global status of genetically modified crops in ipm perspective

Early pest management Strategies

New pest management Strategies

Host plant resistance

Genetic control

Bio-rational pest management

Integrated pest management

Biotechnological approach

Chairperson

Dr. Vinay K.Kalia

Credit Seminar On

Global Status and Potential of Genetically Modified crops :IPM Perspective

Ms. Shahanaz

10605

Seminar Leader

Dr. J.P Singh

Introduction

Genetically modified crops

Global status of GM crops

Insect Resistant GM crops in India

IPM context

•Bt cotton

•Bt Brinjal

Conclusion

?

GM crop is a plant used for agricultural purposes in to which

one or several genes coding for desirable traits have been

inserted through the process of genetic engineering which are

also called as Transgenic crops

These genes may be choosen from the same or other plant species, other organisms

What are Genetically Modified crops ???

What Biotechnology Can Do For Us ?

• Access to novel molecules.

• Ability to change the level of gene expression.

• Ability to change expression pattern of genes.

• Ability to change the function of particuar

trait by inserting gene of interest

Genetic Transformation: Methods

TRANSGENIC PLANTS

NUTRITIONAL

QUALITY BIOTIC STRESS

TOLERANCE

ABIOTIC STRESS

TOLERANCE

PHARMACEUTICALS

& EDIBLE VACCINE

HYBRID DEVELOPMENT

FOR HIGHER YIELD

ENHANCED

SHELF LIFE

INDUSTRIAL

PRODUCTS

Current and Future GM Crop Traits

1. Insect Resistance (Plant Incorporated Protectants) – ex: BT corn

& cotton

2. Herbicide Tolerance – ex: Glyphosate Resistant Corn &

Soybeans (i.e. Roundup Ready), cotton

3. Stress Tolerance – ex: drought, salt resistant varieties

4. “Value Added” Crops – ex: Golden Rice containing vitamin A

5. “Biopharming” – Production of drugs, chemicals on agricultural

scales

1985

19921988

1994

1998

1996

1999

2000

1st transgenic plants produced

Particle bombardment developed

GM crops considered substantially equivalent to hybrid varieties

Flavr-Savr tomato is released

Herbicide- and insect-resistant crops approved for cultivation maize,

Soybean, cotton4.3 million acres of GM crops planted

GM food is dangerous (UK TV)

Monarch butterfly paper causes uproar

GM corn is excluded from its baby food

Greenpeace starts anti-GM campaign

75 million acres of GM crops planted

Golden rice with ß-carotene developed

McDonald’s rejects GM potatoes

Time line of GM Crops

2006 GM crops cultivation reached 100 mha world wide

2014 Bt Brinjal released in Bangladesh

181.5 million hectares of GM crops planted world wide

Bt cotton released in India grown in 50,000 ha2002

Bt cotton II released in India for controlling Spodoptera &

Helicoverpa

2010 Govt .of India imposed moratorium on Bt Brinjal Event EE-I

GEAC recommended commercial release of Bt Brinjal Event EE-12009

Time line of GM Crops in India

James, 2015

Impact of Biotech

Genetic TransformationCandidate Genes for Insect Resistance

• Cry toxins Bt: Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac.

• Plant metabolites: Flavonoids, terpenoids.

• Enzyme inhibitors: SpTI, CpTi.

• Enzymes: Chitinase, lipoxigenase.

• Plant lectins: GNA

• Toxins from predators: Scorpion, spiders.

• Neuropeptides and peptidic hormones.

There is no single technology to solve food security

problems alone in a sustainable manner.

The use of GM plants in the IPM context will extend

lifespan of GM events and maintain high efficacy against

the targets.

We have to learn how to make best use of GM plants

in different agricultural production systems – IPM sets

the frame.

Why to use GM crops in the IPM context?

• A major reduction in insecticide sprays.

• Increased activity of natural enemies.

• Reduced exposure of non-target organisms to

insecticides .

• Reduction in insecticide residues in food and

food products.

Transgenics in Pest Management: Advantages

Secondary pest problems.

Environmental influence on gene expression.

Development of resistance and evolution of new

biotypes.

Effects on non-target organisms.

Gene escape into the environment.

Social and ethical issues.

Transgenic Resistance to Insects: The Limitations

Major environmental and health concerns regarding GM crops• Non-target effects

• Gene flow / TransgeneEscape

• Insect Resistance

• Allergenicity

The earliest commercialised insect resistant transgenic plants

Cotton: 1st commercialised in 1996

-2014: 15 countries;

Insect résistance and herbicide tolerance

traits

-

Maize: 1st commercialised in 1996

-2014 : 17 countries

Insect resistance and herbicide tolerance traits

-

Potato: first commercialised in 1996, withdrawn in 2001

Cauliflower

Cabbage

Genetically modified crops -global

Over the past decade GM crops have changed the pest

management scenario world over.

Out of 37 transgenic traits developed, 7 are commercial traits

in 29 transgenic crop plants:

114 genes with

389 transgenic events

58 commercial companies including public funded institutions

Released for commercial cultivation in 28 countries.

Insect resistant GM crops global

cry1Ab

cry1Ac

cry1F

cry2Ab

cry34Ab1+ cry35Ab1

cry3A

cry3Bb1

cry9C

Protease Inhibitor

Vip3A(a)

cry1A.105

dvsnf7

Eight crops, twenty two genes

Insect resistant GM crops in India

Genes: Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry1B, Cry2Ab & Vip-3A

18 prime crops under field testing

Biotic stress resistance (Disease resistance)

Enhancement of quality

Abiotic stress resistance (water, salinity, temperature)

Post Harvest attributes

Edible vaccines

tolerance to pesticides, male sterility

Other traits under development

Why do we need Bt cotton?

162 species of insects occur in cotton at various stages of growth of which 12 are major and half of them are key pests

(CICR technical bulletin)

Cotton bolls are highly vulnerable to hidden insects such as the American bollworm, Pink bollworm and Spotted bollworm.

9400 M tonnes of insecticides worth Rs 747 crores were used only for bollworm control in 2001

(Kranthi, 2012)

70% of insecticides are used against bollworms, rest for sap sucking pests.

(Kranthi, 2012)

About 50% of all insecticides in India were being unsuccessfully used for cotton pest control, until the year 2001, before Bt cotton was introduced.

The American bollworm has developed resistance to all group of insecticides world wide

Loss due to damage to cotton crop is estimated to be more than Rs.1200 crores/y. ( CICR technical bulletin)

Introduction of Bt cotton on 26th March 2002

Beyond doubt, Bt-cotton represents the best of

state-of-art technologies

Genetics is always better than chemicals

India ranks no 1 in the world accounting for 25 % of the total global cotton production.

Average yield is 523 Kg/ha as compared to world average of 758 kg/ha.

Cotton

Major Bt cotton growing areas in India

Area 11.6

mhaProduction

353 lakh

bales

Mode of action of Bt

Top three Cotton Producing Countries in the World 1960-2014

Choudhary and Gaur, 2015

Distribution of World cotton market share by top 5 producing countries , 2002 and 2014

The adoption and impact of Bt cotton on the cotton production in India 1950-2014

James, 2014

Commercial Release of Different Bt cotton Hybrids in India

Choudhary and Gaur,2015

Percentage reduction of insecticides on cotton bollworms relative to total insecticide used in cotton


Status of GM crops pending Approval for Field Trails and Commercial Release in India , 2014-15


Crop Organization Event/Trait PendingStauts

Cotton Mahyco/Monsanto

cry1Ac and cry2Ab/IR&HT Pending commercial approval

Brinjal Mahyco cry1Ac Under Moratorium

Mustard Delhi University Bar,barnase barstar/AP Final stage

Maize Monsanto cry2Ab2 &cryA.105 and CP4EPSP/IR&HT

BRL II Stage

Brinjal BejoSheetal/IARI

cry1Abc/IR BRL II Stage

Chickpea Sungrow seeds Bt BRL I Stage

Rice Mahyco NUE BRL I Stage

Comparison of the Value of Total Pesticide Market with Cotton Insecticide Market in

India


Distribution of Cost of Cotton Cultivation Post Bt cotton Era


Economics of Bt Cotton Cultivation in India


Dhaliwal et al., 2015

Rice 25.0 25.0 35.55 8467.36

Wheat 5.0 5.0 4.92 1135.75

Maize 25 18.00 5.33 1268.41

Sugarcane 20.0 20.0 88.04 3160.25

Cotton 50.0 30.0 24.93 15767.69

Coarse cereal 30.0 8.00 1.65 378.20

Pulses 15.0 15.0 3.49 2285.29

Mustard - 20.0 1.97 1026.70

Ground nut 15.0 15.0 1.71 1172.13

Other oilseeds 25.0 12.00 2.07 1215.55

Average 23.3 16.80 - 35877.22

What is IPM ?

IPM is judicious use and integration of various pest control

tactics in the context of the associated environment of the

pest in ways that compliment and facilitate the biological

and other natural control of pests to match economics,

public health and environmental goals

( USDA, 2000)

Objectives of IPM :

• Region wide reduction of target pests

• Reduction of insecticide use

• Reduction of Region wide secondary pest outbreaks

• Reduction of effects on natural enemies and conservation of

biological control

• Insect resistance management

Key points of IPM• Integration

– Harmonious use of multiple methods to control single pests or pest complexes

• Pest– An organism detrimental to humans, including:

invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds, and pathogens

• Management– Decisions based on ecological principles and economic and

social considerations

Kogan, M. 1998.

Meissle et al., 2011

Kogan, M. 1998.

Costs

• Product cost

• Fuel

• Labor

• Marketing options

• Predisposition to secondary pests

Benefits

• Yield (economic)

• Quality (economic)

• Appearance (aesthetics)

• Human/livestock health

• Legal issues

• Acceptance of resultant

commodity by end users

• Ease of mind

Costs vs. Benefits of a Practice

• By identifying and learning about a pest, more focus can be applied to the environmental and economic considerations

High efficacy

against target

pests

More natural

enemies in

crops

Less Insecticide

Use

Region wide

reduction of

target pests

Region wide

increase of

natural enemies

Lower control

of non- target

pests

Secondary

Pest Out

breaks

Risk of

Resistanc

e Build up

Less pest problems also for Non

Bt growers and in other crops

Effects of Bt plants in the IPM context

Lu et al., 2010

Case Study I

Dhillon and Sharma, 2013

Helicoverpa armigera Parasitization in Bt transgenic

and Non transgenic cottons under Farmer field

conditions

Dhillon and Sharma, 2013

Seed Cotton yiled in Bt -transgenic and non- transgenic cotton under unprotected conditions

Crop/toxin

Pollinator Effect Reference

Cry1Ac Apis melliferaBombus sp.

No effect Malone and Pham-Delegue (2000)

CryIIB Apis mellifera

No effect Arpaia (1996)

BBI, SBTI Apismellifera

Influences the learning ability

Pham-Delègue et al. (2000)

Cystatin Apis mellifera

No effect Girard et al. (1998)

Chitinase Apis mellifera

No effect Picard-Nizou et al. (1995)

Bio-safety of Transgenic Plants to Pollinators

Inspite of increase in pesticide spray against secondary pests,

total pesticide has decreased significantly over time

Case Study II

Pheromone

attractants

Use of

Beneficial

agents

Cultural

controlsSelective

chemicals

Biological

pesticide

Transgenic

cottonIPM

Planting

window

Natural refuge/

trap crop

General problems…..with Bt

Cotton

High expectations

High price

Poor soil fertility

Poor weather

Pest outbreaks

Spurious Seeds

Concerns & challenges in India

1. Insecticide use decline;

2. Secondary pest out breaks : mirid bugs, mealy

bugs

3. Parawilt: Some genotypes struggle with high boll

retention, water imbalance (Mayee et al., 1996)

4. High expectations, less results from rainfed and

less fertile soils

5. Susceptibility to sucking pests

Indirect consequences of Bt-Cotton

Sub-optimal performance in rainfed areas

The Mirid bug (Creontides biseratence Distant)

Return of the Minor pests

Leaf hoppers (Amrasca biguttula biguttula

Thrips (Thrips tabaci)

The donor Bt-cotton parent is from

an exotic variety coker-312, which

is highly susceptible to leaf hoppers

& thrips

Bt-cotton is only a crop protection technology and not a yield

enhancing technology. If bollworm infestations are less, the

advantages are minimum.

• Whitefly became a major pest on cotton in India only after 1984.

• Cotton losses were estimated to be in the range of 15-20% and sometimes up

to 30% (Cotton Statistics and News, 2015).

• In August, 2015, a whitefly outbreak devastated the Bt cotton crop in

Bathinda, Faridkot districts of Punjab and Sirsa district of Haryana.

• Whitefly incidence ranged from 1.6 to 90 adults /3 leaves during July-August

in Sirsa. (Cotton Statistics and News, 2015).

Whitefly: a black story

• Fields sprayed with repeated

insecticide sprays, insecticide

mixtures, fipronil and pyrethroids had

the highest levels of whitefly

infestation.

• 15 farmers committed suicide due to

failure of crop. (TOI, 2015).

Synthetic pyrethroids and acephate induce bollworms and whiteflies

where spinosad induces mealybugs infestations (Cotton Association of

India, 2015).

It has developed resistance to neonicotinoids in North india (CICR).

Hormoligosis

Insecticide induced physiological changes

Low temperature and high humidity favored whitefly multiplication

in punjab

Causes of outbreaks

Boll rind, square bracts, ovary & pollen,

have the lowest expression @ 0-1.5 ppm

Bollworm feeds more on these parts

Bt-cotton fields also have

some bollworms !!

Doesn’t Bt-cotton kill pink bollworm ?

Pink boll worm has developed resistance to BG I ( Dhurua and Gujar 2010)

In 2015 pinkboll worm infestation occurred in some pockets of Gujarat,

Maharashtra, Andhra pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka

low late-season expression reduces the efficacy of Bt-cotton on pink

bollworm slightly.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

27 40 60 68 75 80 87 96 104 110 116 124 133 138 152 159

Days after sowing

ug

/g f

res

h w

eig

ht

Top leaf Middle leaf Bottom leaf Square bract Square bud

Cry1Ac expression in Bt-cotton (average of 8 hybrids)

CICR

• Expression @ 0.002 to 18 ppm

• Boll rind, square bracts, ovary & pollen, have the lowest expression

@ 0-1.5 ppm

• Leaves, square buds & raw cotton seed express @ 0.1 to 18 ppm

•

0

50

100

150

200

250

60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

Cry

2A

b2

in

ug

/gm

fresh

weig

ht

Days after sowing

Top Leaf

Mid-Leaf

Bot-Leaf

Cry2Ab2

Will bollworm develop resistance to Bt-cotton?

How long will it take to develop resistance?

Will the 5-row refugia strategy help?

If it does not, what can be done in India?

Do we have any India-specific strategies?

Bollworm resistance to Bt-cotton

Illegal, spurious and fake seeds

Illegal BesT packets Original Fake

Amazing (spurious !!) sense of humour

Advantages of Bt cotton in India

Bollworm control: Preventing yield losses from an estimated damage of 30.0 to 60.0% each year in India thus far from 2002 to 2011.

Increased yield: Yields are estimated to have increased at least by 30.0% due to effective protection from bollworm damage.

Reduction in pesticide use for bollworm control: 46% in 2001, 26% after 2006 and 21% during 2011-12 (Kranthi, 2012).

Disadvantages of Bt cotton Small and marginal farmers of India can not afford the high

cost of Bt cotton seeds, Rs.1600 for 450 g of seeds.

Effectiveness up to 120 days, after that the toxin producing

efficiency of the Bt gene drastically reduces (Jeyakumar et al.,

2008).

Adverse effect on insecticide manufacturing companies due to

reduced use of pesticides significantly by Bt cotton.

• Ineffective against sucking pests like jassids, aphids, whitefly

etc.

• Adverse effect on the employment of those persons engaged

in pesticide industries.

• Promotes malpractices such as mixing of low-cost non Bt

cotton seeds with high cost Bt cotton seeds for sale.

Insecticide usage in cotton

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Insecticide usage forboll worm Insecticide usage for

sucking pests

1995-2004

2005-2011

Kranthi , 2012

Bt Brinjal

Mahyco in collaboration with TNAU, Coimbatore and UAS, Dharwad

developed Bt Brinjal in India by inserting Cry1Ac gene against Brinjal shoot and

frit borer Leucinodes arbonalis - Bt Brinjal Event EE I

India imposed moratorium on Bt Brinjal release on 9th Feb 2010.

Bt Brinjal varieties viz., Bt Uttara, Bt Kajla, Bt Nayantara, and Bt ISD006

cultivated successfully in Bangladesh from 2014.

120 farmers in 12 ha land planted Bt Brinjal

Problems are

8% farms suffered severe loss from bacterial wilt (BARI 2015)

Fate of GM foods in pipeline?????

66

• There is no evidence that the adverse effects

of transgenic plants, if any, to the non-target

organisms are greater than the conventional

insecticides

• The risks involved are related to nature of the

transgene, not the process.

• There is a need for a long-term assessment of

the interactions of transgenic plants with the

target and non-target organisms.

Conclusions

THANK YOU

global status of genetically modified crops in ipm perspective

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