GLOBAL ISSUES

Theoretical Perspectives: The Market

© Dr. Francis Adu-Febiri & Dr. Francis Yee, 2014

Contents of Presentation

CONCEPTS 1. Issues of Global

Inequality & Poverty2. Issues of Global Development

3. Issues of Global Sustainability

CAUSES1. Industrialization &

Population Explosion2. Human Factor Deficiency/Decay

3. Ideologies of Liberalism & Neoliberalism

CURES1. Market Approach2. State Approach

3. Civil Society Approach4. Human Factor

Competency Approach

CONSEQUENCES1. Human Suffering2. Environmental

Destruction

Theory:MARKETIZATION

GLOBAL ISSUES: Main Theory

The Concepts, Causes, Consequences, and Cures of/for Global Issues are structurally connected to Marketization.

MARKETIZATION: It is the commodification of labor,

money, religion, culture, education, politics, and nature driven by liberal and neoliberal ideologies of globality.

Marketization A wave of marketization is sweeping the world. Entities

that used to be embedded in human bodies, communities, and nature are being ripped out of their habitats, appropriated by new classes of merchants, and sold in chains of markets that stretch across the globe (Michael Burawoy 2014, p. 292).

Marketization Waves of Marketization (Burawoy

2014, p. 292): First Wave: The Industrial Revolution of

the late 18th and the 19th centuries worked through a global expansion in the marketization of labor and its products.

Second Wave: The Financial Revolution of the 20th century turned money into a full-blown global commodity as well as commodified religion, culture, education, and politic.

Third Wave: The Ecological Transformation that now besets us digs even deeper, making land, water, air, and genes the subject of global market exchange, thereby threatening human existence.

THE PARADOX OF GLOBAL ISSUES Marketization has created Global

Issues that are producing global human suffering and unsustainable environment, yet these global issues could provide opportunities and resources to transform marketization to support sustainable global development that would minimize, if not eliminate, human suffering and environmental destruction.

The fate of this paradox rests on the quality of people--“we the peoples” (Kofi Annan, 2001), the Human Factor (Adjibolosoo 1995); Human Factor Competency (Adu-Febiri 2000).

THE PARADOX OF GLOBAL ISSUES

Why is it necessary to know the causes, consequences, and cures of/for global issues?

In order to resolve the global issues paradox, it is necessary to explore the causes, consequences, and cures of/for global issues because this exploration may provide global opportunities and resources to make a sustainable global difference in the global development processes.

GLOBAL ISSUES: CAUSES

Population Explosion Industrial Revolution Human Factor Decay Liberal & Neoliberal

Ideologies

CAUSES The combination of population explosion, the

industrial revolution, and human factor deficiency/decay in Europe generated marketization driven by the ideology of liberalism. This initiated violent global slave trade, colonialism, and exploitation of labor, culture and nature that laid the foundation for unsustainable globalization reflected in global issues.

The ideology of Neoliberalism globalized marketization which reinforces and sustains this unsustainable globalization and its related global issues.

Video: The Future of Neoliberalism: http://videoarchive.asanet.org/presentations/2004_d7.html

Causes: Neoliberalism The Nature of Neolibralism: According to Michal Rozworski (2014),

"Privatizing gains and socializing losses" could be the motto for the neoliberal era. Alongside this and "there is no alternative," few slogans better capture the ideology that has been so successfully diffused throughout the world over the past several decades (http://www.socialistproject.ca/bullet/931.php#continue).

Causes: Neoliberalism It is a set of ideas governing economic policies that seeks to

create worldwide market for capital and trade flows free of government interference through waves of marketization (Robinson 2014, p. 281): First-wave Marketization: The market’s uncontrolled

assault on proletarianized populations and community in the 19th century

Second-wave Marketization: Challenged the few rights labor has won before WW1 through trade unions and political parties. State protection of Money/capital at the expense of labor

Third-wave Marketization: State regulates for, rather than against, the market at the expense of labor, culture and nature

This unbridled global marketization of labor, money, culture, education, politics and nature is intensifying global human suffering and environmental

destruction Contributing to Integration and globalization of the three waves

of marketization

Corporatization

Labor

Culture

Politics

Causes: Neoliberalism Because the ideology of neoliberalism has

forged the integration and globalization of the three waves of marketization from the 1980s onward that drive global issues, the social sciences, particularly sociology, can no longer limit their engagement to local or national publics, but must be concerned with knitting together a global civil society to counter the ravages of the combined forces of the neoliberal global state and free market (Burawoy 2014, p. 299).

This reality must inform the design and implementation of students’ service learning projects.

GLOBAL ISSUES:

CONSEQUENCES Human Suffering Environmental Destruction

A Disastrous Combination The intersection of population explosion,

human factor deficiency/decay, and the industrial revolution in Europe in the 19th century generated the ideology of liberalism that initiated the first-wave marketization that unleashed a terrible human suffering through: Violent global slave trade Violent global colonization Violent exploitation of labor, culture and nature

Global Issues: Consequences The second-wave marketization entrenched human

suffering and environmental destruction started in the first-wave marketization and laid the foundations for the third-wave marketization driven by neoliberal ideology:

1. Global Human Suffering: The 99%? Poverty Hunger Diseases Violence Unemployment/underemployment Destruction of community

2. Global Environmental Destruction Global Pollution Global Warming Extinction of flora and fauna

Global Human Suffering (Robinson 2014)

In Developed Regions: Third-wave marketization creates

deteriorating standard of living for many people in the developed regions because it is driven by neoliberal ideology that thrives on: Deindustrialization of these regions Cutting/limiting state benefits or the safety net Keeping wages in check Turning full-time jobs into part-time and

seasonal jobs

Global Human Suffering (Robinson 2014) In Less Developed Regions: The third-wave marketization creates deteriorating

standard of living for the greater majority of people in the less developed or underdeveloped regions of the world because it is driven by neoliberal ideology that thrives on: Decline in per capita income Growing inequality Elimination of subsidies for water, health care,

transportation, education, food, and other necessities Eroding the land ownership and utilization base of

rural dwellers

Global Environmental Destruction (Robinson 2014)

The third-wave marketization intensifies the commodification of land/nature because it is driven by neoliberal ideology that thrives on: Exploitation of nature without limit

Increasing use of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gasoline, etc) “Greenhouse effect” on global warming with potentially catastrophic

climatic change

What are the possible strategies to eliminate the negative consequences of the neoliberal marketization?

GLOBAL ISSUES:

CURES: Market State Civil Society Human Factor Competency

Global Issues: Cures Applied and proposed global cures for global issues are

responses to marketization: either conforming to marketization or countering marketization.

EXISTING APPROACHES: There are three major approaches, according to

(John Seitz & Kristen Hite 2012) 1. Market Approach (Neoclassical or Private

Capitalist Approach) 2. The State Approach (Command Economy or

State Capitalist Approach) 3. Civil Society Approach (Decentralized or

Redistributive Development Approach)

Existing Applied Cures for Global Issues: The Market Approach

Economics (The Standpoint of the Market –Adam Smith): Private Ownership/Control Labor Specialization Free trade Central Role of Entrepreneurs and

Multinational CorporationEmphasis on these strategies

produces more wealth and facilitates sharing of the new wealth by more and more people. United States, Western Europe, Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong are the poster children of this approach (Seitz & Hite 2012, pp. 55- 57)

Increases the production of global public goods (Bhargava 2006).

Existing Applied Cures for Global Issues: The Market Approach

Main Weakness:

Profit before People High rates of unemployment A large income gap between the rich and

the poor Damage to people’s health

Existing Applied Cures for Global Issues: The State Approach

Political Science: (The Standpoint of the State –Karl Marx & V.I Lenin) Public/State Ownership/Control Central Planning Equal distribution of income Basic needs of all are provided

for Capital invested in areas that

benefit society

Global state actors such as the European Union, African Union, United Nations don’t share this perspective? (Payne 2013, pp. 4-7).

Power/Politics

Existing Applied Cures for Global Issues: The State Approach

Main Weakness:

Politics/Power before Profit and People

Inefficient production of wealth Suppression of individual liberties Human Rights abuses Genocides

Existing Applied Cures for Global Issues: The State Approach

The State Approach if not symbiotically integrated with the market and civil society to form an organic whole, usuallys lead to human right abuses and even genocide.

Cambodia Killing FieldsTiananmen Square

THE MISSING LINK

A Focus on People: Civil Society, its philosophy and the

quality of people.

THE MISSING LINK The significance of the need to reconstruct

the global market and global governance and to replace HFD with HFC in the framework of the ubuntu philosophy is well expressed in Robinson’s (2014, p. 283), observation that: To the degree that people continue to

think of themselves as members of a particular nation, class, or race, and not as part of humanity as a whole, the efforts to combat global issues will have little success.

Much now depends on whether we will be able to think and act as members of a single human group whose members share a common interest in survival. If we fail to take such a global view, if we insist, instead on fighting to protect our narrow group [individual] privileges rather than humanity’s general interest, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.

HOPE

HOPE Hope lies in the CIVIL SOCIETY APPROACH, according to

some sociologists, the International Institute for Human Factor Development (www.iihfd.net) and many other NGOs:

People before Profit and/or Politics/Power.

The Civil Society Approach Sociology: (The Standpoint of Civil Society –

Auguste Comte & C. Wright Mills)

People before Profit and/or Politics: Self-help community actions that

raise people’s low standard of living Help people to control their lives rather

than let the market or the state be the main determinants of their lives

make social and human development a reality

Protect the environment

The Civil Society Approach Redistributive Development Model (Robinson

2014) Global grassroots governance system fueled by

the global justice movement (using the strategy of global revolt from below) that redistributes wealth globally by creating and sustaining: Democratization of Social Life Reorientation of productive resources toward

poor majorities

The Civil Society Approach The last holdout against marketization is society itself, or

more precisely civil society, composed of associations with a measure of collective self-regulation, movements forged out of a collective will, and publics of mutual recognition and communication (Michael Burawoy 2014, pp. 292-293).

Development is not something that the rich bestow on the poor but rather something the poor achieve for themselves (Nancy Birdsall and Francis Fukuyama 2011)

The poor that survive are intelligent, hard working, and resourceful (Richard Stearn 2010).

The Civil Society Approach Weaknesses?

Criticized as too small-scale to make a big difference in the global society Efforts at the grassroots level directed

towards community managed economic development often fail because of unsupportive global political and economic forces (Seitz & Hite 2012, p. 63-64)

Even people helped by successful NGO projects still remain poor (UNDP Human Development Report 1998, p. 94; New York Times 1998, p. A8)

Market, power/political, and human factor constraints contribute to this situation

The Civil Society Approach

In order for the civil society approach to achieve its goal of making the market and power/politics work for “we the people”, it is necessary for it to facilitate the development of Human Factor Competency (HFC) in the global community.

ELIMINATING THE WEAKNESSES OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY APPROACH: The Role of Human Factor Competency (HFC)

The role of HFC in implementing the “we” factor or Ubuntu philosophy is crucial to the effectiveness of the civil society approach as a cure for global issues.

ELIMINATING THE WEAKNESSES OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY APPROACH: The Role of Human Factor Competency (HFC)

Distilling from earlier definitions of the HFC (Adjibolosoo, 1995; Adu-Febiri, 2000, 2001, 2003/2004 and 2011), HFC constitutes peoples’ thinking and humanitarian abilities that inspire and facilitate their acquisition and application of appropriate resources to connect with our common humanity and the environment emotionally, morally and spiritually to make a sustainable difference in society. In essence, HFC is an essential dimension of what Adjibolosoo (1995, p. 33) conceptualizes as “the appropriate human qualities and/or characteristics (i.e., the HF). Human Factor Decay (HFD) is the decline or loss or lack of those human qualities and/or characteristics (Adjibolosoo 1995). Senyo Adjibolosoo (1995, pp. 33 and 36), defines the HF as a spectrum of personality characteristics that enable social,

economic, and political institutions to function and remain functional over time. These [personality characteristics] include human capital, spiritual capital, moral capital, aesthetic capital, human abilities, and human potential.

ELIMINATING THE WEAKNESSES OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY APPROACH: The Role of Human Factor Competency HFC approach to global issues emphasizes that the

emergence and entrenchment of global issues result from and they reproduce human factor deficiency/decay (HFD), which is the link between neoliberalism and marketization (Adu-Febiri 2003/2004, 2008).

HFD makes people focus on their individual interests at the expense of community, humanity, and the environment. This is a violation of the UBUNTU philosophy. The Civil Society Approach is an antidote to this global issues. However, the civil society approach needs people with high HFC index to implement its “good intentions” successfully. With high HFC index, the civil society approach could transform existing global political forces and economic forces to support civil society’s efforts to create sustainable global development. Without high HFC index, “the good intentions” of development NGOs will metamorphose into “imperialism” (Barry-Shaw and Oja Jay 2012)

Human Factor Deficiency/Decay (HFD) Deterioration in the human capital, cultural

capital, social capital, aesthetic capital, emotional capital, moral capital, and spiritual capital of people, organizations, institutions, communities and societies (Adjibolosoo 1995).

This deterioration causes mental, cultural, emotional, moral, spiritual, and aesthetic disconnection of people from each other, family, community, nation, society, common humanity, the environment, and the cosmos (Adu-Febiri 2003/2004, 2011).

The Significance of HFC

When civil society is equipped with high HFC index, it is likely to transform the market and the state to support the development of Ubuntu (the “we” factor) and the processes of applying it to make policies, programs, and projects that cater to the well-being of individuals, communities, societies, and the environment.

The Ubuntu Philosophy

UBUNTU = The “We” factor of human life

“We the Peoples” (Kofi Annan 2001).

UBUNTU Symbol

https://www.google.ca/search?q=images+of+ubuntu&hl

UBUNTU ……It is the essence of being human. It speaks of the fact that It is the essence of being human. It speaks of the fact that

my humanity is caught up and is inextricably bound up in my humanity is caught up and is inextricably bound up in yours. I am human because I belong. It speaks about yours. I am human because I belong. It speaks about wholeness, it speaks about compassion. A person with ubuntu wholeness, it speaks about compassion. A person with ubuntu is welcoming, hospitable, warm and generous, willing to is welcoming, hospitable, warm and generous, willing to share. Such people are open and available to others, willing share. Such people are open and available to others, willing to be vulnerable, affirming of others, do not feel threatened to be vulnerable, affirming of others, do not feel threatened that others are able and good, for they have a proper self-that others are able and good, for they have a proper self-assurance that comes from knowing that they belong in a assurance that comes from knowing that they belong in a greater whole. They know that they are diminished when greater whole. They know that they are diminished when others are humiliated, diminished when others are others are humiliated, diminished when others are oppressed, diminished when others are treated as if they oppressed, diminished when others are treated as if they were less than who they are. The quality of ubuntu gives were less than who they are. The quality of ubuntu gives people resilience, enabling them to survive and emerge still people resilience, enabling them to survive and emerge still human despite all efforts to dehumanise them (Tutu 2004. human despite all efforts to dehumanise them (Tutu 2004. God Has A DreamGod Has A Dream: Published by Doubleday). : Published by Doubleday).

UBUNTU There are three maxims that shape the There are three maxims that shape the

Ubuntu philosophy: The first maxim asserts Ubuntu philosophy: The first maxim asserts that 'To be human is to affirm one's that 'To be human is to affirm one's humanity by recognizing the humanity of humanity by recognizing the humanity of others and, on that basis, establish others and, on that basis, establish respectful human relations with them.' And respectful human relations with them.' And 'the second maxim means that if and when 'the second maxim means that if and when one is faced with a decisive choice between one is faced with a decisive choice between wealth and the preservation of the life of wealth and the preservation of the life of another human being, then one should opt another human being, then one should opt for the preservation of life'. The third for the preservation of life'. The third 'maxim' as a 'principle deeply embedded in 'maxim' as a 'principle deeply embedded in traditional African political philosophy' says traditional African political philosophy' says 'that the king owed his status, including all 'that the king owed his status, including all the powers associated with it, to the will of the powers associated with it, to the will of the people under him‘ (Samkange 1980).the people under him‘ (Samkange 1980).

NELSON MANDELA’S COMMENTS NELSON MANDELA’S COMMENTS ON UBUNTUON UBUNTU

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Experience_ubuntu.ogg

Implementing the Ubuntu Philosophy: The Role of HFC

The Ubuntu philosophy is only a vision or philosophy, and as such people, communities and societies need to develop emotional, moral and spiritual connections to our common humanity in addition to appropriate knowledge, skills, strategies and principles to implement the vision in real life and in real time. The HFC education model seeks to provide these.

Implementing the Ubuntu Philosophy: The Role of HFC

HFC Education Model: Processes

Implementing the Ubuntu Philosophy: The Role of HFC HFC Education Model: Curriculum Content & Pedagogy 1. Thinking: Synthetic Thinking, Critical Thinking,

Creative Thinking, and Design Thinking. 2. Service Learning: Students contributing to

community needs and using community needs to make curriculum and instruction more relevant

3. Applied Programs: Integration of Theory and Practice; transforming knowledge into wisdom

4. Indigenous Knowledges: Finding local solutions to local problems

5. Multidisciplinary & Interdisciplinary Programs: Holistic connections to all available disciplines.

Implementing the Ubuntu Philosophy: The Role of HFC HFC Education Model: Pedagogy

Creative Thinking

Critical Thinking

Synthetic Thinking

Design Thinking

ACTION:- Service-Learning

© Francis Adu-Febiri 2013

Implementing the Ubuntu Philosophy: The Role of HFCHFC Education Model: Practice

PERSUATION

MOTIVATION

MODELING

MENTORIN

G

CELEBRATIO

N

HFC EDUCATIONPRACTICE

CONCLUSION: HOPE FOR HUMANITY Global issues could be transformed into global

opportunities and resources to contribute to building inclusive globalization through local actions based on our common humanity in all its diversity (Kofi Annan 2001).

Students who internalize the Ubuntu philosophy and develop high human factor competency (HFC) could use service-learning strategies to participate effectively in this process. That is, the community or societal process the civil society approach has initiated to transform the existing global market and global governance to serve the interests of civil society globally.

The hope/solution is not in the civil society approach per se; rather, the hope/solution is in the quality of human beings designing and implementing the approach.

You may be part of this hope

References Adjibolosoo, Senyo. 1995. The Human Factor in Developing Africa. London:

Praeger. Adu-Febiri, Francis. 2013. “Intercultural Diversities, Common Humanity”.

LOTUS Presentation on Intercultural Diversity and Restructuring Post-Secondary Education, organized by LOTUS in UBC, Vancouver.

Adu-Febiri, Francis. 2011. “Inviting Emotions, Morals and Spirit into Our Classrooms: A Sociological Perspective on the Human Factor Model of Education”, Review of Human Factor Studies, Volume 17, Issue. 1., pp. 40-78. Adu-Febiri, Francis. 2008. “Globalization, Indigenization and Tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa”. In

Joseph Mensah (ed.). Neoliberalism and Globalization in Africa: Contestations on the Embattled Continent. New: Palgrave Macmillan

Adu-Febiri, Francis. 2006. “The Destiny of Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World”. Review of Human Factor Studies, Volume 12, No. 1, pp. 30-64.

Adu-Febiri, Francis. 2004. “Re-defining the Human Factor: An Explorative exercise”. Review of Human Factor Studies, Volume 10, No. 1, Special Issue, pp. 121-128.

References Adu-Febiri, Francis. 2003/2004. “Facilitating cultural Diversity in a Monolithic Global Economy:

The Role of Human Factor Education.” International Journal of the Humanities, Volume 1, pp. 885-908.

Adu-Febiri, Francis. 2003: “Putting the Human Factor to Work in African Tourism: A Human Factor Competency Model.” In Victor N. Muzvidziwa and Paul Gundani (eds.).Management and the Human Factor: Lessons for Africa. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.

Adu-Febiri, Francis. 2002. “Thinking Skills in Education: Ideal and Real Academic Cultures. ”CTDL Brief, National University of Singapore. Vol. 5 No. 4.

Adu-Febiri, Francis. 2001: “Human Factor Competence and the Performance Effectiveness o Hospitality Professionals.” Senyo Adjibolosoo, ed., Portraits of Human Behavior and Performance: The Human Factor in Action, Lanham: University Press of America.

Adu-Febiri, Francis. 2000. “Putting the Human Factor to Work in African Tourism: A Human Factor Competency Model”. Paper presented at the 4th Bi-annial conference of the IIHFD, July 17-18.

Annan, Kofi. 2001. We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. New York: United Nations.

Barry-Shaw, Nikilas and Dru Oja Jay. 2012. Paved with Good Intentions: Canada’s Development NGOs from Idealism to Imperialism. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.

Bhargava, V. 2006. Global Issues for Global Citizens: An Introduction to Key Development Challenges. New York: The World Bank

Birdsall, Nancy and Francis Fukuyama. 2011. Burawoy, Michael. 2014. “The Future of Sociology” In Robert J. Brym (ed.). Society in Question,

Seventh Edition. Toronto: Nelson Education.

References

Payne, Richard. 2013. Global Issues: Politics, Economics, and Culture. Fourth Edition. Boston: Pearson.

Robinson, William I. 2014. “The Chimera of Democracy and Development”. In Robert J. Brym (ed.). Society in Question, Seventh Edition. Toronto: Nelson Education.

Samkange, Stanlake. 1980. Hunhuism or Ubuntuism: A. Zimbabwe Indigenous Political Philosophy. Graham Pub.

Seitz, John L. and Kristen A. Hite. 2012. Global Issues: An Introduction. Fourth Edition. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell

Tutu, Desmond. 2004. Tutu, Desmond. 2004. God Has A Dream.God Has A Dream. London: London: DoubledayDoubleday