global migration key concept 5.4. reasons for migration push factors o negative conditions at home ...
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Global Migration
Key Concept 5.4
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Reasons for Migration•Push Factorso Negative conditions at home
Real conditions Perceived conditions
o Impel the decision to migrate •Pull Factorso Positive attributes in destination
Real opportunities Perceived opportunities
o Pull the immigrant to move
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Push Factors• Not enough jobs • Few opportunities • "Primitive" conditions • Political fear • Not being able to practice
religion • Poor medical care • Loss of wealth • Natural disasters • Death threats • Slavery • Pollution • Poor housing • Landlords • Poor chances of finding
courtship• War conditions in area
Pull Factors• Job opportunities • Better living conditions • Political and/or religious
freedom • Enjoyment • Education • Better medical care • Security • Family links • Better chances of finding
courtship• Get rich easily
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Out of Africa: Earliest Human Migration
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Human Migration: Polynesian Migrations
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Spread of Agriculture
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Human Migration: Indo-Europeans
Aryans
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Bantu Migrations (c.500 BCE-1000 CE)
What knowledge spread with the
Bantus?
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Language “Migration”
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Jewish Diaspora
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Post-Classical Migration
Vikings
Bantu-Speaking People of Africa
Mongols
Turkic Groups
People of Oceania
Arabs
Germanic Tribes
Chinese
Vikings
Bantu-Speaking People of Africa
Mongols
Turkic Groups
People of Oceania
Arabs
Germanic Tribes
Chinese
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The Spread of Islam (630-1700)
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Forced Migration
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Global Migration1750-1914
Key Concept 5.4
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European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
World Migration Routes Since 1700
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• Changes in food production, improved medical conditions contributed to significant global rise in population
• New modes of transportation, increasingly relocated to citieso Contributed to global urbanization of 19th century
Changes in Demography
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In search of work• Manual laborers
• Specialized professionals
Coerced and semi-coerced migration• Slavery
• Chinese and Indian indentured servitude
• Convict labor
Temporary and seasonal migrants
• Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
• Lebanese merchants in the Americas
• Italians in Argentina
Reasons for Migration
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During this time period, human population was
increasing faster than ever before!
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World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE
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Demography 1750-1914: Global
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1750 1850 1900
Millions
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Demography 1750-1914: Europe
• Improvements in food supply
• Application of science & technologyo Improved seeds,
fertilizer, & livestockoRefrigerationo Industrial
transportation eliminates famine Steamboat
Year Population in Millions
% of World Population
1750 141 19.3
1850 292 25.0
1900 482 30.0World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined.
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Demography 1750-1914: Europe
• Demographic transitiono High to low mortalityo High to low fertility
• Rapid urbanizationo Suburbanization
• Decline in urban mortalityo Urban sanitationo Germ theory of disease
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Not only was the human population growing, it
was moving.
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European Migration from 1750
• 40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, South Africa, and other areas
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African Slave Trade after 1750
• Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870
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Demography 1750-1914: Asia
• Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850o Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote
imperialism
• Asia’s population nearly doubledo China’s population went from 220 million to 435
milliono India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million
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Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Labor migration from Asiamainly after 1750
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Asian labor migration after 1750
India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured
servants to South Africa & Caribbean
China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million)
and the Americas
Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and
Pacific
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Indentured Labour• The most extensively organized system of
immigrant labour was the trade of indentured labourers from India and China
• A contract to work for a specified period of time, usually fiver years.
• Most of men that would work to send money back home to their families.
• Though it was technically a voluntary contract labour system, it was considered by many to be a new system of slavery.
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• Laborers endure bad conditions.o There were inadequate food, no health care with extremely demanding
physical work.
• Laborers were at the mercy of their employers and were provide few legal protections.
• These laborers would have to earn money to buy their return passage
• Consequently, indenture though intended to be temporary, often became a permanent migration into a new home.
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• Many of the indentured laborers would compete with others for employment on the plantations.
• Chinese immigrants more commonly worked in mining and construction than on plantations.
• Fifteen thousand were recruited from Hong Kong to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway.
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Image of three Chinese immigrants working on the construction of the railroad. Unknown numbers died during construction.
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Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.
New Gender Roles
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Helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks.
•Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America
•Indians in East and southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia
Migrant Ethnic Enclaves
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Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.
•The Chinese Exclusion Acts
•The White Australia Policy
Regulation of Immigrants
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Understanding the Migrant experience
• Examine one of the following migrationso Chinese Indentured Servants in the Americas & New
Zealando Japanese in Brazilo Italians in Argentina
• Answer the questions