global shrimp farming situation - fenacam -...

GLOBAL SHRIMP FARMING SITUATION

George Chamberlain

President

GLOBAL AQUACULTURE ALLIANCE

• Communications

– Global Aquaculture Advocate magazine

– Website (www.gaalliance.org)

– Electronic newsletter

• BAP Certification

– Market driven standards for best practices

• Annual GOAL meeting

– Production, markets

• Advocacy

– Issues and solutions

• Health

• Breeding

– Kona Bay vannamei

– Brunei monodon

• Nutrition

– Fishmeal replacement

• Hatchery

• Farm

• Seafood

– Kauai Shrimp

– Kauai clams Brunei

Hawaii, USA

TOPICS

1. The Challenge

2. Disease Case Studies

3. Shrimp Health Management

– The Past

– The Present – Early Mortality Syndrome

– The Future

4. Conclusions

5. Panel Discussion

1. “FISH TO 2030” PROJECTS

EXCEPTIONALLY STRONG GLOBAL SEAFOOD

DEMAND

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mill

ion

tonn

es)

20

40

60

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

80

100

120

FAO (2004)

Wijkstrom (2003)

IFPRI (2003)

Ye (1999)

Fish

•Baseline scenario

•Technological advances in aquaculture

•Ecological collapse of fisheries

• Global consumption remains at1996 levels (15.6 kg/y)

• Global consumption rises to 22.5 kg/y

Growing fisheries (0.7% per annum)

Stagnant fisheries

Source: Hall, S. Blue Frontiers (2011), WorldFish Centre

Aquaculture, with growth potential

Limited

Wild capture: Limited and stable

Vo

lum

e (

mill

ion

s o

f to

ns)

2. AQUACULTURE IS THE ONLY WAY

TO INCREASE OUR SEAFOOD SUPPLY

8,7 9,0 9,9

11

,2

13

,1

15

,0

16

,9

17

,9

18

,5

19

,9

20

,8

22

,2

23

,5

24

,2

26

,3

28

,0

29

,9

31

,6

34

,3

36

,1

38

,3 41

,6

0

50

100

150

200

250

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

45,0

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

% t

en

ye

ar g

row

th r

ate

Pro

du

ctio

n in

Mill

. me

tric

to

nn

es Production % growth

7Source: FAO

3. THE GROWTH RATE OF

AQUACULTURE IS SLOWING DOWN

4. DISEASE IS THE PRIMARY FACTOR

LIMITING THE GROWTH OF AQUACULTURE

1. Disease

2. Feed

3. Environment

4. Financing

5. Market

8

TOPICS

1. Our Challenge



– The Past


– The Future

4. Conclusions

5. Panel Discussion

HOW CAN WE REDUCE

DISEASE RISK?

• Lessons Learned in Responsible Aquaculture

– Initiated in 2011 by the World Bank, the Responsible Aquaculture Foundation, and GAA.

• Objectives• To conduct case studies on selected epidemics

• To identify common causes and solutions

• To improve preventative management, policy, and regulation.

10

“REDUCING DISEASE RISK IN AQUACULTURE”

• Three Case Studies:

– 2011: ISA in Chile

– 2012: EMS in Vietnam

– 2013: WSSV in Mozambique and Madagascar

• Report can be downloaded from the GAA website:

– www.gaalliance.org/newsroom/whitepapers.php

2011 CASE STUDY IN CHILE: INFECTIOUS

SALMON ANEMIA VIRUS

• Producers captivated by rapid growth of the sector.

• Inadequate biosecurity, surveillance, zone management

• Fast response by industry, banks, and regulators

2012 CASE STUDY IN VIETNAM:

EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME OF SHRIMP

• EMS started in China and spread to Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and Mexico

• Study began before cause of disease was known, but members of the team identified the pathogen a few months later.

• Inadequate biosecurity, sanitation, quarantine, and surveillance.

2013 CASE STUDY IN MOZ AND MAD: WHITE SPOT

VIRUS OF SHRIMP

• Strain identification of the WSSV

pathogen indicated that it originated

from the Middle East.

• Limited surveillance and biosecurity

• Need for cooperation between

Mozambique and Madagascar

TOPICS

1. Our Dilemma



– The Past


– The Future

4. Conclusions

5. Panel Discussion

THE PAST:

BEGINNING WITH PRIMITIVE SYSTEMS, LOW

YIELDS

– Crude, tidal ponds

– Wild postlarvae

– Minimal control of

stocking density,

predators,

environment,

nutrition, or health

• For centuries, shrimp farming was conducted in a very

primitive manner

The Past:Learning the fundamentals to increase control

• Dr. Fujinaga (1938-1968)

– Developed techniques for spawning, larval rearing, and growout of P. japonicus

• Dr. Liao (1968-1985)

– Transferred Fujinaga’stechnology to P. monodon in Taiwan

– Intensive farming systems of Taiwan became the model for Asia

TAIWAN IN 1980’S: INTENSIFICATION AND FRAGMENTATION

0,0

0,3

0,5

0,8

1,0Million Mt

RAPID INDUSTRY EXPANSION,

BUT HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO DISEASE

REPEATED DISEASE OUTBREAKS

Year Countries Disease

1982 Ecuador BP

1988 Taiwan YHV

1992 China, pandemic WSSV

1994 Ecuador, pandemic TSV

2002 Thailand, Indonesia MSGV

2004 Brazil, Indonesia IMNV

2006 Belize, Mexico PvNv

2010 China, Vietnam, Malaysia,

Thailand, Mexico

EMS

WSSV EPIDEMIC TRIGGERED ENVIRONMENTAL

ATTACKS.

• WSSV began in China and spread throughout

Asia and Americas.

• Global shrimp production was flat for a decade.

• Critics asserted that shrimp farming is inherently unsustainable (mangrove destruction, pollution, banned chemicals, social issues)

• Supreme Court of India ruled against shrimp farming in 1996.

FORMATION OF GAA

• Founded in 1997

• Gathered facts to refute exaggerations

• Developed Codes of Practice for Responsible Shrimp Farming in 1999

• Developed BAP standards for certification of farms, hatcheries, feed mills, and processing plants

• Great improvements in mangrove conservation, pollution, etc.

• 1.4 mlllion MT now BAP certified.

WSSV EPIDEMIC LED TO

IMPROVED HEALTH MANAGEMENT

• Biosecurity

– Widespread use of PCR testing

– Tightening regulations on movement of

animals

• Farm management

– Reduced water exchange which led to

development of biofloc systems

– Control of disease carriers with disinfectants,

crustacides, and bird netting

THE BREAKTHROUGH:

SPF L. VANNAMEI

• Breeding of Specifc Pathogen Free stocks by Oceanic Institute in Hawaii

• Initial trials successful in Texas, but failed in Ecuador due to Taura Syndrome Virus

• Bred SPF stocks for

resistance to TSV

• Rapidly replaced infected

P. monodon.

• Led to development of

private breeding

companies (e.g., CP,

SIS, Kona Bay).

WSSV EPIDEMIC LED TO INDUSTRY

TRANSFORMATION

AND QUADRUPLING OF PRODUCTION

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Million MT

P. vannamei P. monodon M. rosenbergii Other

WSSV epidemic

Sources: FAO (2013) for 1991-2011; GOAL (2013) for 2012-2015.

THE PRESENT

ANOTHER EPIDEMIC – EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME

26

SHRIMP PRODUCTION IS DOWN,

BUT THE TIDE IS TURNING

EMS epidemic

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Million MT

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

P. vannamei P. monodon M. rosenbergii Other

SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN ASIA: 2009 – 2016

MAJOR PRODUCERS

0.0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

Million MT

China Thailand Vietnam Indonesia India

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016


M. rosenbergii is not included.

China is expected to recover slightly in 2014; recovery in Thailand

will begin in 2015.

Production increases are expected in all countries in the region by

2016. Thailand will be displaced from second to fifth position .

SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN ASIA:

2009-2012 VS. 2012-2016

1.60%

6.00% 6.90%

3.00%

37.40%

1.40%

5.20%4.90%

10.00%

5.30%

-1.80%

-14.00%-16%

-8%

0%

8%

16%

24%

32%

40%

China Thailand Vietnam Indonesia India Bangladesh

Average Annual Growth

Rate

2009-2012 2012-2016



SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN LATIN AMERICA: 2009 – 2016

MAJOR PRODUCERS

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

Thousand MT

Ecuador Mexico Brazil

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Mexico heavily impacted by EMS in 2013:

production down by 50%, with partial recovery afterwards.

Brazil expects to reach 100,000 tons by 2016.

Ecuador is ramping up production as output from other

countries falters. Production in 2016 is expected to be 28%

higher than in 2013.



31

SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN LATIN AMERICA:

2009-2012 VS. 2012-2016

16.20%

4.40%

11.90%

23.20%

4.00%

0.50%

-7.30%

9.90%

22.70%

-3.40%-3.80%

6.10% 6.00%

3.60%

9.30%9.70%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Ecuador Mexico Brazil Honduras Peru Guatemala Nicaragua Venezuela

Average Annual Growth

Rate

2009-2012 2012-2015



2014 SURVEY ON EMS

IN AFFECTED COUNTRIES

• Expert Committee– Patrick Sorgeloos, Don Lightner, Victoria Alday, Noriaki

Akazawa, Stephen Newman, Loc Tran, James Brock, Bruno Gil, Indrani Karunasagar, Randall Brummett, Huang Jie, Angus Cameron, CV Mojan, Peter van Wyk, George Chamberlain

• Online survey of farms in each affected country– Identify practices associated with successful EMS

management

– Dr. Brendan Cowlan will summarize during the panel

• Followup case studies of selected farms– In-depth audits to validate trends seen in survey

THE EMS EXPERT COMMITTEE TESTED THE

SURVEY BY INTERVIEWING VIETNAMESE FARMERS

WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?

• Early mortality syndrome

(EMS), or acute

hepatopancreatic necrosis

syndrome (AHPNS), is a

bacterial disease caused

by a strain of Vibrio

parahaemolyticus

• It does not affect humans

34

Microcolony of bacteria growing

on epicuticle of gastric wall

Lumen of Stomach

EMS COLONIZES THE STOMACH AND PRODUCES A TOXIN THAT DAMAGES THE HEPATOPANCREAS

35

HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED?

• Vertically

– Can be carried in broodstock and larvae

– Live feeds for shrimp reproduction, esp. polychaete worms are a major concern

• Horizontally

– Cannibalism, consumption of carriers, fecal/oral, and water.

36 Cannibalism

Bacterial plaque on egg

WHY IS THE EMS PATHOGEN DIFFERENT THAN A

VIRUS?

• Unlike viruses, it does not require a host organism to replicate

• Once established in the environment. It colonizes quickly

• It can be displaced by a mature microbial community

37

A LUCKY, UNEXPECTED BREAK:GENETICALLY-RESISTANT L. VANNAMEI

• Survey revealed a promising trend with EMS-

resistant L. vannamei in Mexico

• Preliminary followup data supports this trend:

38

Shrimp Production in EMS-Affected Areas in Sonora, Mexico

EMS-resistant Non-resistant

Production (kg/ha) 1,800-2,000 150-300

Survival (%) 45-90 20-30

Pre-harvest 18 --

Final harvest 28 32-36

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

• Diagnostics– Improved PCR tests

• Breeding – Genetic resistance to EMS

• Hatchery – Avoid infected foods– Improve sanitation

• Farm– Manage microbial

community• Feed

– Additives to improve EMS resistance

WHAT’S NEXT?

• We are learning to manage EMS, but already

other new diseases are emerging

– Microsporidean parasite

– Covert Nodavirus

40

STUDY OF 200 SHRIMP PONDS IN THAILAND

41

AHPND

No AHPND

but

bacterial

lesions

Early

mortality

but No HP

lesions

Collapsed HP

epithelium Normal HP

03, 07, 11, 12,

16, 20, 32,

34,40, 45, 47,

50, 52, 54, 55,

58, 73, 74, 82,

83, 84, 87,

90,91, 92, 93,

105, 110, 112,

116, 119, 122,

126, 131, 144,

150

04, 05, 21, 24,

44, 51, 69, 75,

79, 86, 88, 96,

99, 101, 117,

130, 133, 136,

139, 143

57, 70, 98, 100,

111

02, 15, 17, 25, 26,

29, 30, 37, 38, 46,

48, 49, 53, 64, 65,

76, 80, 81, 95, 97,

104, 109, 113, 114,

115, 123, 125, 127,

128, 134, 135

01, 06, 08, 09, 10, 13, 14,

18, 19, 22, 23, 27, 28, 31,

33, 35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43,

56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66,

67, 68, 71, 72, 77, 78, 85,

89, 94, 102, 103, 106, 107,

108, 118, 120, 121, 124,

129, 132, 137, 138, 140,

141, 142, 145, 148, 149

36/148

(24%)

20/148

(14%)

5/148

(3%)

31/148

(21%)

56/148

(38%)

Infected with the microsproidian E. hepatopenaei (EHP) 72/148 = 49%

Mortality <35 days (study definition of EMS = 21/148 = 14%)

Infected with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) = 8/148 = 5%

Covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV) = 64/148 = 43%

Specimens 146 and 147 un-readable (poor fixation)

THE FUTURE

• Our journey

– As shrimp farming matures, it must

continue to develop improved controls that

help reduce disease risk, increase

production, and improve sustainability.

42

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2011 2012 2013

%

S

u

r

v

i

v

a

l

TSV

IMNV

BRAZIL SHOULD CONSIDER SPF/SPR L. VANNAMEI

INDONESIA IS ACHIEVING FAST GROWTH AND HIGH

YIELDS DESPITE IMNV (MAKASAR, INDONESIA 114 DAYS)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

20

-Se

p

27

-Se

p

4-O

ct

11

-Oct

18

-Oct

25

-Oct

1-N

ov

8-N

ov

15

-No

v

22

-No

v

29

-No

v

6-D

ec

13

-Dec

20

-Dec

27

-Dec

3-J

an

10

-Jan

MB

W (

g) a

nd

Har

vest

(to

ns)

MBW

Harvest

SPF STOCKS WITH RESISTANCE TO WSSV ARE

ALSO AVAILABLE

MARKER-ASSISTED BREEDING

• Molecular Markers (SNPs)

used for trait identification

in mainstream agriculture.

• In Hawaii, soy farmers are

funding research on

markers for dietary soy

tolerance in shrimp

0

5

10

15

20

Fishmeal Soybean meal

Wei

ght

DEEP INTENSIVE PONDS

• Deep ponds (3-5 m) used in Vietnam for Pangasius now being built for shrimp in China

• Can achieve yields of 30-50 mt/ha/cycle.

Pangasius

MORE EFFICIENT FEEDING

• Salmon farms achieve the lowest FCRs in aquaculture

• Centralized computer controlled feeding systems being used in shrimp ponds in Brunei to drive down FCR

Salmon farming

INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE

• Mussels feed on algae and organic waste from salmon farms in Chile

• Clams feed on algae and organic waste in shrimp ponds in Hawaii and produce a valuable secondary crop.

Salmon/mussel/kelp farming

ZONE MANAGEMENT STANDARD

• Zone management standards are under development as BAP 5th star• Proximity among farms• Veterinary services• Quarantine• Management practices• Information sharing

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Mil

lio

n M

etr

ic T

on

nes

OUR EXPECTION: SHRIMP FARMING WILL

DOUBLE IN THE NEXT DECADE

51

*

CONCLUSIONS

• Seafood demand is strong due to rising middle class in Asia and aquaculture is the only way to meet this increasing demand

• Disease is a key factor limiting industry growth, but the industry is recovering from EMS.

• Brazil is in a strong position to implement improving technology and expand production to meet the growing global shrimp demand.

• Major opportunities: – Utilize SPF L. vannamei lines that are genetically

resistant to IMNV and WSSV

– Implement biosecure intensive systems

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