global patterns of current and future road infrastructure · source id per road type source id per...

Supplementary information • Figure S1: Global and regional seasonal use and road surface. • Figure S2: Regional modelled road length for present and 2050. • Figure S3: Standardized residuals versus road length per country as predicted by the

regression models. • Table S1: List of data sources used for the GRIP database. • Table S2: Source data used per country per road type. • Table S3: Road length data for 222 countries and possible explanatory variables. • Table S4: Summary statistics of the road length data and potentially explanatory variables

across 219 countries. • Table S5: Results of a three-fold cross-validation of stepwise multiple linear regression

models. • Table S6: Estimates of the total road length per country (in km) for 2050 for each of the five

SSP scenarios, and the mean increase relative to the present-day situation.

Figure S1: Global and regional seasonal use (a, c) and road surface type (b, d).

Figure S2: Regional modelled road length for present and 2050

Figure S3: Standardized residuals versus road length per country as predicted by the regression models for a) all roads and b) per sub-type. Predictions are expressed as log10(L+1) where L represents road length (km).

Table S1: List of data sources used for the GRIP database

ID Source name URL (accessed from 2009-2016) Category (1) GRIP-km GRIP-%km Year (2) 1 AIT Geoinformatics Center http://www.geoinfo.ait.ac.th/ Research 183,568 0.8% 2009 2 Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo

(CCAD) http://www.sica.int/ccad/ Research 106,402 0.5% 2005

4 Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Regional Outreach Center (CGISNUR)

http://www.cgisnur.org NGO 26,715 0.1% 2006

5 CGIAR International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ Research 996,059 4.6% 2006

7 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) http://www.dwaf.gov.za GOV 290,542 1.3% 2006 9 Eurogeographics http://www.eurogeographics.org GOV 222,392 1.0% 2010 10 Geographic Information Support Team portal (GIST) http://gist.itos.uga.edu Research 176,763 0.8% 2002 11 UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the

Pacific (ESCAP) http://www.unescap.org UN 214,249 1.0% 2000

16 International Steering Committee for Global Mapping http://www.iscgm.org NGO 330,708 1.5% 2004 17 Humanitarian Information Center - Afghanistan

Information Management Service (HIC-AIMS) http://www.aims.org.af/ UN 81,646 0.4% 2005

18 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) http://www.ibge.gov.br GOV 594,582 2.8% 2011 19 International Centre for Integrated Mountain

Development (ICIMOD) http://www.icimod.org Research 34,614 0.2% 2008

20 Instituto Geográfico Agustin Codazzi (IGAC) http://www.igac.gov.co GOV 372,816 1.7% 2012 21 CGIAR International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) http://www.irri.org/ Research 69,957 0.3% 2000 22 National Informatics Center http://www.nic.in GOV 483,538 2.2% 2006 24 Public Works Department Malaysia (PWDM) http://www.jkr.gov.my GOV 510,752 2.4% 2015 26 Natural Resources Canada Government http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca GOV 190,085 0.9% 2003 27 Office Of Spatial Data Management (OSDM) http://www.osdm.gov.au GOV 542,571 2.5% 2004 28 Qatar Center for GIS http://www.gisqatar.org.qa GOV 9,047 0.0% 2005 29 SINICA Academy http://www.sinica.edu.tw Research 72,870 0.3% 2006 30 The Nature Conservancy (TNC) http://www.tnc.org NGO 28,105 0.1% 2003 31 UMD Fire Information for Resource Management

System (FIRMS) http://maps.geog.umd.edu/firms Research 63,124 0.3% 2009

32 UN Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.undp.org UN 168,803 0.8% 2001 33 UN Joint Logistics Center field data (UNJLC) http://www.logcluster.org UN 511,637 2.4% 2009 34 University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) http://www.upng.ac.pg Research 37,961 0.2% 2009 35 Clearinghouse National de Datos Geograficos http://www.clearinghouse.gub.uy/ GOV 69,587 0.3% 2002 37 Vector Map of the World level 0 (VMAP0) http://www.mapability.com/info/vmap0_index.html VMAP 795,239 3.7% 1997 38 Vector Map of the World level 1 (VMAP1) http://www.mapability.com/info/vmap1_index.html VMAP 481,075 2.2% 1997

ID Source name URL (accessed from 2009-2016) Category (1) GRIP-km GRIP-%km Year (2) 39 UN World Food Programme Vulnerability Analysis and

Mapping (WFP-VAM) http://vam.wfp.org/ UN 971,466 4.5% 2000

40 World Resources Institute Global Forest Watch (WRI-GFW)

http://www.globalforestwatch.org Research 515,598 2.4% 2007

41 Yemen Ministry of Public Health and Population (MPH) http://www.mophp-ye.org GOV 39,893 0.2% 2000 42 Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) http://www.nztopoonline.linz.govt.nz/ GOV 100,404 0.5% 2015 43 GISSAT Suriname http://www.gissat.com/ Research 1,921 0.0% 2001 44 Instituto Geográfico Nacional Peru (IGN) http://www.ignperu.gob.pe GOV 190,647 0.9% 2004 45 Institut Geographique du Burundi (IGEBU) http://www.igebu.gov.bi/ GOV 17,449 0.1% 2004 46 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency http://www.pbl.nl Research 2,528 0.0% 2007 48 Israel Ministry of the Environment (SVIVA) http://www.sviva.gov.il GOV 24,813 0.1% 2006 49 South-Eastern Europe Mine Action Coordination

Council (ITF) http://www.see-demining.org NGO 33,666 0.2% 2006

50 National Bureau of Statistics Bhutan http://www.nsb.gov.bt GOV 2,376 0.0% 2005 51 Local Government Engineering Department Bangladesh

(LGED) http://www.lged.gov.bd/ GOV 181,420 0.8% 2006

52 Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI)

http://www.inegi.org.mx/ GOV 741,948 3.4% 2010

54 OpenStreetmap (OSM) http://www.openstreetmap.org VGI 7,636,773 35.4% 2015 55 Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) http://www.igad.org Research 69,684 0.3% 2006 57 Google Foundation mapmaker export http://www.google.com NGO 23,874 0.1% 2009 58 Centre Nationale de Teledetection et de Surveillance du

Couvert Forestier (CENATEL) https://fr-fr.facebook.com/CENATEL GOV 19,122 0.1% 2006

59 Le Comité National de Télédétection et d'Informations Géographiques (CNTIG)

http://www.cntig.ci GOV 44,316 0.2% 2008

60 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) http://www.unep.org UN 19,435 0.1% 2008 61 Department Surveyor General (DSG) http://www.surveyorgeneral.gov.zw GOV 66,104 0.3% 2010 62 Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) http://www.themimu.info/ UN 73,456 0.3% 2010 63 Pacific Data Center (PDC) http://www.pdc.org NGO 16,048 0.1% 2008 64 United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti

(MINUSTAH) http://www.minustah.org/ UN 18,059 0.1% 2011

65 La Secretaría del Ambiente (SEAM) http://www.seam.gov.py GOV 27,161 0.1% 2011 66 US Census Bureau http://www.census.gov GOV 3,097,279 8.3% 2012

(1) Categories: UN: United Nations, GOV: Government, NGO: Non-Governmental Organization, Research: Research institutes, VGI: crowdsourced volunteered geographic information, VMAP: original VMAP source data. (2) Year describes the moment of publication or download.

Table S2: Source data used per country per road type. Codes corresponding to the Source ID numbers provided in Table S1.

Source ID per road type

Source ID per road type ISO3 1 2 3 4 5

ISO3 1 2 3 4 5

AFG

17, 46, 54

17, 54 17, 54 17, 54

LSO

7 7 7 7

ALB 49 49, 54 49, 54 49 49

LVA 54 37, 54 54 54 54 DZA 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54

LBR

38 38 38

ASM

37

LBY

33 33, 39 33, 39 33 AND

54 54

54

LIE 54 54 54 54 54

AGO 54 39, 54 39, 54 10, 39, 54

39, 54

LTU 54 54 54 54 54

ATG

54 54 54 54

LUX 54 54 54 54 54 AZE 54 37, 54 37, 54 54 54

MDG

39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54

ARG 54 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54

MWI

39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 54 AUS 27, 54 27, 54 27, 54 27, 54 27, 54

MYS 24 24 24 24 24

AUT 54 54 54 54 54

MLI 54 33, 54 33, 54 33, 39, 54

54

BHS

37 37

MLT 54 54 54 54 54 BHR

16

MTQ

54 54 54 54

BGD 51, 54 22, 51, 54

22, 51, 54

51, 54 51, 54

MRT

38, 39, 54

38, 39, 54

38, 39, 54

54

ARM

37, 54 37, 54 54 54

MUS 60 60 60 60 60 BRB 54 54 54 54 54

MEX 52 52 52 52 52

BEL 54 54 54 54 54

MCO 54 54 54 54 54 BMU

37

MNG

16 16

BTN

50

50 50

MDA 54 9, 54 9, 54 9, 54 54 BOL 54 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54

MNE

54 54 54 54

BIH 54 49, 54 49, 54 54 54

MSR

54 54 54 54 BWA

31 31 31, 39

MAR 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54

BRA 18 18 18 18 18, 54

MOZ

33, 39, 54

33, 54 33, 39, 54

54

BLZ

2 2 2

OMN 33, 37, 54

33, 37, 54

33, 37, 54

33, 54 54

SLB

37

NAM

39 39 39 39 VGB

54 54 37, 54 54

NPL

19, 54 19, 54 19, 54 54

BRN

46

NLD 54 54 54 54 54 BGR 54 54 54 54 54

ANT

37, 54 54 54 54

MMR 54 54, 62 54, 62 54, 62 54, 62

ABW

54 54 54 54 BDI

45 45 45 45

NCL

37 37

BLR 54 37, 54 37, 54 37, 54 54

VUT

37

KHM 39 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54

NZL 42 42 42 42 42 CMR 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 40,

54 39, 40, 54

NIC

16, 54 16, 54 16, 54 16, 54

CAN 26, 54 26, 54 26, 54 26, 54 26, 54

NER

39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 54 CPV

38 38 38, 39 39

NGA 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 22,

39, 54 22, 39, 54

CYM

54 54 54 54

NIU

37

CAF

39 39 39 39

NFK

37

LKA

39 39 39 39

NOR 54 54 54 54 54 TCD

39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54

MNP

37 37

CHL 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54

PLW

37

CHN 54 54 54 54 54

PAK 33, 54 33, 54 33, 54 33, 54 33, 54 TWN 29 29 29 29 29

PAN

2 2 2 2

CXR

37

PNG

34 34 34

COL 54 20, 54 20, 54 20, 54 20, 54

PRY

54, 65 54, 65 54, 65 54 COM

39

PER 54 44, 54 44, 54 44, 54 44, 54

MYT

39

PHL 21, 54 21, 54 21, 54 21, 54 21, 54



ISO3 1 2 3 4 5

ISO3 1 2 3 4 5 COG

40, 54 39,

40, 54 39, 40, 54

54

POL 54 54 54 54 54

COD

39, 40, 54

39, 40, 54

39, 40, 54

39, 40, 54

PRT 54 54 54 54 54

COK

37

GNB

38 38 38 38 CRI 2 2, 54 2, 54 54 54

TLS

63 63 63 63

HRV 54 54 54 54 54

PRI 54 54 54 54 54 CUB 54 54 54 54 54

QAT 28 28 28 28 28

CYP 54 54 54 54 54

REU

39 39 39

CZE 54 54 54 54 54

ROU 54 54 54 54 54 BEN

39, 54, 58

39, 54, 58

39, 54, 58

54

RUS 37, 54 37, 54 37, 54 37, 54 54

DNK 54 54 54 54 54

RWA

4 4, 39 4, 39 4 DMA

54 54 54 54

SHN

37 37

DOM 30 30 30, 37 54 54

KNA

54 54 54 54 ECU 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54

AIA

54 54 54 54

SLV 2 2 2 2 2

LCA

54 54 54 54 GNQ

39 39

VCT

54 54 54 54

ETH 54 33, 39, 54

33, 39, 54

33, 39, 54

54

SMR

54 54 54 54

ERI

39 39 39 39

STP

46

39, 46

EST 54 54 37, 54 54 54

SAU 54 16, 54 16, 37, 54

16, 54 16, 54

FRO

54 54 54 54

SEN 54 38, 39, 54

38, 54 38, 54 38, 39, 54

FLK

37

SRB 46, 54 46, 54 46, 54 46, 54 54 FJI

37 37

SYC

37 37

FIN 54 54 37, 54 54 54

SLE

38, 54 38, 54 38, 54 54 FRA 54 54 54 54 54

SGP 54 54 54 54 54

GUF

54 37, 54 54 54

SVK 54 54 54 54 54 PYF

37 37

VNM 1, 54 1, 54 1, 54 1, 54 1, 54

ATF

37

SVN 54 54 54 54 54 DJI

32 32, 39 32

SOM

32, 54 32, 54 32, 54 32, 54

GAB

39 39 39 39

ZAF 7, 54 7, 54 7, 54 7, 54 7, 54 GEO

37, 54 37, 54 54 54

ZWE

54, 61 54, 61 54, 61 54

GMB

38 38 38 38

ESP 54 39, 54 54 54 54 PSE 54 54 54 39, 54 54

SSD

39 39 39 39

DEU 54 54 54 54 54

SDN

39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 GHA 54 16, 54 16,

39, 54 16, 39, 54

16, 54

ESH

39 39 39 39

GIB

54 54 54 54

SUR

43 43

GRC 54 54 54 54 54

SWZ

7 7 7

GRD

54 54 54 54

SWE 54 54 54 54 54 GLP

54 54 54 54

CHE 54 54 54 54 54

GUM

37 37

SYR 33, 54 33, 37, 54

33, 37, 54

33, 37, 54

54

GTM 2, 54 2, 54 2, 54 2, 54 2, 54

TJK

37 37

GIN 54 38, 54 38, 54 38, 54 38, 54

THA 11, 54 11, 54 11, 54 11, 54 11, 54 GUY

37 37

TGO

39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 54

HTI

64 37, 64 64 64

TON

37 37

HND

2 2 2 54

TTO

37 37

HUN 54 54 54 54 54

ARE 54 54 54 54 54 ISL 54 54 54 54 54

TUN 33, 54 33,

39, 54 33, 54 33,

39, 54 33, 54

IND 22, 54 22, 54 22, 54 22, 54 54

TUR 54 54 54 54 54 IDN 54 54 54 40, 54 54

TKM 38 38 37, 38 38 38



ISO3 1 2 3 4 5

ISO3 1 2 3 4 5 IRN 37, 54 37, 54 37, 54 37, 54 54

TCA

37 37

IRQ 10, 54 10, 37, 54

10, 37, 54

10, 54 10, 54

UGA 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54

IRL 54 54

54 54

UKR 9, 54 9, 37, 54

9, 37, 54

9, 54 54

ISR 48 48 37, 48 48 48

MKD 54 54 54 54 54 ITA 54 54 54 54 54

EGY 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54 39, 54

XKX

46, 54 46, 54 46, 54 54

GBR 54 54 54 54 54 CIV

39, 59 38,

39, 59 38, 39, 59

59

IMN 54 54 54 54 54

JAM

30 30 30 30

TZA

10, 39, 54

10, 39, 54

10, 39, 54

10, 54

JPN 16, 54 16, 54 16, 54 16, 54 16, 54

USA 66 66 66 66 66 KAZ 54 54 37, 54 54 54

VIR

54 54 54 54

JOR 33, 54 10, 33, 37, 54

10, 33, 37, 48, 54

16, 33, 48, 54

54

BFA

16, 39, 54

16, 39, 54

16, 39, 54

54

KEN

39, 57 39, 55, 57

39, 55, 57

55, 57

URY 35 35

35 35

PRK 54 54 54 54 54

UZB 37 16, 37, 54

16, 37, 54

54 54

KOR 54 54 54 54 54

VEN 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54 5, 54 KWT 38 38 38 54 54

WLF

37

KGZ

16, 54 16, 54 16, 54 54

WSM

37

LAO

39 39 39 39

YEM

41, 54 37, 54 41, 54 41, 54 LBN 33, 54 33, 54 33, 54 33, 54 33, 54

ZMB

33, 54 33,

39, 54 33, 39, 54

54

Table S3 Road length data for 222 countries and possible explanatory variables (land surface area, OECD membership, population size and gross domestic product per capita. Data sources: 1=The World Bank (http://data.worldbank.org/); 2=CIA World Facts Book (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/); 3 = Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org); 4= French Statistical Agency (http://www.insee.fr/fr/); 5= United Nations Population Fund (http://www.unfpa.org/). OECD member info based on http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/

Country (ISO3)

Land surface area (km2)

OECD Member

Population size GDP per capita Road length (km) N year Source US$ year source Main Secondary Tertiary Local All

ABW 180 103889 2015 1 36015 2011 1 31 75 123 661 889 AFG 652860 32526562 2015 1 1934 2015 1 4189 2204 75762 1031 83187 AGO 1246700 25021974 2015 1 7371 2015 1 6691 10588 114680 3668 135628 AIA 91 16752 2016 2 12200 2008 2 42 11 45 111 208 ALB 27400 2889167 2015 1 11305 2015 1 5121 6249 21641 11 33022 AND 470 70473 2015 1 37200 2011 2 29 7 0 0 36 ANT 999 304759 2010 3 19000 2007 2 310 151 747 1341 2549 ARE 83600 9156963 2015 1 70238 2015 1 8889 3172 2043 5094 19198 ARG 2736690 43416755 2015 1 22600 2015 2 69188 55519 534876 43504 703086 ARM 28470 3017712 2015 1 8394 2015 1 1231 2874 1578 4205 9889 ASM 200 55538 2015 1 13000 2013 2 0 17 0 0 17 ATF 7668 NA NA 2 NA NA NA 0 15 0 0 15 ATG 440 91818 2015 1 22968 2015 1 134 53 343 595 1125 AUS 7682300 x 23781169 2015 1 45514 2015 1 69138 73376 426346 51533 620393 AUT 82531 x 8611088 2015 1 47824 2015 1 13413 12878 15470 48523 90284 AZE 82659 9651349 2015 1 17740 2015 1 2889 7265 346 4861 15361 BDI 25680 11178921 2015 1 736 2015 1 1714 7571 8121 44 17449 BEL 30280 x 11285721 2015 1 43992 2015 1 9048 7281 12661 36108 65098 BEN 112760 10879829 2015 1 2110 2015 1 2225 5104 13281 679 21289 BFA 273600 18105570 2015 1 1659 2015 1 2021 10087 15747 3191 31046 BGD 130170 160995642 2015 1 3333 2015 1 13272 21723 137497 10825 183317 BGR 108560 7177991 2015 1 17512 2015 1 4090 4533 24534 11068 44224 BHR 770 1377237 2015 1 46946 2015 1 502 0 0 0 502 BHS 10010 388019 2015 1 23795 2015 1 0 1215 70 0 1285 BIH 51200 3810416 2015 1 10510 2015 1 3239 1332 2529 669 7769 BLR 202910 9513000 2015 1 17661 2015 1 17720 29644 30928 2532 80823 BLZ 22810 359287 2015 1 8527 2015 1 680 5153 3984 0 9817 BMU 50 65235 2015 1 52444 2013 1 0 14 0 0 14 BOL 1083300 10724705 2015 1 6881 2015 1 7957 8091 82960 9586 108594 BRA 8358140 207847528 2015 1 15359 2015 1 86772 223662 283933 86900 681268 BRB 430 284215 2015 1 16391 2015 1 244 364 361 837 1805 BRN 5270 423188 2015 1 70817 2015 1 0 0 660 0 660

http://data.worldbank.org/

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

https://en.wikipedia.org/

http://www.insee.fr/fr/

http://www.unfpa.org/

http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/

Country (ISO3)


OECD Member


BTN 38117 774830 2015 1 8077 2015 1 1871 0 499 6 2376 BWA 566730 2262485 2015 1 15807 2015 1 4979 8314 49837 0 63130 CAF 622980 4900274 2015 1 597 2015 1 459 1861 22924 5 25249 CAN 9093510 x 35851774 2015 1 44310 2015 1 91173 73525 46121 32336 243154 CHE 39516 x 8286976 2015 1 60535 2015 1 7278 5303 10821 22644 46046 CHL 743532 x 17948141 2015 1 22316 2015 1 21078 41353 20274 10325 93030 CHN 9389291 1379113306 2015 1 14239 2015 1 683248 306176 373831 346742 1709997 CIV 318000 22701556 2015 1 3496 2015 1 7030 7531 29015 2231 45807 CMR 472710 23344179 2015 1 3123 2015 1 1574 3453 64095 2760 71882 COD 2267050 77266814 2015 1 783 2015 1 20209 29387 109962 2616 162175 COG 341500 4620330 2015 1 6368 2015 1 2733 11063 7089 3731 24616 COK 236 9556 2016 2 12300 2010 2 0 47 0 0 47 COL 1109500 48228704 2015 1 13801 2015 1 20884 43084 309725 13778 387471 COM 1861 788474 2015 1 1435 2014 1 0 0 384 0 384 CPV 4030 520502 2015 1 6690 2015 1 99 333 1959 1 2392 CRI 51060 4807850 2015 1 15377 2015 1 2608 11277 361 4678 18924 CUB 106449 11389562 2015 1 20649 2013 1 5373 6285 29485 15740 56883 CXR 135 2205 2016 2 NA NA NA 12 0 0 0 12 CYM 240 59967 2015 1 49902 2011 1 168 55 90 433 746 CYP 9240 1165300 2015 1 30734 2015 1 1488 2311 2266 5656 11721 CZE 77230 x 10551219 2015 1 32167 2015 1 7877 15232 35640 30517 89265 DEU 348540 x 81413145 2015 1 47268 2015 1 63517 97272 100513 301853 563155 DJI 23180 887861 2015 1 3282 2014 1 675 1673 4438 0 6785 DMA 750 72680 2015 1 11278 2015 1 224 60 237 341 861 DNK 42430 x 5676002 2015 1 46635 2015 1 5053 6113 6556 32534 50257 DOM 48320 10528391 2015 1 14212 2015 1 1148 3809 1152 4781 10891 DZA 2381740 39666519 2015 1 14687 2015 1 8675 6407 36187 4393 55663 ECU 248360 16144363 2015 1 11388 2015 1 5725 11034 55207 8324 80290 EGY 995450 91508084 2015 1 10891 2015 1 5872 5678 35611 5419 52580 ERI 101000 4789568 2011 1 1411 2011 1 477 30 6592 2 7102 ESH 266000 587020 2016 2 2500 2007 2 182 568 6041 3 6794 ESP 500210 x 46418269 2015 1 34527 2015 1 64628 37571 80094 91304 273596 EST 42390 x 1311998 2015 1 28095 2015 1 1859 3065 9745 3882 18551 ETH 1000000 99390750 2015 1 1626 2015 1 19920 22006 33409 3971 79307 FIN 303890 x 5482013 2015 1 40601 2015 1 14847 16030 33043 25466 89386 FJI 18270 892145 2015 1 9159 2015 1 407 727 0 0 1133 FLK 12173 2931 2016 2 55400 2002 2 0 485 0 0 485

Country (ISO3)


OECD Member


FRA 547557 x 66808385 2015 1 39678 2015 1 74956 114433 192191 141986 523567 FRO 1396 48199 2015 1 36600 2014 2 246 130 42 408 827 GAB 257670 1725292 2015 1 20010 2015 1 181 945 11150 10 12286 GBR 241930 x 65138232 2015 1 41325 2015 1 63673 30999 48605 125432 268709 GEO 69490 3679000 2015 1 9679 2015 1 1192 5412 198 1241 8044 GHA 227540 27409893 2015 1 4201 2015 1 2107 8051 12883 4983 28024 GIB 10 32217 2015 1 43000 2008 2 7 8 6 8 29 GIN 245720 12608590 2015 1 1207 2015 1 486 8379 90320 2139 101324 GLP 1628 403750 2014 3 19810 2012 4 438 523 2017 1325 4304 GMB 10120 1990924 2015 1 1636 2014 1 85 1400 3612 15 5113 GNB 28120 1844325 2015 1 1453 2015 1 71 3301 10257 7 13637 GNQ 28050 845060 2015 1 30041 2015 1 0 210 2399 0 2609 GRC 128900 x 10823732 2015 1 26680 2015 1 11533 12284 34815 27496 86128 GRD 340 106825 2015 1 12967 2015 1 173 55 175 113 516 GTM 107160 16342897 2015 1 7707 2015 1 2745 10431 20632 6605 40414 GUF 83534 250109 2013 3 15416 2012 4 475 1822 993 26 3317 GUM 540 169885 2015 1 30500 2013 2 123 78 0 0 201 GUY 196850 767085 2015 1 7506 2015 1 0 929 3394 0 4323 HND 111890 8075060 2015 1 5084 2015 1 2625 4696 5421 2458 15201 HRV 55960 4224404 2015 1 21880 2015 1 9844 11043 6506 7477 34870 HTI 27560 10711067 2015 1 1762 2015 1 1089 1347 13913 1820 18168 HUN 90530 x 9844686 2015 1 25582 2015 1 8732 11512 11819 24146 56210 IDN 1811570 257563815 2015 1 11035 2015 1 29346 23324 334164 43136 429970 IMN 570 87780 2015 1 83100 2007 2 336 120 21 133 609 IND 2973190 1311050527 2015 1 6089 2015 1 69748 413790 526130 43050 1052718 IRL 68890 x 4640703 2015 1 54654 2015 1 17540 0 15379 6701 39621 IRN 1628550 79109272 2015 1 17366 2014 1 23722 98687 5953 16815 145176 IRQ 434320 36423395 2015 1 14895 2015 1 12418 53285 71012 3650 140365 ISL 100250 x 330823 2015 1 46547 2015 1 4666 3291 5934 1483 15374 ISR 21640 x 8380400 2015 1 35432 2015 1 5850 5095 12063 1793 24801 ITA 294140 x 60802085 2015 1 35896 2015 1 47098 51038 84147 81021 263303 JAM 10830 2725941 2015 1 9063 2015 1 1972 5193 15495 533 23193 JOR 88780 7594547 2015 1 10880 2015 1 3021 2119 7722 6422 19284 JPN 364560 x 126958472 2015 1 37322 2015 1 94451 67454 100536 189999 452439 KAZ 2699700 17544126 2015 1 25877 2015 1 47393 41074 149963 64740 303170 KEN 569140 46050302 2015 1 3083 2015 1 5792 28241 57725 2581 94338 KGZ 191800 5957000 2015 1 3427 2015 1 6121 18927 1039 1763 27850

Country (ISO3)


OECD Member


KHM 176520 15577899 2015 1 3483 2015 1 2231 11481 38387 2401 54501 KNA 260 55572 2015 1 24369 2015 1 54 42 97 253 446 KOR 97466 x 50617045 2015 1 34549 2015 1 33590 24399 20517 40950 119456 KWT 17820 3892115 2015 1 71312 2015 1 1334 128 64 125 1650 LAO 230800 6802023 2015 1 5675 2015 1 6882 4089 17749 204 28924 LBN 10230 5850743 2015 1 13938 2015 1 2164 2368 4097 2770 11400 LBR 96320 4503438 2015 1 836 2015 1 445 4563 19498 1 24506 LBY 1759540 6278438 2015 1 14154 2015 1 7277 5615 80985 23627 117503 LCA 610 184999 2015 1 10991 2015 1 115 51 394 233 793 LIE 160 37531 2015 1 89400 2009 2 9 6 1 8 23 LKA 62710 20966000 2015 1 11739 2015 1 7704 15715 70536 2068 96024 LSO 30360 2135022 2015 1 2648 2014 1 267 635 2250 5 3157 LTU 62675 2910199 2015 1 27730 2015 1 7452 5107 7480 6105 26144 LUX 2590 x 569676 2015 1 101926 2015 1 1186 1916 381 1623 5106 LVA 62190 x 1978440 2015 1 24286 2015 1 7519 10213 4134 4942 26808 MAR 446300 34377511 2015 1 7821 2015 1 4727 2424 28105 4223 39480 MCO 2 37731 2015 1 78700 2013 2 14 6 7 15 41 MDA 32880 3554150 2015 1 5039 2015 1 1190 2898 4751 21 8860 MDG 581800 24235390 2015 1 1459 2015 1 2799 3779 63672 1091 71341 MEX 1943950 x 127017224 2015 1 17277 2015 1 105822 181088 185587 269452 741948 MKD 25220 2078453 2015 1 13908 2015 1 1332 1421 991 406 4150 MLI 1220190 17599694 2015 1 2428 2015 1 3432 3080 48397 4233 59142 MLT 320 431333 2015 1 29526 2013 1 228 223 173 1013 1636 MMR 653080 53897154 2015 1 5500 2015 2 16527 13462 45041 4371 79401 MNE 13450 622388 2015 1 15486 2015 1 842 519 809 640 2810 MNG 1553560 2959134 2015 1 12189 2015 1 9061 40812 0 0 49873 MNP 460 55070 2015 1 13300 2013 2 87 58 0 0 144 MOZ 786380 27977863 2015 1 1186 2015 1 6686 23425 27266 1316 58693 MRT 1030700 4067564 2015 1 3886 2014 1 1738 2185 45204 929 50055 MSR 102 5267 2016 2 8500 2006 2 20 2 33 70 125 MTQ 1128 385551 2013 3 21527 2012 4 323 442 1211 881 2857 MUS 2030 1262605 2015 1 19480 2015 1 277 790 15209 3158 19435 MWI 94280 17215232 2015 1 1183 2015 1 3352 7122 2625 139 13237 MYS 328550 30331007 2015 1 26891 2015 1 6022 16713 14020 482 37237 MYT 374 212645 2012 3 4900 2005 2 0 0 109 0 109 NAM 823290 2458830 2015 1 10414 2015 1 2904 2146 35073 8 40132 NCL 18280 273000 2015 1 38800 2012 2 340 1873 0 0 2213

Country (ISO3)


OECD Member


NER 1266700 19899120 2015 1 954 2015 1 2751 2099 38633 1155 44637 NFK 36 2210 2014 2 NA NA NA 0 10 0 0 10 NGA 910770 182201962 2015 1 5992 2015 1 7545 8119 68572 8233 92469 NIC 120340 6082032 2015 1 5190 2015 1 8060 14212 1255 1846 25374 NIU 260 1190 2014 2 12156 2006 5 0 91 0 0 91 NLD 33670 x 16936520 2015 1 48459 2015 1 11466 7425 18460 40442 77792 NOR 365245 x 5195921 2015 1 61472 2015 1 27175 19057 5377 14595 66204 NPL 143350 28513700 2015 1 2458 2015 1 1728 3644 30100 1319 36791 NZL 263310 x 4595700 2015 1 36982 2015 1 12522 6913 64498 16471 100404 OMN 309500 4490541 2015 1 38234 2015 1 3435 2588 15395 2128 23547 PAK 770880 188924874 2015 1 5042 2015 1 19186 25672 55535 5790 106182 PAN 74340 3929141 2015 1 22192 2015 1 3887 3718 2811 1 10418 PER 1280000 31376670 2015 1 12402 2015 1 31361 47296 115038 10031 203726 PHL 298170 100699395 2015 1 7359 2015 1 17077 15267 42811 21311 96466 PLW 460 21291 2015 1 15286 2015 1 0 18 0 0 18 PNG 452860 7619321 2015 1 2865 2014 1 5620 7168 25172 0 37961 POL 306210 x 37999494 2015 1 26135 2015 1 20432 29499 67151 107822 224903 PRI 8870 3474182 2015 1 35029 2013 1 2543 2539 3415 4437 12933 PRK 120410 25155317 2015 1 1800 2014 2 7338 7775 20167 6652 41931 PRT 91600 x 10348648 2015 1 29214 2015 1 15545 9186 18646 21804 65181 PRY 397300 6639123 2015 1 9184 2015 1 5144 13669 21767 2718 43298 PSE 6020 4422143 2015 1 5010 2015 1 1035 751 2412 8619 12816 PYF 3660 282764 2015 1 26100 2012 2 54 121 0 0 176 QAT 11610 2235355 2015 1 143788 2015 1 5570 2046 588 843 9047 REU 2511 844994 2013 3 19477 2012 4 190 146 129 0 465 ROU 230030 19832389 2015 1 21403 2015 1 17127 18403 9745 18058 63333 RUS 16376870 144096812 2015 1 24451 2015 1 52920 512386 33742 22765 621813 RWA 24670 11609666 2015 1 1759 2015 1 2299 4215 19609 591 26715 SAU 2149690 31540372 2015 1 53430 2015 1 16860 8020 45593 15715 86187 SDN 2376000 40234882 2015 1 4173 2015 1 4859 5142 81954 9390 101345 SEN 192530 15129273 2015 1 2431 2015 1 2051 5437 64354 3086 74928 SGP 707 5535002 2015 1 85209 2015 1 1561 417 193 1376 3547 SHN 308 5901 2016 2 7800 2010 2 22 35 0 0 57 SLB 27990 583591 2015 1 2186 2015 1 0 0 1309 0 1309 SLE 72180 6453184 2015 1 1591 2015 1 419 4891 27374 875 33560 SLV 20720 6126583 2015 1 8602 2015 1 8984 8424 11072 26 28505 SMR 60 31781 2015 1 63900 2015 2 13 11 58 36 118

Country (ISO3)


OECD Member


SOM 627340 10787104 2015 1 400 2014 2 4605 32248 125418 822 163093 SRB 87460 7098247 2015 1 13482 2015 1 5536 5246 3832 7244 21857 SSD NA 12339812 2015 1 1850 2015 1 1266 4974 26030 7 32278 SSD 644329 12530717 2016 2 1850 2015 1 1266 4974 26030 7 32278 STP 960 190344 2015 1 3188 2014 1 123 0 415 0 539 SUR 156000 542975 2015 1 16970 2015 1 1030 891 0 0 1921 SVK 48088 x 5424050 2015 1 28877 2015 1 4317 3723 10318 14778 33136 SVN 20140 x 2063768 2015 1 31122 2015 1 2223 2686 3689 3876 12474 SWE 407340 x 9798871 2015 1 46420 2015 1 20562 25438 45807 29866 121674 SWZ 17200 1286970 2015 1 8427 2015 1 648 1061 955 0 2664 SYC 455 92900 2015 1 27273 2015 1 0 32 38 0 70 SYR 183630 18502413 2015 1 5100 2011 2 6440 6834 16624 4535 34433 TCA 950 34339 2015 1 29100 2007 2 0 9 66 0 75 TCD 1259200 14037472 2015 1 2171 2015 1 304 1958 48767 1228 52257 TGO 54390 7304578 2015 1 1460 2015 1 855 970 2927 2671 7424 THA 510890 67959359 2015 1 16305 2015 1 45445 49924 129724 39546 264639 TJK 139960 8481855 2015 1 2780 2015 1 2639 13447 0 0 16086 TKM 469930 5373502 2015 1 16499 2015 1 4731 24952 174410 7 204100 TLS 14870 1245015 2015 1 2259 2015 1 1180 680 14066 122 16048 TON 720 106170 2015 1 5230 2014 1 10 125 0 0 134 TTO 5130 1360088 2015 1 32597 2015 1 65 571 0 0 636 TUN 155360 11107800 2015 1 11397 2015 1 4232 2606 9679 4248 20765 TUR 769630 x 78665830 2015 1 19618 2015 1 59013 40863 203987 144386 448249 TWN 32260 23464787 2016 2 46800 2015 2 11440 8899 39987 12544 72870 TZA 885800 53470420 2015 1 2667 2015 1 3852 4575 31734 1839 42000 UGA 200520 39032383 2015 1 1825 2015 1 2024 346 16224 929 19523 UKR 579320 45198200 2015 1 7916 2015 1 16342 33147 170020 9871 229380 URY 175020 3431555 2015 1 21201 2015 1 10314 0 59160 113 69587 USA 9147420 x 321418820 2015 1 55837 2015 1 366800 898873 42071 1789534 3097279 UZB 425400 31299500 2015 1 5996 2015 1 16127 44000 3557 761 64445 VCT 390 109462 2015 1 11028 2015 1 50 53 160 126 389 VEN 882050 31108083 2015 1 18309 2013 1 19663 13822 74656 10237 118378 VGB 150 30117 2015 1 42300 2010 2 72 39 119 67 298 VIR 350 103574 2015 1 36100 2013 2 211 129 71 1018 1429 VNM 310070 91703800 2015 1 6023 2015 1 13800 17635 152901 3263 187599 VUT 12190 264652 2015 1 3042 2014 1 0 445 0 0 445 WLF 142 15664 2016 2 3800 2004 2 0 25 0 0 25

Country (ISO3)


OECD Member


WSM 2830 193228 2015 1 5923 2015 1 0 342 0 0 342 XKX 10887 1883018 2016 2 9711 2015 1 366 449 296 0 1111 YEM 527970 26832215 2015 1 3792 2013 1 6647 503 34020 1306 42476 ZAF 1213090 54956920 2015 1 13165 2015 1 56262 103332 138895 33420 331908 ZMB 743390 16211767 2015 1 3853 2015 1 4648 3806 31113 1014 40581 ZWE 386850 15602751 2015 1 1794 2015 1 13482 18803 34883 3335 70503

Table S4 Summary statistics of the road length data and potentially explanatory variables across 219 countries. Data per country are provided in Table S3. Main roads include highways and primary roads.

Road length (km) Land surface area (km2)

Population density (n/km2)

GDP per capita (US$) Main roads Secondary roads Tertiary roads Local roads All roads

min 0 0 0 0 14 2 0.2 400 25% 316 467 405 13 2636 10530 34 5040 median 2751 4089 10821 1483 26144 90530 84 13482 mean 14723 22259 38984 22668 98633 595132 292 20346 75% 9016 13162 39310 7855 79354 440310 205 29157 max 683248 898874 534876 1789534 3097279 16376870 18866 143788

Table S5 Results of a three-fold cross-validation of stepwise multiple linear regression models relating the total road length in a country to country area (km2), population density (n∙km-2 in 2015), GDP per capita (international $, PPP, in 2015) and current OECD membership.

Road type Fold Explanatory variables R2

intercept area PD GDP OECD All roads 1 -1.10 0.89 0.53 NA 0.43 0.90 2 -1.05 0.89 0.49 NA 0.46 0.89 3 -1.77 0.90 0.52 0.16 0.32 0.90 Main roads 1 -5.69 1.06 0.88 0.55 NA 0.80 2 -5.16 1.00 0.78 0.51 0.38 0.68 3 -5.98 1.04 0.81 0.66 NA 0.80 Secondary roads 1 -1.87 0.87 0.50 NA 0.59 0.68 2 -2.72 0.88 0.33 0.32 NA 0.62 3 -3.56 0.95 0.55 0.34 NA 0.69 Tertiary roads 1 -3.41 1.13 0.86 NA NA 0.68 2 -3.66 1.18 0.81 NA 0.44 0.57 3 -3.16 1.10 0.81 NA NA 0.77 Local roads 1 -7.68 1.06 1.27 0.72 0.99 0.68 2 -7.35 1.06 1.14 0.69 1.00 0.58 3 -8.40 1.09 1.35 0.80 0.90 0.64

Table S6 Estimates of the total road length per country (in km) for 2050 for each of the five SSP scenarios, and the mean increase relative to the present-day situation, as obtained by applying the regression model for total road length (Table 1) to country-specific projections of GDP and population size as available for 165 countries. Countries are ordered based on mean increase in road length over the five scenarios.

ISO3 GRIP observed present SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5 Mean increase (km) Mean increase (%) USA 3,097,279 2,561,133 2,979,705 2,937,479 2,641,999 2,854,586 3,261,543 373,930 15 IND 1,052,718 1,141,971 1,498,542 1,545,691 1,575,792 1,417,296 1,529,132 371,320 33 AUS 620,393 602,894 817,716 808,657 672,966 787,242 914,272 197,277 33 CAN 243,154 793,585 981,380 962,459 814,586 934,699 1,097,787 164,597 21 CHN 1,709,997 2,035,552 2,205,168 2,219,340 2,225,700 2,091,968 2,251,795 163,242 8 COD 162,175 181,631 326,269 329,516 322,342 326,292 335,942 146,441 81 NGA 92,469 259,134 384,102 394,670 394,209 401,833 394,279 134,685 52 MEX 741,948 749,201 830,527 866,620 922,717 798,576 818,904 98,268 13 SDN 101,345 163,274 243,223 252,225 247,277 251,892 250,873 85,824 53 BRA 681,268 735,153 802,596 817,711 834,014 759,300 814,153 70,402 10 PAK 106,182 242,217 306,923 311,791 314,270 317,317 311,664 70,176 29

ISO3 GRIP observed present SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5 Mean increase (km) Mean increase (%) YEM 42,476 73,212 127,506 138,661 149,008 147,225 127,829 64,834 89 IDN 429,970 437,160 504,204 508,512 512,671 467,899 511,110 63,720 15 NER 44,637 73,565 121,466 129,712 133,662 136,535 125,269 55,764 76 FRA 523,567 366,406 434,255 426,095 366,406 411,450 466,561 54,547 15 ETH 79,307 165,879 216,499 217,566 215,757 221,961 223,306 53,139 32 TZA 42,000 122,226 167,231 170,105 172,894 176,269 170,413 49,157 40 GBR 268,709 265,397 321,492 315,712 272,666 302,716 347,069 46,533 18 TUR 448,249 415,506 455,255 468,815 482,138 438,729 463,167 46,115 11 IRQ 140,365 94,849 131,220 140,355 149,065 146,903 131,875 45,034 47 KEN 94,338 97,165 139,209 139,857 141,467 141,781 141,642 43,626 45 ESP 273,596 287,688 340,339 333,737 287,688 324,398 369,125 43,370 15 SAU 86,187 191,920 224,196 233,745 234,021 245,308 237,336 43,001 22 MLI 59,142 76,687 115,197 118,064 114,435 115,860 117,262 39,476 51 EGY 52,580 202,409 240,087 246,223 249,550 223,797 243,937 38,310 19 UGA 19,523 55,790 91,389 93,235 94,446 96,747 93,724 38,118 68 PHL 96,466 127,169 156,252 160,312 161,582 163,247 159,230 32,955 26 ZMB 40,581 64,415 90,972 93,560 96,212 97,116 92,402 29,637 46 MDG 71,341 63,784 89,591 92,532 94,224 97,411 92,918 29,551 46 MOZ 58,693 75,156 103,803 104,583 101,342 103,575 107,009 28,906 38 ITA 263,303 271,142 306,356 300,745 271,142 293,419 327,896 28,770 11 COL 387,471 155,958 182,508 187,226 191,102 172,899 185,496 27,888 18 TCD 52,257 68,034 94,291 94,756 92,996 94,327 96,139 26,468 39 VNM 187,599 119,856 145,313 146,672 149,154 137,508 147,099 25,293 21 SWE 121,674 123,033 152,660 149,844 124,354 143,974 167,820 24,697 20 VEN 118,378 117,873 139,612 144,408 148,842 133,943 142,384 23,965 20 IRN 145,176 240,805 264,808 269,615 270,460 249,627 269,211 23,939 10 ZAF 331,908 171,706 200,289 197,406 188,028 179,706 209,734 23,326 14 SYR 34,433 41,740 60,898 62,561 63,388 63,611 61,780 20,708 50 UZB 64,445 77,394 95,377 99,548 107,313 92,395 93,126 20,157 26 ARG 703,086 222,709 239,316 246,702 255,819 227,970 241,178 19,488 9 DZA 55,663 190,605 209,908 214,244 216,110 196,709 213,460 19,481 10 NOR 66,204 87,951 110,207 108,343 92,535 104,366 121,518 19,443 22 BFA 31,046 41,674 59,968 60,782 62,038 60,436 61,166 19,204 46 MWI 13,237 25,789 42,898 44,763 45,392 46,154 44,149 18,882 73

ISO3 GRIP observed present SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5 Mean increase (km) Mean increase (%) SOM 163,093 36,527 53,007 55,146 59,946 58,165 50,172 18,760 51 LBY 117,503 64,778 82,706 85,366 86,903 78,508 83,703 18,659 29 NPL 36,791 43,263 60,491 60,781 61,569 63,215 62,146 18,377 42 CMR 71,882 63,659 81,818 81,290 79,155 80,613 84,170 17,750 28 PNG 37,961 34,611 50,298 52,035 53,080 53,421 51,477 17,451 50 GHA 28,024 54,238 69,452 69,614 69,826 71,539 71,372 16,122 30 CHL 93,030 193,416 207,450 211,572 212,588 197,839 212,434 14,960 8 BOL 108,594 64,714 75,723 78,546 83,729 82,007 74,550 14,197 22 MYS 37,237 83,546 96,012 99,129 101,094 91,802 98,359 13,734 16 NZL 100,404 68,160 81,963 80,890 73,108 78,163 89,681 12,601 18 SEN 74,928 34,818 44,957 46,633 48,898 48,973 44,981 12,070 35 GTM 40,414 33,530 42,620 45,381 49,357 48,214 41,806 11,945 36 BGD 183,317 106,555 120,895 120,069 118,732 108,869 122,569 11,672 11 KAZ 303,170 140,769 149,852 154,905 159,216 144,456 153,210 11,559 8 CAF 25,249 25,450 37,529 36,432 34,224 35,318 38,993 11,049 43 GRC 86,128 77,483 91,429 89,479 77,483 86,582 97,102 10,932 14 ERI 7,102 13,933 24,551 25,055 23,806 24,643 25,716 10,821 78 ISR 24,801 35,383 46,050 45,819 43,970 42,796 51,132 10,571 30 COG 24,616 26,519 36,678 36,993 36,237 37,215 38,269 10,559 40 LBR 24,506 12,391 22,632 23,117 21,018 22,731 24,697 10,448 84 PER 203,726 130,004 138,903 143,273 153,281 132,633 133,916 10,397 8 UKR 229,380 109,332 119,186 120,874 119,208 114,396 124,533 10,307 9 MRT 50,055 35,651 44,604 46,104 45,619 46,852 46,212 10,227 29 THA 264,639 141,247 152,318 153,047 150,143 142,098 157,646 9,803 7 PRT 65,181 67,142 78,706 77,273 67,142 74,915 85,109 9,487 14 BEN 21,289 23,444 32,604 32,263 31,389 32,513 34,026 9,115 39 JOR 19,284 21,888 29,910 30,999 30,240 31,620 31,770 9,020 41 CIV 45,807 54,643 63,061 63,418 64,536 64,340 62,297 8,887 16 FIN 89,386 79,890 90,756 88,815 79,890 85,184 98,514 8,742 11 IRL 39,621 42,974 52,378 51,409 44,854 49,596 57,193 8,112 19 PRY 43,298 35,569 42,749 43,644 44,325 44,320 43,202 8,079 23 KHM 54,501 35,802 43,732 44,872 47,073 40,540 42,511 7,944 22 KGZ 27,850 22,384 29,606 31,038 33,876 28,621 28,472 7,939 35 ECU 80,290 48,417 55,560 57,057 58,861 52,208 55,754 7,471 15

ISO3 GRIP observed present SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5 Mean increase (km) Mean increase (%) TJK 16,086 23,192 29,116 30,790 35,455 31,807 25,835 7,409 32 NLD 77,792 62,941 71,602 70,230 63,396 67,669 76,725 6,984 11 HND 15,201 22,408 28,396 29,162 30,447 29,944 28,020 6,786 30 RUS 621,813 835,763 835,763 839,431 835,763 835,763 864,596 6,500 1 GIN 101,324 31,805 39,179 39,028 38,271 37,393 37,408 6,451 20 SRB 21,857 21,596 27,951 28,262 27,959 26,837 29,178 6,441 30 NAM 40,132 28,560 35,187 35,011 34,389 34,435 35,962 6,437 23 SLE 33,560 14,515 21,115 20,830 19,638 20,431 22,194 6,327 44 RWA 26,715 13,194 19,308 19,285 18,890 19,369 19,923 6,161 47 POL 224,903 207,102 214,608 209,433 207,102 207,102 227,615 6,070 3 TKM 204,100 36,645 41,785 43,642 46,061 40,403 41,639 6,061 17 DEU 563,155 348,956 348,956 348,956 348,956 348,956 375,604 5,329 2 LAO 28,924 27,473 31,452 31,872 32,615 32,390 31,503 4,493 16 CZE 89,265 64,296 69,249 67,740 64,296 65,514 75,733 4,210 7 AZE 15,361 25,677 29,459 30,415 30,852 28,337 30,228 4,181 16 TUN 20,765 33,280 37,275 37,861 38,107 35,478 38,001 4,064 12 BWA 63,130 24,989 29,504 30,027 27,650 26,254 30,862 3,871 15 ISL 15,374 12,330 16,443 16,056 14,285 15,240 17,962 3,667 30 BDI 17,449 11,751 15,785 15,216 13,843 15,026 17,184 3,660 31 AUT 90,284 62,446 66,596 65,118 62,446 63,397 72,426 3,551 6 HTI 18,168 13,208 16,996 16,765 16,985 16,507 16,463 3,535 27 MNG 49,873 40,975 44,549 45,070 45,642 41,549 45,472 3,481 8 DOM 10,891 21,234 24,207 25,174 26,566 23,068 23,968 3,362 16 DNK 50,257 38,794 42,623 41,737 38,794 39,889 46,641 3,143 8 BEL 65,098 21,253 25,145 24,594 21,253 23,714 27,144 3,117 15 CRI 18,924 14,580 17,543 17,930 17,603 16,601 18,333 3,022 21 CHE 46,046 47,510 50,700 49,901 47,510 48,734 55,372 2,934 6 MAR 39,480 85,643 89,028 89,565 91,239 85,643 87,074 2,867 3 JPN 452,439 433,922 433,922 433,922 433,922 433,922 446,659 2,547 1 TGO 7,424 13,730 16,543 16,002 15,305 15,690 17,147 2,407 18 TLS 16,048 3,513 5,330 5,752 6,781 5,976 4,696 2,194 62 PAN 10,418 15,902 17,724 18,319 18,709 16,963 18,126 2,066 13 GAB 12,286 16,514 18,511 18,565 18,219 18,188 18,851 1,953 12 BTN 2,376 4,645 6,464 6,701 6,534 6,110 6,809 1,878 40

ISO3 GRIP observed present SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5 Mean increase (km) Mean increase (%) GMB 5,113 3,710 5,476 5,548 5,520 5,569 5,510 1,815 49 GNQ 2,609 5,110 6,609 6,859 6,805 6,975 6,973 1,734 34 SLB 1,309 3,010 4,548 4,674 4,875 4,818 4,651 1,703 57 NIC 25,374 19,941 21,453 21,909 23,543 19,941 20,142 1,456 7 SVK 33,136 37,392 39,108 38,221 37,392 37,392 42,043 1,439 4 HUN 56,210 64,028 65,090 64,028 64,028 64,028 70,014 1,410 2 LUX 5,106 4,423 5,925 5,836 4,954 5,644 6,651 1,379 31 GNB 13,637 5,205 6,647 6,566 6,316 6,420 6,790 1,343 26 SUR 1,921 7,308 8,407 8,712 9,148 8,120 8,431 1,255 17 KWT 1,650 10,602 11,635 12,071 11,467 11,324 12,706 1,239 12 MKD 4,150 7,094 8,191 8,288 8,072 7,856 8,627 1,113 16 GEO 8,044 13,463 14,498 14,619 16,004 13,841 13,879 1,105 8 BHR 502 1,746 2,672 2,766 2,552 2,601 2,968 966 55 VUT 445 1,511 2,372 2,475 2,541 2,538 2,418 958 63 DJI 6,785 3,668 4,673 4,585 4,414 4,509 4,818 932 25 CYP 11,721 3,949 4,839 4,937 4,660 4,683 5,172 910 23 LSO 3,157 6,247 7,422 7,154 6,694 6,766 7,553 871 14 SVN 12,474 16,342 17,284 16,899 16,342 16,350 18,953 824 5 JAM 23,193 5,583 6,240 6,531 7,303 6,031 5,800 798 14 BIH 7,769 12,318 13,090 13,124 13,078 12,492 13,406 720 6 ARM 9,889 8,457 9,049 9,258 9,955 8,718 8,730 685 8 SLV 28,505 10,846 11,205 11,489 12,919 10,846 10,846 615 6 BLZ 9,817 2,574 3,038 3,162 3,423 3,256 2,906 583 23 SWZ 2,664 4,475 5,184 5,047 4,723 4,733 5,272 517 12 BHS 1,285 2,225 2,660 2,752 2,639 2,583 2,790 460 21 COM 384 1,174 1,578 1,638 1,656 1,659 1,579 448 38 KOR 119,456 70,501 70,501 70,501 70,501 70,501 72,725 445 1 URY 69,587 20,491 20,491 20,883 22,035 20,491 20,491 387 2 EST 18,551 16,976 17,201 16,976 16,976 16,976 18,439 337 2 HRV 34,870 14,774 15,014 15,160 14,969 14,774 15,594 328 2 FJI 1,133 3,827 4,053 4,336 4,556 3,835 3,827 295 8 GUY 4,323 8,616 8,616 8,779 9,696 8,616 8,616 249 3 SGP 3,547 3,758 4,008 4,043 3,769 3,879 4,238 230 6 LKA 96,024 32,768 32,854 33,165 33,091 32,768 32,985 204 1

ISO3 GRIP observed present SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5 Mean increase (km) Mean increase (%) MDA 8,860 9,117 9,117 9,117 9,860 9,117 9,117 149 2 WSM 342 796 837 877 1,077 907 796 103 13 CPV 2,392 1,552 1,650 1,681 1,833 1,552 1,552 102 7 OMN 23,547 31,654 31,654 32,079 31,654 31,654 31,654 85 0 MUS 19,435 2,166 2,250 2,253 2,263 2,166 2,314 83 4 BLR 80,823 35,995 35,995 35,995 36,173 35,995 36,228 82 0 ROU 63,333 56,718 56,718 56,718 57,064 56,718 56,718 69 0 BGR 44,224 24,412 24,412 24,412 24,412 24,412 24,746 67 0 MLT 1,636 641 705 716 674 681 732 61 9 BRN 660 2,091 2,091 2,211 2,133 2,091 2,152 45 2 TTO 636 3,437 3,437 3,437 3,659 3,437 3,437 44 1 LVA 26,808 23,908 23,908 23,908 23,908 23,908 24,124 43 0 LBN 11,400 8,584 8,584 8,609 8,772 8,584 8,584 43 0 PRI 12,933 6,974 6,974 6,974 7,144 6,974 6,974 34 0 LTU 26,144 13,108 13,108 13,108 13,274 13,108 13,108 33 0 BRB 1,805 1,220 1,240 1,249 1,225 1,220 1,268 20 2 ZWE 70,503 44,520 44,520 44,520 44,520 44,520 44,520 0 0 CUB 56,883 31,454 31,454 31,454 31,454 31,454 31,454 0 0

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