global trade service report

7/31/2019 global trade service report

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1.1. The Organization:

Dhaka Bank Limited (DBL) is the leading Private Sector Bank in Bangladesh. It is

a Scheduled Bank, which was incorporated as a public limited company on April 06, 1995

under the Companies Act, 1994. Within this short time the bank has been successful inpositioning itself as progressive and dynamic financial institution in the country. The Bank

is now widely acclaimed by the business community from small entrepreneur to big

merchant and multinational, including top rated corporate and foreign investors, for

modern and innovative ideas and financial solution.

1.2. Company Overview:

Dhaka Bank Limited (DBL) started its commercial operation as a Private Sector

Bank on July 05, 1995 with a target to play the vital role on the socio-economic

development of the country. The Authorized Capital of the Bank at that time was Tk.1000

million, divided into 10 million ordinary shares of Tk. 100 each. The issued, subscribed,

and paid up capital of the bank in 1995 was Tk. 100 million, which was paid fully by the

sponsors. The Bank offers a full range of Personal, Corporate, International Trade, Foreign

Exchange, Lease Finance and Capital Market Services. It is the preferred choice in

Banking for friendly and personalized services, cutting edge technology, tailored solutions

for business needs, Global reach in Trade and Commerce and high yield on Investments,

assuring Excellence in Banking Services.

Dhaka Bank Ltd provided 15% cash dividend & 10% stock dividend [i.e. 1(one)

bonus Share for every 10(ten) shares] for the year that ended December 31, 2008 to its

shareholders. The Bank has 45 branches, 2 SME Service Centers, 1 Business Center, 2

Offshore Banking Units across the country and a wide network of correspondents all over

the world. The Bank has plans to open more branches to expand the network.

The Bank offers the full range of banking and investment services which backed by

the latest technology and a team of highly motivated officers and staff. In the effort to

provide Excellence in banking services, the Bank has launched Online Banking service,

joined a countrywide-shared ATM network and has introduced a co-branded credit card. A

process is also underway to provide e-business facility to the bank's clientele through

online and Home Banking Solutions.

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Corporate Information:

1.3. Mission Statement:

To be the premier financial institution in the country providing high quality

products and services backed by latest technology and a team of highly motivated

personnel to deliver- Excellence in Banking.

1.4. Vision:

At Dhaka Bank, we draw our inspiration from the distant stars. Our team is

committed to assure a standard that makes every banking transaction a pleasurable

experience. Our endeavor is to offer you razor sharp sparkle through accuracy, reliability,

timely delivery, cutting edge technology, and tailored solution for business needs, global

reach in trade and commerce and high yield on your investments.

1.5. Goal :

Our people, products and processes are aligned to meet the demand of our

discerning customers. Our goal is to achieve a distinction like the luminaries in the sky.

Our prime objective is to deliver a quality that demonstrates a true reflection of our vision

Excellence in Banking.

1.6. Values:

Customer Focus

Integrity

Teamwork

Respect for the Individual

2

Principal Activity Commercial bankingLegal form

A public ltd. company incorporated inBangladesh on April 06, 1995 under

company Act 1994 and listed in Dhaka &Chittagong Stock exchange

Date ofCommencement

July 05,1995

Board Chairman MR. Altaf Hossain Sarker


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Quality

Responsible Citizenship

1.7. Financial Performance of the Bank:

Dhaka Bank Limited is highly performing Private Commercial Bank, which furtherconsolidated its position in the market in terms of quality services to the customers & value

addition for the shareholders.

Assets: The total asset of the Bank is 71.14 billion, an increase of 24% as

against 2007.

Investment of the Bank: The Bank invests

during the year 2008 in government security

which stood at TK 7239 million as against

TK. 5972 million making a growth of 21%

over the last year

Loan & Advances: The Bank record a 24%

growth in advance with a total loans and

advances portfolio of Tk.49698 million at the

end of 2008 compared to Tk. 39972 at theend of 2007

Liability: Total liabilities of the Bank stood at TK.67137 millions at 31

December 2008 registering a growth of 24%.

Deposit: The deposit base of the Bank continued

to register a steady growth & stood at Tk. 56986

million excluding call as of 31 December 2008

compared to Tk.48731 million of 2007 with a

growth 17%.

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Dhaka Bank at a glance in Year 2007-2008:

Particulars Amount Change in

%2008 (TK) 2007(TK)

Paid up Capital 1,934,252,875 1,547,402,300 25

Total Capital 4,808,212,249 3,680,328,764 31

Total Asset 71,136,842,020 57,443,251,307 24

Total Deposit 56,985,924,645 48,730,676,322 17

Total Loan & Advances 49,697,705,621 39,971,903,240 24

ROI 9.18 8.68 6

ROA 1.18 1.23 (4)

Earnings Per share(TK) 43.36 36.39 19Net Income per share 43.36 36.39 19

Price Earnings Ratio (Times) 8.31 19.40 (57)

In 2008 the authorized capital of Dhaka Bank Limited is TK.6000 million divided

into TK.60 million ordinary shares of TK. 100 each. The Paid up capital of the bank is TK.

1,934,252,875 divided into 19342528.75 ordinary shares. The Company went for the public

issue of shares on 18the November 1999 and its shares are listed with the Stock Exchange

of Bangladesh

1.8. Company Philosophy:

The motto or the philosophy of the Bank is Excellence in Banking. Dhaka Bank Ltd

is committed to provide the best whether in personal, corporate, treasury of trade

transactions. Meeting the demand of the banks discerning customers is not the sole

objective. The bank endeavor to deliver a quality that makes every transaction a

pleasurable experience. The bank feels that, if they can meet maximum clientele

requirements in less time with efficiency then they will be able to accomplish a successfulbusiness in the world of banking. Their main objective is to provide all the customer

service available in todays banking procedure for their clientele. Thus they can guarantee

the excellence in banking to their valuable customers.

Slogan of DBL:

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Excellence in


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Motto of DBL:

The bank will be a confluence of the following three interests:

Of the Bank: Profit Maximization and Sustained Growth.

Of the Customer: Maximum Benefit and Satisfaction.

Of the Society: Maximization of Welfare.

Objectives of DBL:

Become one of the best banks of Bangladesh.

Achieve excellence in customer service next to none and superior

to all competitors.

Cater to all differentiated segments of retail and wholesale

customers.

Be a high quality distributor of product and services.

Use state of the art technology in all spheres of banking.

1.9. Workforce:

Dhaka Bank Limited recognizes that a productive and motivated workforce is a

prerequisite to leadership with its Customers, its Shareholders and in the Market it serves.

DBL treats every employee with dignity and respect in a supportive environment of trust

and openness where people of different backgrounds can reach their full potential. The

Banks Human Resources Policy highlights on job satisfaction, growth opportunities and

due recognition of superior performance. A good working environment reflects and

promotes a high level of loyalty and commitment from the employees. So Bank has placed

the utmost importance on continuous development of its Human Resources, identify the

strength and weakness of the employee to assess the individual training needs, they are sentfor training for self-development. To enhance the Banking knowledge of the employees

Dhaka Bank Training Institute (DBTI) organizes both in-house and external training. At

the present the total numbers of employees are around 1000.

1.10. Management of Dhaka Bank Ltd:

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Management of the Bank is vested in an 18-member board of directors that includes

the chairman and a vice-chairman. The managing director is the chief executive of the

Bank. 5 executive vice presidents, 7 senior vice presidents, 18 vice presidents, 25 senior

assistant vice presidents, 29 first assistant vice presidents, and 29 assistant vice presidents

assist him. At present the bank has 45 branches where about 1000 regular employees

working and providing services in and outside the city.

1.11. Organization structure of Dhaka Bank Limited:

Chairman

Board of Directors

Managing Director

Deputy Managing Director

Senior Executive Vice President

Executive Vice President

Senior Vice President

Vice President

Senior Assistant Vice President

First Assistant Vice President

Assistant Vice President

Senior Principal Officer

Principal Officer

Senior Officer

Officer

Junior Officer

Assistant Officer

Assistant Trainee OfficerFigure: Organization structure of Dhaka Bank Limited

1.12. Division of Dhaka Bank Ltd:

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If the Jobs are not organized considering their interrelationship and are not

allocated in a particular division it would be very difficult to control the system effectively.

If there arent any divisions then there would be haphazard situation and the performance

of a particular division would not be measured. Dhaka Bank Ltd has managed this work

very well. Different divisions of Dhaka Bank Limited (DBL) are as follows:

Human Resources Division

Personal/ General Banking Division

Treasury Division

Operations Division

Computer and Information Technology Division

Credit Division

Finance & Accounts Division

Financial Institution Division

Audit & Risk Management Division

1.13. Different Departments of Dhaka Bank Bonani Branch:

As every other branch Dhaka Bank Bonani Branch has four departments to perform

all of its daily activities. Those departments are:

General Banking Department

Foreign Exchange Department

Investment Department

Accounts Department

General Banking Department:

Some common types of works every bank should do to operate the banking

business. Although the mode of performing these works differs from bank to bank but all

the banks have to do the task. In the banking perspective these types of works are known as

general banking. Dhaka Bank Bonani branch performs three types of works, cash, clearing

and transfer.

Foreign Exchange Department:

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One of the largest businesses carried out by the commercial bank is foreign trading.

The trade among various countries fills for close link between the parties dealing in trade.

The situation calls for expertise in the field of foreign exchange operations. The bank,

which provides such operations refereed to as rending international Banking operation.

Mainly trisections with overseas countries are respects of import, export and foreign

remittance come under the preview of foreign exchange transaction, and international trade

demands a flow of goods from seller to buyer of payment from buyer to seller. This

department handles various types of activates by three separate sections:

Import Section

Export section

Foreign Remittance

Investment or Credit Department:

Banking is essentially a business dealing organization with money and credit like

all other business activates. Banks are profit-oriented organization. A bank invites its find

many ways to earn more and more profit and most of its income is derived from loans and

advances. Bank makes loans and advances to traders, Businesspersons, industrialists and

many other persons against security of some cautions policy and sound lending principle in

the matter of lending. Dhaka Bank is a lending bank in loans and advances and it grant

loans in various sectors especially in industry, trade and commerce.

Account Department:

The routine daily tasks of the accounts department are as follows:

Recording the daily transactions in the cash book

Recording the daily transactions in general and subsidiary ledgers

Preparing the daily position of the branch comprising of deposit and

cash

Preparing the daily statement of affairs showing all the assists and

liability of the branch as per ledger and subsidiary leader separately

Making payment of all expenses of the Branch

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Recording inters branch fund transfer and providing accounting

treatment in this regard

Checking and recording of the vouchers in the Voucher Register

The routine periodical tasks performed by the department are as follows:

Preparing the monthly salary statements for the employees

Preparing the weekly position for the branch this is sent to the Head

Office to maintain Cast Reserve requirement

Preparing the monthly position for the branch, this is sent to the

Head office to maintain statuary liquidity requirement

Preparing the weekly position for the branch comprising of the

break up of sector wise deposit, credit etc

Preparing the budget for the branch by fixing the target regarding

profit and deposit so as to take necessary steps to general and mobilize

deposit

Preparing an Extract which is a summary of all the transactions of

the Head Office account with the branch to reconcile all the transaction

held among the accounts of all the branches.

1.14. Foreign Exchange Department of DBL, Bonani Branch:

Foreign exchange is an important department of Dhaka Bank Limited, Bonani

branch which deals with import, export and foreign remittances. Foreign Exchange is an

International Department of the bank. It facilitates international trade through its various

modes of services. It bridges between importers and exporters. This department mainly

deals in foreign currency, that's why it is called foreign exchange department.

Foreign Exchange department of Dhaka Bank handles various types of activates by

three separate sections:

1. Import Section:

Letter of Credit (L/C)

Payment against Document (PAD)

Payment against Trust Receipt (PTR)

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Loan against Imported Merchandise (LIM)

2. Export section:

Back to Back L/C open

Foreign Document Bill for Collection (FDBC)

Foreign Document Bill for purchase (FDBP)

Local Documentary Bill for purchase (LDBP)

Secured Overdraft (SOD) export

3. Foreign Remittance:

Inward remittance

Outward remittance

1.15. Branches of Dhaka Bank Ltd:

Dhaka Bank Limited has 45 Conventional Branches and 2 Islamic Banking

Branches. Among total 47 branches, 21 branches are located in Dhaka City, 9 branches are

located in Chittagong. The other 7 branches are located in Sylhet, Narsingdi, Narayangonj,

and Sirajgonj each. Using the following flow chart shows branches:

Figure: Division wise Number of Branches of DBL

RajshahiDivision

4 Branch

ChittagongDivision

9 Branches

DhakaDivision

20 Branches

Head Office

SylhetDivision

4 Branches

10 otherBranches

Dhaka Bank Limited

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1.16. Organogram of Dhaka Bank Ltd:

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2.1. Origin of the Report:

Board of Directors

Managing Director

Deputy ManagingDirector

(Credit & RiskManagement)

Deputy Managing

Director(Operations)

EVP, F&AD

VicePreside

nt

Senior

VicePresident

AssistantVice

President

VicePreside

nt

Assistantvice

President

FirstAssistant

Vicepresident

SeniorAssistant

VicePresident

VicePreside

nt

FirstAssistant

Vicepresident

SVP,

OperationsDivision

SVP, FinancialInstitutionDivision

SVP, Audit &Risk

Management

VP, PersonalBankingDivision

FAVP,HRD

Figure: Organogram of Dhaka Bank Limited

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This Report is an Impartial University Curriculum Requirement for Bachelor of

Business Administration (BBA) Degree, assigned by my Internship Supervisor Mr. M

Taseen Chowdhury, Faculty Member, School of Business, in American International

University Bangladesh (AIUB). for internship based on project assigned by Dhaka Bank

Limited (DBL) Bonani Branch. It took three months to analyze and evaluate the Letter

of Credit Operation and its Impact on Dhaka Bank Limited

2.2. Background and Rational of the Study:

Bangladesh has gone through different Banking system. Banking system of

Bangladesh has moved out three phases of development - Nationalization, Privatization,

and lastly Financial Sector Reform. In Bangladesh, now-a-days more than 50 commercial

& specialized banks are conducting their operations, but they differ from one another in

many ways regarding their services. In the banking system the department of foreign

exchange is very foremost section where letter of credit (LC) is the primary financial tool

which used in the most import and export transactions. Guaranteed payment upon

presentation of the documents, reducing the production risk, obtain financing for

production or purchase of goods, allows the importer to avoid or reduce pre-payment and

also the payment will be made only upon presentation of the documents confirming

shipment of the goods. All these help the bank to deals with the customers in the country

and also outside the country.

With due consent of my supervisor, I have selected my area of interest in this

particular aspect and set my internship topic as Letter of Credit Operation and its Impact

on Dhaka Bank Limited. I deem my effort will provide not only theoretical knowledge but

also practical experience, which helps to know how bank perform Letter of credit

transaction practically. The letter of credit is the safest, most secure and most convenient

settlement method for international transactions. In Bangladesh there are different banks

works for developing not only the customers satisfaction but also the countries economic

development.

2.3. Statement of the problem:

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From this report, I would like to focus the current financial performance of the

Dhaka Bank Limited, Bonani branch and also show the operation procedures and

performance of the Export & Import department. Beside in that report I find out some

current problem and give some suggestion for remove those problems and improve the

operation procedures and performance of the Export & Import department

2.4. Scope and Limitation of the Study:

During these three months internship program in Dhaka Bank Limited, Banani

Brach, almost all the desks have been observed. For that purpose I needed to get

information from Dhaka Bank Head Office. But I was appointed into Dhaka Bank, Banani

branch. There I had to work in General banking, Loan & advances department and Foreign

exchange desks as a routine work. It was difficult to collect the information relevant my

report, because the people of this Bank was so busy with their duty that they cannot be able

to give me much time. . Here I try to cover the activities and rules and regulation related to

Foreign exchange department.

The present study was not out of limitations. But as an intern it was a great

opportunity for me to know the banking activities of Bangladesh specially Dhaka Bank.

Some restraints are disclosed bellow:

The main constraint of the study is insufficiency of information, which was

required for the study. There are various information the bank employee can't

provide due to security and other corporate obligations.

Due to time limitations many of the aspects could not be discussed in the

present report.

Since the bank personals were very busy, they could provide me very little

time.

I cant present the recent data relating to Letter of credit of Foreign

Exchange department. Because the annual report and the financial statement are

published at the month of April every year.

2.5. Objectives of the Study:

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The internship program, designed to provide the BBA students with an

opportunities to obtain on the job training, aims at bringing together the two facts of

learning the theoretical and practical. While conducting the study, certain aims are fulfilled

while I believe as the objectives of the study. These are as follows: -

2.5.1. Primary objective:

The Primary objective of the report is to evaluate the Letter of Credit Operation and

its Impact on Dhaka Bank Limited.

2.5.2. Secondary objectives:

To be acquainted with how bank perform Letter of credit transaction

practically.

To know about the mechanism of letter of credit procedures of the Dhaka

Bank.

To find out the major problems of Letter of Credit process and the

recommendation accordingly.

At last to relate theoretical knowledge with practical experience in several

functions of the Bank.

2.6. Methodology:

Methods followed to perform a job or conducting activities to complete a task is

called methodology. In conducting this study the following methodology will be adopted in

collecting data and information, preparation of reports etc.

A conceptual framework was developed first through the practical work in

the bank.

An inductive method has been followed in preparing the report.

In the evocation of referred problems I provide my own opinion back by

conceptual framework developed in literature review part.

Observation and experience of month long internship served as a major

source of information.

2.7. Sources of Information:

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The report was fully investigative in nature. Data have been collected from both

primary and secondary sources.

Data Collection

This study is mainly based on secondary data available from the various divisions

and departments of Dhaka Bank (Banani Br.) in addition to these other necessary

information have been collected from the daily news papers, relevant journals, annual

reports of Dhaka Bank, Bangladesh Bank, Ministry of Finance and Planning and

publications of other relevant institutions have also been taken into consideration.

2.7.1. Primary Sources:

Face to face conversation with the bank officers & staffs.

Conversation with the clients.

Different' manuals of Dhaka Bank Limited.

Different circulars of Dhaka Bank Limited.

2.7.2. Secondary Sources:

Procedure manual published by the Dhaka Bank Ltd.

Files and documents of the branch.

Annual report of Dhaka Bank Limited, 2008. Different papers of Dhaka Bank.

Unpublished data.

Different textbooks.

2.8. Schedule of Activities:

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Gant chart: to show our activity schedule, we will use the Gant chart for better

understanding.

Duration (weeks)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A ****

B ****

C **** **** ****

D ****

E ****

F ****

G ****

H ****

Activity explanation

A- Understand & discuss the topic

B- Preparing & submitting the proposal

C- Website, library research

D- Collecting data

E- Rearrange data

F- Report writing

G- Presentation preparation

H- Presentation & Report Submitting.

3.1. Definition of L/C:

A Letter of Credit, simply defined, is a written instrument issued by a bank at the

request of its customer, the Importer (Applicant), whereby the bank promises to pay the

Exporter (Beneficiary) for goods or services, provided that the Exporter presents all

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documents called for, exactly as stipulated in the Letter of Credit, and meets all other terms

and conditions set out in the Letter of Credit. A Letter of Credit is also commonly referred

to as a Documentary Credit.

A Letter of Credit can be defined as a written undertaking made by a bank at the

request of the applicant for the credit to pay a specified amount in an agreed currency to a

beneficiary on the condition that the beneficiary presents stipulated documents within a

prescribed time limit.

A Letter of credit is internationally recognized and accepted instrument and can be

used practically everywhere in the world. For countries with government controlled

foreign trade it is often a legal requirement that payments for imports have to be settled

through letter of credit.

The bank acts as an intermediary between the buyer and seller. Settlement is

effected through the bank by means of a direct exchange; the beneficiary presents the

required documents to the bank and receives, in return, the amount specified in the credit.

With a documentary credit, the beneficiary is no longer dependent on the buyers ability or

willingness to pay.

A Letter of Credit balances the needs of the exporter and the importer and provides

an adequate level of security to both of them. Once an exporter receives a documentary

credit he is assured that a Party who is independent of the buyer, the issuing bank, iscommitted to effect payment as soon as he has:

Delivered the goods or services,

Presented credit conform documents to the bank and

Fulfilled the other conditions stipulated in the documentary credit.

The importer, on the other hand, knows that he has to pay if an independent party

(the bank) has certified that the supplier has met the conditions required in the documentary

credit.

Moreover a letter of credit is basically a document issued by a bank guaranteeing a

client's ability to pay for goods or services. A bank or finance company issues a letter of

credit on behalf of an importer or buyer, authorizing the exporter or seller to obtain

payment within a specified timeframe. A letter of credit provides the exporter or seller with

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the greatest degree of safety when extending credit. It is useful when the importer or buyer

is not well known and when exchange restrictions exist or are possible.

3.2. Advantage of Letter of Credit:

The letter of credit is the safest, most secure and most convenient settlement

method for international transactions. There are a number of advantages both for the

seller/exporter and the buyer/importer.

Advantages of L/C to the importer (Buyer):

Provides guarantees for the delivery of goods according to the terms and condition

of the L/C.

It is safer to deal with bank than to prepay.

Buyer may get better terms and prices.

The beneficiarys foreign exchange risk is eliminated.

A letter of credit allows the buyer to confirm its paying capacity.

Provides possibility to obtain a longer period for the payment in comparison with

the other terms of payment.

Advantages of L/C to the exporter (Seller):

Reducing the production risk.

The chance to obtain financing for production or purchase of goods (pre-export

finance).

Facilitates pre-shipments financing through packing cash credit or B to B L/C

Reduces vagueness regarding transaction because terms are specified in the L/C

The ability to structure the delivery schedule according to the exporter's interests.

3.3. Form of Letter of Credit:

Letter of credit comes in various basic forms. These differ according to the degree

of security provided and the point of time at which the bank takes over the risk. Banks may

issue several types of letters of credits. It is best for importers and exporters to meet with

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their banking officer to determine which type of credit best suits their needs. Basic forms of

Letter of credit are furnished below:

i. Revocable Letter of Credit:

A Revocable Letter of Credit can be amended or cancelled by the issuing Bank

(usually on the instructions of the applicant) at any time without prior notice to the

beneficiary. It does not constitute a legally binding undertaking by the Issuing Bank to

make the payment. Revocable is however, possible prior to payment, acceptance or

negotiation by the bank, with which revocable credit has been made available, against

documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of

the credit.

Thus a revocable credit does not usually provide adequate security for thebeneficiary. Above all, a correspondent bank cannot confirm it. So the seller can face the

problems of obtaining payment directory form the buyers. Because this places the exporter

at risk, revocable letters of credit are not generally accepted and this type of credit is not

worth considering unless the parties to the transaction are already well known to each

other. Revocable credits are seldom used these days.

ii. IrrevocableLetter of Credit:

An Irrevocable Letter of Credit constitutes a firm undertaking by the issuing bank

to make payment. Provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the Nominated

Bank or to the Issuing Bank and that the terms and conditions of the credits are complied

with. It, therefore, gives the beneficiary a high degree of assurance regarding the payment

of his goods or services.

An irrevocable credit cannot be amended or cancelled without the consent of the

beneficiary, the issuing bank and the confirming bank, if any. If the seller wishes to amend

or cancel individual provisions of the credit, he must get the buyer to send instructions to

this effect to the issuing bank.

Almost without exception, the beneficiary is advised of the opening of an

irrevocable credit through a correspondent bank. The correspondent bank may be

instructed by the issuing bank merely to advise the credit or to confirm it.

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iii. 'With' or 'Without Recourse' Credit:

Letters of Credit often mention whether bills to be drawn under them are to be

"with recourse" or "without recourse". In a "with recourse" bill, in the event of refusal

but the drawee to honor the bill, the negotiating bank may demand refund of money

from the drawer. So, in a "with recourse" credit, the beneficiary may have to face the

possibility of repaying the money to the bank that negotiated his bill in case the

importer and/or the opening bank refuse to meet the bill for any reasons, whatsoever.

To avoid this eventuality, exporters insist on a "without recourse" credit as the bills

drawn under such a credit having once been negotiated, the beneficiary, who is the

drawer of these bills, cannot be asked to pay even though the importer or the opening

bank may have refused to honor the bills.

In a "without recourse" credit the beneficiary has no liability after his bill has

been negotiated. He has no further role in the operation of the credit. The negotiating

bank then has only the goods as its security and in the event of non-payment by the

importer he can sell them to recover money.

A without recourse credit has greater convenience for the beneficiary but he

may have some difficulty in negotiating his bills. A "with recourse" credit, on the other

hand, provides greater security for the negotiating bank.

3.4. Types of Letter of Credit:

As already mentioned, the basic forms of a documentary credit differ in respect of

the degree of security they provide for the beneficiary. Credits are further classified into

various types according to the method of settlement employed. There are also special

arrangements involving combination of separate credits or the assignment of credit

proceeds.

i. Sight Credit

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The most commonly used credits are sight credits. These provide for payment to be

made to the beneficiary immediately after presentation of the stipulated documents, on the

condition that the terms of the credit have been complied with. A sight credit is payable

immediately upon presentation of documents to the opening or the nominated bank. As per

UCP (Publication No.600) of the ICC, a sight credit in compliance with credit term must be

paid within 5 banking days.

ii. Acceptance Credit

With an acceptance credit, payment is made in the form of a term bill of exchange

drawn on the issuing bank or the correspondent bank. Once he has fulfilled the credit

requirements the beneficiary can demand that the bill of exchange be accepted and returned

to him. Thus the accepted bill takes the place of cash payment. UCPDC Article 6.c statesthat a credit must not be issued available by a draft drawn on the applicant since the Issuing

Bank is primarily liable to pay under the credit. If a credit, nevertheless, calls for a draft on

the applicant, the same shall be considered as an additional document. Bill of exchange

drawn under an acceptance credit usually has a term 60-180days.

iii. Deferred payment credit

Under a deferred payment credit the beneficiary does not receive payment when he

presents the documents, but at a later date specified in the credit. On presenting the

required documents, he receives the authorized bank's written undertaking to make

payment at maturity. In this way the importer gains possession of documents and thereby

of the goods or services, before being debited for the amount involved.

iv. Red clause credit

In the case of a red clause credit, the seller can obtain an advance for an agreed

amount from the correspondent bank. This advance is used to finance the manufacture or

purchase of the goods that are going to be delivered under the documentary credit. On

receiving the advance, the beneficiary must give a receipt and provide a written

undertaking to present the required documents before the credit expires. The correspondent

bank pays the advance, but it is the issuing bank that assumes liability. If the seller does not

present the required documents in time and fails to refund the advance, the correspondent

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bank debits the issuing bank with the amount of the advance plus interest. The clause

permitting the correspondent bank to make an advance against the credit used to be written

in red ink, hence the name 'red clause credit'.

v. Revolving credit

Revolving credits can be used when goods are to be delivered in installments at

specified intervals. The amount available at any one time is equivalent to the value of one

partial delivery. The revolving clause often also specifies the intervals at which the credit

may be utilized.

A revolving credit can be cumulative or non-cumulative. Cumulative means that

amounts from unused or incompletely used portions can be carried forward to a subsequent

period. If a credit is non-cumulative, the portions not used within the prescribed period

cease to be available.

vi. Negotiation credit

A negotiation credit means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts (drawn on

a bank other than the nominated bank) and/or documents under a complying presentation,

by advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficiary on or before the banking day

on which reimbursement is due to the nominated bank.

A negotiation credit is a commercial letter of credit opened but the issuing bank in

the currency of its own country and addressed directly to the beneficiary. The credit is

usually delivered to the addressee by a correspondent bank. This credit is sometimes also

called as 'Hand on Credit'.

vii. Stand by credit

Stand by credits are encountered principally in the US. Under the laws of most

American States, banks are prohibited from issuing regular guarantees. So, stand by credits

are used instead. In Europe too, the use of this type of credit is increasing. The types of

payment and performance that can be guaranteed stand by credits include the following:

Payment of term bills of exchange,

Repayment of bank advance,

Payment of goods delivered,

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Delivery of goods in accordance with contract

viii. Transferable credit

Transferable credit means a credit that specifically states it is transferable. A

transferable credit may be made available in whole or in part to another beneficiary

("Second Beneficiary") at the request of the beneficiary (First Beneficiary). Transferable

credits are particularly well adapted to the requirements of international trade. A trader

(middleman) who receives payment from a buyer in the form of a transferable documentary

credit can use that credit to pay his own supplier. This enables him to carry out the

transaction with only a limited outlay of his own funds.

The buyer applies for an irrevocable credit issued in the trader's favour. The issuing

bank must expressly designate the credit as transferable.

The basic rule for transfer of credits is that payment of the original credit must be obtained

on the strength of the documents presented under the transferred credit. Thus the terms and

conditions of the transferred credit have to be identical with those of the original credit.

Possible exceptions to this rule are as follows.

The amount of the credit and the unit price may be reduced.

The last date of presentation may be brought forward.

The period for shipment may be shortened, provided that the original credit

does not specify a particular shipping date.

The required percentage of insurance cover may be increased, in order to

provide the amount of cover stipulated in the original credit.

The trader may require additional documents; these remain in his keeping.

A transferable credit may be transferred only once. The second beneficiary cannot

transfer it again unless there is an express provision to this effect in the original credit, e.g.,

'transferable twice'.

ix. Back-to-Back L/C

Where an exporter receives a documentary credit opened by foreign buyer in his

favor, he tenders the same to a bank in country as a cover for opening a credit in favor of

his suppliers. The letter is called 'back to back Letter of Credit'. Since same goods are

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involved in both the credits, a back-to-back L/C cannot be issued in respect of suppliers of

iron and steel on the strength of an export L/C for garments. Back to back credit in short, is

one, which is opened against a master L/C. The terms of back-to-back L/C should be

identical except that the price may be lower and validity earlier. This type of credit keeps

the identity of the ultimate buyer secret.

x. Other Credits

i. Installment credit: To differentiate with a revolving credit, an installment credit

is a credit for the full value of goods, but requires shipment of specific, quantities of

goods within nominated periods and allows part shipments.

In case any installment of shipment is missed, credit ceases to be available for that and

subsequent installments unless the L/C permits otherwise.

ii. Green Clause Credits: A Green Clause Credit is a credit with a special clause

incorporated into it that which not only authorizes the advising bank to grant pre-shipment

advances but also storage cost for storing the goods prior to shipment.

The Dhaka Bank basically deals with irrevocable L/C., which cannot be amended

or cancelled by the issuing Bank at any moment and without prior to the beneficiary. It also

deals back-to-back L/C, which is the letter of credit, provided by the exporter to the import

the raw materials from abroad in order to produce the exportable commodity for the

importer.

3.5. Parties to a Letter of Credit & Their Responsibilities:

A Letter of Credit is issued by a bank (Issuing Bank) at the request of an importer

(applicant) in favor of an exporter (beneficiary) from whom the importer has contracted to

purchase some commodity or commodities. The importer, the exporter, and the issuing

bank are, thus, obviously parties to a letter of credit. Some other parties are also involved

in the process.

Parties to the Documentary Credits and their responsibilities obligatory are outlined below:

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3.5.1.Issuing bank/opening bank/buyer's bank: Issuing bank means the Bank

that issues a credit at the request of an applicant or on its own behalf.

Responsibilities:

The issuing bank is primarily responsible for payment under the credit tothe beneficiary.

The issuing bank should nominate the bank, which is authorized to pay or to

accept drafts or to negotiate, unless the credit allows negotiation by any

bank.

Upon receipt of the documents, the issuing bank must determine, on the

basis of the documents alone, whether or not they appear on their face to be

in accordance with the terms and condition of the credit. If the documents

appear on their face not to be compliance with the terms and conditions of

the credit, the issuing bank may refuse to take up the documents.

If the issuing bank determines that the documents appear on their face not

to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit, it may in its sole

judgment approach the applicant waiver of the discrepancies. This does not however

extend period of five days available for scrutiny and communicating decision.

3.5.2. Customer / Applicant / Buyer/ Importer: Customer/buyer/

Applicant /Importer mean the party on whose request the credit is issued.

Responsibilities:

Since the credit is based on the sale contract between the exporter and the

importer, the latter has a duty to the exporter to see that the credit opened is as per the

terms of the sale contract.

The obligations between the importer and the issuing bank are governed bythe application-cum-agreement submitted by the importer to the bank. Such instructions

for the issuance of credits as well as his instructions for any amendments thereto must be

complete and precise.

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3.5.5. Confirming Bank: Confirming Bank means the bank that adds its confirmation

to a credit upon the issuing bank's authorization or request (Article-2).

Responsibilities:

If the credit is available by sight payment, deferred payment or acceptance

with the confirming bank;

If the credit is available by deferred payment with another nominated bank

and that nominated bank does not incur its deferred payment undertaking or having

incurred its deferred payment undertaking, does not pay at maturity;

If the credit is available by negotiation with another nominated bank and

that nominated bank does not negotiate.

Negotiate, without recourse, if the credit is available by negotiation with

the confirming bank.

A confirming bank is irrevocability bound to honour or negotiates as of the

time it adds its confirmation to the credit.

3.5.6. Negotiating Bank/Nominated bank: Negotiating or Nominated bank

means the bank with which the credit is available or any in the case of a credit available

with any bank.

Responsibilities:

Unless the negotiating bank is nominated in the credit and it accepts the

nomination or it is the confirming or paying bank, the beneficiary can

compel no bank negotiate documents under the credit. A bank, under an

open credit, may accept on its own to negotiate documents.

The negotiating bank should accept documents tendered only if they

conform to the terms and conditions of the credit. In documentary credits all

parties concerned deal in documents and not in goods.

If the negotiating bank finds any discrepancies in the documents tendered,

but still negotiates, it may require the beneficiary to execute an indemnity in

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favor of the bank. But such indemnity cannot be transferred to the issuing

bank.

3.5.7. Reimbursing Bank: If the L/C issuing bank nominates a third bank in the letter

of credit to honor the claim of the negotiating bank, the bank is called reimbursing bank

who may honor the claim accordingly, if otherwise in order.

Responsibilities:

An issuing bank must provide a reimbursing bank with a reimbursement

authorization that conforms to the availability stated in the credit. The reimbursement

authorization should not be subject to an expiry date.

A claiming bank shall not be required to supply a reimbursing bank with a

certificate of compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit.

An issuing bank will be responsible for any loss of interest, together with

any expenses incurred, if reimbursement is not provided on first demand by a reimbursing

bank in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit.

A reimbursing bank's charges are for the account of the issuing bank.

3.5.8.Paying Bank: Paying bank is a bank in the beneficiary's country nominated in

the letter of credit to make payment against documents to be tendered under the credit.

When the paying bank accepts its nomination in the credit, it is liable to pay against

documents tendered provided they satisfy the requirements of the credit.

3.5.9. Accepting Bank:Accepting bank is the bank nominated in the letter of credit

to accept usance bills drawn under the credit. If the bank so nominated accepts the

nomination, its responsibility to the beneficiary is not only to accept the drafts drawn, but

also to payment on their due dates.

29

Buyer (Importer)Seller (Exporter)

Indenter

Advising BankConfirming BankNegotiating BankIssuing Bank

Reimbursement Bank


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Figure: Parties to a Letter of Credit

3.6 Key Issues:

Some vital things that should be mentioned while talking about the L/C are as

follows:

i. Middlemen who buys and sells on a letter of credit basisii. Usually the export letter of credit is not transferable

iii. The Master L/C is a source of repayment

iv. The baby L/C is a separate undertaking from that of the issuing bank

v. Matching of the terms and conditions of both credits in order to produce the

required documents within time limits stipulated in the master L/C, with the following

exception:-

Applicants name

Amount

Unit price

Dates

Insurance

Documents can be substituted

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3.7. Uniform Customs And Practices of L/C:

Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit (UCPDC), International

Chamber of Commerce (ICC) publication are rules that apply to any documentary credit,

when the text of the credit expressly indicates that it is subject to these rules. Bankers and

commercial parties in more than 200 countries use the UCPDC.

UCPDC was first published in 1933 and subsequently updating it throughout the

years. In 1994, UCPDC 500 was released with only 7 chapters containing in all 49 articles.

UCPDC-500 is a set of rules formulated by ICC to apply to all transactions in L/C carried

out by banks. The purpose of the rules is to bring about uniformity in the form of L/C and

the practice and procedures adopted by banks in handling the instruments. In order to

provide common understanding about the interpretation of the terms and terminology, a

uniform code is very essential. Therefore, the ICC formulated the Uniform Customs and

Practice, which is universally accepted, and L/C transactions everywhere are subject to this

set of rules.

The latest revision was approved by the Banking Commission of the ICC at its

meeting in Paris on 25 October 2006. This latest version, called the UCPDC600, formally

commenced on 1 July 2007. It contains a total of about 39 articles covering the following

areas, which can be classified as 8 sections according to their functions and operational

procedures.

Information of ICC& UCPDC

ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) world business

organization

Founded 1919

Membership and Association Thousands of members companies and associations of

over 200 countries.

Purpose To promote international trade, investment system and market

economy worldwide.

ICC publication UCPDC-500, UCPDC600, URR-525, URC-522 etc.

UCPDC Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits.

Application Import and export through L/C

1st publication 1933

Revised versions were issued 1951, 1962, 1974, 1983 and 1993

Latest version UCPDC600

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Effective from (in force) Formally commenced on 1 July 2007

Number of Articles 39

UCPDC-500 contains Definition, liabilities and responsibilities of all parties

involved in L/C, Rules and Guidelines for L/C operation

(issue, advise, negotiation and reimbursement).UCPDC-600 contains New technologies and the simplification of rules,

definition, Interpretation, independence of credits and

underlying contracts, Pre-Advised Credits, nominated

bank, reimbursement arrangements, complying

presentations and discrepant, waiver, original documents.

3.8. Regulatory Requirements of L/C:

There are some requirements of L/C for the import or export transaction in the

foreign exchange.

LOCAL RULES:

Guidelines for foreign exchange transaction regulation on import (guideline-

chapter-XV)

The Import/Export Act 1950

Import policy for the concerned year

Customs duty, VAT, SRO, Tariff

Rate of exchange and its application

Fe Circular, IBD Circular

Public notice issued by CCI&E Office

UNIFORM RULES:

UCUDC-ICC Publication No. 500

URC-ICC Publication No.522

URR-ICC Publication No.525

INCOTERM-ICC Publication No.560

Harmonized Commodity Description & Coding System (H.S. Code)

UCPDC-600

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3.9. Operational Flow of the Process of Letter of Credit:

Letter Of credit is the main expedient arrangement for international transactions.

For the providing of guarantees for the delivery of goods both the importer and exporter

need to open L/C. The complete Import and Export process in includes the following

stages. Both the importer and exporter are involved in this process of L/C. In here both

party do some tasks. Importers do various tasks or exporters do responsibilities and others

do some and some. The process is very much like the following:

4

Importer Exporter

Issuing Bank

Reimbursing Bank

NegotiatingBank

Confirming Bank

Ship of the Goods

Advising Bank

1

2

3

5

6

7

8

9

10 1114 15

12

13

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Figure: Operational Flow of the Process of Letter of credit

For Import or export of the goods or materials opening L/C is the most necessary

things to do; which is safer process and also reducing the production risk. For opening the

L/C first establish a buying and selling contract between the importer and the exporter. The

flow of the process shows that:

Establish a buying and selling contract between the buyer and the seller.

Submission of application with necessary documents to the bank.

L/C issue and advise it to the advising bank.

Issue reimbursing instruction to the reimbursing bank.

Asking for the confirmation of the L/C to the importer.

Advise the L/C to the exporter by the advising bank after verification of the

L/C.

Issuing request letter by the issuing bank to the confirming bank (as per

exporters requirement) toe confirm the L/C.

Issuing confirmation by confirming bank.

Shipment of the goods.

Submit required document to the negotiating bank for negotiation.

Negotiate the bill by the negotiating bank and make payment to the

exporter.

Claim to the issuing bank or reimbursing bank for payment.

Payment reimbursed by the issuing bank or reimbursing bank.

Ask the importer to collect the documents from the bank.

Collect documents from the issuing bank by paying the banks dues.

3.10. Factors for Opening L/C:A letter of credit provides the exporter or seller with the greatest degree of safety

when extending credit. It is useful when the importer or buyer is not well known and when

exchange restrictions exist or are possible. There are some factors for the L/C applicant for

opening L/C like-

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Account holder of the bank: First of all, L/C applicant must be a client of

the bank. If a new client comes in for opening L/C, he/she has to open an

account with Dhaka bank first.

Trustworthiness: This is the vital issue while considering about opening the

L/C. the past experience of dealings with that person is considered. For a

new applicant, his/her previous dealings with other banks are considered.

Post-import retirement: Post-import retirement is another factor that will

have to be considered for opening L/C.

Volume of business: The volume of business is also a major factor to be

considered. Because after the maturity payment are the initial facts.

Detailed analysis of financial condition: Detailed analysis of financial

condition of the applicant is required for the process, especially for a new

applicant.

CIB (Credit Information Bureau): CIB report from Bangladesh Bank is also

a most important thing to measure the applicant condition.

Personal relationship: And finally the personal relationship of the applicant

with the bank or its high officials plays a vital role in opening L/C.

Proposal approved by executive committee: A proposal approved by the

meeting of executive committee of the bank. It is necessary only when the

L/C amount is small or there is no limit. If the L/C amount is large or there

is a limit, then an approval from Bangladesh Bank is needed. Usually this

approval is needed for amount more than one core.

3.11. Documents Required While Applying for L/C:

In credit operation, all parties deal with the documents. Documents works as a

written commitment between the parties for the exchange of goods, services and other

materials. So in the process of L/C different documents are required whish is must submit

the applicant while applying for Letter of credit. The following documents are required for

opening L/C with DBL for a new applicant:

Trade License (up to date)

Import Registration Certificate (IRC) (up to date)

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Tax Identification Number (TIN) (up to date)

VAT Registration Certificate (up to date)

Chamber Membership Certificate

L/C Application (in letterhead pad of the client) LCA (L/C Application) form-duly filled in and signed by the importer

IMP Form- duly filled in and signed by the importer

Charge documents

Suppliers Credit Report

Applicants Credit Report

Other necessary papers depending on the nature of import.

3.10.1. Requirements of L/C Application Form:

L/C Application Form is a sort of an agreement between the customer and the bank

on the basis of which letter of credit is opened. Dhaka bank provides a printed form for

opening of L/C to the importer. A special adhesive stamp of value TK. 150 is affixed on

the form in accordance with the stamp act currently in force. Usually, the importer

expresses his decision to open the L/C quoting the amount of margin in percentage. In

filling up the form, the importer has to provide the following information:

Full name and address of the importer.

Full name and address of the beneficiary.

Draft amount.

Time bar within which the documents should be presented.

Sales type (CIF/FOB/C&F).

Brief specification of commodities, price, quantity, indent No. Etc.

Country of origin.

Import license no.

IRC No.

Account No.

Documents No.

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Insurance Cover Note/Policy No., date, amount.

Name and address of insurance company.

Whether the partial shipment is allowed or not.

Whether the transshipment is allowed or not. Last date of shipment.

Last date of negotiation.

Other terms and conditions (it any).

Whether the confirmation of the credit is requested by the beneficiary or

not.

The L/C application must be completed / filled in properly and signed

by the authorized person of the importer before it is submitted theissuing bank.

The above information is provided along with the following documents:

Performa Invoice or Indent stating the description of the goods

including quantity, unit price etc.

Insurance Cover Note with money receipt, name and address of

issuing company and the policy number.

Four set of IMP (Import) Form.

3.10.2. Important Documents in the L/C Procedure :

Depending upon the terms stipulated in the letter of credit several documents need

to be presented for settlement of claims under the credit. These documents are also called

shipping document or documents of foreign trade. These documents are submitted in sets

and are issued and signed by the designated authorities with the terms of contract of sale.

These documents can be classified five categories:

Commercial Documents

Official Documents

Insurance Documents

Transport Documents

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Financial and Financing Documents

Commercial Documents:

A commercial invoice is a statement containing full details of the goods shipped.

The general contents of a commercial invoice used in foreign trade are:

Names and addresses of the seller and the buyer.

Details of goods shipped-quantity, description and value.

Packing details and packing marks.

Price and amount payable by the buyer.

Terms of trade-FOB, CFR or GIF, etc.

Details of freight charges, insurance premium and other charges.

Reference to the sale contract in fulfillment of which the shipment is made.

Name of the vessel in which the goods are shipped. and

An invoice is not a document of title to the goods but is only a description of goods.

It serves the purpose of verifying that the goods shipped and the prices charged are as per

the contract. Though there is no specific pro-forma in which an invoice is to be prepared

certain countries may prescribe the format in which invoices for imports into their

countries have to be prepared. Such requirements have to be kept in view while preparing

the invoice.

The following commercial documents are generally used in foreign trade:

i) Invoices

ii) Certificate of origin

iii) Weight notes or certificates

iv) Packing list

v) Quality or inspection certificates

i) Invoice:

An invoice evidences the contract of sale and purchase between buyer and seller.

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The "Pro-forma Invoice" is a memorandum of the terms of a contract of sale wherein the

seller gives the quotation to a potential buyer. If the buyer approves its terms he sends a

definite order for supply. Such an invoice is marked with the words "Pro-forma Invoice".

ii) Certificate of Origin:

A certificate of origin declares the place of actual manufacture or growth of the

goods. A country may place restrictions on importers from certain countries. Or,

preferential treatment may be accorded in tariff for imports from certain countries. For

both these purposes certificate of origin becomes necessary. Usually, such certificates are

issued by the Chambers of Commerce or Trade Associations exporting country.

iii) Weight Note or Certificate:This gives the weight of individual items shipped. If the goods are shipped in bulk,

like food grains, the list may cover the entire shipment. It is generally issued by a public

agency.

iv) Packing list:

The exporter must prepare a packing list showing, item by item, the contents of the

containers or cases to enable the importer of the goods to check the shipment. It should

give description of the goods, net weight and gross weight, measurement etc. this helps in

identifying the contents of specific packages and thus may facilitate assessment by the

customs.

v) Quality or Inspection Certificate:

This is a certificate declaring that the goods have been examined and found to be

accordance with the contract of sale. The manufacturer or supplier signs this, but the

contract of sale may require to be issued by a recognized independent inspection body. It is

also called survey report.

Official Documents: The official documents include:

i) Consular Invoice.

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ii) Legalized Invoice.

iii) Black-listed Invoice.

iv) Health, Veterinary and Sanitary Certificate / Certificate of analysis.

i) Consular Invoice:

It is a special type of invoice, usually in a prescribed form, describing the details of

the goods shipped and sworn as being 'correct in all respects by the exporter before the

Consul of the importing country stationed in the exporting country. The consul then

certifies the invoice. Any false declaration in the consular invoice involves heavy penalty.

ii) Legalized Invoice:

The purpose of a legalized invoice is similar to that of a consular invoice. The

difference is that instead of a specific format of invoice, the ordinary commercial invoice is

presented to the Embassy or Consulate for certification. Certain countries in Middle East

require legalized invoice.

iii) Blacklist Certificate:

A country at war with or having a strained political relationship with another

country may require a certificate that:

the goods are not of the origin of. the particular country, or

the parties involved in the transaction arc not blacklisted or

the transport vessel will not touch the other country.

iv) Health, Veterinary and Sanitary Certificate/Certificate of Analysis:

It is often necessary for shipping documents to contain something more than a

certified invoice as evidence of quality in order to meet health requirements in the country

of destination or to satisfy the importer about the precise strength or chemical composition

of the goods. "Health, Veterinary and Sanitary certificates" are generally needed in the

purchase of foodstuff, hides and livestock and in the use of packing materials. The

recognized health authorities in the exporting countries issue this certificate

Insurance Documents:

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The insurance document must indicate that risks are covered at least between the

places of taking in charge or shipment and the place of discharge or final destination as

stated in the credit.

Transport Documents

These are the documents which evidence that the goods have been delivered to the

named shippers, airlines or transporters for carriage to a named port, airport or place of

delivery. Following transport documents are being used at present in the international

trade:

i) Air Waybill/Air Consignment Note.

ii) Mate's Receipt.

iii) Bill of Lading.iv) Railway Consignment note / Railway Receipt.

v) Roadway Bill.

vi) Post Parcel Documents

i) Air Waybill/Air consignment Note:

Airlines or their agents issue airway bills or air consignment notes as a receipt of

consignment received as carriers.

ii) Mates Receipt:

Bill of lading should be distinguished from a Mate's Receipt. When the goods are

delivered to the shipping company for transportation at first a temporary receipt is issued

by the ship's Chief Officer acknowledging the delivery of the goods alongside the carrying

vessel, which is known as the Mate's Receipt.

iii) Bill of Lading

A bill of lading is a document issued by the shipping company or its agent,

acknowledging the receipt of goods for carriage, which are deliverable to the consignee or

his assignee in the same conditions as they were received. Bill of lading renders the

following three functions:

It is an evidence of contract of carriage;

It is a receipt for the goods received by the carrier; and

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It is a document of title to goods.

iv) Rail Consignment Note or Railway Receipt:

When the exporter or his agent delivers a consignment to the railway authorities for

its onward carriage to a named destination, they issue a receipt, indicating the details of

the consignment and the destination to which they would carry it. This document is called

the Rail Consignment Note or Railway Receipt.

v) Road-way Bill:

It is an internationally approved document of transportation when goods are being

sent by road through the countries. This document is Road- way Bill. This is a non-

negotiable document and provides written evidence that the goods are being carried under

the terms of Road- way Bill.

vi) Post Parcel Documents:

It is a receipt issued by the Post Office for the parcel they have received for direct

delivery to the addressee. It is not a document of title to goods and generally contains the

post office stamp indicating the date of dispatch, name and address as mentioned in the

parcel, name and address of the sender, postage paid and identification number of the

parcel.

Financial and Financing Documents:

These documents are used in payment by the buyer to the seller of goods in the

international trade transactions. Bills of Exchange Promissory Notes are very commonly

used such documents.

i. Bill of Exchange:

A bill of exchange is an instruction by the exporter (drawer) to the importer or the

importer's bank to make payment of the amount mentioned in it. A bill of exchange is a

negotiable instrument and is governed by the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 in

Bangladesh and by similar enactments in other countries.

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3.11. L/C Issuing Process in the Dhaka Bank:

For the issuing of Letter of credit Dhaka Bank follow some steps or flow in the

processing. Below the flow Chart mentioning Steps in issuing an L/C in Dhaka Bank-

Figure- Issuing Process of L/C

Fill up the application

form

Discussion between

the Bank and the

party

Accumulate forms

and depositing those

Preparing offering

sheetPutting L/C No. Checking Documents

Singing offering sheet Typing the L/C Checking the L/C

Acknowledgment the

accountDispatching L/C

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In the Dhaka Bank Banani branch, foreign exchange department issue the import or export

letter of credit for the customer. For opening L/C, a bank promises to pay on behalf of a

customer. The bank will only issue a letter of credit if they know the buyer will pay. Some

buyers have to deposit (or already have) enough money to cover the letter of credit, and

some customers use a line of credit with the bank. Sellers must trust that the bank issuing

the letter of credit is lawful. The comprehensive process of L/C issuing in Dhaka Bank is

explained below-

Step-1: Fill up the application form:

First time issuing the letter of credit the clients who want to open a L/C have to fill

up the application form in the banks letterhead pad. In there all the information likes name

of the product, origin of the product, where to imported, margin and other things. The

applicant shall have to apply for the required forms of the bank.

Step-2: Discussion between the Bank and the party

After receiving the application form, the Bank pays attention to the issues

mentioned below.

The products that are going to be imported are considered. Because

there are restrictions by the government on some products.

The quoted rates are specially analyzed, as theyre also some restrictions

by the government.

Step-3: Accumulate forms and depositing those

For the primary stage applicants collect the necessary from for opening L/C like

L/C application form, LCA form and also IMP from the bank. They fill up all the form

according to the instruction and maintain all the regulation and acts. After finish the task

the forms and all other necessary documents are then deposited at the desk of the dealing

officer.

Step-4: Checking Documents

After fill up the entire form applicant give that to the dealing officer. Dealing

officer than check all the forms and documents specially the quoted rates, the terms and

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conditions of the indent or pro-forma invoice and the validity of the documents. Generally

the person from whom the forms are collected is engaged in checking out the documents.

Step-5: Putting L/C No.

Every L/C form there has a L/C number. After checking the documents bank given

L/C No. for the easy identification and erase the complexity. Generally the officer who

checks the documents puts the L/C No. L/C number helps not only the applicant but also

the banks to fill the all documents easily.

Step-6: Preparing offering sheet

Generally the dealing officer who deals all the process of the L/C. Officer checks

the all present documents and prepares the offering sheet prepares the offering sheet. It is

the responsibility of that officer to prepare this and maintain as an act.

Step-7: Singing offering sheet

The offering sheet is then signed by the officer having the authority to open the L/C

of the specified amount. If it is within the maximum limit of the amount (for which the L/C

is applied) of the SAVP or branch manager, he/she can sign it. But if it is beyond his/her

limit proposal must be sent to the head office, either for case-to-case sanction or for credit

limit. Generally, in Dhaka Bank, branch managers are empowered to open an L/C without

communicating with the head office, if the L/C amount is within his limit.

Step-8: Typing the L/C

After the approval of opening L/C is given, the L/C is typed in a structured format.

In the Dhaka Bank has a structured format mainly they use it when any applicant want to

open a L/C account. So for the work they need 2 to 5 minutes.

Step-9: Checking the L/C

For finally checking the L/C dealing officer check all the documents, which is

given. All the work from beginning to end dealing officer covenant with whole process and

find out and list the discrepancy if occurred.

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Step-10: Acknowledgment the account

On the basis of credit arrangement with the bank of import financing, the

customers account is affected with certain credit.

Step-11: Dispatching L/C

At the final stage, the L/C is dispatched through postage mail or telex or SWIFT or

so forth.

Although this is the generalized process for issuing L/C, for the speed of the

process sometimes the typing and checking of documents are done before the offering

sheet is signed. Then after signing the L/C it is dispatched. .

3.13. COMMON DISCREPANCIES:

1. Clause (unclean) Bill of Lading.

2. Charter Party Bill of Lading (unless stipulated in the Letter of Credit).

3. On Board notation of in Bill of lading undated/ unauthenticated.

4. Shipment effected from port other than that stipulated in the credit.

5. Goods shipped on deck (unless stipulated in L/C)

6. Full set of bill of lading not presented.

7. Certificate of country of origin not provided.

8. Certificate notifying insurance company of shipment not presented.

9. Wightmans certificate not presented.

10. Cutting/alteration in documents not authenticated.

11. Documents inconsistent with each other.

12. Description of goods on invoice differs from that in the credit.

13. Weights differ between documents.

14. The amounts shown in invoice and bill of exchange differ.

15. Shipping marks and numbers differ between documents.

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16. Credit L/C amount expired.

17. Credit (L/C) expired.

18. Documents not presented in time/state bill of lading.

19. Late shipment

20. Short shipment

21. Absence of documents called for in the credit.

22. Bill of exchange drawn on a wrong party.

23. Bill of exchange payable on an indeterminable date.

24. Bill of lading, insurance documents or bill of exchange are not endorsed

correctly.

25. Absence of signatures, where required, on documents presented.

26. Bill of lading does not evidence whether freight is paid or not.

27. Packing list not submitted.

28. Part shipment/ transhipment effected not being covered by the L/C terms.

29.Notify Party differs/not as per L/C stipulation.

30. Third party bill of lading/short from bill of lading submitted.

31. Inspection certificate not submitted.

32. Unit price not mentioned in invoice.

33. Description of documents on collection schedule with documents presented.

34. Fumigation/Health certificate (Fit for human consumption) not submitted.

35. Forwards Cargo receipt not acceptable (unless provided in the L/C).

3.14. Letter of credit Accounting Procedures:

While dealing with import/export letter of credits the L/C issuing bank /negotiating

bank come across several steps/stages involving financial matters which need to be accounted for

and recorded in the books of accounts of the respective branches as follows (Applicable under

Dhaka Banks Banking System):

Import:

i. At the time of opening Cash L/C:

Dr. Assets as per contra (@ B.C. selling rate) Import L/C General

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Cr. Liability as per Contra Import L/C General

Dr. Party's current account

Cr. Income Account (Commission on L/C Cash)

Cr. Income account (Telex Charges)/SWIFT/P&T.

Cr. Stamp in Hand

Cr. Income Account (Stationery)

Cr. Sundry Deposit (Security Deposit L/C Cash)

Cr. Other A/Cs (if required).

Cr. Sundry Deposit (vat on L/C com.)

Cr. Income A/c (F.C.C)

ii. Entries for lodgment of documents against Cash L/C (Sight / Usance):

Dr. Liability as per Contra (Cash L/C) Import General

Cr. Assets as per Contra (Cash L/C) Import General

Dr. Inward Foreign/Local Bills Lodged

Cr. Inward Foreign/Local Bills for Collection/in case of usance L/C

Dr. Import Bills A/c (B.C. Selling Rate)

Cr. Income A/c (Acceptance commission usance Bills) (if usance L/C)

Cr. FC Fund Purchased A/c. (B.C. Selling Rate)Cr. Profit Receivable A/c (MPI)

Cr. Income Account (Telex Charges)

Dr. F.C Deposit (FC Fund Held) A/c. (At notional rate)

Cr. F.C Deposit (FC L/C cover) A/c (Party wise)

Dr. F.C. Deposit (FC L/C cover) @ Notional rate

Cr. IBGA/c H.O. ID

iii. For purchase of FC:

Dr. IBG, ID, 110 (at notional rate)

Cr. FC Fund Held A/c

Dr. FC Fund purchased A/C

Cr. IBG ID, HO (FC value in Taka)

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iv. For of cash retirement:

Dr. Party's A/c

Dr. Sundry Deposit (Security Deposit Cash L/C) A/c.

Cr. FC Fund Purchased A/c.

Cr. Income Account SWIFT/Telex charges recovery A/c.

Dr. FC Deposit (W.F.H. A/c) at notional rate

Cr. FC Deposit (WES L/C cover) A/c

Dr. F.C. Deposit (WES LC cover) A/c

Cr. IB General A/c. II.O. ID

v. Alter Retirement of Bills:

Dr. Inward Foreign/Local Bills for Collection

Cr. Inward Foreign/Local Bills Lodged

vi. For adjustment of 1B (Import Bill- Temporary Bank Investment):

Dr. Party's A/c

Dr. Security Deposit A/c

Cr. Import Bills (MIB)

Dr. Profit Receivable A/c

Cr. Import Bill A/c. (For rebate)

vii. For Bank's Investment:

Dr. Post Import/HPSM (Investment) A/C

Cr. FC fund purchased A/c

Cr. Profit Receivable A/c

Cr. Income Account Commission on clearance of imported Consignment

Cr. Income Account Telex charge recovery A/c.

Dr. FC Deposit (FC. FH.) A/c

Cr. FC Deposit (L/C Cover) A/c

Dr. F.C Deposit (F.C L/C cover) A/c

Cr. IB General A/c. H.O. ID

Dr. Party's A/c (When realized)

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Cr. MPIA/c

Dr. Profit receivable A/c

Cr. Investment Income A/c (At the end of each month).

viii. For opening of BB L/C:

(a) Charges realization voucher:

Dr. Party's Deposit A/c/Sundry Deposit A/c (Marginal Deposit)

Cr. Income Account Commission

Cr. Income Account P&T/Telex Charges/SWIFT

Cr. Stampt in Hand A/c

Cr. Income Account Stationery

(b) Liability voucher:

Dr. Assets as per contra BB L/C (Inland/Foreign)

Cr. Liability as per contra BB L/C(Inland/Foreign)

ix. On receipt of documents:

Dr. Liability as per contra BB L/C (Foreign/Inland)

Cr. Assets as per Contra BB L/C (Foreign/Inland)

Dr. Assets as per Contra BB Bills(Foreign/Inland)

Cr. Liability as per contra BB Bills(Foreign/Inland)

x. For back to back Bills Retirement:

Dr. F.C. Held against BTB L/c (At the rate at which amount was held)

Cr. IB General A/c HO, ID

Dr. Party's A/c/Sundry Deposit A/c (Marginal Deposit)

Cr. Income A/c(F.C.C)

Cr. Income Account (acceptance commission)

Cr. Income Account (CCIC; if applicable)

Cr. Income Account (Stationery)

Cr. Income account (P&T/ Telex Charges)

Dr. Liability as per contra (BB Bills)

Cr. Assets as per contra (BB Bills)

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Export:

Entries for Negotiation/Purchase of Export bills (Applicable under Dhaka Banks

Banking System):

Dr. FBN/FBP A/c @ OD sight Export Bill (Party wise)Cr. F.C. Held against IBB L/C (as applicable)

Cr. Marginal Deposit A/c (as applicable)

Cr. Investment Income A/c (PSI)

Cr. P&T Recovery A/c

Cr. FCAD-EXP A/c as applicable (as per Bangladesh Bank rule) of FOB value.

Cr. Party's A/c. -Balance amount.

Cr. Sundry Deposit A/c (Buying Agent Commission)

i. Negotiation Under Reserve

Dr. FBN A/c

Cr. PC held against BB L/C

Cr. Marginal deposit A/c (Under reserve)

Cr. FCAD A/c (10% of FOB value if requested as per Bangladesh Bank's Rule)

ii. In case the documents are sent on collection basis accounting should be as under:

Dr. Outward foreign Bill Lodged A/c.

Cr. Outward Foreign Bills for collection A/c

iii.Upon receipt of payment of bill amount by the paying bank in the NOSTRO A/C.

the following entries have to be passed for adjustment of the investment A/C.

Dr. IB General A/c Head Office, ID (by mid rate)

Cr. Foreign Bills Purchased / Negotiated (FBP/FBN) A/c

Cr. Income A/c (Exchange F.C)

Cr. Investment Income A/c (FBP/FBN).

iv. After realization of FBC:

Dr. Outward Foreign Bills for Collection

Cr. Outward Foreign Bill Lodged

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After realization:

Dr. Clearing adjustment A/c (In case Bill realized in TAKA)

Dr. Marginal Deposit A/c

Cr. Exchange A/c

Cr. Investment income A/c (IBP)

Cr. Exchange (In case of Foreign Currency).

Cr. Investment Income A/c.

For Collection of Inland Export Documents:

Dr. outward Bill Lodged

Cr. Outward Bills for Collection

Dr. IBG (HO, ID) A/c (if payment made by FC)

Dr. PO/DD (Through clearing)

Cr. FC Held against BB L/C (if any)

Cr. FC AD (ERQ) A/c (if required)

Cr. Investment A/c (MPI/HPSM/BAIM BB)

Cr. Income A/c

Cr. Party's Deposit A/c

3.15. Time Duration Of L/C Processing:

For the regular clients Dhaka Bank need less than one hour to open another new

L/C. When a regular client applies to open another L/C, they just provide photocopies of

most documents and the bank officer do not take much long time to check those

documents, because in most cases the L/C clients of the banks are regular and old. In case

of new client banks issuing L/C and check the documents thoroughly. However, it

generally does not take more than two days even for a new client applying to open an L/C

and often it takes time to make the client understand the banks requirements.

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Foreign exchange is an important department of DHAKA Bank Limited, Banani

branch which deals with import, export and foreign remittances. Foreign Exchange is an

International Department of the Bank. It facilitates international trade through its various

modes of services. It bridges between importers and exporters. This department mainly

deals in foreign currency, that's why it is called foreign exchange department.

Average Time requirement for the basic activities of

L/C issuing process

ActivityAverage Required Time

(in minutes)

Checking Documents 5

Putting L/C No. 2

Preparing Offering Sheet 10

Signing Offering Sheet 5

Typing the L/C 25

Checking the L/C 8

Crediting the account of the customer 5

Total Time* 60

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This department is playing an important role in enhancing export earning, which

aids economic growth and in turn it helps for the economic development. On the other

hand, it also helps to meet those goods and service, which are most demandable and not

adequate in our country.

3.16. Letter of Credit in Import Financing:

One of the important functions of the commercial banks in the world is to undertake

the import of merchandise into the country and payment of foreign exchange towards the

cost of the merchandise to foreign suppliers. Bangladeshs import policy requires letters of

credit (L/C) for all imports of goods. L/C, as a tool of financing, provides benefits to both

the importer and the exporter. Import financing by Dhaka Bank can be shown by the

diagram below:

However, post import finance is beyond the scope of this report. Thus the following

few sections will describe the import L/C processing of Dhaka Bank.

3.17. Letter of Credit in Export Financing:

Export business creates inward remittance. For that reason, government encourages

investing in export business and offers incentive like tax and duty free entrance of raw

materials in RMG business in our country. As import of one party is an export to the other,

L/C also plays a vital role in financing exports. Following diagram shows means of export

financing that Dhaka Bank deals with.

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Import Finance

Dhaka Bank

Pre Import Finance

L/C (Letter of Credit)

Post Import Finance

1. PAD

2. LIM Agreement

3. Forced LIM

Export Finance

Dhaka BankPost Shipment Finance

1. Negotiation of Export Bills

2. DP/DA

3. Collection of Export Bills

Pre Shipment Finance

1. Packing Cash Credit (PCC)2. Back to Back L/C