‘Global Water Supplies and Sustainability in the Face of

Climate Change and Competing Uses"

Braimah Apambire

DRI Foundation Board of Trustees Meeting

February 24, 2012

Las Vegas

Water Supplies in countries

• Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Scope of The problem globally• Benefits of WASH• Progress in the Sector• Solutions to the Problem

Outline of Presentation

Why Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)? • Safe Water Access

– Water been analyzed for bacteria and chemicals and meet drinking water quality guidelines/standards

– 20 liters/person/day– Source within 1 km

and 30 minutes– Sustainable

• Improved water source

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)?

• Sanitation includes all aspects of environmental cleanliness from safe excreta disposal to solid waste management. – The construction of barriers

to disrupt the transmission of disease

• Hygiene promotion involves encouraging existing good practices, promoting new practices, and changing key behaviors.

WASHEstablishing and maintaining a source of safe, clean water is the first essential step in breaking the cycle of poverty.

“The first and best medicine”

Without access to this critical resource, people in developing nations have virtually no chance of leading healthy, productive lives.

Scope of the Problem: Access to

Water

Water coverage

2006 Improved Water Coverage. Source, WHO & UNICEF (2008)

Nearly 844 million people (14% of the world population) do not have safe water

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the greatest percentage of people in need of improved drinking water sources (328 million, 42% of SSA’s population).

Urban Water

Drinking water coverage, 2006

No or Insufficient data

Less than 50%

50 – 75%

76 - 90%

91 - 100%

Rural Water

Scope of the Problem: Access to

Water

Scope of the Problem: Access to Sanitation

Sanitation coverage

2006 Improved Sanitation Coverage. Source, WHO & UNICEF (2008)

More than 2.6 billion people (38% of the world population) live without basic sanitation. In Sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated 544 million people (69% of SSA’s population) are

without basic sanitation. South Asia has the lowest levels of sanitation 1.079 billion

Global Funding For WASH Falls Far Short of the Needs

20

6

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

UN-GLAAS 2008 Estimates to meet MDG 7International Private SectorInternational Donors - Private International Donors - Bilaterals, Multi-lateralsDomestic Public Sector + National Government

$27b

Annual Commitments and Disbursements

$ b

Low Estimate

Base Estimate

High Estimate

75

62

35b

93b

Gap

120

2008 Need2008 Funding

Foundations

Global Funding For WASH Falls Far Short of the Needs to Meet the MDGs

Annual Need

Foundations are estimated to be spending ~250m year

A Detailed Look into the External Funding Shows that a Majority is Spent on Infrastructure

Source: Measuring Aid to Water Supply and Sanitation, OECD-DAC, February 2009

2012

419

854

30

985

121118

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Water resources protection

Waste management/disposal

River development

Water resources policy/admininistrative management

Water supply and sanitation - large systems

Education and training on water supply sanitation

Basic drinking water supply and sanitation

Bi-Lateral Donors 2004-2006

100% = $4.1b

~20% of the funding going to individual WASH projects

~80% of the funding goes to water resources management and large-scale infrastructure projects

• Very few funders focus

on individual WASH

projects

• Some USAID, DFID and

France funding seem to

be focusing on hygiene

promotion and sanitation

• The rest focus on IWRM

projects and large scale

infrastructure

provisioning projects

Only 20% of the funding goes to individual/community based WASH projects

Impact of the ProblemHealth, HIV/AIDS and Nutrition

More than 5,000 children die every day from poor hygiene practices, contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation

88% of diarrheal deaths are from poor hygiene practices, contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation

Episodes of diarrhea and worm infestations has impact on nutritional status

New evidence linking hand-washing and Acute Respiratory Infections

WASH linked to guinea worm, fluorosis, arsenicosis

WASH important in home-based care of AIDS patients in reducing opportunistic infections

Impact of the ProblemPoverty WASH critical for reducing poverty :

5.5 billion productive days per year lost due to diarrhoea alone and burden of fetching water

household water required for small-scale productive activities

Gender Women and girls bear the brunt of

fetching water, and benefit the most when distances are reduced.

Education improving WASH in schools has an

impact on enrolment levels, particularly for girls

Guinea Worm

Trachoma

Diarrheal Diseases

Water Quality Problems

– Bacteriological Contamination-Total coli forms-fecal, E. Coli

– F, As and Fe in certain areas

– Potential: NO3, Mn, Cu, Pb Zn, Se

– Salinity/TDS is also high in certain areas

Mild

Moderate

Severe

F: Fluorosis

Arsenic

Benefits of safe water supplies, basic sanitation and hygiene

Eradication of guinea worm, elimination of trachoma, Arsenic and fluoride

Several other benefits (poverty, time savings, economic activities, improved schooling for girls, higher status for women, etc.)

Progress in WASH Sector• The world is on track to meet the Millennium

Development Goal (MDG) drinking water target– But not on track in Sub-Saharan Africa– Even if MDGs are met, 800 million people will still lack

access to safe water

• Increased partnerships, information sharing and coordination e.g., West Africa Water Initiative, Water for the World Act, Global Framework for Action, African Minister's Council on Water (AMCOW)

Global Water Sustainability

• The Problem• Sustainability of Water Resources

– Develop of Integrated Water Resources Management Frameworks

– Groundwater Sustainability Modeling and Construction of Recharge Systems

– Stopping bush burning, promoting agro-forestry and improving soil fertility and preventing erosion

– Promotion of Water Efficient technologies and Use– Adaptation strategies to climate change

Conclusions

Outline of Presentation

The Problem• Water use has been growing at more than twice

the rate of population increase in the last century

• World water demand doubles every 20 years.

• By 2025, more than 2.8 billion people—35 percent of the world’s projected population—will live in 48 countries facing water stress or water scarcity, as a result of use, growth, environmental degradation, and climate change.

• Most acute in the arid and semiarid regions, which are affected by droughts and wide climate variability, combined with population growth and economic development

The Problem

• Degradation of groundwater and surface water quality

• The situation will be exacerbated as rapidly growing urban areas place heavy pressure on neighboring water resources

• Groundwater declines due to overpumping and climate change – Ogallala and Saudi aquifers, the North

China Plain – India’s 100 million farmers have

drilled 21 million wells, investing some $12 billion in wells and pumps. • Half of the traditional hand-dug wells and

millions of shallower tube wells have already dried up, bringing a spate of suicides among those who rely on them.”

The Problem

The Problem• Many of the world’s most

water-stressed areas will get less water, and water flows will become less predictable and more subject to extreme events– Marked reductions in water

availability– Accelerated glacial melt,

leading to medium term– reductions in water

availability across– a large group of countries– Rising sea levels resulting in

freshwater– losses in river delta systems

in countries, such as Bangladesh, Egypt and Thailand.

Sustainability-IWRM• Managing water resources at the

basin or watershed scale– This includes integrating land and water,

upstream and downstream, groundwater, surface water, and coastal resources.

• Optimizing supply– This involves conducting assessments of

surface and groundwater supplies, analyzing water balances, adopting wastewater reuse, and evaluating the environmental impacts of distribution and use options.

Sustainability

• Managing demand– This includes adopting cost recovery policies,

utilizing water-efficient technologies, and establishing decentralized water management authorities.

• Providing equitable access to water resources– through participatory and transparent

governance and management. This may include support for effective water users’ associations, involvement of marginalized groups, and consideration of gender issues.

Sustainability• Establishing improved and

integrated policy, regulatory, and institutional frameworks– Examples are implementation of the

polluter-pays principle, water quality norms and standards, and market-based regulatory mechanisms.

• Utilizing an inter-sectoral approach to decision-making– where authority for managing water

resources is employed responsibly and stakeholders have a share in the process.

Sustainability

• Strengthening water rights, especially for the poor

• Placing greater emphasis on strategies for adaption in national water management policies and aid efforts

• Optimize the technologies and systems that exist to maximize their resilience

Sustainability• Groundwater

Sustainability Modeling and Construction of Recharge Systems

• Stopping bush burning, promoting agro-forestry and improving soil fertility and preventing erosion

• Promotion of Water Efficient technologies and Use – drip irrigation

• Adaptation strategies to climate change

Sustainability• Improve on sector-

wide knowledge generation and dissemination

• Capacity building

• Improve on Networking, coordination and harmonization

Examples and Sustainable Management Water

Resources

•Estimated Impact of Salinity: 1,200 – 1,500 villages across eight coastal districts

•Salinity related problems directly and indirectly has an impact on over 1.8 households in these coastal regions

•85% of the population dependents on groundwater

•Kidney stone, skin disease, etc. are the major health problems - high medical costs

Salt Water Intrusion in Gujarat, India

Sea water Intrusion problem in Gujarat, India

Source: Baseline data, 2006 by CSPC

women

WASMO & Rural Development Department (TSC)(Drinking Water, Project support to ISAs, Coordination & Monitoring through DWSC/ DRDA)

CSPC (Environmental Sanitation,

Enhanced Project Support to ISAs &

Awareness Generation/ Software – Providing Rs. 1,000 additional subsidy

For 15,000 units)

Hilton Foundation(Water Resource

Management, Innovations Water Quality)

Implementation Support Agencies

(Facilitation & Implementation Support To Water Committees)

• Water Resource Management

• Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Structure

• Water Resource Management for local source strengthening

• Piped water supply

• Sanitation – Toilets, Solid and Liquid Waste Management, Environmental Sanitation

• Improving personal health and hygiene related aspects

• Water Quality Monitoring

Activities

Efforts by the Government State-wide drinking water grid

Mini Water Quality Laboratory

Examples – Volta Basin

• Ghana (40%), Burkina Faso (46%), Ivory Coast, Togo Benin and Mali

• Ghana/Burkina Faso hydro power

• Volta Basin Authority

• Alternative enery

“You ain’t gonna miss your water until your well runs dry”

-Bob Marley

“The frog does not drink up the pond in which he lives” the pond in which he lives”

-Native American saying

Thank you!!!Thank you!!!