global terrorism mun/mun 2019 guidelines.pdf · however, despite the awareness of the threat posed...
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GLOBAL TERRORISM
THE THREAT TO WORLD PEACE
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Preface
The Mock United Nation (MUN) recommends that children's life at school
must get exposure to International procedures being conducted in UN. We
have chosen Global Terrorism as an issue as it affects International Peace
and Prosperity.
We would take up issues related to different countries and try to seek
solutions to their problems. A gist of the issues related to few countries
figures in the book. It is for the readers to do more research work and build
up the content.
Hope this would initiate the process of thinking, debating and researching.
JB Academy
Ayodhya
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Table of Contents Letter from Secretary General.......................................................................................................................5
Letter from Deputy Secretary General....................................................................... ................................ ...6
Letter from Press corps....... .......... ................................................................................................................7
Letter from Hospitality team .... .....................................................................................................................8
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 9
WHAT IS TERRORISM? ........................................................................................................................ 9
How to define terrorism? ........................................................................................................................ 10
Terrorism and International Law ............................................................................................................ 10
The role of the United Nations in fighting terrorism .............................................................................. 12
The current situation ............................................................................................................................... 13
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA) ............................................................................................. 15
INDIA ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
Major terror attacks in india are; ......................................................................................................... 16
Pakistan ................................................................................................................................................... 17
Alleged Involvement in 9/11............................................................................................................... 17
INVOLVEMENT IN INDIA .............................................................................................................. 18
SHELTER TO TERRORIST AND THEIR GROUPS ....................................................................... 18
AFGHANISTAN .................................................................................................................................... 18
ATTACKS: ......................................................................................................................................... 18
RUSSIA .................................................................................................................................................. 19
2004..................................................................................................................................................... 19
2006..................................................................................................................................................... 19
2010..................................................................................................................................................... 19
2011..................................................................................................................................................... 19
SRI LANKA ........................................................................................................................................... 20
Libya ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
ISRAEL .................................................................................................................................................. 21
IRAN ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
IRAQ ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
SYRIA .................................................................................................................................................... 23
LEBANON ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Recent terrorist attack in Lebanon .......................................................................................................... 24
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2016..................................................................................................................................................... 24
2018..................................................................................................................................................... 24
YEMEN .................................................................................................................................................. 24
ATTACKS: ......................................................................................................................................... 24
Jibla hospital ....................................................................................................................................... 25
GERMANY ............................................................................................................................................ 25
FRANCE ................................................................................................................................................. 25
TERROR ATTACKS IN FRANCE ................................................................................................... 25
FRANCE COMBATING TERRORISM ............................................................................................ 26
UNITED KINGDOM ............................................................................................................................. 27
NEW ZEALAND .................................................................................................................................... 27
CHINA .................................................................................................................................................... 28
NIGERIA ................................................................................................................................................ 28
Model United Nations Rules of Procedures (UNA-USA) ...................................................................... 29
Preparing for an MUN ........................................................................................................................ 30
Research Work for an MUN ............................................................................................................... 31
Handling Points of Information: ......................................................................................................... 33
Model United Nation Quirks: ............................................................................................................. 34
Writing a Resolution ........................................................................................................................... 34
MODEL UN GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................... 38
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JBMUN
THE REFLECTION OF REBUTTING
OCT 24 TH
- OCT 25TH
Dear Delegates,
Welcome to JBMUN 2019: THE REFLECTION OF
REBUTTING. We cordially invite you to this Model United
Nations (MUN) and assure you a great learning experience.
MUN will provide the opportunity to our children to learn the
formal proceeding that take place in actual United Nations. We
have chosen General Assembly for the same. The Committee
which we would be dealing with is UNODC (United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime). The topic for discussion is selected
beforehand so that they are able to actively participate and
follow the proceedings for the discussion which is the objective
behind conducting the MUN .The topic is ‘Global Terrorism:
A Threat to Humanity’. Children would explore, collect
information on the countries assigned and take a stand for their
own countries. I am especially happy to help these delegates in
every possible way.. I wish the best of luck to the delegates. For
any query please contact us.
I look forward to meeting you all on 24th
and
25th OCTOBER 2019.
Warm Regards
Ms. Asha Tiwari
Secretary General
JBMUN 2019
{SECRETARY GENERAL}
Ms. ASHA TIWARI
{DIRECTOR GENERAL)
Mr. DEVESH MANUCHA
{ DEPUTY-SECRETARY
GENERAL}
HARSHIT CHAUDHARY
Chairs
YASHASVINI OJHA
HARSHIT CHAUDHARY
Press Corps
CHAITANYA SINGH
RAHUL DAS
SUHANI TALREJA
NEETIKA KHANDELWAL
Logistics/Hospitality Group
OJASVA GUPTA
MRINAL DWIVEDI
Media Group
Mr SYED AARIZ MEHDI
Mr. AMIT UPADHYAY
DHAVAL J. PRASAD
AKSH VATS PANDEY
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LETTER FROM THE DEPUTY SECRETARY-GENERAL
Dear Delegates,
Warm regards to you all. Seeing such kind of participation will be a timely
reminder that our institute exists to serve succeeding generations.
I am heartened to see such a large and enthusiastic group of young adults engaged
voicing their sincere concerns over Global Issues. Together, you represent the
MODEL UNITED NATIONS as it should be..People from all countries would be
coming together to find solutions to problems through constructive debates and an
exchange of ideas.
Our MODEL UNITED NATIONS operates on the idea of open minds and fresh
opinions. Many of you have been asked to represent national agendas or stands that
you may personally disagree with. You will do so fairly and forcefully. This open-
mindedness is the essence of successful diplomacy- the ability to understand and
analyze all positions, including those that you oppose.
Your acceptance of differing view points clearly distinguishes your conference. I
believe it will prove crucial as you assume leadership roles in the twenty-first
century.
Let me commend you on the most rapid ascent possible in the diplomatic services:
You entered J B ACADEMY as junior delegates and you will leave as
AMBASSADORS!
Dear young leaders, I thank all of you for your commitment and dedication. Wish
you all the most stimulating conference.
Regards,
Harshit Chaudhary
Deputy Secretary General
JBMUN 2019
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Greetings delegates,
We are enthralled to welcome you to JBMUN 2019.
The press is an essential element of democracy and reveals a diversity of
perspectives. Worldwide, the press serves as the primary link between the United
Nations and the Global Population. MUN‘s Press Corps is responsible for
maintaining this link between the delegates and actions of their committees.
Press Corps communicates with these committees but does not participate in the
process of debating itself. Thus, it is that member of this committee which
conducts research about the penitent topics that will be discussed in our sessions.
The journalists capture them and present it to head/chief of the council allotted.
Delegates and Press Corps achieve a view of the economy, social, and political
state of a country being represented and would sketch it out at the last day.
We, the journalists would go from committee to committee and court session to
court session in order to write the Conference newsletter, The JBMUN. And also
assist the Video Press in producing news broadcasts.
The journalists of Press Corps take great pride in what they produce.
Finally, given the vital role of the press in the work of the MUN, the freedom of
the press is a necessary civil liberty. Without widespread respect and awareness of
this freedom, the work of the press becomes far more difficult.
We assure you to provide all the possible help from our side and hope you will be
fully equipped and prepared for the MUN in future.
Warm regards,
Chaitanya Singh
PRESS CORPS
JBMUN 2019
From The Desk Of Press Corps
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From the Hospitality Team Of JBMUN
The hospitality team of JBMUN is all set to ensure safety and comfort of each and
every delegate who has endeavored to participate in the discussion right from
discussion to dispersal. It includes providing adequate infrastructure, comfort and
tries to be a good host at the service of all the delegates. Top priority is to ensure a
comfortable stay of all the delegates as well as providing them sumptuous
refreshments from time to time.
May all the delegates make full use of all the sessions of JB MUN and learn as
much as they can.
We assure to address all the queries of all the delegates besides being a good host.
We would love to incorporate your suggestions for programs in future.
Warm Regards,
Ojasva Gupta
HOSPITALITY TEAM
JBMUN 2019
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Introduction
WHAT IS TERRORISM?
Terrorism continues to pose a major threat to international peace and security and
undermines the core values of the United Nations. In addition to the devastating human cost
of terrorism, in terms of lives lost or permanently altered, terrorist acts aim to destabilize
governments and undermine economic and social development.
Terrorism is now universally recognized as a threat to international peace and
security, and its evolution in the past 20 years has contributed to raise concern about its
capability to gain access to weapons and to control territories. In 2014, speaking at the UN
General Assembly, the Secretary General Ban Ki-moon stated that ―the world is witnessing a
dramatic evolution in the nature of the terrorist threat‖, referring to extremist groups and
widespread attacks on civilians all over the world and to the UN itself in Iraq, Nigeria, etc.
Of particular concern is the link between organized crime and terrorism,
since the latter profits from antiquities trafficking, weapons, drug smuggling but also from
kidnapping – criminal activities having a disastrous impact on local societies and economics.
Addressing this threat is that much more difficult given the complex and constantly evolving
nature of terrorist activity. Its motivations, financing, methods of attack and choice of target
are constantly changing.
―The purpose of terrorism is to terrorize. And terror is, above all, a response on the
part of people. This definitional truth, however, is only partial. The effects of terrorist
activities, like the individual and collective motives for such activities, can be
multiple: political, economic, military and symbolic.‖
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How to define terrorism?
However, despite the awareness of the threat posed by terrorism, the international
community still fails to agree on a definition of ―terrorism‖ and it has serious implications
when it comes to address this problem at global level. According to the international law,
talking about the fight against terror there are at least two vital principles to be considered:
The protection of a society and its members from terrorist attacks, including the
prevention of terrorism and decreasing terrorist behavior
Respecting and providing human rights and rules of law.
In light of these principles, a legal definition of terrorism is more than important.
Which conducts and activities should be considered as terrorism? What a terrorist act is?
Terrorism has often been defined as the illegal use of force against innocent people for the
achievement of political ends (W. Laqueur), or as a form of criminal violence aiming to
change citizens‘ behavior by means of fear and to cause political disorders. The problem
seems to be ―how to formulate the term without criminalizing all armed resistance to
oppressive regimes, how to distinguish legitimate armed struggle from terrorism and how
much emphasis to place on identifying root causes of grievances that lead individuals and
groups to adopt terrorist methods‖.
In 2004, the Security Council, in its resolution 1566 (2004), identified elements of a
definition, referring to ―criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent
to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a
state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a
population or compel a government or an international organization to do or abstain from
doing any act‖.
Terrorism and International Law
Currently, Member States are negotiating a draft comprehensive convention on
international terrorism. The convention would complement the existing framework of
universal instruments against terrorism and would build on key guiding principles already
present in that regime. Those principles include the following: the importance of the
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criminalization of terrorist offences, making them punishable by law and calling for the
prosecution or extradition of the perpetrators; a strong call for Member States to take action
to prevent terrorist acts; and an emphasis on the need for Member States to cooperate,
exchange information and provide each other with the greatest measure of assistance in the
prevention, investigation and prosecution of terrorist acts.
Despite being regarded by the Security Council as a threat to international peace and
security, for the most part acts of international terrorism do not fall into the category of ―core
international‖ crimes such as genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. There are
therefore no international criminal courts or tribunals with jurisdiction over these crimes.
Terrorist crimes (as defined in the universal instruments against terrorism) fall in the
category of national criminal law of international concern. The duty to bring perpetrators of
terrorism to justice therefore rests solely with national criminal justice systems. Without
adequate domestic capacity to discharge that duty, international counterterrorism efforts will
almost certainly fail.
Terror can be countered when people assume the proper mindset and then take basic
security measures and practice relaxed awareness. ―These elements work together to dispel
paranoia and to prevent the fear of terrorism from robbing people of the joy of life‖. Before
any measures can be taken, one must first recognize that threats exist. Ignorance or denial of
a threat and paying no attention to one's surroundings make a person's chances of quickly
recognizing a threat and then reacting in time to avoid it quite remote. Apathy, denial and
complacency, therefore, can be, and often are, deadly. A second important element is
recognizing the need to take responsibility for one's own security. The resources of any
government are finite and the authorities simply cannot be everywhere and stop every
terrorist act. ―Terrorist attacks do not magically materialize. They are part of a deliberate
process consisting of several distinct steps. And there are many points in that process where
the plotters are vulnerable to detection‖.
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The role of the United Nations in fighting terrorism
In 1996, the General Assembly drafted the Comprehensive International Convention
on Terrorism, but once again differences in the definition of the term terrorism have
hampered the ratification process. In 2004, the High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and
Change, called by the Secretary General, proposed a definition and called the General
Assembly to conclude the Convention. Despite progresses, in particular with reference to the
2005 World Summit, where terrorism was condemned in all its forms and manifestations,
committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes as it constitutes one of the
most serious threats to international peace and security, the Convention was not concluded.
Nevertheless, in 2006, the General Assembly adopted the UN Global
Counterterrorism Strategy (A/RES/60/288), trying to provide a global framework for
addressing the issue of terrorism.
Eighteen universal instruments (fourteen instruments and four amendments) against
international terrorism have been elaborated within the framework of the United Nations
system relating to specific terrorist activities. Member States, through the General Assembly,
have been increasingly coordinating their counter-terrorism efforts and continuing their legal
norm-setting work. The Security Council has also been active in countering terrorism
through resolutions and by establishing several subsidiary bodies. At the same time a number
of programs, offices and agencies of the United Nations system have been engaged in
specific activities against terrorism, further assisting the Member States in their counter-
terrorism efforts.
To consolidate and enhance these activities, Member States in September 2006
embarked upon a new phase in their counter-terrorism efforts by agreeing on a global
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strategy to counter terrorism. The Strategy marks the first time that all Member States of the
United Nations have agreed to a common strategic and operational framework to fight
terrorism. The Strategy forms a basis for a concrete plan of action: to address the conditions
conducive to the spread of terrorism; to prevent and combat terrorism; to take measures to
build state capacity to fight terrorism; to strengthen the role of the United Nations in
combating terrorism; and to ensure the respect of human rights while countering terrorism.
The Strategy builds on the unique consensus achieved by world leaders at their 2005
September Summit to condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
The current situation
At present, over 100 countries are cooperating in the global war on terrorism, and are
trying to close down sources of terrorist funding. To replace this revenue and the financial
support from states that are now unable or unwilling to back them, terrorist groups look
elsewhere for financing. This crackdown on terrorist financing has led some terrorists to
transform their organizations by creating ―in-house‖ criminal capabilities in order to generate
revenue; these units then engage organized crime groups to meet financial and operational
needs.
In addition to global political pressures and realities, there are numerous other reasons
and opportunities that lead terrorist groups to embrace organized criminal activity as a source
of revenue, or to seek alliances with organized crime groups. The expanding forces of
globalization are enabling transformation and convergence through rapid communication,
travel, surveillance, and information access. The growth of weak or failing states exacerbates
this tendency. The absence of the rule of law in places such as Somalia and Afghanistan
provides ideal conditions for the blending of criminal and terrorist activities. Economic
hardship in many of these nations leads to corruption and trafficking of illicit goods, and
there is little incentive to fight organized crime. Terrorist groups who otherwise might rely
on charitable contributions or even ―legitimate‖ businesses have little or no access to either
in a failed state, leaving trafficking and other forms of crime as the obvious and easier
alternatives. An organic criminal capability becomes paramount and the sole method by
which to sustain the organization.
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The nexus between terrorism and organized crime is further enabled through the
widespread availability of small and light arms that can be both trafficked for money or used
in operations.
After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, Warsaw Pact nations found themselves flush with
weapons, a great many of which found their way to the illegal arms market. Conflicts in the
former Yugoslavia, West Africa, East Timor, and Central, South, and Southwest Asia have
only invigorated this arms trade. Porous international borders and corrupt or ill-trained law
enforcement in a multitude of countries have also played a role in enabling the arms trade, to
the benefit of terrorist and organized crime groups.
Maritime piracy represents an area where the mixing of militant Islamic terrorism and
crime can converge with potentially severe consequences for global military and economic
security. Given heavy concentrations of al Qaeda cells and radical Islamic sympathizers,
shipping lanes and preexisting criminality, it comes as no surprise that Indonesia,
Bangladesh, Malaysia, India and Nigeria experience most of the world‘s maritime piracy
attacks. Particularly alarming is the fact that criminals and terrorists not only steal lucrative
cargoes, but also have the resources to commandeer lethal cargoes such as chemicals, gas or
arms.
The narcotics industry remains the most common and lucrative source of revenue to
terrorists groups, leading many to legitimize this criminal activity by emphasizing the
financial needs of the organization and 14 the role of narcotics in undermining Western
society. As an example, the dramatic spike in opium cultivation in Afghanistan over the past
few years provides yet more evidence of the terrorism narcotics nexus. The United Nations‘
International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and International Narcotics Control Board
(INCB) said that after zero opium production in the last year of Taliban rule in 2001,
Afghanistan met about 76 per cent of the global demand of heroin and opium by harvesting
poppy on 225,000 acres that yielded a record produce of 3,500 metric tons of opium. In
2003, the harvest is expected to yield 5,000 tons of opium.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA)
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.
or US) or America, is a country comprising 50 states, a federal district, five major self-
governing territories, and various possessions. A multicultural country, the United States is
the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a federal republic and a representative
democracy. The United States is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank,
International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), and other
international organizations.
The United States is a highly developed country, with the world's largest economy by
nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP, accounting for approximately a quarter
of global GDP. The U.S. economy is largely post-industrial, characterized by the dominance
of services and knowledge-based activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the
second-largest in the world.[30] The United States is the world's largest importer and the
second largest exporter of goods, by value
In the United States a common definition of terrorism is the systematic or threatened use of
violence to create a general climate of fear to intimidate a population or government and
thereby effect political, religious, or ideological change
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The United States freed militant Cuban exiles Luis Posada Carriles and Orlando Bosch, who
had been accused of terrorist offenses against Cuba. The U.S., since 1979, funded and armed
Afghan jihadists under the Operation Cyclone as part of the Reagan Doctrine, which
arguably contributed to the creation of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. However, scholars such as
Jason Burke, Steve Coll, Peter Bergen, Christopher Andrew, and Vasily Mitrokhin have
argued that Bin Laden was "outside of CIA eyesight" and that there is "no support" in any
"reliable source" for "the claim that the CIA funded bin Laden or any of the other Arab
volunteers who came to support the mujahideen." However, Le Figaro said that Osama bin
Laden flew to Dubai for 10 days for treatment at an American hospital two months before
September 11, and was visited there by a local CIA agent, which were denied by the hospital
and the CIA.
The US has been accused of arming and training a political and fighting force of some Kurds
in Syria, the People's Protection Units (YPG), which is a sister organization of Turkey's
Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). The PKK is listed in the US Department of State's Foreign
Terrorist Organizations list,] and described as "a US-designated terrorist organization" in the
CIA's World Factbook, but the YPG is not. Further, only Turkey considers YPG to be
terrorist; the US, EU and UN do not.
INDIA
The REPUBLIC OF INDIA is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest
country by area, second most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the
world
Terrorism in India has been agreat issue ever since the independence of this country.
Terrorism found in India includes ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious terrorism, left wing
terrorism and narco terrorism.The regions with long term terrorist activities have been
Jammu and Kashmir, east-central and south-central India (Naxalism) and the Seven Sister
States.Indian Government released data on a string of terror strikes in India since 2005 that
claimed 707 lives and left over 3,200 injured.
Major terror attacks in india are;
26/11 Terror Attack
The worst terror attack ever suffered by India was on the fateful days of November 2008
when for four days, 10 terrorists held the commercial capital of India, Mumbai to ransom.
The carnage started on the 26th when they entered the country through sea and started a
killing spree unlike anything seen before.. At least 174 people died, including 9 attackers,
and more than 300 were wounded
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Akshardham Temple Attack
On 24th September 2002, Akshardham Temple in Ahmedabad came under attack by Jaish-e-
Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba. The authorities found a letter later on that stated this attack
was a sort of retribution for the Gujarat riots of 2002. Around 80 people were injured and 31
people lost their lives in the incident.
Jaipur Blasts
On 13th May 2008, Jaipur was hit by a sequence of nine blasts that took place in 15 minutes.
The blasts were coordinated in such a manner that whenever people ran to a safe place there
was an explosion over there – the terrorists had proper idea as to where people would seek
refuge in case of an explosion; 63 people died in the blasts and 210 were injured.
Indian Parliament Attack
However, it came under attack on 13th December 2001 by five terrorists belonging to Jaish-
e-Mohammad and Lashkar-e-Taiba. At that time, there were at least 100 political figures in
the parliament including Harin Pathak, the-then Minister of State for Defence, and LK
Advani. Three parliament staff members and six police officers died in the incident.
Pakistan
Pakistan has been accused by neighboring countries India, Afghanistan and Iran and other
nations, including the United States and the United Kingdom, of involvement in terrorist
activities in the region and beyond. Pakistan's tribal region along its border with Afghanistan
has been described as a safe haven for terrorists by western media and the United States
Defense Secretary.
Alleged Involvement in 9/11
Evidences are found that a Pakistani ISI agent Rajaa Gullum Abbas was involved in
september 2011 attack
On July 2, 2001, various Indian news sources reported at the time that Osama Bin Laden
was from time to time, undergoing dialysis in a Peshawar military hospital with the
knowledge and approval of the ISI and possibly that of Pervez Musharraf. CBS news will
also later on report that the day before 9/11, Bin Laden received emergency medical care
in Pakistan
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INVOLVEMENT IN INDIA
Several times India has been the target of Pakistani terrorist. Evidences have been found
about The Pakistan‘s involvement in the following attacks:
Pulwama attack
Uri attack
Kargil war
Attacks on Kashmir
Bomb Blasts
Mumbai attack
And many more….
SHELTER TO TERRORIST AND THEIR GROUPS
The most wanted terrorists Osama Bin Laden,Daud, Hafiz Sayyed, Masood Azhar, Taleban,
Lashkar-i-tiaban, Hisbul Mujahedeen, Jamat-i-islam, Alqaida, Jaish-i-mohammad and many
more .
These contest elections, control army and government and these are openly being funded.
AFGHANISTAN
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country
located in South-Central Asia Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran
in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and in the far northeast,
China. Much of its 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi) is covered by the Hindu Kush
mountain range at the western end of the Himalayas separating the Amu Darya and Indus
valleys. Kabul is the capital and largest city.
Afghanistan has overtaken Iraq to become the world‘s deadliest country for terrorism, One-
quarter of all worldwide terrorism-related deaths during 2017 occurred in Afghanistan,
according to the latest Global Terrorism Index. It cited a surge in attacks by the Taliban and
the Islamic State group.
ATTACKS:
On 18 August 2019, a suicide bomber struck at a Shia wedding ceremony in the west of
Kabul, killing 63 people and wounding more than 180 others
On 7 August 2019, a suicide vehicle based device struck a police location in Kabul city,
killing 14 and injuring 145, 92 of whom were civilians
On 28 July 2019, a complex attack targeted a political gathering in Kabul city, killing 20 and
injuring .
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On 25 July 2019, an explosion in Kabul city targeting an international convoy caused the
death of 8 civilians and injured 10 others
On 19 July 2019, an explosion at Kabul University targeted law students, killing 6 and
injuring 27
On 15 July 2019, a roadside bomb targeted a bus carrying civilians in Kandahar, killing 11
and injuring 35.
RUSSIA
Russia or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North
Asia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi)Russia is by a considerable margin
the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's
inhabited land area and the ninth most populous, with about 146.79 million people as of 2019
including Crimea
Russia is a real power player in the geo-political world, and has been as of 2010.It‘s now an
actual threat to the current European and American establishment in more ways than one.
Russia was never intended to survive as long as it has. The plan was, once the Soviet Union
fell, to have Russia slowly disintegrate into smaller nation states , since Russia had (and still
has) a very serious nuclear arsenal. As such, with the ―election‖ of Putin and his ―strong-
man‖ approach, we have, effectively the glue that keeps Russia together.
2004
In September 2004, following bombing attacks on two aircraft and the downtown Moscow
Metro, Chechen terrorists seized over 1,000 hostages at a school in Beslan, North Ossetia.
2006
The 2006 Moscow market bombing occurred on August 21, 2006, when a self-made bomb of
the power of more than 1 kg of TNT exploded at Moscow's Cherkizovsky Market frequented
by foreign merchants
2010
In March 2010 suicide bombings were carried out by two women who were aligned with
Caucasus Emirate and Al-Qaeda. The terrorist attack happened during the morning rush hour
of March 29, 2010, at two stations of the Moscow Metrowith roughly 40 minutes interval
between. At least 40 people were killed, and over 100 injured.
2011
The Domodedovo International Airport bombing was a suicide bombing in the international
arrival hall of Moscow's Domodedovo International, in Domodedovsky District, Moscow
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Oblast, on 24 January 2011.
SRI LANKA
Sri Lanka an island country lying in the Indian ocean and separated from
peninsular India by the Palk Strait. Nearest Neighboring countries are INDIA ,MALDIVES,
BANGLADESH, PAKISTAN, NEPAL and BHUTAN.
Sri Lanka shares a healthy relationship with all its neighboring countries. Latest in the series
of terror attacks sweeping across the world are the Eastern Bombings of Sri Lanka. On 21
April 2019,terrorist targeted 4 hotels in Sri Lanka in Colombo, killing 250 people and
injuring more than 500.Sri Lanka is one of the countries of the world which has experienced
some of the most dreaded terrorist attacks in the history of the world in the last
century..After the Easter Bombing the Colombo police discovered 87 detonators at a
Colombo bus station.
It‘s population comprises largely of Sinhalese[74%], Sri Lankan Tamils[11%],Indian
Tamils[4%].The dominant religion is Buddhism followed by Hinduism, Islam, Christianity.
However the tropical beauty of the country has been scarred by its long history of bitter civil
war arising out of ethnic tension between Sinhala and the Tamil community in the north and
the east . The violence resulting out of the civil war killed between 80000 to 100000 people.
There was a period of comparative peace which was shattered by The Easter Sunday
Bombing Attacks.
Once again terrorism seems to have shaken a country to its very root. It once again devasted
a country trying desperately hard to rebuild itself. The Sri Lankan terrorist attack prove that
terrorism has no religion except religion of hatred.
Libya
State of Libya is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa, bordered by
the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad to the
south, Niger to the southwest, Algeria to the west, and Tunisia to the northwest
ISIS was officially established in Libya in November 2014. Since then, the group has
become the powerful extremist group operating in Libya.Most of the Libyan population is
staunchly opposed to Islamic extremism and terrorism and supports a centralized Libyan
government. Libya is formally run by the internationally-recognized Government of National
Accord (GNA) in Tripoli .
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A myopic focus on Islamist radicalism as the sole driving force of terrorism misses the
complexities of Libya‘s politics and society, and the challenges facing Libya‘s stability,
security and internal cohesion.On May 18, 2017, members of a militia loyal to the U.N.-
backed GNA in Tripoli allegedly carried out summary executions of mostly soldiers loyal to
Haftar‘s LNA at Brak El-Shati, an airbase in southern Libya, killing 141 people. Ansar al-
Sharia in Libya (ASL) was a violent jihadist group that sought to implement sharia (Islamic
law) in Libya On December 5, 2016, Libyan officials announced that the pro-government
forces officially seized full control of the Sirte from the terror group
.Libyan militant groups have launched multiple attacks on religious minorities living within
the country .Since 2011, militant groups have launched multiple terror attacks on embassies
within Libya. ISIS militants launched a wave of attacks in spring 2015 targeting nations
involved in the U.N.-brokered Libyan peace negotiations
ISRAEL
Israel is the west Asian country nearing the African Continent with neighbbours like
Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.
Terrorism has been a feature of life in Israel since even before the country‘s establishment in
1948. Israeli government's data shows , as of 2017, 3,100 people have died in terrorist attacks
in Israel‘s history — the bulk of them victims of politically motivated violence perpetrated
by Palestinians.
According to the Israeli government, Arab terrorism targeting Jews traces back to the 1920s.
The1929 Hebron massacre, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 70 Jews. Following
Israel‘s establishment in 1948, Palestinian guerrilla fighters known as fedayeen mounted
cross-border raids that resulted in hundreds of Israeli deaths and prompted a number of
reprisal attacks by the Israel Defense Forces in the 1950s and ‗60s. In the 1970s, Palestinians
successfully pulled off a number of high-profile attacks, including the 1972 murder of 11
members of the Israeli Olympic team in Munich, Germany, the 1976 hijacking to Uganda‘s
Entebbe Airport of an Air France plane en route from Tel Aviv to Paris, and the infamous
1974 attack on a school in the northern Israeli town of Maalot that culminated in the deaths
of more than two-dozen people. In the 1990s, the first suicide bombings were carried out by
members of the militant Palestinian group Hamas.
Over the years, Israel has developed a broad range of counterterrorism strategies that are
often missile defense system has proven extremely effective at taking out rockets fired at
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Israeli population centers. regarded as the best in the world. Following the spate of airplane
hijackings in the late 1960s, Israel implemented stringent aviation security protocols that
successfully brought the practice to a halt. Israel employs multiple rings of security.
Israel‘s counterterrorism strategy has both offensive and defensive components. On the home
front, the Iron Dome provides CRAM point defense against artillery fired by the insurgency
in neighboring disputed areas, while the IDF engages in open combat and first strikes
against potential insurgent targets.
IRAN
"Terrorism is the tatic of demanding the impossible and demanding it at the gun
point."
The State of Iran has always been accused of doing state funding for terrorist groups
such as 'Hijbullah'. But the country which has faced terrorism in it's
homeland will probably not support the men with guns in hand and terror in mind
causing instability in global peace.
The most perrless attacks on the State are as follows:
1.2018 Chabahar suicide bombing
2.2018 Ahvaz attack
3.2017 Tehran attacks
4.2010–2012 scientist assassinations
5.2010 Chabahar suicide bombing
6.2008 convoy bombing
7.2008 Shiraz bombing
8.2005 Ahvaz Bombings
9.2007 Zahedan bombing
10.2001 Tehran attacks
For more than 10 years the west has spent fighting terrorism and has killed millions
doing so and they are supporting the same terrorist in Syria.Also there
are many Sunni Extremist who state-funded and sustained by them.
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Under are the steps taken by Iranian government against terrorism:
~Formation of IRGC
It is a major military, political and economic force in Iran, with close ties to the
Supreme Leader.
IRAQ
Iraq has been a battle ground for competing forces since the US led ouster of
president Saddam Hussein in 2003.Mainly Shia led government that have held power since
have struggled to maintain order and the country has enjoyed only brief periods of respite
from high levels of sectarian violence. Adel Abdul Mahdi faces the task of rebuilding the
country after years of defeat of Islamic state jhadist group, finding consequences with
independence-minded kurdish parties and balancing rival US and Iranian influences.
SYRIA
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is
bordered by Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, and Jordan.Damascus (commonly known in Syria
as ash-Sham), the capital city of Syria, is called the ―Jasmine City.‖
It was under emergency laws for a staggering period of 48 years from 1963 to 2011. In 2011,
the Syrian Civil War started.Present day Syria is a battleground of the whole world, with
troops from nearly 34 countries fighting a complex web of wars. InDecember, 2015, the U.S.
completed a record 9000 airstrikes in Syria.
Two months later, Russia joined in with a 400+ strikes in just 6 days.The Jasmine
Revolution in Tunisia fueled the 2011 Civil War in Syria.The Syrian refugee crisis is the
worst humanitarian crisis since World War II.It deeply affected 14 million residents who
were forced to flee or face persecutionfrom religious fanatics. According to the U.N., it will
take $7.7 billion to meet the urgent needs of the most vulnerable Syrians in 2016.
LEBANON
Lebanon is a country in western Asia .it is bounded by Syria in the north and east and Israel to the south
while Cyprus is west along the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Beirut.
Terrorism Index in Lebanon decreased to 5.15 in 2017 from 5.64 in 2016. Terrorism Index in Lebanon
averaged 4.90 from 2002 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 6.38 in 2014 and a record low of 3.06 in
2004.
The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on
lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks
countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact). Lebanon
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Terrorism Index - actual data, historical chart and calendar of releases - was last updated on August of
2019.
Recent terrorist attack in Lebanon
2016
7th Arsal bombing (March 24) – A roadside bomb killed a Lebanese soldier and
wounded 3 others in Arsal.
Qaa Bombings (June 27) – Several suicide bombings killed at least 5 people and
wounded more than 12 in the eastern village of Al Qaa.Security officials believe
Islamic State militants were behind the attack although no one claimed responsibility.
8th Arsal bombing (August 15) – A bomb wounded 5 soldiers in the eastern village of
Arsal.
2018
Hamdan attempted assassination (January 14) – A car bomb injured a Hamas official
in the southern city of Saida.
YEMEN
Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen , is a country at the southern end of the
Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is the second-largest Arab sovereign state in the
peninsula, occupying 527,970 square kilometres (203,850 square miles). The coastline
stretches for about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 miles). It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the
north, the Red Sea to the west, the Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel to the south, and the
Arabian Sea and Oman to the east. Yemen's territory encompasses more than 200 islands,
including the largest island in the Middle East, Socotra. Yemen is a member of the Arab
League, United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation.
In its war on terrorism in Yemen, the US government describes Yemen as "an important
partner in the global war on terrorism". There have been attacks on civilian targets and
tourists, and there was a cargo-plane bomb plot in 2010. Counter-terrorism operations have
been conducted by the Yemeni police and the Yemeni and US military.
ATTACKS:
Limburg attack: On October 2002, near the port of Mukalla, suicide bombers rammed an
explosive-laden boat into the Limburg.
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Civil Aviation, Meteorological Authority and helicopter attacks: On 3 November 2002 there
was an attack on a helicopter carrying Hunt Oil Co. employees shortly after taking off from
Sana'a.
Jibla hospital
On December 30, 2002, a suspected Islamic fundamentalist killed three US workers and
wounded one in a hospital in Jibla with a semi-automatic rifle.
GERMANY
The Europian country of Germany is one of those countries that has experienced
significant terrorist attacks , particularly during the Weimer Republic and during cold war,
carried out by far left and far right German groups.Turkish and Khurdish groups are active in
Germany and these co operated in the case of ‗‗Sauerland terror cell‘‘
Leaders of Islamic organizations fled to germany in 2000s . There are about 50,000 to 80,000
Khurds in Germany. Since 2010, 15 people have died in Islamic terrorist attacks and about
74 have been injured. 11 verdicts related to Jehadist terrorism have been registered in the
courts of Germany still 2015, in 2017 there were 27 of them.
The terrorism of 1970‘s has formed Germany‘s political culture and it‘s policies of not
negotiating with terrorists. It also led to the formation of GSG9 counter terrorism unit. In
1972 a law was passed , the Extremist Act , which banned radicals or those with a
‗‘questionable‘‘ political persuasion from public sector jobs. Since 1970, 1306 incidents of
terrorism have been witnessed that included 194 deaths and 1633 injuries.
FRANCE
Terrorism in France refers to the terrorist attacks that have targeted the country and its
population during the 20th and 21st centuries.
It reflects the political approach of France towards terrorism and national and
international events where there were attacks on France. It signifies it's combat strategies
against terrorism.
TERROR ATTACKS IN FRANCE
The significant terror attacks in France include the following events that have occur in
recent:
1.19 April 2000(Plévin)-Use of Improvised explosive device
2.6 December 2007(Paris)-Use of Improvised explosive device
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3.15 March 2012(Montauban)-Use of Small arms fire by Mohammed Merah
(Islamist)
4.7 January 2015(Île-de-France)-use ofSmall arms fire by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian
Peninsula
5.13 November 2015(Île-de-Franc,Paris, Saint-Denis)-use of AK-47 assault rifles,
hand grenades, various explosives, suicide vests Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
FRANCE COMBATING TERRORISM
1.The creation of a European Passenger Name Record system that will help better
monitor air travel;
2.The strengthening of cooperation with the digital platforms to combat the use of the
Internet for terrorist purposes within the framework of the EU Internet Forum;
3.The mobilization of European tools of asset freezing and seizure tools;
4.The bolstering of arms trafficking measures;
5.The establishment of new rules to prevent terrorist financing and money-laundering;
6.The reinforcement of Europol, and especially its European Counter Terrorism
Centre.
7.Enhancing international cooperation
8.Preventing radicalization and curbing terrorist propaganda
France conducts high-level dialogue with its main partners in the area of preventing
radicalization and participates in multilateral discussions on this issue.
9.Efforts to stop the use of the Internet for terrorist purposes remain a key focus of
our counterterrorism action. France is conducting high-level dialogue with digital companies
to achieve rapid and lasting withdrawal (in one hour maximum) of terrorist content online.
10.Working to combat foreign terrorist fighters (FTF)
France is involved in different work aiming to contain the threat posed by foreign
terrorist fighters, in the appropriate international bodies, notably the United Nations, and
within the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF), which brings together 29 countries and
the European Union.
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UNITED KINGDOM
Terrorism in the United Kingdom, according to the Home Office, poses a significant
threat to the state. Before the 2000s, most attacks were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict
(the Troubles). In the late 20th century there were also attacks by Middle Eastern terrorist
groups, most of which were linked to the Arab–Israeli conflict. Since the 2000s, most
terrorist incidents in Britain have been linked to Islamic extremism. The vast majority of the
deaths were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict and happened in Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland and London are major places of incidents. A total of 4,972incidents are
plotted. The British state has been accused of involvement in state terrorism in Northern
Ireland. Around half were born in the United Kingdom, the majority are British nationals and
the remainder, with a few exceptions, are in the country legally.
On 29 August 2014, the British government launched a draft of counter-terrorism
measures as the terrorist threat level was raised to "severe". From June 2016 to June 2017,
379 people in the UK had been arrested for terrorism-linked offences with 123 of them being
charged, 105 of them for terrorism offences. This was a 68% increase from the previous year
which was partly due to various
Islamist terror attacks on UK soil such as the Manchester bombing, London Bridge attack
and the Westminster attack.
NEW ZEALAND
New Zealand is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The
country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, and the South
Island —and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 2,000 kilometers
(1,200 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometers (600 mi)
south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga.
New Zealand has experienced few terrorist incidents in its short history and the threat is
generally regarded as very low. However, the Security Intelligence Service (SIS) has warned
against complacency
The Security Intelligence Service (SIS) stated in its 2006 report that "the risk of a terrorist
attack on New Zealand or New Zealand interests is low", but also warned against
complacency. It has stated that there are individuals in New Zealand linked to international
terrorism, although the Green Party and others have dismissed these claims. Once identified
as a threat to New Zealand, Ahmed Zaoui became a citizen. In another case, a man named
Rayed Mohammed Abdullah Ali was deported from New Zealand after being linked to the
hijacker of American Airlines Flight 77 which hit the Pentagon on 11 September 2001.
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In response to the Christchurch terrorist attacks of 15 March 2019, the country's threat level
was raised from "low" to "high".
CHINA
Third largest country having a massive land and coastal boundaries bound by
Mongolia, Kazakhtan, Koreas, India, Myanmar, Nepal etc.
Data shows a total of 18 attacks causing more than 50 death of Chinese nationals in the past
decade. Meanwhile, China‘s ambitious plans for Eurasian integration, involving a new wave
of outward investment and Chinese citizens settling overseas, mean those risks are likely to
increase in the coming years.
Two key concepts underpinning China‘s diplomatic posture on terrorism: ―double standards‖
& ―tackling the root causes.‖China holds that joint forces should be formed to fight against
terrorism, and that the issue‘s both root causes & symptoms should be addressed. ―Double
standards‖ refers to western criticism of China‘s actions in Xinjiang, signaling that what
matters most to Beijing is international endorsement for its own domestic counter-terrorism
policies. The reference to ―root causes‖ indicates China‘s preference for policies addressing
factors that often encourage radicalization, such as a lack of economic development & social
justice.
China advocates a leading role for the United Nations in the issue of global terrorism. China
suggests that a ―united front should be formed‖ to bring the UN‘s leading role against
terrorism into ―full play‖. The international community should put aside minor differences,
and strengthen dialogue and consultation within the framework of the United Nations, in a
bid to seek a common ground in the fight against terrorism.
NIGERIA
The Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.The constitution defines
Nigeria as a democratic secular state.
Boko Haram is a militant group based in Nigeria‘s northwestern states of Yobe and Borno.
Boko Haram is the popular title for a group that calls itself Jama`at ahl al-sunna li-da`wa wa-
l-qital, and it has operated in Nigeria since 2002-2003. The group aspire to establish a Sharia
State.
Recent Attacks:
1] 17 June2019 - three suicide bombers detonated their devices outside a hall in Konduga,
Borno State, where football fans were watching a match on television. At least 30 people
were killed and 40 injured.
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2] 23 February 2019 – ISWA conducted an indirect fire attack against Maiduguri, focused on
the west of the city, in the area around the airport and the military cantonment
On February 17, 2013, Nigeria‘s Senate and House of Representatives strengthened their
anti-terror laws with the passage of an amendment to the 2011 Terrorism (Prevention) Act in
an effort to improve inter-agency counter terrorism efforts. The Act allows law enforcement
to detain and prosecute terror suspects.
Model United Nations Rules of Procedures (UNA-USA)
1. Each committee is led by a Chairperson who facilitates the discussion for the committee.
The committee will start with the Chairperson taking roll call. After the topic is announced,
the committee is ready to begin debate on the selected topic.
2a. There are three debate formats. The default debate format is called the General Speakers
List. This where delegates take turns making speeches in front of the room by the order that
they are listed on the Speakers List as selected by the Chair. Speeches are typically around 1
minute or 1 minute and 30 seconds, but the speaking time can be changed by a majority vote
from the delegates.
2b. After a certain number of speeches, the delegates may vote to change up the debate
format to either Moderated Caucus or Unmoderated Caucus. Moderated Caucus is when the
committee decides to focus on a sub-issue and get a back-and-forth debate going. Delegates
will raise their placards to be called on to speak, and the Chairperson will call on speakers
one-by-one until the Moderated Caucus time has expired.
2c. Unmoderated Caucus is when delegates are free to get up out of their seats and roam
around the room to work with other countries with similar policies. The first one or two
unmoderated caucuses will be spent finding allies, but afterward most of the unmoderated
caucuses are spent writing draft resolutions with your caucus bloc (your group of allies). All
delegates are encouraged to be a sponsor — an author — of a draft resolution.
Committee will switch between Speakers List, Moderated Caucus, and Unmoderated Caucus
until draft resolutions are complete, merged, and ready to be presented.
3. Resolutions will be presented either as they are ready or all at once near the end of the
conference (sometimes this is called Formal Caucus). Some conferences allow a question-
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and-answer period after the presentations, and some conferences will also allow time to make
mergers or amendments to the resolution.
4. Finally, all the countries in the committee will vote on whether or not they want a
resolution to be passed. Afterward, committee will repeat the same process again for the
second topic, or if you do not have a second topic then you are done!
Preparing for an MUN
Before a Model UN event, delegates must prepare by conducting research on their
country and topic.
If you want to have lots of good information to hand, you can also fill out a country
and topic fact sheet to help you structure and organize the information in a clear and
accessible way. These contain only the most vital data, allowing you to refer to it quickly
during a session.
Practice your public speaking by preparing an opening speech (which may closely
resemble the long version of your position paper) and giving it in front of your class, family
and/or mirror. Before the event, the members of the delegation need to decide who is giving
the speech, who is taking notes on other countries‘ positions and who is going to negotiate
with other delegations. You should always have somebody following the debate as
something important could be said at any time.
You should also have thought about ways to approach the issues that you are
discussing, as well as possible solutions. These ideas should reflect your country‘s interests
and concerns and those of your closest allies. Some conferences will let you bring resolutions
that have been written in advance. Even if you cannot use one of these, you should practice
writing a resolution.
Read the rules of procedure. There‘s no better way to ensure that you will feel
comfortable and confident when your Model UN event starts!
Finally, make sure that you have everything you need. Keep your research organized
and take paper and pens. Also take notepaper. This could be as simple as A4 cut into quarters
or you can design notepaper with your country‘s name/crest/flag/motto, etc. on it.
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Research Work for an MUN
The best method is to ask yourself questions:
-How is my country affected by this issue?
-What is my country‘s relationship with states that are especially affected by this topic?
-How has my country voted on similar issues in the past?
-Does my country have special religious/cultural concerns that may lead it to have a
specific stance on the issue? (This can be especially useful on human rights topics).
Think about the connections between your country and your topic during this process. Be
willing to listen to others who know more about either your topic or country. As long as you
play your role with confidence and tact, other delegates should respect what you say.
STEP 1: Learning the basics about your country: Cover these issues:
Location, Head of state and/or government, Type of government, Major allies and enemies,
including membership of intergovernmental organizations, Broad overview of religion and
culture, Internal and external conflicts, Other special concerns related to your committee‘s
topics and/or area of expertise.
Places to visit:
The US CIA World Fact book provides up-to-the minute facts about your country and
is very useful for finding statistical information.
The BBC website produces country profiles which are useful as a starting point.
The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (‗FCO‘) produces more detailed country
briefings.
The UN Cyber School Bus site produces basic and advanced information on all the
member states of the UN, enabling you to compare different countries. The site also
provides information about individual countries.
Get a feel for the type of country that you have been assigned by searching for
programmes or books about ordinary life in that country. You may even wish to find
blogs written by people who are living in the country or doing development work to
get a personal perspective on life in your country, although you must remember that
the information you find will only represent one person‘s experience.
If you know someone from your country, talk to them!
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STEP 2: Learning about your topic
Other sources:
Google (or your other favourite search engine). Always evaluate the online sources
that you find but, in general, the internet is one of the best places to find up-to-date
information for Model UN preparation.
Online article databases. Search news magazines (e.g. Newsweek, Time and The
Economist) or newspapers for well-written and up to date information.
UN agencies. Most UN agencies (like the UN Development Programme or the UN
Children‘s Fund) issue yearly reports on issues related to their area of expertise,
which may include information on individual countries. Choose the agency which is
most relevant to your committee‘s topic.
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) are an invaluable source of information
that is usually independent from governments (although not free from bias,
generally). It is highly likely that there will be an NGO that does work and research
on your issue
STEP 3: Combining what you know
This is the hardest part of preparing for a Model UN conference, but also the most important.
It consists of taking what you know about your country and what you know about the topics
and using both sets of knowledge to understand the perspective that you will be representing.
You might get lucky and find that your country already has a clearly stated policy on the
topics that you are discussing. Good sources for this are:
See the website of your country‘s Permanent Mission to the UN in New York or
Geneva.
Look at the website of your country‘s Embassy or High Commission (if they are a
member of the Commonwealth) in the UK. Also check your country‘s embassy in
Washington D.C., in Brussels or in the capital of your former colonial power because
these are often the largest and have the best websites. Your embassy in the USA will
probably have an English website. If you cannot find the information you want, email
or write to one of the diplomats at the Embassy or High Commission and ask very
specific questions about the country‘s position on the topic to be debated. You are
more likely to get helpful responses if your questions reflect that you have already
done some research. The FCO has a list of foreign missions in the UK, together with
website and contact details.
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Search for the website of your country‘s relevant central government ministry. Be
aware that ministries may have a different name to that which you expected. For
example, the US equivalent of the FCO is the Department of State. Also, a single
Model UN issue may straddle many ministries. For example, internal water issues in
the UK may fall under the Home Office or the Department for Environment, Food
and Rural Affairs; external water issues may fall under the FCO or the Department for
International Development. A helpful starting point is this website, but also use search
engines.
Newspapers in your country
NGO groups working in your country may discuss government positions on an issue
However, it is possible that you will not be able to find official information on your subject.
This is when things get harder. You will have to think about the relationship between the
subjects and your state policy, based on your best (and highly informed) guess.
Handling Points of Information:
JBMUN conference permits other delegates to raise points of information, or pose questions
to a speaker, if time permits. This is often used when speakers are discussing working papers
and resolutions. Normally this will be to clarify a specific area of your stated policy so you
can anticipate some question topics, but it is unlikely that you can ever be prepared for every
question.
First of all, you can avoid being asked many difficult questions by identifying issues that
may bring about confusion among your fellow delegates early in the committee session.
More than likely, if other delegates do not understand some aspect of debate, it will come up
later as a question.
When you are asked a question, just as in your speeches, try to keep your answers clear and
concise. A straight answer is always best, although you may need to be more diplomatic in
your tone on more sensitive issues.
If you can‘t immediately answer a question, instead of saying ‗I don‘t know‘, which will
impress no-one, it is always appropriate to state that whilst you cannot answer right now (‗I
am afraid that I do not have the full facts to hand‘), you will do your best find out and follow
up with an answer during caucus. If the question is something of significance to the entire
body, you may want to announce that answer (if you have found it) during your next speech.
Finally, remember to remain courteous, no matter how heated the exchange. Points of
information usually start with: ‗Does the honourable delegate not agree…?‘ You could in
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turn begin by answering ‗Argentina thanks the honorable delegate from Switzerland for their
question, and we wholeheartedly agree/ but we fundamentally disagree…‘. This also buys
you a few extra seconds to consider your answer.
Model United Nation Quirks:
Be courteous at all times. Treat all staff and delegates with respect. Begin and end your
speeches courteously, with phrases like: Mr/Madam President; distinguished delegates;
Honourable Chair; fellow delegates.
Speak in the third person. Never use ‗I‘, ‗you‘, ‗he‘ or ‗she‘. In Model UNs, you are not
individuals but the representative of a country. Refer to yourself by your country name and
others as ‗honourable‘ or ‗distinguished‘ delegates. So instead of saying ‗I completely
disagree with her opinion‘ you should say ‗Cameroon completely disagrees with the opinion
of the honourable delegate from the United Kingdom.‘
Create consensus by using ‗we‘. In a Model UN session, your goal is to come to a
compromise as a group, so try to use ‗we‘ to forge common agreement and bring people on
board with your arguments. Use phrases such as: ‗We know‘, ‗We are‘, ‗We should‘, ‗We
wish‘ etc.
Be constructive. It is very easy to be critical and destructive of others‘ ideas and proposals,
but you must also be constructive, offering alternative arguments and ways forward.
One human story can be more powerful than hundreds of arguments, facts and figures.
Writing a Resolution
The finished product of a Model UN event is a UN resolution. Actions of the United Nations
are expressed in resolutions submitted in draft form under the sponsorship of one or more
delegations.
When drafting and sponsoring a draft resolution, delegates should keep in mind that the
wording will influence its appeal (or lack thereof). The draft resolution should be clear,
concise and specific. The substance should be well researched, and reflect the character and
interests of the sponsoring nations.
UN General Assembly resolutions follow a common format. Each resolution has three parts:
the heading, the preambulatory clause and the operative clauses. It is one long sentence with
commas and semicolons throughout the resolution and with a full stop at the very end. The
first word in each clause should be underlined, and each clause in the preamble should end
with a comma. All operative clauses end with a semicolon except the final clause, which
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ends with a full stop. It is a good idea to practise resolution writing skills before the
conference, and to get used to the kind of phrases you can and cannot use in the
preambulatory clause and operative clauses.
The Heading:
1. The committee name: UN Office on Drugs and Crime, General assembly
2. The sponsors (Delegates who initiate and are the main authors of the resolution)
3. The signatories (Delegates of the ally signing/a part of the resolution)
4. The topic: Global Terrorism: A Threat to Humanity‖
The Preambulatory Clause:
The purpose of the preamble is to show that there is a problem that needs to be solved. The
preamble begins with the name of one of the major organs of the UN and the preambulatory
clauses (separated by commas). These clauses:
Provide background information on the problem to be addressed (including its
significance and effects) and discuss actions, reports and resolutions that have already
been taken, made and passed
Recognise the work or efforts of regional organisations in addressing the issue
set out the international legal authority under which the matter is raised (e.g. the UN
Charter, previous UN resolutions or treaties or statements by the Secretary-General or
a relevant UN body) – by referring back to previous decisions made by the UN,
authority is supplied for the subject to be considered further
Acknowledge what has already been done, explain what the situation is and set out the
particular aspects of the situation which are to be addressed essentially, the preamble
sets out the background to the issue but does not propose any action or make any
substantive statement on the topic.
Operative Clauses:
Operative clauses set out what is to be done about a situation described in the preambulatory
clauses, and by whom (for example, governments, UN bodies or NGOs). Each operative
clause begins with a number, ends with a semicolon and the final clause ends with a full stop.
Operative clauses should be organised in a logical progression, and each clause should
contain a single idea or policy proposal. Keep in mind that only Security Council resolutions
are binding so this affects the language you can use (no committee apart from the Security
Council can ‗Demand‘, ‗Instruct‘ or ‗Authorize‘).
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JBMUN , UN OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME -GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Subject: "Global Terrorism: A Threat to Humanity"
Sponsors: United States, Austria, Italy
Signatories: Greece, Japan, Canada, Mali, the Netherlands, Costa Rica, Belgium,
The General Assembly
Reminding all nations of the celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, which recognizes the inherent dignity, equality, and
inalienable rights of all global citizens?,
Reaffirming resolution 33/1996 of 25 July 1996, which encourages governments
to work with established UN bodies aimed at improving the coordination and
effectiveness of humanitarian assistance,
Noting with satisfaction the past efforts of various relevant UN bodies and Non-
Governmental Organizations.
1. Encourages all relevant agencies of the United Nations to collaborate more
closely with countries at the grassroots level to enhance the carryout of relief
efforts;
2. Urges member states to comply with the goals of the UN Department of
Humanitarian
Affairs to streamline efforts of humanitarian aid;
3. Requests that all nations develop rapid deployment forces to better enhance the
coordination of relief efforts of humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies;
4. Calls for the development of a United Nations Trust Fund that encourages
voluntary donation from the private transnational sector to aid in the funding of
rapid.
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Writing a Position Paper.
Position papers should be about one page long. The position paper is not an exercise in
elaborate writing or a demonstration of breadth of knowledge on a topic; rather, it is an
opportunity to get straight in your own mind:
What is your country‘s position on the key issues?
What kind of solutions will your country look for in a resolution?
- Format for position papers:
- COMMITTEE: <name of the committee>
-AGENDA: <agenda>
-COUNTRY: Ex: Romania
-AN EXCELLENT POSITION PAPER WILL INCLUDE:
a) A brief statement on why your state feels the topic is important nationally
and globally
b) A clear and concise statement of your state‘s position on the topic
c) An explanation of why your state takes this position
d) Major UN actions on the topic that your state feels are significant
e) Suggestions for addressing the topic
Note: Position paper has to be submitted before the committee begins ON 24th October,
2019.
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MODEL UN GLOSSARY
Model UN can be confusing to a beginner, not only because of the complexity of the issues
and the pace of debate, but because of the terminology and rules, which should be
followed. Dear friend, please, do not be afraid of it. Look Model UN terminology over, and
soon you'll be able to discuss quorum, pre-ambulatory clauses, division of the question, and
unmoderated caucuses with the best of them.
NOTE: Several of the terms below, including Secretariat and Secretary-General, have
different meanings in Model UN than they do in the real UN; you should familiarize yourself
with both meanings. Moreover, rules of procedure vary greatly from Model UN conference
to Model UN conference. Though these are the most common definitions of the terms below,
do not be surprised if you see them used in a slightly different manner at some of the
conferences.
Abstain: During a vote on a substantive matter, delegates may abstain rather than vote yes or
no. This generally signals that a country does not support the resolution being voted on, but
does not oppose it enough to vote no.
Adjourn: All UN or Model UN sessions end with a vote to adjourn. This means that the
debate is suspended until the next meeting. This can be a short time (e.g., overnight) or a
long time (until next year's conference).
Agenda: The order in which the issues before a committee will be discussed. The first duty
of a committee following the roll call is usually to set the agenda.
Amendment: A change to a draft resolution on the floor. Can be of two types: a "friendly
amendment" is supported by the original draft resolution's sponsors, and is passed
automatically, while an "unfriendly amendment" is not supported by the original sponsors
and must be voted on by the committee as a whole.
Background guide: A guide to a topic being discussed in a Model UN committee usually
written by conference organizers and distributed to delegates before the conference. The
starting point for any research before a Model UN conference.
Binding: Having legal force in UN member states. Security Council resolutions are binding,
as are decisions of the International Court of Justice; resolutions of the General Assembly
and Economic and Social Council are not.
Bloc: A group of countries in a similar geographical region or with a similar opinion on a
particular topic. Blocs typically vote together..
Chair: A member of the dais that moderates debate, keeps time, rules on points and motions,
and enforces the rules of procedure. Also known as a Moderator.
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Dais: The group of people, usually high school or college students, in charge of a Model UN
committee. It generally consists of a Chair, a Director, and a Rapporteur. The dais is also the
raised platform on which the chair traditionally sits.
Decorum: The order and respect for others that all delegates at a Model UN conference must
exhibit. The Chair will call for decorum when he or she feels that the committee is not being
respectful of a speaker, of the dais, or of their roles as ambassadors.
Delegate: A student acting as a representative of a member state or observer in a Model UN
committee.
Delegation: The entire group of people representing a member state or observer in all
committees at a particular Model UN conference. They are usually all from the same school.
Director: A member of the dais that oversees the creation of working papers and draft
resolutions, acts as an expert on the topic, makes sure delegates accurately reflect the policy
of their countries, and ensures that decorum is maintained during caucuses.
Division of the Question: During voting bloc, delegates may motion to vote on certain
clauses of a resolution separately, so that only the clauses that are passed become part of the
final resolution. This is known as division of the question.
Draft resolution: A document that seeks to fix the problems addressed by a Model UN
committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will become into a resolution.
Member State: A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations and whose
application to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and Security Council.
Currently, there are 193 member states.
Moderated Caucus: A type of caucus in which delegates remain seated and the Chair calls
on them one at a time to speak for a short period of time, enabling a freer exchange of
opinions than would be possible in formal debate.
Moderator: see Chair.
Motion: A request made by a delegate that the committee as a whole does something. Some
motions might be to go into a caucus, to adjourn, to introduce a draft resolution, or to move
into voting procedure.
On the floor: At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft resolution is first
written, it may not be discussed in debate. After it is approved by the Director and introduced
by the committee, it is put "on the floor" and may be discussed.
Operative clause: The part of a resolution which describes how the UN will address a
problem. It begins with an action verb (decides, establishes, recommends, etc.).
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Page: A delegate in a Model UN committee that has volunteered to pass notes from one
delegate to another or from a delegate to the dais, for a short period of time.
Placard: A piece of cardstock with a country's name on it that a delegate raises in the air to
signal to the Chair that he or she wishes to speak.
Point: A request raised by a delegate for information or for an action relating to that
delegate. Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and a point of personal
privilege
Position paper: A summary of a country's position on a topic, written by a delegate before a
Model UN conference.
Pre-ambulatory Clause: The part of a resolution that describes previous actions taken on
the topic and reasons why the resolution is necessary. It begins with a participle or adjective
(noting, concerned, regretting, aware of, recalling, etc.).
Procedural: Having to do with the way a committee is run, as opposed to the topic being
discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters and may not abstain.
Quorum: The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a committee to meet.
In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of the members to begin debate, and
a majority of members to pass a resolution. In the Security Council, no quorum exists for the
body to debate, but nine members must be present to pass a resolution.
Rapporteur: A member of the dais whose duties include keeping the speakers' list and
taking the roll call, as well as assisting in and keeping track of administrative duties in the
committee room.
Resolution: A document that has been passed by an organ of the UN that aims to address a
particular problem or issue.
Right of Reply: A right to speak in reply to a previous speaker's comment, invoked when a
delegate feels personally insulted by another's speech. Generally requires a written note to
the Chair to be invoked.
Roll Call: The first order of business in a Model UN committee, during which the
Rapporteur reads aloud the names of each member state in the committee. When a delegate's
country's name is called, he or she may respond "present" or "present and voting." A delegate
responding "present and voting" may not abstain on a substantive vote.
Rules of Procedure: The rules by which a Model UN committee is run.
Second: To agree with a motion being proposed. Many motions must be seconded before
they can be brought to a vote.
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Secretariat: The staff of a Model UN conference.
Secretary-General: The leader of a Model UN conference..
Simple majority: 50% plus one vote of the number of delegates in a committee. The amount
needed to pass most votes.
Speakers' List: A list that determines the order in which delegates will speak. Whenever a
new topic is opened for discussion, the Chair will create a speakers' list by asking all
delegates wishing to speak to raise their placards and calling on them one at a time. During
debate, a delegate may indicate that he or she wishes to be added to the speakers' list by
sending a note to the dais.
Sponsor: One of the writers of a draft resolution. A friendly amendment can only be created
if all sponsors agree..
Unmoderated Caucus: A type of caucus in which delegates leave their seats to mingle and
speak freely. Enables the free sharing of ideas to an extent not possible in formal debate or
even a moderated caucus. Frequently used to sort countries into blocs and to write working
papers and draft resolutions.
Working Paper: A document in which the ideas of some delegates on how to resolve an
issue are proposed. Frequently the precursor to a draft resolution.
Veto: The ability, held by China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and
the United States to prevent any draft resolution in the Security Council from passing by
voting no.
Vote: A time at which delegates indicate whether they do or do not support a proposed action
for the committee. There are two types: procedural and substantive.
Voting procedure: The period at the end of a committee session during which delegates vote
on proposed amendments and draft resolutions.
Yield : In a formal debate the delegate must yield his or her time at the beginning of their
speech in one of the three ways :
1. To the chair: Once the speech is over the chair takes the floor and moves on with his
speakers list.
2. Yield to another delegate meaning you give up the rest of your time to another
delegate or
3. Yield to questions from other delegates or Yields to comments to your speech by
other delegate. Questions are also sometimes called Point of Information.