcl hireen rvorh iour'.r.:l t:orir's a rlr'., sir dr.rs .r wccir l'el'lr!crirpeis airen, rjre chiLrlren art.:l:rrrrii rr ioonrs iu carpcL lactolcs ini'alistar l_hi:se c.\il:iir:n arlrsr;rllr sr:r,- i-.i iherl l)rr.j1iri rc i\,or k in rhlrarpri Ie.LDries ro help s!rrDori Li1(i ilxiiil Tircl ;:e clicr. ri.::r ;r11 l.rrl'lurrurrrir,:Ll

_lher: baclis a|e .rsr:rLi,r, rilr|tclirtcr,Lusl ci Cre ronsirri:cr:il-

irlq rr: iiorl ol th: l,ror: Tie r hrnis ;r:c ,r-.u:,i1) scdr.rcd. ald !ie\. hrlclliiiiirrL'lii 'rlcelhir,r ber::u-.e oi i,e ..,lrririi iulL:riirii .rl ir'lic ;iusr.l ii rC c: rrlcr'n:rtlc::rI prassu]::, lJ.rliiiit ires5,'a, ti lr'.r' oiLih,rir{ tht lr',trj.. oi jr:l1i,rg iili'niies ioi l:rcnrljni ti_,ei' :liiih.:ri :r cr.r'lrt hi-.oi Cor-!.:r-raj'.!li'. i l'altisr:ilr jrrnlr] i:iiii: gr'.rir), ,lc 3.:r::i i.|L,rr Lii-.err-rlcf, ]i:olrl $T-LF), lratcd e cr' riiilLj t.i lii:e ljollrlc.i chiLclrerr lobrin'iii olic .i lhos,r chllaifel1 iicrl iriLaf sr-\ \ r.r:r rr iire ili. rl ! ilis iaril'hiLi ror:drrlirrrr r'.Ler he vls L:.yvea:s oll Or,:e lrctd iq'r,alLcr:lmc:1i iafir.r iral,licLD;irLi irl JrL clLdr)lLi. n r. l:i:. ,.ril_,c: b.il:ie!l c!iidren llcirlso !r|1'.l.rl io iu,;opc and tl!c llr,ireC 5,!:riti ra.c].rpoic Lhe trlrci:a. :.cr:nsulrrels \'iro buy lhe car:pc*. f iis pcrso4nlii' 1i'id dri),,isLisr! nrldchin a lcl..'elfecLigr spol(esprls.r', on lrehrll oi:lii borr:Lcc chilcLr-en r:r

Pliiisl;ur. On .\lil 16, 1995, a q,.rnr:ran sho-i tl',e t\itLcen-vear-oll lqbaL

to clcaLl \VLlile ro con.,iclior iis been rtechcrl, it:s clt:r that q,llat

tLe lorLncier ol the BI-Li callei thc "catret mafia' n,as rcsl rnsible iorl,;is inutcler

Ti.c srorv oilqbal trl1s us tha!..lenanci icf "OriinrxL" ca+er in ri.hco.rxl-r'ies coilliibutes to bali irrcaiua'.ion p::i.liaes in poor cr,rs \\'hrle,.Lt'r cr','+et rrrnuillaci,,rrers becorrc r',i:rlthr', rfrlcl'rn sr"rlier Jnh.; r:oLr-

i,.inli::!s;r. al\':lr'e and rIc icad'r lJ Lijvcol| pr'.cucL-s pro:l,ri,:ci by abrr-

:isr: rr:,:;$ or ralc lar'i !Lr t}r:rin|!; ciLrnj-.iiliir:s r',or'icrr! agiiLr:rs:,-inhrr. : :: O. (..- ,. .l ) .1

r):i)loitrlicil is llcL li r-!.d ln P;rlils'-ar] rr r. iiritrr lrlrlillu !ur is 1\'iilc-

ilirii:(l rlra, arn Dt fc:-lxd I :iiL rolllers of l:e rr'rr'lii\'l,r.l' r:r r,'11611-ao|ni ats r-,re orl;oser1 iii .arr'!olt!r glcLr:llz:rticLr lLs

I eli. ihc., ieai thl1t thc iirLclircc L'c;r'. ecn rhe reN rerhLr.':Lriaiei. .aon.urr..

;lobaiizarion, ancl centraiizi:d corD.ir'xte Do.iu:i'r\i:r' lerd to an .lnplece-dcltcci rlvironmental rratmr:rt r gicbrl scrle. Er,.'ircrinentrliss arf,,-rt

rhar, cr-.ryo1arions are disregarrling rhe elv;o.Ll1cr1t in t'nc starprde iornegaprtrfiis an.l marketplacc suflcmxqi lhc logia behini lrriiJilm.rl-talisi i:anpaig:rs lesls.,l Llrr priici])Lc ih:i:n-riic:r:llirirl rl.'trc:iousnusr be prnsutd bt-,'lc c.oloqi.|l ca las ti o irin:s Lei:cnrc inc.:it;r|1e llrd.r

--;..'. , ,- ,". " , 1.. ,- : ";i r: .' :,"".. . .. ., ,..

1", ."" " -.. l tool. L .. .. t(,. .. ::. .. ., . "

Cr/o,i.r/rllrlio/t .t,ro i.:lori;/r

aiiola .rirLt cf :]lt! \r'r(] riite

Ai'!r, dll1r r.he l\TO, &e \\brl.i ;lnr;i, th. l\lf, or rhe icadcrs i i t)r: Lirloreair:alri! foteis meei. cLrrrctrstiiltions i,.r..:ait cuL. icrtc ol these ll lLLlrrLrci riolent. B,,Lt ihe fof,;rtinL Lor riolcnc.: lri;Lrr:l ta qlobeii;:,rii.,n isnir,:l\ [rair ser']rrLr-i 3r,,1 lorg Lr:Li;ie rirrtr oicnslolal orrrl;r:.sts .ri.sciutainwi. \'iolcla,r rilrinst trtl:Lr:lrcu,il ,:r-.: tor.:i: clolltn;,1:c:t ii ir:r ltsrs si:rllts.Lrtr'l irrs tlkel. ln:rr r:h;qr,:s cr,i:.the..rirs t-a,rPt]lrtc i]\:,rLlrr'rs ire'.,'lerr |{rlt;:ptr,:i:l r:ii:l i:,i:I nfi.:i'.r.c I i.r,r;o:.rir rrtt,:i: -.,.:;lr.r:: l,|:llonrirl s r'.:ii:r'.1:!l.Li!. it.r'i b,:rr: ri:rc,irrl l-.:r::l .rrlir:r itr..ctLi:iat,-cl :tirri ii:ilri, lr..rttl r':rIiL,rittt lri :;r'r,rirlls C: llar:rriOI 'ro:lirrrriiii , ur airut.illa ntil,.rl)'i itl.ie ri ., r :ri<ccl nr:llir:.rriirril r:L

:t:,:l ,r-. :lt \l'-,1:':r .i..1 r:'rrt: lli d rl:,:;l; r'r.rltrrle l]or:s rL:iur. l,.rri- Lic' iolr.r o1 '.

jolelce u!! Lc i:tlilf .tllc. ,...i:l.,i.,Lll i:r L.lr it.,uc,:lL iJ rli::l-iode-r'that:Dlornrali..l crossc: l-',--t i,:rs iltil,o.ri i:r..sici.:r'r-...:...

cnnenls rle he]lle-rs he|l :i il:r 'ri lc. sL,rir tire sDI.il oi i:iorrxatioit,rii) l,jt tir.lr loct!ries in 'J.lt;L,t ol taLlirg irrrite': bchitrl 1i ritv a:lor:iL. tirc;.rr.tiirLr,,_"ar:ed coLrsetlIcirccs liiie.irr':r:rm1-.ie.tt.li_,oteiii.,rijerrr (Lr:,cl 1)l:orle rherc rijll ljr'r I tL rilir:or:1 .,r'l al lii( I rr.i irifc lo ri,r.-i:i.ir'. rL:ri1ir! x e!.r, .f er'.:r .l !.rhocl in rIL' rilhgi: ),1o.i ,ri.riis ;rli: s:ilLili tlr.rlr:raliniilLted:r''rl,r,.iljr.ic:l,l:i-r,ril::r:i:i:r;, 1:,'rrlr,:rhr: l,r,t:r',:r-.r::ttrj tildr r:rr,r:t jit:.ilo|i- ., tl ,r ;rirltt: rlsl 1r: tlt,:clr:rrllrL r: rili:rllu: qrLhar i,.r :ljrra li. ,lrl ri,r.:.rr,. ,lrlri rr rl;,, ;it:: l:.,:-,l,r.lr :r. ,iil,ir::: .:rle: i..\" :-r..s ,rn :l.r !rl,j _i-rt.i. ,ir: !1.rl|rir]i,; jIr

:l1_,r.,rinrrrl,illa,'rllrAaisr r:ri:ilir\,r,-.l.lt.ir-.au.t, Iit LLtrn !lt",ta.;i.:,::rt si.'r trr.)iiLricrl r:r ali ii:,r':::r. l:iri.,;,.ili i .|: nil. oi :rnris it,li:ri :':r:c l irarr irr)ri ir'lrrq,,,r'.rlli !rl:r_s:rr tL.tf.rlri rl1 ,ri :iL!:.rl-ir,lL:r;' ,:rls f:..r1 :rr ]li:lir,:ls n'r:l: jr'.::,r1, i r:il ilrtl .rr,rrr iL,clo.,r.::\,jlr, --.- r'.,r ,ir.ilt iiatlirL-!..j trLl ii,:ltt, ,:li:;, r,,lt:i.-.. :::,_ltr_.i t_.1,:tliln::,aLrrLaLvrr,oltiieth.'nelerirlagl:iririr,rIicrLsi,'!r.r])l.cj l..c.us l,-,r.rllira \rll:i!t .lciar lil111s tl_,e scL oii, lrd rliL,t,lelj ieprtr t. tit.il tru.t orc'iarior:res tosleeF on thcrrciut1L-.ols ,.\s rhcr'slcep, theyrrc rowlil..cir'!o ha..'c i1e\', iirals rf dte.it11s No rnaia,r'4 ili,ji air'aanliitil:rbolll rilir,nrilhi:rg thc col',., or h:lr'estiLr:q li1e.r,:,p.i Irsr:;rd. the'r a;t irkeil Lo

riieaur ofhrrinA an ;i;r;:zing la,.icit Lhar Lrir!5 \r,ater insi.l. I hom. ct

nerrallr' susmitlable merlocls Errironmelrrf ir.,l.r -:rl:.';;.;i,1,,il

_-.r... Ie-tJ-.i ....0n. "

, . .:-f. rc..._ .., ior \... ...,rio .l,il . .n1.,r..: :r..-.: rDr. ...9 o... 1I o.... ,, ,l e ..,... : ..-. 1... 1.. .:... .;..icsl ir;is k:d rrairv lo crilici.:r ,1c :rrf_,orata c:irlt.irl]t oi itlitt.ir,a:lr...ii.r''.'''

il

frl..

l,,

ol h:l''.rlg a car or eiccrncig. CI]cr: r.his haprcils. ji si:rs iD r] froa.,.s tiriitone crn cull a "l-rigrarion ol clrer::ts." The irss3rrtrrtitiiol ol:lt, ii.l naiiil.ontribures io nelv aheams aronq Lhe pool 'The wcalii.rl' irncl icl,,.irrcct. rr ,: :, e).e|. e. .- .o .... n. on ,,.a . ,". ,,,- . ,... ,o,.

ll., .rr. ..o- o[]:eans.. , .. I .or occ. ... ' . .

::.::d.. ..I.l, s.;rr.. . r1r-.grn i.r r bcautif..rl serting, ti:ei.roo nay drelr:r ai-rur Soi:r! ro iir:L !j,:,ccscmeclal :\n old television sio*,called Tre Lcl,r lirri, sir o;ia cr ir:st .;i:1p,lr-,nnrlrreii tr .r huge gro..r,ll ;r: rirc ci.uisc j:tc[si;.;: Tiie iJer ri,, ccr-,-lrrrcielrs oiter an atreup! at clri ring rhe inlen!iin:ritit:;t:l;iou ri,j.c rnslll c ron Xr S;cli ro rhe I'ilL!:j ::t tllin.l, lve aiti rlui :rs iilc friiirlcts l)c!il:c hrr.e grcr:er dr.eams lor :5cr:,s,:lrrs ancl ilrrr. l:rrirt.lcs. Ll..ri: -".,i ,rl. .:._ .or-c. ... t6l

',1:rtcr; r'oircls, lncl even ca,,s -!:l-,.rreLnme:ti rs r, lr,:i: tirai il c:,lli. r'' '. - L :l..lt t.'rLrqc il n;:l hare greerer !l,rlita. ol pro,aillng,,trcir i,titls:;:r.rlilcs tcrr, ..Jcr .irids rrherc Lalge numSrt:; ll rrcple restir:. ('i:t ;:;rsslllj; li: go,_enrnilni r:tal prefer ro pu! iis lilriieiL t.esourci:s into h..,lLjr .:ar and JrLu,carion ulhar than building roarls io such a rrnr,.Le uirrqe r.th r,cr,. ie,.r0aa,lP1lt'r!s

Sccjel scirntis!s have laleniiiical ihe gap be[i,.er t\peciations an.]ecnielemcni as a najor contribiLrci !o violence This iiLeoivis lrilor,'ll:rsr.hri\'e delrrir)tion ]_ecl Robett Gurr clefines relative ciePr.ivadon :rs rhce.1 b n., r | .: r" g,r1 ". , . . ::e bei:.. .

Gurr lells us :har ihe lalger rhc gep beLleen the rro, tl:: riotc iri<r:i-J:anindLlidual is to run ro riolel;e :i If liris respecrei Ln,l Foml:rr.thJor,"is ;rccumle.,ihel ir is fair !o sl.r'.ihlii the risjng er:pectlti;l; cl 1i",? poor.ln iire Clladiap l,i1la8e or eLse.rixjte couid contrlbuti io j.ici.:nsiNr'\irl"r :. io.cr..:nar br .r.. ..-l:ns, :i..:

b r. t.. i. . r'h r.r'n. .. .....c b'. .

glolip irontes tc rhe rillage ia ::rtrlit ighler5 ita:a,,ltst rlc flo\.t.nti:r1t.o.: 11.: .:,. c1... -:c.L . .,. ,o.\::. .... . o Lrrc:eased grp benveen e\pe.tilr'rs :ircl achier,crnerii. .lhe glob:iJizrlio:rof information disseninalion, ihercicre, may ccjtiribute Iti,iolerct.'lhc increasitrg pace ol citangc r,,,iiir eJobaLizatjon ir1 irlelf n.n, .lsoco : o\o.n \Vh(t..)(. ;o.h gi ".:... e.l..ro::ho' ofien experielce polarizaticit Sonre pecpLe suppiri Lire ch;rirleNhrre ofiers ojrpose ir 1r tiLrer. are .iirisior! b"rnr"-.- .. Lr.,o grcupiin

Gicta ! tza! i.t a r 1d lh r tciis n1

ia gfLrrr ti.al tilil dash. rLr,:l ir ii.ll \\'nI . t)Is ln :he l--nliucl 51aics.

11-hen lhe lrauli!t,v rLudar'rlicni,_. |xirrcr r::rttsloi'nrLion l-.oct en agricul'

i.Jril eaor !ril:,r' biis ed cn ilri irl:-irii:liioll ulal slirYerl as lic iililiaf i,i:]nsoi !LDduclion into an iraiulirial srci.r' rlcpt'r_,ciri'rt .n co:rl rnd itLborl

iire cou:lu1'slrll)e.l iILo .r ,:iril -,r'a]i .l' liiill',1-lillei'.o e|o| ri-'o[ pi;reur ilu;Lard CrL:ir,g J,c Croin\v.ll llcraLr:li,-11,'i itiuce in 1:a'). alrd irR:rssirL in tlrr: *r1,r'part ol ri,t ii"etltiadl caill'!ir!r'lbdr\l 1i'il1r lhc raPjai

i)iic ii tii-.iriti 4l'.angc, .ni (.'ltii tr!:r'1 i.',;rL i|r Jiob3l collrluriry coLrlcl

be :nr:riir: ir)Lo i1 ,Jhajc l,i r 3!,i.li crrri '';rr Tirosc rr':r. ltPir.'sc !l1e

cirr;r':e l.r:ri \lr: llrea.:1 !c!rr iir:r.iiiull,iic nl sececlc ton ti',e lloir'-

;li:3a !trta.::. I,iir)! nry i-.r: tl,ej (.r.r :i:t. .l-iti: aii, tl'1,: co:ritL-.r oll :r:r-

iili,ir.r) \':ls i.1i:ri .1ir:1:r!::ra l:!.ll.l_, l.c'.lLr::rn: lLi!:r ci Liror

ie;rait sr

iijse i i: olrcr \'..rliteir trlr l,v irciire:r L'.ri oi !lxrsr \''to ataiiite Iirdrl.l,luncirt histo:r, is

"rririerL iLt a rtlniL:rj j113].llal: Tileleh:e, ''he icnclsi

iii ilra i!ct1l1] oltcrior arc oitcr, c,-.Lri Sa.i ]1ililris ari ollrn a:Liieri i:r'L isr,r. r1:(i ahos{: \'/ho tti'iJ:i,_r' ollleri rr. frcqlra]1tl)'fii::rrlei a:1 ri.'drls of ti:r'.r _lhe

coniusi'.:_, n.cuis beciius. ci t1',t ler:ii ol:: r:lear ir:iiLr:

&1don 01'rvhat LetYcism 15.;'5 a collcei-ti. ieifci".srrr ha-c:lciiuirlc iirl

:lritt xor{-litrat,! sLalus tu Atrrrn.iLu publia dii.rlrrse Thcre i: rc doui:i

!odn) ihrt ler'r.-,rsLr hrs iephceci C.lr1Lllr.rllisnl ai lhe ieaaing slleir) cilire lai:ri!e(l Sta,tes 1-:cisg a cltar cleinrtior rcceptablc i:r'ell Palries,r,iinorisr'Lr iclrlxirs in the c)e cr ii)c i]a!]aiaLr: A '"eliorlsl ls s'la]: lo hrs or

icr i:rret:ri,:s iid r irceilor:r ii':lr:cr tc !l:' Lri htr l:plcrt':ls"lruorlif r5 rLiIiirr.rlt to iirirnc: l-'ec'.r"rse il i: lriierenL]\' l.rlilicrl

'rr/ililc rnant lec'pii: coui;-i iiirdil' !enori"'!:.is xher thc| icar of

l"u:r.. :he l:ci:ei1lri:'!-. ihriL i':1.:l ireoil. h"h r pr:cisl drtinitioF Di,.h'r c.lltceDr. llmi''' \i'..r](i lit 'ei Ihluk ni,lcl-c .lot r' ol :ilu: clrt or gor_

clrlncirf'; ircililii Lc 1)a lc1!o1rsi, irc Le ol-isi, c.iL,1clloY' is rlrl'r"'s Lh':

o,:ltilt !'llera ele n1al1v irolLlas (iler1 i! aorr_rrls iir ioillLlng o!1i 'lhc !;r-IDlisr." \\'hen lsracli ieadcrs r:iilr t. Prlesiinirn cf.rs xs ierriL'isi, one

-,", tt': tti.:rc -.- ..:r':.c. o: r' .: 'ls^r!1c lsraeli le.talels "tel'lori:t" ';irct, Br:irin rLrled lllest:re as a nlan'

.1:ll.r lellilcli. ls ie$olisol !r1'cr acaePle'l nn'l i sliFle']1 Tite ans*cr

s|cns ro bc oll\iors \l,hellt\,er ieirorislll is jLlslia,cci thosc \1'ho feei

lir;rl ri is iust ( o ,.:: cail il !3r'ci;str' irsleacl, e irl'sl r:i clhr:r co:rccpLs

)

iic iiseC ucLudlng 6ght lor.:lci':icriience, i;ter,l:jr:t. .,;uu(ii3. tiira.l.ol .t.. .

Dol J. .: To..o-J_

lrr:orsn i: one of rhose co!t..iris rltnt maj(r x,ou.ierlilipclLti.rl io.rLji.Polirtci;rrs erlrnd lhe worid itjr it r. aiesctjbe ihetr it.t:icrl o1rf.:l:liCcl.nrei poxers Lrsed i! ro lcler to iuLionalj!i glcrlts iighlini itrcrn ioriri.trf:ldcrce. lvlanvThird r,\irrl,:lrolr,tncs ille-rtiii t r:i ,.,,trlli ,,tqr.::,,sloilrilhterronsnt.lnlherlLrinatitc,lseptcnber:i,ltr,tl,li:,:LlLtlterlStrtcs bec:rnrc inr,olved in I ( iit irrr f.Lio; This,r.lli ;oi ir I_i.S loc r: r,r

.... .:. .. :. c . f.un-oc . | : 1'r. l:. l' ,: f t., . crn..:o. ....dr':..''o - . .c r. i .. .h.... 1.,...lc o.a. t .. .., h d ::. .r -' .: :o .. Ipor:.r: ' ...r '0. -. cr -;.

to tcllus ilboilt Iutltre develc,pr:r.rts Somespohe oial,Atteic:u Ce;i-!ur):' \i'hiLc olirerJ discusse.i I "Cl;tsl of Cliirarjons... i! nurirircr oi.o1 ...... ot . r. pOt|e ..l ir.D- . _ .... ..1...

..ono h:o.ct .l .1, h. .. r.:1..7,1 ..j D:....... [.,...jtl.. .. ror.' ..r.( h. nlon . ,.i:r-. .\. :. .. ..-.-: 'o -.1:... ' j. . r 'o rr:.t. rl,..r .. . ..... :calses a:e oilen siniilar hs cljr li::irjt-, :! less pteiltcLa-clc. I irc :n_r,tL c: ;he, c. .e _ ,. r.']ro.. . .. ,,-r. " .t ... .., I : Irnusc be clrcnpei rn lavor oi ri::i1iry l hose \\,ito cdr:v c,i]l so,ar.iiaai ici.::. .l . o.4rt TF .... -1 .

.:. c- tl.o . .o. n. r 1... . . :.

ger3tic, nor ii li a clisease Tir:':.rio engrqe l1r ir i,r|te ir... I.r.l.r.rrnd lrom ili cuLllrrcs Tenot.lirr :t.r srljlploii.i lher .i.el :r rij:;cl:.:, iriras othc: causes. \fos! delillij.rli oi l\e coi-.c,:it. l:r:,r,c.,t:t sr:r,;t .,;' ',. .1 -:.

_ .. o ....:..(i.110D13nOn

.r. ilic:roniir'11or diplonais rlciincs rruorisnr ls il..{:,.risi !lr,iolelaclgnLnsr non-combatanls, ci\illel.i Lr olhcr person: non*lly cor-qidL:rc:i' L l.rt:. Ll.c,o[ -r., , rrb,,,-,.t.. l. t!]

o.. l.,l t.: ,.: .o..ato:. r.ir, o. nrinichijrig oppoienrs nlto .oncessions. :,r Da. trl.l. i\i:laiircr.

G iabe i iz ?.!i a t: ..tj it), h)tis t!

iirtr:i,r',Lriber oi.Leiini,.joir. r: rtr';rr:r: jr itrs itlrirr on iLrr suLjr.t.,I:cf i,rciuilc lLr ir,l|,l in;

i...io ]iiit'niciale or acarlia :t 1i:., tIrnfll,.. I cl., tilrI pol,.lri:rLion, cr-:rnys.trlJrr !harcoll ir rirLil,r:'r,rcl ii :nlir!rL .r sor-ul r.l. ccLt,,.cs(i'illl.

, Illc a:rlalllntrd u-.a art 'iarlarr,tt ct ril]ciil ili io.cnc,-:r inaLliclia. ..: ..:-

r fLa lrr sr'lii ol qclli if ri !:iir i.ii tt rli! urliiic:ri, lcliqlous .r i.tc,:

, lr,]r:frlillta,j,;:.c-'iitil;lt,r,rrr,i;.,a;er iitlct..cit !);itai.iltrrii Jq,rinsiLrr-,ircorrJ:.rterr L:iqeis r;. r;lir-rltio;lir !r:outis ,)i rlrlLicsri:..ciregrts, r,rs1r'.rllr iniel:l;rL ir lr,l.-i'l.c .i:t ir-tCjrr.. llj 5 D.t-.rt.i.

'lhc Ior|1tr'lsralli i)tilnc Lnrrljilr( lj.r,;r ill i\ierrit\'ilir. .iiijni.j r.r,l'clisn.li "!te dlli'Dcrate.rilal slji3niii|c rijrlill .tl c:\.ili3|s ii iljr:rrtcrr i.ot 1-.oliiical c!1als "ll ln i::-rLet Lc, cierre sLrci feLrl LerL,:rIsr att;rll.saqdinst lli.lilicluals gtor-rps. arLcl sinlcs trllrst ittrpeer tc bf Landotn Tltc'!iicemir|]' concetnll.18 poLe]ldal leiofst i:tgcirs is riirrt nr:Lkcs ter.ror-i,lr'riodai_rjero'.rs,:l;thecl:t:nnleclrle\\hsi irllr,:,,D.C.sni|€raiii.lcrlenronstraics \c one l.<nog.s ii''o nra.,' b,r tite l.,rxt inrltcL ct'.vhel or

i'ia!i sahoLais searn to iUrai: :lrar tlrrcrisr":,l ts a r':iLLri:,l.tLior l;,ncc'tt.ir,i ly oi l:lrrrl \aell' terfolisir .,s I potiti.rl l.1bc,l irthcr then a nelLrtLig-: :l r,::ar,ri". r:rrccl:i. 1,1'hcn rnrir,llunis r:lll oil\irs lcrr-.r'rs.., li1.r rLre, iilr: rect. Dra.ic:iiriil! so1lle r :)lal c,rnl\otairor !r.:ruse tit:it tril|r inpilts,iriiii.r r:LliLt i:[..eli(:i5r_ r]rii!:rr -rnlr J.ra.ir1a:ra..ir'is:irirr.iili.,EL:a:l.Jrcliili'.rrIi nrri (:;ril I ielrolL l:tc'.Ll). tir,:.itr-..,ir i:n., ii:p:i-s,::-Li llbell-ilrrr !r:;:,.ioin. srli:;h1irs'.r !trlLr.c!1sr'.irit. iriiiir.. .. ur t:ir. a:,;,rn :ljjjaa1] iL sii,Lr, !r 1 L-rIlsrl r'c,_r:iirrs r,.r tr:;Lc<l :is ; col] cii) t

irri rirr:rrriroscs..irl.is Lr,cli, rrrronsnr rs t|irnr:c rs r::oliLicil iri:i:i;

r'iolc,:rcc ior.' pclir:ca1 oo.ltctir.-s :-itc i'ioLcnce nii! i-i(r drirl.ifrl rqa:lsllrrclilirluals rlrl scrnerilrts prrt:e:1: Tht iioienL c trl.'rr:L;Ll,r ry: be tlr:rol lnalivi(i',riris or SroLips .{ galriirixcnl's :rrrrcil iirirrs lrrl be iai;.rll;iltrl..irr. a-. rhcl cirer a:r, i:,\ rLc i|rq ...r rirc r:r:r,r'i|r rrcl oi th:rl r.rc-l.r_,ct.,cucl a dtfir_,it:oir oirhe cirrrcetr:al rcr-iiilrlrr cLll tirlrt. ir,rlrLoi'

thc rtall oi objecrir.e' scilo!:lr'-slilt ?t1d pl^ci.r ir jr :, a.rjr-,i-.tr.r tr.litLciijcoDrr\t Sociri sciendsts aic Doi.licl{ing in .o:rccl:s iirl liolctcc. asj$-sinariori. bo:rbings, hijaclrir:gs, r)i olhcrs soris ol arucki ihi1i r)Dli|lci^risci:er label i:s re$oisnr. Thc lrbel oI lenodslr, rvhei] ept)iidd iicrcss rltr

,.1.o I J to n. . .;..1 . or '., r. : .'..Poliiicrars oiitn manage to nii, iLi.. rhe issue oi Lcuorisr in iL rcl.tscal1om to i!e loreliort oi )Lrblic Jrsroruse ihr-(, tle Pri.:iiuarg-',LprcoLe.l. alenled lheir basic n;rtionrl anrl frur',ri, righr-s, rc:tcleLr:cl

iclugeeg lor dacedes, and cc:rst:Lntlv exposecl Lo st:i.c (i1oi- irc ri-\ller.r., e1r hbeltcl b;'the desper:,ti: rci-i oi Jre le,r'ir tircii r..i.lsl. l''jt rlr. .'1lrrtllarcl, lhe:litiilrors of the _r'fr'.r'fi

'racllpitiiol, lrrL.l tct:l:r:l r,,r, ct,t,iin s, rrnd oihel illegal resriciii--ls on lhe lir,ri..i .i riti Iriilr:ti:rl.,tLs rr:r ,-.1.

Lectivcll percei, ed rs the !r.1iri:s ri iirrDr Sr!rrjiirrltr lit,:l !rurl: .r.ilr:,tL-,rvere sr;rgqling irgains! ti,. rrr'l..i cl apalltLi:i. t!;r. a,:rri r-o li::lriiir

.t . lPr: .

rha govailrnrcrll.,irefe Percdr,,.r. ir5 i|: lictirni al falr'.,r.'ijir, rri 'i,r-,i1: t..

irtLand rnci ir rr:rny orher r-,lrrcs :r'lrr^,d ahe'. c,l.:i, :illlrl L::rair:i::c; ,l I

rc ire io-rnci

Tile glcbilizatior ol\ioi,:r, conl|cis has leci r ir:L!rr.:.:iiclili b.,c::ol i,rnrr suilerirg Tenorisir llas ccnsti!uLed :i ilrt!iirl airr.rfcrleiriin such ccniLicrs. While dre rlilr,rLir.rLt ol clie:tillj siit..s iiou c..tlturanci rechnologrcal globaiizarioD, a diilelen! process ce)leci :he tirig'.'aiiorT

ol iigl..unar es is a direct resuii .i lir,!al vicieirca ar.ai r.r1liirism. .\.i hr5.

tor-' has shorr, the tenonsn r-,i c:r:ires as ilell :rs feqio:rrrl pc1\ e1s 1:is'ocer. the nrur lorce drivinJ lhl5 pllenorneror. iire pr:i.c:iri cfrc,.. rr,rofi:e fie 1r'e3k alrd bdng n1llilmr.res into lhc lii es oi lh3 LteiDl':s-'. arlo!crlir]i.r\elveal(andopirr!railc;riltheir-Jl-ir!,jl<:iliLrril!ai-tlltlxr.lor ih,:il'op:rressors. bdngirq irqlr;Lrr:ries rc ihorc r'hr.. lir.e :h(i:

Fe evanc€ of G cirai :iialcf and -l-cr-c|''i' r if ir.?

T,/r'erl,. .F jrit Ceni,-ii./

Clrr -riirr,et ertered ijre t!\.:]1-,ifsi.enlnrl thrnugli rtii:r ljlii.s l,i rilr-lencc The r.ssault on the U:,1!,r!ijtfte5 on SepLenber I L, .r.if '. L:rriltrltL_,e start ol a bLood| confli.r Ntt.rc.rl rire Unir...i -itates :Lr,l scirc "in';is-iLL.' grouDs and indiliCu3L! l'\r eiia.l(s thensrh,:s L..ugcLcci s.,i:rbolics!r'!1c!rires. Their impact \l,as ror ilimost 3,000 inno.eit civiLian$ .iiatLorCre!da1'rlone.A\l,hoLeccr-,nonv.,vassetbrcr(,,,'itl1eir,-,jcliaolrl

rr,lir.r \\'rti ro:rijricrl. Ti;c ,'ir,:.ll litL.l. i-c:rf.1' bLL:i.llll;s .;rlltLcltcr:

licbai cirlriiilisrn uurier r\LrcricrL_ ilacL:siltr. 'iilt Pe:r:ag.-'rL slilboLi:ed.{lrrcri.ex po\\cr ancl iLs giobai r.:r,rh .si.ie ficitr !l_,t l]lll,r.t:lll liciinli,r'hirt *as rIr::cl<ccl on Lhat d;1, :rt;rc,;r:r.teci rLc .lotlrirlitrcc ol lLre Uni!(C

States rrr a gicbailzecL rlorLd. flri Lhl rtal riclrr:ls ol lb.,t liolence ncicper,plc,rao r!'crc;oins ebo!t litrtl lir'1s, llt.ic irlil'..q lit rrri. r fumih

xnal bui (i jL luure -fLe t.r'cr oi rhar ch\. iin,tarrs ou ].\'hLle Ll'.. larg.t

liri) ha\j. becrl i)olitic:ri, Lirr riciir* r"'erc lnDr).enl and nonpriilicaL.

1! jraLalirr rleiir ar *,!i alar fi:li e\,a:',.!rl ej'!_;::1s i'ilusl i-re! !ttei(litll'ii,.\'i.\.i rt Lnrgel! oj iulir'---'.lLiiE.clra !r'icri.e I'rlhni--i no:it ili rir,:jrrr.lurt t.'lclil rl'iir r':ii:;ir.i1 .lrr.1 -l:ir lrrl lic il ircrr;ri ri rl ('rcih r:irstr',i i)iri Liiacn, rul iir,).1 trr'o:rl.ii,r..rL1L,l r:.i ilcilLi i.'.1[:LInn].ii;rli

Lr:r llrf ir.rl-. l';!-ri :r|],":r'ra,rr \:Ir(rl:r1:1ri-'i.1l l:r.r1a:l .r lr,l ir:ir rDl.r:,r,,r:rr,ir.,.ii;)-.l.rs.:lt',cl.lnfi:a:Irii i re l il:a,il:r: l:_,.1 (iilil.lr,i: Tlralaiioii:'..': ,t, l':r tlill oihlr lrlt.l. ,:, r.', l.:r,r.r rlr.'|li i:( -'.1i'.i Siai!r:

iu,rlr,ri .rijr,rl',..rtirii:l)1.i.:Liirl::.lsit.,lllltl-i'.rit;1.:cj3r'raliill.t ii.rl r'i:rcir l::rrci ii:ljr i|r:.r'.i'L:r 'iiiii lilLi:r:iril.jltlslli Icil.l rc il c lr:

i:rs iurr;rc ,-r: ili ,-:rrea,t,v irlril:riors 'l:.:;r ,llr t,lh;li'i;, r-rl rrt. iisii!jior.il-.. 1-r1'jrar,irluel has s.:;i.]'-i": :irlr,jhc;.r;I\:j i.r ihr l|-'ls .i .!n.ii in

:e.cnirgi. distrlr places

5c:ttnrbcr 11,2C01. :s lii<t,,'lo go .io'rn iir'!h. .rrna,i ot l.rrolisrla5 a cicliniug ll'lolllcnl Tir' tlil)ciiics o: iia: Li:1J' \'e" collicl]lllcdihrori!5cui tire v.'c,:lcL rs .r:ni.: ili!a\lrsi l'r:rarlil,r: lhrr': n'ils i1 Ila3l

;1o!ai:la:li:r,ir1 th.ri eLl .olilir:n:! ill-rirl i.i lt!?llLer':. i-ie ihe lforlil 'lia,:11-fri,r;rls :inC ilro!tJ li_,il .:r::il ci.rl ji:Lrll :rLluillles E!ri ll'.: lJ 5

iSspo]]s!t\1,n5 !ra1! 'Jnllairrlrl al..: Iesel'.bli:ii ti"L: roliL:ls ci thc p:evicLrs

iriirr!flr 'i_jr; lll!sr,,: b. :lirrl:l ri ,\i!ilniriii:!i ir,il r::rsl'-ieni grls! s

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Ltr.r|rl llri:ru lre.tri,e':Lt ::rrsr .i'i!i 'rir::l 5:rir_.ifi .lr'rslii:rLl rc:: "i io"i:.:,1,:itiilr':.r.:r:tL'.rfr'r|:i:itr.uiin\',':'.i:''i','l: :ril fi..r !ri.:::lllrliil!ilr:rjrr lrr': lrt,rr ri:c olrll!' r'rli:::,:ir'r'. '1:lir , t r i r_,rlti l;1,r1|i iis l\elllorrll,:rall l.l..r ri/rrlil io:1.:i r! stir:1lr: r't l : l,l: .lll !lli ll!N sar! ilr1i)s11,-L-.rt ';irl;-r, ii:ie .1. L.r.Ilc . l.r li,,: i:r i -, -iirss crilrrs, lheis irr sr.-orrC. :.r:rr,: il ihiC, ani rr'..11r'']rrf al il,e i:rl1.li in l.!:lli llajj: .iirl.'!liegi!cll.ss oll"heir rlr: iirc,li: vrcer:l t,-l f:::;rrllr'n,:il ''o.rri :ir3 rr:Ll

Ieii!.a ihoie ru llre l.rr,rcl rrri-'lis iitl,rlr'; ii;'-'i lrlra'.-( lo l-rri. iu:il'

i:!r.l l.rlt, rhe 1,.hoLe sllir ''nll ;ltl.',iifrt:hlLlniledSlnl:s.iAn'.rrica\.1.

.ei)rajr ni ihe shlp gels ihe iu:r,;t.r,oi lhe carla ls i:i|ir,, ih. .:xftaitralsiigr:sr.sirousibiii,l'lorrhi:r,,i:il,beitrgofrhe\\ilollrjljiir,.la|,...\nci_

''.r , r-.'f.i . .p r:., f .i.:1r r.b.r I \',..r"o - ...h,p ... .... r..:''\'-l Lr or\."o.o rp..r.

: ,,. .lri ro " z.: ,ff (..--f ... ). r.

b|1d11, :c ali parries on boarll i l;ader. csnnor iropi io r.Lrrccccl ryithoutun:icrlr ap)licNion cl rhe Lt,r Tirc UDrtecl Siari i5 lr)jeil i su:jjeai of11 ... . .. 1 !.i1 t . 5t:- rL:. I '.igr Dollci ronrinucs |o be s.lr, t:..,.Ir iis apLrlj.eitjtr .l l,irr frr.rilifrl,pie. rr'lcr hacl Lnladed (urviiti jr lir.ation oi utl:m::lcn:rl l.r,q thr1-nitati,\l;itcs fl]shed io ccriar,! ii..ai tr r.Dtg litLt r,it.lL l!r.ati (_.,.cirtIei

. :rir':Un:l.d Stdtes Lira4qed irs fee: iltL: cr:rrinues t. ilo jo. l|c .lrrerl.;r1atlachrtn lriq rDpeerr(lespecisiir typLrL.rl rica I r,: ilctl ..ji1ri.i ci.i rt thi. rieUliiad Sraies $ ns conclemnccl :r'' thc Ltl:ired Nrtioiu riirltcr llo-r iir crntact ol,.t1rla.'1' ji aggtession $;ith ilje irn,asion ol p:uerrr, 'Illose oi1 i1cothcf sidc lird i! hard to respecr ritis tllle olselecu\iry .1s !l)e), iall inroclespau sorrr€ ol ahenr mighr cor.,, oLit acts of o-.rlrag;ous vioje!.e ihaLnrant \rill cali teuodsnl. Thjs aralvsis is no! !o condo;e _"uch acts bui tohelp better,-rndrrstand fuour l,he:-e thel onginatc. lLr rhis age oiglobai_ization,_thervorlcineeds consis|enl and l ncipled lcadeshjp rarh er :hana parochiel one lronica1l,r,. as g)c1_.a1i:aiion proceeds at a l;st !:ice, lhelhreiit ol tcnonsnr unires peopit lritllix nariolr,siares il ortr.ihj:il aud

l': .o ,. ,. t..--r.. e-rb.. i _ . "..".t l_ .co _ .e. l-t rc- .. 1.1 J - .r, i.- . .:Ieilor c,i p:l-lotism unseen iL1 alc.n.i.! iodo1, ou, ruo,..t o n.'orlrg i.both ciir'ei:tions :Lr the santc rintc hl rije ineanrine, cur.glcibalship kecpsch:fting lr ao, rLrrless lasirion rirrvrrd a lurure th:i ptoiiirits uy sciai,:ellorLs at precitcrion.

Giobalization ircs \ad corlr!.iucf..es rrn valr.res iii.i eflltai 6i ai .:locson eccncrnics lenorism has llsr :ari crnseq,:etccs o! r,r1,.ri; arlil er:o_nlr ics Bclh jnlFaci dle\l'ay\rc rhrli,rd ljve. Togeth.:r ie,vl)n/exsh-.rc.l .. . cr. ". l .. "-n.. . .o^. l'. .. . .,. \ ..,:- - . L,..:o.l or...'_ , polr-: ln oL:....,,;.1 y^. .,onanon-sute is fLrlll' sovereign .Lit ntoia. lndincluals at^cl gilups dtr!_careri ro ch:rllengirg the global s..sren through uns!asi:cli,tolerte cla:-,d irale disr:pled nonnal gloilitl ::.tt.t:t.tions. Thc leil h,-ilxm j!.st r.I

. :Jabatizaiiar, e::'i irrcti. .

lliobr.li:ullrr is !.rioLls,jusr rs drc r'cai :iLlrL L:svciroiogicri irn;r'- oi rernrr':sn1 ir. The uerr.ircLrhs!:rnccs cr.li i.rr rcri thinliing tL:rLt rdarrls gicb.rli:alior-L to lrqai and triicrl irardlr.ls ald L|r slelr:i lor nrrior'.:rl rrriiglob-,Ll securrq ro rroral reslininis. Yrl: c;:nuol rliorcl I,-. lighr "eil b)'cori,n',::!ing cvij. Our'ioenr.irg railers.riies nr'a aoncearlcd in jInstatere',l!orl$ !.i1,iLL fceci ,.rn reserlmenl. doubl'slriii;rrds, irrd rlrogarlce Ililc liole to creatt e rnore r)cictl,rl r\,orid. rr': :lll ntlst ect iis prri oi t:ra

;]ir1-.il cc'r,r'.rLLrlrirr rirat iJ lvari{1..i r,-.1:'inl s:r',rir:v i]rrcu'ib leg:rl nrearsrLr ii c{-r.lrcLirc L'i:\niri-r r,iilL irlL oLr..r,r stiicr in ihc rro:tL. ln or'der to

.,alli|ii irerr'a riiral scarliilr" 1,'a ililsi sL: 1,.i i,r lalljarr jusi:ae ior ;ll.

POST-READING ACTIVITY: DFBATF I

DESATE TOPICS Ot\I THE ISSUE OF GLOBALIZATION AND TERROR

- This house believe that the modern terrorist has done more harm over theinternet and the media ihan any bomb ever did.

This house believes that internet has faited the terrorist

- This house believes homeland security begins on the internet

- This house beiieves that the modern criminal fears neither borders norgovernments

This house believes that the hearts and minds of the citizen is the truebattleground of the tei r or r5t

This house believes that Terror is a giotlal weapon

This house wants governments to restrict internet access to terrorists

This house wanis pecple to wiliingly give up their rights to lree access to themedia in order to fighl terrcr

This house believes that there is *o room for terror in the rnodern world

r This house would require all internet users to identify themselves

-- This house would prevent media broadcasting of all acts of terror

- This house would arrest people who publicly support terror

I

The Appricati6n Qs'.resi:o$

- rne Application Que:tion test! your abjlity ro:

iclenllfy ond c.jmpr€.h.,:nd lhe semtrai ayErrffieNxfl r,e,evadt afqu;ran*s ol lhcouihor,

" ond lhe supporlina,l re;rsons cnd €vider!ce,€yatliate the ,,vorih/ siren glh oi ihe .Jjguryteriis, ct.ral./or

' ciiscugs lhe reievar|ee sf {he arFi:;fi:er.Nt/s to a €i?e91 coatexi, either lijcol o.globcrl.

A. Understandins ilS Otfssj!&! Reqglfem€nts

- Ex?mplg 1According to the author, in some sccieiies otd aqe is a period of indep€,rdencebecause the elderty have:

- a) cootrol over mateliat as:etsb) wisdorn and knowledge

- ls ihjs sjtuatjon true of ihe elderly jn yoi_jr..]unt.ry? -[]stify your al.]slver by referring tothe abqve tyto point: raised in the 1ext- You should support youi- aasv/er wjth VoLI

_ own'/iews and exampLes. (AJC 2C0: _tC 1 Cl-)

Re{juirements:" ldenlify lhe arg{iameilts rnocle b'l tlie.ruiitor {i-^. how conlrol over moierictl.rsse ls

- o.,d/ot ,i/isclom on.l krrowledge corriribui-- lo lije self sufiiciency oi ihe elcj.riy).

. Ccnsialer \n/hether f're sal e ca$ be liaic3 .lboul ihe giclerly in your cotrrtry qn.l!,,/heiher in locl ihe el.Jeily cre inclepen.Jeni.

, Si,gge!i odher iac.'srs {if cny) thoi couid irove conliibujed io ihe,-unenl:iole ol ihe- Gged in your socieiy.

_ ' Provide evidence io supporl your views_

Exatnple 2-l-he lvriters of Passage r\ and B differ in thsil 3r,1119des iowarrjs clonin,E resedrch and

- practice- What policy do you think the government of your country should irrglernentwith regard to cloning research and poticies? Justify your answer with retevant ideasfrom passages as wetl as your own knowtedge and opjnions. (HCJC 2001 JC 2 CT)

Requirements:" G{fer and evaiuate severcl policy oplions {eg. on crbsoluie bon on olL forms of

cloning reseorch ond leclnrolcAy; l-\rriio! bqn on reprccluclive clonir'rg bul nol oniheropeulic clonir-rg; no bo| on eilher iepro.Juclive or lheropeuiic clonrng bul tlghienrL^uoiio,-o.oil .t , i. 'o

L)

" "i&stity siarrd L,sinll orgunlenis roir;eaj in ihe iext5 you musl ncl rnerely reslole lheorgumenls; you need lo cxi.lld lhoso suppcrling your siond oncl +xarFtlrie crncl reiulethose v./hich cr,^ ogoinsi

" Suggesl further argsnneril ir luppori cf yoL,r Jlcrncl lvhich is nol in lhe i.'^is

' Your isstification should Jcke ilio cor)siderolion the needs ond concerns{economic, sociol, morcl eic) ol your co!nln/.

ts. s\ssessment aflr! Gidd;iia,

The Applicolion (iuesli€n,!larl<iJl!! Ciiieri'r:

fl Syri.-moiic r-^ic'€i,ce i.J iire iequt€'nenir ol ihe que5lbl] "vilh -aviclerce oi r.l

b'ciarnceaJ ireclrnciJ.B lv{riu€ltion is !ery !.-ansiblc. \rell supporlccj ond Ceveloped l. iis jogi..rl

G Explsnolior ;n.-'lu.los ei(bcrcljon cnd reference 1o person(liri5lqirt! ondinierpreioli.rn.

E High deqr.,re oicoherencr & orgcnisoii.--n.

it e

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I

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[J Covefi bcsic .equiremenl. oi lhe qiresticn bul nci nece5soiily |] bdlcfc--C

O Evoluotion is rroi .rlv/c!,! iion'rir1c;ng ond iends lo be sup-.r{icidlvr'ilh i;inijcclclevelclp rncni oi i.l !.as.

tl lxplonalion 's

nol cls lhrough at .r lhoi in nn A' scripi.B coherence & orllarlisoiic.n ore noi o5 sho!p ot 5y5iefiroiic os ihol ii orr 'A'

5crip1.

For ihe lower encl al ihis boncl:U Evicjence oi minol ::ririoleipretolio$ !rul this doe5 nol 5igniJi.ontly inpoir ihe

ccr,clidale s overcilr un.l.rsiond:ng of ii.

atro

oU

Foils lo ocl.lress lh.r ltiver r requjrenrenls oi ihe questionExplonolion clemonsiroles limilecl relevonce <rnd developmenl of ideos.Evqluolion is non exisleni. The onswer is o mere summory or resiolemenl otthe lexl rolher llron on evoluoiion of illnconsislency in lhe crgu.nenl is evi.lent. coherence is in quesiionlligher in.idenc-- ol misinterpretolion oi ihe lexi. Th-^r-^ is evidence cf

ih.-'iJf,c,.,{,- i.ri)le ili::itla,.y'l ilt.,: i:rii.,fr,-j iltatl lcatcher5 u.e jo arci.r.jr!.rfjLl .:r.j.: .: ii\.j.4f)Lli. oii.n a.)t .ti Lrn

llp. n r !ii:ijir1-r lir.:i r.-.it!r ic.ir,:ir Jr of liia .t pplic.rllon q!c5llarn, sir J ti.r] i1 ..,1 I 1.,. gr.:Cecl(i, c(trai:ir.r 1.r i:r..r.rljer,.i iri):-.v.:.

.-j.r,:)iij't!]ilciar,ir':.-1-:r,ir (i: -ri ife.iieirrily cn.i{,reYelcr e lc::rj--(;jiiLrrtiiresirr.l=rni.li!p[:.r] ln i.i(!!.,i;.iririi-ra,liJit (rr,cl .rbiiii], io tllovr._jij.j(rti.t .:;tiji jl]l;r: :,-_,

.lrD!r:iil i i! 3r{D[i ](:iL.r,rt i:r :l ,:: r-rtr,rli.!rji.,,t (li-,eslion.

tio;lenr,!!i.J ii, a:.,:Ui.r .i :r,:.,oii ilar/ oi iaieos i5 equcll./ eJ5L-,tl:cl :r iriii:, rtl iit!:

'''ri\cr!c: iln*nJ

i:lc,-,!.. rcir:i j.rihei:;rjli r)-,.t.j,-rfitl irr io irlerrllty ihe r--qu[.:ri]--ir ! !rj'T,,. .:r'i.,,:::rrlciolrilaa;i !::n cilr€ri ilon:.

ACJC PreLm Uoln GrayLri! arc lJ .a.scrlb.r jir../ dilJcront apprs:L!:hi's aclcpti.lby va|peeple to resclvc ili.r iasus !r conji:ct biivr.cn .ultLrresideriryafy aapo.ca.rese..lCs.,Lr.rsloqyclr s.--.]€ty,Dr1c reaci10lhenif theyrere aciapiea as olirce ir cies n ),cLrr cc!r^l? il8.e)r.rr..sveronlroih3rlce5aroyo!: own deas and €xp€r ence

- o€ri:! 2 aiFrod.resFj.w ori sc.et/ vio!id:d:pl ro ihose 2.icier

{eascns lrhelllrr llr€ mecia s respo.s ol€ fo.

-cDnsid,:rr crf,ent censcrs5 p praci ces10 ln-rar exl.nt ihet r.ed tc be moi flad re! sea

CJC Pielim

l-ICJC lMarch Test

W th close reference lo the ar!!menis of botr passages, ciicejiy c!nsider currentcansorship practices ir your country and lhe. decide 10 wh:t et1e.t il-rey rre€d to bemodified, revsed. or c ailled altogeth€r

Fror. \,our read nq of b.lh rrassaites, do vo! lrer€ve ih:it11_e nledu s resporsible inf Exshplc2

JJC Prelin'l

2 Reler rc bclr Dassr.esPassrge A provroos a/r oveNier.l ho\t hurjtu rights c,,tiie la he tegarded asinponan| btll, h Passago tl, l\4t lar!! Kat Se! g e\t€rr€s sorre ras€n€ lrrr:, .iouiinpotling exietn.tnctjels ai hutrer.ililtls trd api:l).nte ltten a er'tty st!1atu 1

'ia rhal -.x!ert.,a )to,t agtua \rillt Ur'.r'ior1,) s tasar/alions aroili iire rip/enelrtalir. o/hrrtan righls in for cnulntyl Expldh l.ut vtew illtte,.t4t1:e l. ah! l:"\ta af!!,a,atri.ular arcas.l hunian nllhi3 r!t.tn!or,ed iN Pasra.je A.

]-j!_v!g!!q!91s994'r9!lit,j3l:pl9gjj!rrri n4rrr ^(-aes lc' supiort:rorl11!!! L

Soli passages A arlL B r!!l!lest |r:,r iegaiiy€ ,xiiecls of le:o!islon !.1.J 6nc6 onc, ,1.elae JJo )- -Ft.c r.,a" -..,.:j..,1, 1 ,... ,e:.d.c .L

u,./hat would b. tlie rmplicailons ar yolr societ 1G rch v.1../s are 3ccepled or 'ejecled?

S!bstantiate yo'Lr stand Dy drar/irg aDprcirriale hiorinai on ic..lhe ie s and ynu.o! r

d sc!ss ihe posslb tyolaf fials receviro bettertreal.n€ntin irtu.e.Wilh reierence to your scclety fiiscrss ihe pcssjite reactc rs to ireati.s an;ma s in thesan€ way !!e wo! d treat t ie yoLrng and i\e h:pess JLrsiLry ".olrr arswerv/th yo.Jr

Both wrlters exl: ore c ranees in 6aiirg hahiis an.l fooil p'eierenc€s. Using relevamaterialfrom boih passages, cofe derrhe charges in eatig habrts ln yorr society and

Bayla and r,eetan hava ptesente.lthei igws about lhe eli€clrvsress ofI tne.surenent ln rchtian to eclucaliDn. l-bw.te thesa'.'ie't's t.liecled in a.lucallan in

) yDU cauntry? Drav,apprapriarc itarft1:ti.ialr lnjfl ll)e i7r'r passagrs, 3ndgtve!elcvant 9xamFles lrctn yolt ..r!nlty, yau shaulC Itllnlse yaut ansv/et in

Taini ! stresses ihe dafCels ard prnb ems erislN! ircr !,r oba vr'ann ng which Kaniy

dgr|fy fro'n the passages iwo lssues relale.l ld glcbal vrtrmin! wilch nright aiiect

NYJC Prelim

RJC Comn'ron Tesi

RJC Prelim

j,our co!ntry and erpl: I lrrlir r.ias.rs wreth-.f vou Irrd them a arninE or f oir Base yo!r answer on BOTFI passales as w.I as )row o\ff relevad lners afdI "rp,ur9!!9___-_9 SAJC CommonTest b.U, passa!es depl.iiie rela!iol] beiv/€en ihe pro!r€ss ofcivijlsation and the

1 s{,lr,]!j19[9!!c grryi!9!a!r!111]te-.ls-s!9tEso]!!lei!3qe-4-9i!roji99 !p1

4

rttttiirat progress and.noderir cv salion ls destoving the aarlh Lrponwhich its survvaidepends By exam f ing each aLrthor s v ews afd arlrurnen ts vrh .h vt€w d o you iend

with? J!stifv vour.nswer-rhe \"riler ol Passage Alhirks ihal bes des !iving the incttvldlat rnore controroy€ririslile the lnternot ls advantageous lor socla afd economi. dev€lopnrent. Of the oiherlrafd,lhe writer of Passage B b€ ev€s thatwe wo! d lose'our sense ofwhat it meansto b€ a caing human being' in a wor.idorolnated by iire lnt€rnet Byexaninngboirwrters views slate and justify the attitude your counlr), shoutct adopt rowards iholnternst. Draw app.oprlate nlormaUon from ihe passages. However you musi also ,

rey on voLrrown reevaft deas and €xDerence io iustfv voLlr answ€r

re evanca to your ooLrfttr2 Suggesl end d scus! ways n whrch yoli rcirfir]/ caf best Ceatwitt lhem.Dravr' appropiete iffonration irom iie texis Ho\reyd,yorsh.udreylargetycnyc!row.r rclelant ide.s a rd e,peri.n:e I orCEr to ru

rre,r'"o i e., a t;- o,.,aeee "or''"o, oc

SRJC Pre im

IPJC Common Test

TPJC Prelim

TJC Pre lm

serve the needs ofeveryorr€ have made il inrDoss ble to serye rv6illhe n--eds oi

Wl-alis your pos ion? Base ycur answer on BOTH passaqes as lve asvouro!\,n

Souice: A Suggesied Approoch lo ihe ApDilcoiion Quesiion by l,,trs Eilzo Gunsogoron

C. ldentifving and tjnderstanding the Relevant ldeas

' ln crder to respond to tlre applicatior ques'Lion, you rnu5t understa[d thekey/main arguments and jdeas that are in the text.

, I he Applicatjor qluestjon ' equires thc stu{ient to apply iire iin(ierstanding of the

main arguments and tl]erefor-- the student nrust be able to spct the key arqumentsancj iCeas of the te).t/pa55a!:e.

" ir',ain/key arqun'eit: are loun(l il)r.iuqlrout the text bL:t oiteii. tl1ost of the keyarguments/ideos :rybe derived from the topic sentences.

PRACTTcE Tr,uE!

ldentiiy the majn arqun'ients/ideas in the texts given beLow.

Passaqe 1

from Buenc5 4iri]s ]o lleri:r', peopia: aror.rri.l ]he'r/orld (]re iooking fircre cnd inolg Amarlcon. lhev oreweoring Levis, \^,clclrin.j Cr'lfl cJr,d iruj-ina coil.je ol inier.trorgeobl!. Siolbu.rkt cull-.ls. l-ooking only ollhe n)'J.rce, on-- n Liqni .:cll..l!.le ihci lrlilao siokis cL,liurol pro.JuL-is cre cre.iiin.J o h.rnlogenisedgiobol cofi rituniiy ai ar;riuriea!-

Bui lhe cullurcl o:p.--ct5 ai rhe olcb..:ili5.riion Slory arre tcrr tnore ccnioic:i. Lvcri lvherr lhe 5ome shiri,scnE, 5od.r oi sioie i1 io.n{l r'r cil iive co.linerls, it le Cs io riecn ciili.rr€'ni lhinlA deperlcling on vrho is

doing lhe vre.rrlng !irisir-il-1. clilnlir,.j or rhopping. Considcr. J:rs1 ol .il:, ihe Clrir,e5e meoning ol Bigf.4ac5. ln Th-- iexut /.nd Tlr.: Cl;'/e Trer., llew York Times journoiisi ihonros Fri:rdrric. scys he ll.rs eoleni,4cDonolLl5 bwcle'5 i,i rrrrJic c{iL jrlrii:j li,on ne rjcrn coL,ni ond is \{,rll q1r{rliiiE.:l l.] siole il'ioi ihey reollycio cll ici5i.-- ih.r :orf.:.

\Yhcl he ccluoliy rrjecns. if$ugir, is ll,ey cll icrSl-^ ihe sorne lo hinr. J.leciIly i.lerrlir-:ol gig Mocs moy be5old in Bosicn on(l SeijinU, Lrlil ihe.x.jeicnces ot e.rlhg lhsm.rn.-l .jve,l lhi; lrreo,.ir'rg of gcing lc)i,.laDonolcls in the5e iwo i:lii.:r $,(r! vely cliiferenl ln ihe 1990s. ln Beijir g bui noi ln Boslon, c Big Moc'+/cs clclssiile.l os o snarcl.:, Lai d |}:c.ri, o|ld uni./crsily sluclerris ihoLr!ll.i.il M.Doncldi.-:rs o gcocl ploceio go for o roino li.r 4i!-rhl Io irilc into a 3ig lloc ihinking you oia oboiri 1o do sofil.:lhinsl pleosonllyf.rmilior o. siromclully plcbion two c.rrnrnon US experiences - is one ilrtrg. Io biie inio one lmoginingyoure on ihe brink of discovering whol modernily loties like o common Chinese experience is

cnoiher lhing ollogeiher

Florh iorlvorcl io 2000, vrhcrc Si.ribucks lir51 opened ir bolh lhe Americon io\,vn where lllve.l{8loominglon, IncilcnoJ arci llr€r (l}:incs.r city whecr I sludie.j lShcrrCiroil, orr(i we se€ irrrihcr eviderrceof the cii./€-{geni l.rc.rl rrl.ioJrirr.rr oi |] ob.illi, Jcrnllior icons. ln llloorringlon, Slerbucks triggerecl rrixedreoclions. Some locols welconred iis o(ivcri. Oihe6 siogeci non violenl prolerJs or sfiioshecl ih windows,comploining lhnl ihe choins record on cnvironmeniol oncJ lobour isluet wos obysmol ond lhoisTorbucks v/oulcl drive locol coffee rhops oul ol busines5, ln Shonghoi iherc were no demonsirolions.Ihe cho n s orrivol wos seen os conlribuiinq lo, rolher lhon puiling cr check on, lhe prolitel(]lion of newinCependenlly r rrn .of lee houser.

lhe locol ricLrnlnlls oi shorghoi Slorbuckr.jo nol siop lherc. tor .]romDle, 'rhen olJlels open in

Lurope. ilrey ore 5--en lypicolly. for un.lel!londoble reosons. cr5 symbol5 ol creepin.l or 5leorrroLtlllllAmericcrnisof;on. ln Shonghoi, ihouqh, guidebooks somelimes clossiiy:lorbuck5 oi o 'ELrrop--cn siyle'{.r5 or--p.)5e(l lo "]opoircse slyie ) loreign coffee houie. There cxonlples oi Anrcricc tjroctucj5 tokin!on..1i:lincly no!., culiurcl meo'rinqs when nrovecl kom the Ll5 lo Chincr cjre usejut jn undcrrriningsuoerliciol osserlion5 equoiing globolinrJion !viih Amerkroni5olion

0ul ll is irnporkrni noi l. 5i.)p lhere. lhc sofie lhing hos hoppene.l onrl co liJrue5 1.r happen .,vllhihe glotrol lr,e.rningj cl Arioh jcon5 in ihe US- ijer€-', oc)oin, o Chincsc iitusircli.jn seer j opt jtr.:rt oif,4oo 1e(lorg, whose lccL. nco y riv.rli Mickey Mouse ! in lerms ol Elobol recogniilcn. One ili.ti.io lio' i o1ih(, v.rriecl nre.riings of his irnog-- i5 lhoi. rn 2002, fev"s siories r.rporled ii5 cppeornncs in ihree v.r7ditiercnl conleris. Repres-onlcliont:howed up n lhe hul5 of Nlepclesc auelnilu!. on frosiers c,-rrricrr bvprolesting loiCoff vr'ork(rrs;l norlheosl Chino. cnd ;n o Lon.lon crrJ erhibiiior'l. tn trot-,o|, tljo i,!rsirl'/okeLl be.ieute he endo.sed peoscni revoli. ln nodh eosi Chinq. his link 1c)'r'/hen Chin.se vrork--'sho.J iron rice bo\.ib ior life wos'l/hoj mallerecl. AnC in Lo..lon, ii wcrr his sioJu: .rs o fovouii. slctecl oicr pop o'i frioneer ihol counled lhe e)lhibllion ..^/os an ncly Worhol reirospeciive.

in sunr,,rher€, i5 nrore lo keep in rlind oboul glob.rls.rlion ihrrn J\,ir trieclmon s clivi.le tr{-'iv/een lhe\,vo'jds ol moss prcduccd Lexus cors ond in.lividuclle{i olive trees. C)ne reatson is c, Le)(us ccn rn.ronni'/Ilocl lliings, clepencling on where ii i9. Whelher one ilrsl enco,,ni--rs ;l ii lhe shov/rooin o' '?vorking or1jhc crsselnL)ly in-- mollers. Ancl ii mclkes n r:lillerence v/helh€r lh-- pcopb who woicir ii se. ;l whit by (lthc"/ woli. ihe jlr€rels ol lcle.jo or see il crcly/l cj5 ihey 5ii on ir lokvo-bourr<t buLl--l toin li ie noi jusi lnphysici. cfiur oll, bui ai5o in clrllur(r on.rl,)rsis, ihol ihe cornpiex \.,.orkings oi f,-joilviJy need lo b.rrrepi ii

Jeflrey l!. Wcrs:.:rsircrlr, 'tsig t,.4oc,. rvle,rn Difl.-,'reni Ihirrg5 in 8orio.] cri,J ijl.;ilng.fl Y-ral PG-lirn iroiref:

Pri!ctice 1

fi,t:rie arguments / ideas J.om the passage

ldeas i.ar) ihe texl:L,colthg onty 3t ttte sulzce one n,lllht canclutle ihat US cuftutalprcdLcls are crcating a honogenred dabai eanxrut)ily tlcan.rnets tt ines 3 4)

j'rrufih,crlnJla/rspe.is.ftlElllabalisationstry.retnarecatnple\'|(line5)

it iendsto nean drtercnltllngs depen(lnry ar who is darju il)e $:aNng, slnging, dritkitg or shopping (lineseT)

Rephrased and consolidated answer:

The popxlarity ot American cultural products give the impression that consumers all over ihc world hav€sirn:lar tastes; brt the c$ltural intluence oi globalisation is more cornplicated. Local cultures inflrence iheway these products are consumed.

ldcas lrom the lerti

nephrase.l aod con.olid.tl-.j nD5r!..:

ld€r: lrom ihe re-<t:

-eirlr.as.t anl cnn5olid;1ea i jiirr-r:

!rieas lrom lhe t.xt:

Rephrase.l aod consolidated ans.rer:

3

Fassa!lq.?

lhe loble ior McWor {j* ho\ ireen 5el by llollywood- Amcricon iilms .rle r)vervv,'here - onetlobol lelevi5ion even rnor-4 ovenvhelmingly ihon on ihe worl.l's nrovi.r rcrc.ns. lhey hav{iih-- slohis oi crnr'.rserlenis tnii ihey ore crlso likely io inst.iro o visicll oi iilc cincl io afiecihobiti {rrrl oililu.ie5. llollyvr.rod is McWctlC's sloryleiler aicl ii incr rlcoie. 5c.uiori.,ri i.

pojsi'/liy, corrsl]lrerj!rri. vlco ous.,,-ss. impulse buyirrg, on.l or, .:r.c.l--r.rjed iroce ol l;l€:, n()Jos o rctull cf iir overi ilremc5 ond .ixplicil sioty lines bui by viriire ()1\\,iro1 Fi-iliy\.,/.od is orrdhcvr' ih proclud .iru (ionsume.i

Mcny people ihlr :.r.oi r_,cj$il'/ in clevelopecj .or,nlri€rs lpef d for i.ic ,r'iu.li .-:l iheir ii re.rcch Lilry in on.: oi lhe corlrri--rciolhobiiolions cf the new !vo. (l bcinlj irc..gl.!,.ercrj inHollywcoal onC il5 soielliles ln froni oi o TV screef or ci o rnoll crino rnovie theirire c,l

che,^,;ng cn losl loo.i. They speriC rnuclr mor-- lime h lh{:ise plLrcer thcn ihey ci.r in 5chocl.church. ihe librory, o .oinmLrnljy service cenire, or o ploying lielcl. Yel only ihese lotierenvironrnenls elicii oi:live ond eng.rged public behoviour ond (rsii u5 1o clefille cur5eives osoulonomous arernbcrl oJ civic communi,ries morked by cLr]lur-- or teliqion cr clhor p(rb1ic

'/alues. Wiih thl- onsjou!h1 ol McWorld. lilerole pri/dle reod--r: clfo (is..erning lrubliccilizens crlike ore marale lo leeJlike enclongered specie5.

/.,.1cf/orl.l ' .icrilj on u:; 1o see ourselves os privcie on.i 5clirory, inicio.-iir,g priricrl I riocomrnerciol licns..raiia.n5 \rnere "me" disploces "we'; aao il pa,'rrniis r-.ivaia c rpc :iLo rs

whose only inter'eri i: lireir reyenue skecm lo define by .l.tcruli lhe public go.rds ol lheindivi.Ju3ls crcl comm'Jn;iioi lirey serve. Th-- Norlh Lmericcra iit;r] lrcdg l.grceraeni{l.l^tlA) frcworirl'i tlob.rl eJioicgyiniis t.iorlh Amerlcon gLr;s.. !e've: /rileiic.rn busiressu5 \i/ell os .)oiic llr(iikels. 0ul ii does nol crnd conJrol 5crv-: lin.:ricdr or cri]i-rci a,Jl.liciiiere5i5 sucJr .i,r ii.rii .:lnpl.Jvrneni, the digniiy of w.jrk, :h. cr.,:!jlivg .rivjc l]se oi io'.ecleisur.,', --nvironn,enl.i picieciicir, ,(cciol soieiy nei5. .tnC pei',5ion pi!-:lei:liol]. 1,.1cv'.,,orlal's

idvocoles'aill oig5r. ii.ri the lncrrket" does 'serve" ilrilivicjuols oy .r.npc.lerino iir.Jrn lo"choosa"- 8u1 ifc clit,-i.iD 15 lrlv/ovs o5oui \r'rhich ilenn lc buy cltal ci-rn5iirne. irever obou.J,thether i.r bLry cn.-j conlr,rrire cnd nev"r cboul ihe right io e!r.,r .rl irj..rre thcji jrokesconsurnpil.rr po5sibki. lJl M.Worl.l's glcb€rl mcrkei, .r rrp.r!^/cr!nen i ll.5 in lhe chc;cc ofioppings on o bcke.l ooiolo:1hr rcsl ir possive consirrnpiion. yiher proiir tre.rorner ihesole ciilcrion iy r,,hicir v/c nrecsure every goocl, eveq/ ocjir.,li)', tjvely dllu..li- elerycLrllurci pro.lLJci, ihere i5 ro.n rlolhing bui profil. in ihe --rnpi.e oJ ih(--.ririkei, ii_Le mo|eyi- I r:o- ,.F r'.' ^ ll !5 i !: .

Fihns cre c.irrtarl 1o nra]lkci ic.,ology u/r]iching ihern revccl5 ar sarnanEts pervod;llgMcWotld lhoi seefirs 5ulfoc.iiing- Go inlo o Proiesioni church i,r .; :vrlsr villcroe. cr nr(r\.1, F ,n

Donloscus, ihe coihedrol lrl Rcillrs. o Buddhisi temple in Bongkok, crnd ihough in everycose you ore visiiinq o ploce of worship wilh o Comrnon ouro oJ piely, you know irom onepious siic io lh.i n.xi rhoi you orc ir, o disiinclive cuiiufe. lhen sil in o muiiiplex nio..,ie boxor, ml]ch lhe some iirir'g, risit o specloicr sporls crenq or o moll or o mocJe l hclel or o Inslioor:l e5lobliihnre i;n orll ciiy clloul]cl ihe y/odcl, ond jry 1cr ti!jui-- oui \\,h.rre /ou cre. Yc,.r

arre no\,^/hcrc. Yor' ore e]lcry\.r'here. Losl in cyberspoae. You crre cholinll pire! on oNinienclo: lhe world slrflolrnding you vonishes. YoU ore in fronl oi or in or on MTV: universolimoges ossoull lhe eyes ond globol dissononces ossoull ihe eors in o heori pounclingiumuli ihol teJs you everylhing excepl which counlry you ore in. Where ore you? You (te in

t5

l0

').!)

30

irlcvlond is a le(n deri!e!l korn McDonalds .Jnd was coin.d 1o reler to e.iononric a.C crllltral llloba lsaUon

Go lo o live iheolre and wilhin o feu/ 5econds oi Jhe drrtoin rising you wi know exocitywhich regron. which ciiy v/hich cullure ycu ore in. Woich television ior doys ol o lime cndyou slill moy noi hove o ciue .]5 lo whol plonet you ore on untess it is plonet Reebok.There ore 5iylistic cliiierences belween fr.lrjtlonold's in Moscow, in Bucjopesi, in poris, ond jnLondon by which they con be cli5tinguishL-d irom ihe originoi McDonslcl's tronchjse ir DesPloines, lllirois, bock in 1955. But squinl o lilite.rnd crlt the srnoll diilerences vonish and iheGolden Arch is oll lhol renloins, o vitucl ghosi hounl;ng our reiinos even on ihe Chomp5ilysees irr t'oris, lvhere iis oclual .lisploy is no longer permilted. Direcior Atojn Corneou,jproph€lic "worlcJ in which ihere is only one imoge" hos come io pos5.

4l

A.lople.l kon Jiha.l rs llclvodd by Benjomin Borber

Practice 2

Main ArA!ments /ldeas

rdea5 from the text:

Rephrnsr:d an.i consolidaied ?nswer:

ldess trcm the iert:

Rephras€d and.o.solidated ?nsweri

t0

li{.ni i'.rir r?rF i r:r:

ilo.! iii:.r' 1li. :--r:l:

$ryJh11.

1t

D. -E!qi!9!I-s-4$,u iilent!" lloving ideI]iifled lhe r.'ie./crni rl(rieiiol, )cLr cre no'/r' lo evcrluoi-- the rn(:lits .rnri

wecknesses of ihc oroumenls (lv).

" YcLr cre o15o cr(para:l-^cl ic illL.r!ircle yor.r undersionding oi Jhe mai€iriol ifrrough ihe:xplonojicn {txl you i},rvi.lc'in suppori oi yourjuilgemeni.

" I4osi of thL- lime, eir.llu.riioi ol orgum!--nJs need! lo be clone in the IigfrJ of llre liiv'rnconlexl

' E,/crlu.iion mtrsi b'.'l|rkl:al io ihe slcnai yolr hove loken.

" Evoluoiiorr rioons h.rvirCl lo moke cn inisrrned ond logiccl ossessmeni oi thar

orgumeni ol hcncl.

^ Definilion of Evoluciiorr:

lf yclr €voluolii sol.l]ol11in9 cr gorneone, you conslcjer them in crdql io riicr!o ojuCgmeni oboui ihenr. i'ci e)<cr"nple, ho'^ llood cI bo.l lfrey ore.

aolir5 acDUllJ Fnori5l r)i.li.nur lat A.:\Qnce.l l.it.tt(:ts

'Therelor{r,.,/ori ccin iiar\'. aiaJrrrilcrisons,5lro.ting opposing'/iews ol even ilarke cfebuliql io thr otll!; r,rr j ih.ii yoLr nci\re ii.:nl;fi--d.

!'rirc iicg,IElj)j

'. I iy to evaliJaie il]e argunrents aliver. The {!rst one !s done lor yoll.

l'{&ctice i

!t*i ir,Lrr tne pass..qrl fxtianariion and Evatuation of thg extent i: refiecis thes i jt, j .r-to.,i -:(f eric.,ce.:ra:,,1 it 1:

o I rr-re ihat on the surface American fast too.i r.stailianisgi',re the;mpression ot a homogeneo s globai cullllre, bLli

the menu in McDonalds in Singapore is noi typicallyAme,-,can. The globatculture is interpreieC and changedin the local coniext. Adapied lo suit iocallastes eg,rei'rdang burge(at Burger King) nasilemak. porlidge(at[,4cDonalds)

" l-.,1r-, l> Sporc ! multi-cullural scc;!l/. Also being on the cross-roads of various cullural

infllrences, Spore is ready and willing to elnbraceo,versity and a cosmopolilan cullure.

' 'oanoo.t\/ 1:\.'ti1e'.' !''" ''l|'' . 1]thal t)S cLtiutal praCucls are cteailro 2hlitotienizecl qlob al conn utlily a{.onsu/rers glires 3 r,r'But lre cufturalast'ecls cfinc Alobalis.ttan siDry

ae n)ate conptex ltine 5)' il tend. to mean differcnl things 4.)peoding on*!io ls don! thetrearhq. sqgin1 i1lptiirltotshL'pping (thes +7)

Th,j tcpElajity ct Amcrican i:,i!t{'.alproducis give the impression thatconsumers all over the world have similartastesj bnt the cultural intluence ofglobalisation is more complicated, Localcultures influence the wav these prodlcts

t'2

i,:,.rrnt/rrr)c.s oi c.n/rE illchr .ntd trtL;r;;: i

',t..xittJ t)i ajatntj b ll.Lalr.tLrs trr l/r.se lw! ./ilrs

':''4

in4:'rlctonallrs e;(per,enc. is djnereni in ], ., .-..r,J:!r, in rh.,.rort.l

Sl.rhltcli, ..jtnj!:n.r oi lltc ttt.;!en! jtca!

posiiive arial n€gatiye rei;irorrses 1i)ih+ oireniir-, {rI StadruckG, ir! ShaE.rhaijr!$pie l'elcorned il rs rD irtpetu5 :octio.r?1i:.

I Diiicient soc,eties respond d:fierenllyl\r,,rards ferniliar global icoils in iitei.

r'.:rriltat! nf lt1., atlr l.!niitat nr!i.: itj.t.r:r:ilu:l)t\:t Eacl.rs lti4tpcnt!.tti:l ttli iti.e

coutrltt. jJ\rhile tbers $rere h'}l!:

: 41{i. acl.ls..pen in t:ttre:re itt.f c sct:ti.r :lnLois t:i 'cr,etlng ' .)t sie.ntLllucAr n,.r icart s.!ilar' (1il,..; 31,12)

A|nsiic"r cuJtural icons:r.i see,1 ass!r11:lr br{ powe.iu'ihr?3t 1r loc:l

ll

Prcrclice 2

kleas trom the passage 2

'Anerjcan fikns .. arc atso iikety tD

)nspre e vitian al ffe and ta afrecthattts and attttrdes (thes 3-4)

Peopie live vic;riously thrsughHollyv,/ood filrns whichconstrucis a world thal isdi'Jorced frora th€;r own cnlture

" people avicjly follo$, ihe nev/s of celebrilies, ncwspapers andmagazines regulariy repod on the privale deitils ai their personailives,e.g Britney Spears, Ally Mc8ealstaple diel of IV.

" Sometines after rnajor blockbusters, even iashion and languagegeis aitecled.

But ajso true thei thefe is no homogenis'nE elfect bec?use ofl,lc]Vorld

" Olher forms of popular cullure are prominent in Singapore,e.g. K-pop, ..J-pcp. YorJngsters are also interesied in celebrities fromFlong Kong and I ai\,1ran. fulany Korean/Japanese movies andielevision programmes are iranslated inio Chinese & English. lnfashjor.1lrc,lv are also moae interested in emuiatirg iheir Aslani(lcls than lloliywood stars, probably becarise they can identify!1,iih lhem !n appearance

and'.{hich influences their habif.s

i

II

I

Il

I

I I

'\ryllii ihe an::iaught o lclltond ltetel.)pt)tlle reaoers eio discerning Ft:blirctizens ata tnade tofeel likee,riJangered specie s.' (lines 1 t- 1 6)

Tt,e po!.rett0l inflnence otl,lc\tdorid l,as ted to thedeclineofq iet and leisu.€ly2ciivilies like reading and thed€veiopmefit of lhinking citizens.

' Eut thc c;toice is al,xays about vahichiients lo buy and ccnsuna and ltevetaboul i,hethe( io buy,in.i cansrtrne'(iin.s 2e 27)'ln ilcwa d's globaltnatketenpcwqnentlies in Ihe choice aflappingson a baked potato: the rest ts

,asslve co sunption. (lines 28'29)

Although the tre€ market otI'I.Wadd seems to offerronsume$ f.eedom Dt choice,lhe fact is people are lured intobuying mindlessly,

'when p.ofit becDnes the salecriletian ...lhe naney haorgans areptinccs 'ltutes 29'31)

I xpianiiion "nii Euiluai;on of rne eitent il r^;lccis tlre Si'rq,rpore.9.\P9Jl9!ci. Y:1Pllj!!Ll:i Exirnoie 1l

lr|ln lhar r.1.\A .rlo r-movcsdibtinctron.' soj'lL..1-v.

t4

1

Jhen profit is the rnrin goal,mployers ruleier

iI

r.,{r4lgs-!Lq,{pp!rje,!i-W rl!tC!!!on

. Ille oppli.jofioti .lueslicn is o iesponse wrillen in ihe Jorm oi al rniflj esscl),,. il isimporl.rnl io dernonslrote coh.rronce by employing on esso),iike slrucil-rre on._lus;ng conneclive5 lc link rJp I't-- v.rlious poilts_

) , Tirere crre rnqny \/cr-vs in \vhich ycu moy chose io responcl to lhc /r, rlere crE Lr fewscmple,roys in \./hich yo! moy chose tc emulole.

. Lro noie lhoi slud€nl! atlle oaivised lo spend ot,eosl Z5mins on llre AO duii|g ilri

iSs4el&i1]pl4le$qr glclirrte

T|e ienrplaie lo be u-rel .r.riies lrom quesiion to quest;on. yOU t,1t_tST Ui.]ijERS,.{:!D Ttjt:REQLJIREi\rEN IS OF Tl 1r: CLiES-l lOtl

1 Question A w.ntr: me ioa ll]!K,Si,q!q!..1?Jr9rt!Uisril,al is rj_.are convincinq/suitable/rel€rant t,,asj( -t)

rr r..:r . ,. , I . .trl ;.ni ,.;:^ .lc la,! &lClcitagt€ alq !.i?a(!llie_i!e ICq!.aU!. an.J exEtain ,,hv ! srj!p-1.r,

rru-e qrlil!i!4:_! a s€ tr!ilj.! -oj-rl9!!ber

2 Q.iestion g vr'anis nr-r ioa. rdq4{L4ltd €-tv!:l!4!tl!ta,o,a!E!r!t"4!slrleid!/plsblgDs-qlt9-!p!,9a4r pqs!4r:-- Ll?tqllb add!s9qss.!lEi. u]]ngrl-anc9lqlelellslo_lqlljeqiqtr (rask 2)

3. ln Questioo A lmust3. gather lhe reievant argurnentsb. then calegarise lhemc wrile cornmenisd. focus on arguments that witl sLrpport my stande bring "oulside" knowledge/examples to strengthen my stand as I Cefend

the reievallt arguinenlsf rcIneri.ber to sho\"/incllde ihe flaws/good points from the other passagsg. yei off4r a .ounier,crgurner'th all rn all remerrroer io eva[,aie the arguFreni, notjust repeei

'r]ateriali'crr)the passage

4 ln Question a, lmusla rernember the rubric identify tlvo .etevanl arguments, one from each

passageb evaluate and comment on the quatiiy of the argumentsc relale the erglnrents to my society and assess the impodance/relevance

t5

of the arouments in ltrc coniexl oJ nrv.o.iety

rylelhods cf Aflswering the Applicalion Ouestion (The melhod/approach yo| use derends on theOuesiio,t tbat is asked)

A) Iire 3-step Proc€dure

1 iJvritels concllrsion: lhe wriiar lrelieves lhai2 Witer s reascr: He sl]lports his vieir by: Siudents agreement/disagreenreniU/heiher you agree ,'^riih the }rriier ol. you qlestion his assumption: I agree/disagiee !v;th hift

\,\lhelher there are oiher ways to look at issue: The .;uiter has tailed to consider

!

lI

Whelher ihe wriler has lhe expertlse 1(r cornrnentoperates under suspicious circLrarslances (in thequeslion ihe writers credibilii/ bec:use

lvheiher the likely consequences arerecomfiiendations)r ! quesiiol',"/hether

crcdibllr or any vesied interest end vrheth€r hecase of assessing lhe .redibr;ily of passage): I

wcrth ihe r,sk of venlLrr,ns fo^.r'ard: {nr ihe case oi handlingtlr€ pcssible harmiulconsequentes are wcth ihe risk because

il) f.valuat;ng ;,rgltBents th"i .ro rel.'rant 10 ycur societ-v

" General sialement about tlie loric" Summ",yolvr.. adoo.,4t /rh .'.ti,ororF.ssage/', sLm: rdrv ,; ,,i-r i d-.pi.4 br , .r ., . .cr .c Dr..5..9- B

" Your sland - upon eval!:iing ihe \r'o views above (depen.lon ihe clueslion)

I he Sinqapore Coriext:

" Speciiic characie*sticslfeaiur!-s of SiDgepore ihat are relevant io the disclrssion ci topic in

EerLl!" Exiract cne main id€a from either passage lor one view out of lhe many in thai sinsle passage]. Explaln briefly: (i) v/hai lhis idea is about; afld ili) the authois ione/vie!1, of ihe issu€. Evaluale the point - to see if you agree with it or not and explain why

' Relate Ihe idea io the relevant context (ie Singapore) by mentionlnq (i) havr' ihe couniry inqueslion rreats/perceive,s lhe issue, and {li) r,,/hai the country is cloins or can do to ellevrailr ihe

, Srate yaur siand/give 3 concluilirg staienEni lhai mak€s _v"o r argurrtenl relevanl io lhe quesiion

16

Se!e]!4israp!

I he wriier of Passage A rrenticrs that _.._ _,_ _, I slrong jy agree with his vie.,v and ctearty vlheihe Cescrll,.es in Passele ,.\ is eviatrni in Sinfzpora wh-.re SingaFore al5o bas . Thjs is in

,-'d :o,u. r{r'. ..: ..'(,. I. ..o ! --;-;;i:;.ai o..

CHECKLIST: The AQ rreml:v,,ork lflr e.-ery paragreDhl

(explanaiio:r)

E idence

uon^etuence/effeci/scenrrio/situsticn i:...We can hypothesize lhat i ttrc tuture ---Ylie foresee ih.f

Ilo nril dis3gree/agree iolally; i.e. Co coi iake an exlremewith the opposite view. Siatestand. Agree to some exteni

when the opposing view may. On the other hand, .... However, some people

wiier/the vaew mentioned

be riqhVv!rong.

may agree/disagree wiih thein that they think..

F:valualior(Opposing View)

. r , P.5: . J( r/B ,tnFc ,. (. r ,!n i-t .

t:. Ft..nr 'h.,Ucrni^d il' li/lsscrtr{' iha! {rn,ie rlre, ,.; ,."','io,.,'r''F ,, Anr( i:.,r.;' ';". 1

, rd\ o,r' ,n qLjo:e IruP I

| . .rc"ordrns to'*,.',-.. no,., . PJ5saqc A/n I.

'n inl oDi,!ron,My vrerv oo lhis i: rhaul im inclr.€dI ro rlr;nr thrt ... . r-le r.h ,he, \rL grF6 1 drsu.cr-p

J/r'i.ir' rr,n6r.',rl Io! r,r ro' "g " . ,ts,g L.. rr't,lhp. r ..., ,a j et ten.c !, ,

:

l " -;;i;b;;;,**- -- ]

. , ' j.,,er* t-..,;;;,; r.. ' r";'.' f or crr,npl{ . l

I , , ..- br scrr ir S;r,,'. Fr'1 , :.rn. .

' :.. :x ',j obse,vp,ion a; 3i!''u.:+ r!c;e')...." i : = n,i awn e,fe.ier,. e. !... ,

" Cr'e evidence ot this is... I

I " ore €'ridcrce I can cite;s..- I

] " L;ke rhe society *rhich the wfiter of Passage rciers' l,' S;r:gaFo.e alco l,r.:' Cr.n!,rrcd :o Aflericarr (o' wt'"te!cr th( !r.;ll

'r.fL,s ro) sacicly. Sin!i,pore is a,so...Y ,'., c:t cL'rer'..r'de..e nr p-.r ra-tr, :': I r, f!. rrl r6.tui'en c: lr o|hc I'r- to:r 'h. rr ':,cr, ,iaur-s yo,le !!.q!!t lLC l lrt U.'lr ..are

l''r. ' uIc.: .iualon anrl or+J\ . rom I t" L Fnr sirlllr n. ;',hb, ::,Lt h.,r p*r. in .e fulur- Uso r.'c forto\ ina i

' Conside.ing the curreor sduation, d luiure I

I sccnaflo that can be projected is .. I

: - I'r IiOh! of lhe preselt 5'rurticn. , lrlniyL

, I r'. r,;soo tcr th's is" ; , ju..:i:icarior l.rr tl!is i- {art ...

. Otherwise, a contrastins

l/

I'rssiisqll4e!

" The slruclure you eventucrlly c.lopt lorgely depends on lhe quesiion ond you.

. Using fornroi B. iry Gtie mpiing ihe full AQ given below. Do remember lhotyou ore to employ ihe skill5 ihqt you have okeqdy lecrnl.

frcclice i

Aa,.JC Frel;m 2oo4

Passage i : Jelemt/ Seabrook writes-..--

Globalisation ls a declaiation of war upon all olher cultures And rn cultu.allrers there rs noexenpiion for civiiians; there are no innocent bystanders. Why should it be expecied thaiancient and rooted civilizations are gcing to accept lhis nrarginalisal;on wilhoul a siruggle?'fhe answer to that is ihal glcbalisalion carries an implicil promise that it will reiieve poverty

and otfer security - perhaps lhe most ancieni of human dreams. Because oi the pow€r ofglobal capilalism 1o creaie \^/ealth, ii is assurned lhai ihis prioriiy must sweep aside all otherhlman preoccupat;ons, including all exbting instilutions, inierpretations and searches {Dr

meoning in ihe wotld

ll is disingenuous lo assume lhat economy, sociely and culture operate in separate spheres.lndeed, the way in which geographical entiiies are now designaled shows the increasingporosity of these notions. An advanced economy, an industrialised naiion, a matureeconomy are sel againsl a developing country, an emerging markei, a libetalising societyfhe lems are almosi in{erchangeabie This suggesis that, once exposed to the globalisingimperative. no aspecl ci social i;ie, customarv practice, traditional behaviour.irill remain ihe

The.e have been, broadly, two pincipal responses in the world, which we may call thefatalisiic and the resistant. lt is significant that among ihe most falalistic have been theleaders of the G-7 Ex-President Clinion said globalisation is a faci not a policy choice. TonyAlair said it is ineviiable and iffeversible ls iheir helplessness a pretence?

10

15

2A

i8

Th.re are two aspecls to resisianci One is lhe re asseri'on oi lori;l ident,iies , e,,,en if localaclually means spread over very large prrts of the u/ond. The recl:riminq ot ihe local is olterfocused in ihe iield ol culiure r.! sic son1l. d:nce, drama, ariilacis anri folk clliure Thissuggesis an atiefipl lo cLjeiani,fr: ii tom lhe efiecls cf econanric ilte-dralicr: a kind ofccrclon sanrtarle sei Lrp around a d,rinrjli g cirliLfe Sorne people believe it is pos-\iL1e io Cc!ihe besi ot bolh worlr:ls ihe_v accepl ihe eccnomlc acivantag€s ot globirlisatior i:nd s..k :cnl3rni.in so'neihing ci areal vakr-., lan!;Lra!e, tradilion and custom -rhis is the r.teti!rtybenign response The olher has br:.cn e only t.Jo ia,niliar: the vroient .cacl'nn. ihe liaired oiboth econoriic an{,' cLrllural ltl.rbaiisatlcn vhich nrany not merely perc.ive. bui t..ret rn ihevery core of their behQ. as an ins€parable viclation ol dentity lhe reseninent ct &rn!MusJims (noi onlv extremislsl icr,lard ihe Ll.S end lsrael the dei.nsi,/e posluring .t tlin.juIufdarnentaiism, opDcsed bclh 1{] lslaJr and Chrlsiianiiy, are the rrcsi vi\rd clranraiiselr iis

?assrce 2 Phili, lhine irrites....rr:r: / ri,ttr,:rcrr:i i

l/ihen we think of a globe it is dsurlij a |nrniature rnodel ol the ea{h. vrhich ono tingei.iarlsend inlo viol€nl revolulion lf .ie dwcll an itrai aspect, il)e lag "llobnl cultllre'oririn.Jllslyhints at a ierible, d;zzyirg shrlnkcqc, ;r1 the mercy of son1.e exlernal hrinC (a-c lllsn:r)rMurdoch, Coca-Caia) Ihe nore obvicus implication. oi course, is thri "glcb"l cuiilje :.r

something vasi, a giairi strucirre.:i{isling beyond any of us no rnalter how co,.firopolltan |!r,personal horizons N.iih€r lray dc€s gloiralcuiture s.'em to belong io medlum sized nunrtrnbeiigs wilh a local habiiaiior arrcl e narre 8Li ihe. are v/e really supFosed ia f:el goadaboul il? Perhaps it is ollen meant sarcasiically - as an oxymoron.

Or. if we foilo!1' lhe modern ieniicncy to Lrse ihe il/oril 'culture as a neLriral telm oianlhropological descnpUon raihs ii:.:n pos:'iive endors--meni. 'global cLllrr. miqhl simpl!name the aaristic aod oiher rcf.esseniial rtren.rnenir (like iashianl .olnr'ronl,v ccn::!rnea I'rrnost af ths coLrniries ci ihe ,rorld li th;s !re.:rs riroppi,rg in an 3rpL.rt rrall ioi a h:;r.l c.p,v oiSiephen King, lndepandence Day on DVD and Nike iool"..r'ear, we are a long way indeecifrom lMatihew Arnold's definilion of culiure in 1876 as the acqrJainting ourselves wfh thebest that has been known and said in the world' We mlghl be tempted to offer some sourlyupdaled formula to fii lhe globaJcultlre of lhe 21st cenlury, like the acquiring for ourselvesthe besladvedised thai is beinq made and sold ln the world'

25

35

The appearance of Christian furdam.nialisrn ,n the very hearllands of ih{r globalisirg loic:sof the world, suggssts ihat even here there is a sense thal values belieis rr_,.j iaith arebeing sacrif'ced to global necessit:,,. li is ioo simplisi;c cf the rich and po\rerful io stigmairsethe bearers of resislance as being exlemisis or ihosc !,rho hal.j freedorn. lhe.v r,ail iolrnderstand ihe profouid ard conrclex social and re:igious drsrup:ions ihai crne as 40inseparable specael compan;ons ol econ3mlc glob3lisai;on The leaders ofihe !loiralir g!../orld have sacriiiced i/asi nuFbers ol ihe pcor in pur€uit.f their un.eall-qzrble visi.n oi swhole planet.olonised in thprr olv|t imalla

|-cc alisitig C ulture.; -',. rerrv S ez: Ir cok. i{<) rea n }l eia l.l i.;3o 1 3 2,.1C?i)

1A

15

l9

5

A decade or tv/c ago. one llsed to thi k ao'errtertainrnent emprre lvas an :ncidenial. ii hlghlyprofiiable aspe.t of serious poljtical po,"rer and conirol Now big corp.,raircns wield rnorepolver than naiional governrnenls, an.i it js in lhe'r jnlerest io make the world safe forshoppnrg by promolinq a pseudo der$cratic 'c liure 'r'/here obedienl ,,lorkels oblaln iheirrewards by conslrining n]lrvies, IV, mus'c. fashions. cigaretles and foo.is, and by nEkingalher 'lifeslyl"J expenciilures R€b"rll]on' is pa't oi lhe package oi associ?led values ol{er€d

'rilh every pur.hare, in lhe iol'r] of lhe rack stals indi,,'rduel bravado rather ihan poiiiic;rl or

Yet it is Jikely that sooner ar laler lhere will L,e sonre Jorm of rnore organised resisiance toih€se new kinds of ifip.rialisrn lr iaci sorne of ihe most cofispicuous recent mailrslreamHollywood movies thenselves leeln to smuggle if a measure of ironlc crilicisn of iheptocesses by '.vhich they are nrade and p!rue-ved Ihe Richard G€re thritler Red Corner(1998) was abort Vveslern iiedia corporalions moving inio the huge, corrupl nevr ma*..r oiCommunisl China, and jts lalvyerherc ends by rejecting his work for a IJS corporalion andieliing lhe US enrbassy 10'Go to heli The l.urnan Show (1998) and The Matrix {1999), likePaul V€rhoevens Toial Re.all a i€w vears back, are allegori€s of talse consciousness,y/hose hetoes are called io vrali.r up io ihe illusoriness of th-- consklrcte"d lvorld ihey onlyseem lo inhabit, and. ;omeho',! io ciissolve ii and l,.reak out.

Fuflhermore. ihe mein rcEson for Holiyv/oad's return lo the Roman Empire as a srbjecl inRidley Scoil's Gladialor is thai iire s!i::,,'tling, elhnically diverse Roman v/odd ihe iikDpreseilts holds nar), !.aiallels lriih ii.E USi empire oi ioday ln pariiDUlar. iis SerL!!nelracjiiicns ol repres€nielive ?ovsriineiri lrav+ given vr'ey to c'azed despciisnr and ihe bioodynass enierlairireni irspla,/s .if lie lila.llaiorlal r:ng ihe;ilnr's crowd-pleaslrg spe.ttcle oiviolence, ofiers a conscicr,siy,r/ishiulianlasy-endirg rn whi:h the ballered heic rememirsrsthe aujheijtic val,ras ,lrhich h3v. bic.Jri,r degradeC. Ile then hercically re eslablishes ih?m inlhe very arena where ihe corLipl regimn rrost polently displays its powe..

The €dge of desperaiion in all ilLese lilms s gEtesis the traunatic ircpped condiiion cl thecitizen oi iodays ,rcrlC, wiro has nowheie else io 90 and lor whom ihe glcbe is Uke theL:ubble ihat r€pesiediy anc in.s€p:bly j,laliows hirn up as \./iih Jim Carey in The TruinanSholv And ii is all ica plau:ible io see the rilms ihenrselves as swailovr'ed up by ihe s)"siemlhey may be trying to criticise, redui;ed to nlere enteriainmeni lhal helps io diskact thepeople cf the globe irom realising ho,r lhey stand.

ls Ame ca baC for us? Fhillip $crne, Ttr!'Guardian- {ilovembar 11, 2000}

2A

25

30

35

50

40

20

G r-r e siio ri:

L:{ill) !vf it.rrs :r-jn.l;si ilir in.rei::iir!lliuiarfirla io loii! lrirsa:rr;es e)(r:ntiaa

i:r'.)m L..lir f ij\stqrslo:s r,i ccntfiri oi ihc avai;!e ciiizai tn ilif ihis i: irr.re oi ycLrr couniry

global ,.ro'lal

lijl

?l

'))

')l