GLOBAL INTERACTIONSUNIT 7

Sociocultural Exchanges Eloïse Savineau Brian Shen

Political Outcomes Judy Song Ethan Kim

On a Local Level Alice Yue Gurjyot Johal

Table of Contents

1. Sociocultural Exchanges

2. Political Outcomes

3. Global Interactions on a Local Level

1. SOCIOCULTURAL EXCHANGES

1.1 Cultural diffusion: the process - Describe cultural traits in terms of:

Language:

Beliefs:

Images:

Food:

● Countries have official language● Minority languages also present● Terms unique to the languages/cultures● English is the international language which aids globalization

● Religious holidays● Religious behaviours (e.g. praying before eating)● Religious clothing (e.g. burka)● After-death arrangements

● Body image for both genders● Display of social standing● Image of happiness

● Traditional dishes (e.g. mille-feuille)● Dependent on local produce and livestock● Originates in certain regions but has spread internationally due to globalization (e.g. beef

noodles and bubble tea)

Customs:

Dress:

Music:

Technology:

● Unique holidays (e.g. Lunar New Year)● Behavioural customs (e.g. bowing to elders)● General attitude differences (e.g. towards nature, school, other people)

● According to environment● Traditional clothing (e.g. Japanese kimonos)● Clothing laws (e.g. Saudi Arabia)● Fashion has also gone through globalization (e.g. jeans)

● Language of lyrics● Genre of music● Traditional music of each region● National anthems

● Medical advancement● Industrial and agricultural technology affects industries● Transportation technology greatly aids the process of globalization

1.2 - Examine the diffusion of cultural traits resulting from the international movement of workers, tourists and commodities.

● The presence of foreign citizens creates a population of people who possess the knowledge of a different culture

● These people have different cultural behaviours which can be observed by the native citizens

● Creates a demand for foreign products● Different ethnic restaurants are opened and introduced to the existing citizens and culture● Foreign commodities being sold allows the original citizens to be physically immersed in

and experience the foreign culture● Physical cultural traits are also expressed, such as ideal body image and style of fashion● A community of people with a different religion results in the construction of their area of

worship● The hybridization of the original native culture and the new foreign culture is slowly

created● Due to newer generations being raised in and learning both the ways of both cultures

1.3 - Consumerism and Culture - Describe the role of TNCs and the media in spreading consumer culture

TNC – Transnational Corporation is a firm that has the power to coordinate and control operations in more than one country.

- TNCs play a major role in the global economy- TNCs can locate operations globally depending on where the most suitable location

is- spread consumer culture to various countries, boosting the economy of the host

country- They are considered to be too big to fail, nation states are obliged to support TNCs if

they get into trouble, as it would be threatening job losses or economic instability. - TNCs can also negatively affect a country's economy.

TNCs are creating a global culture: export of supposedly “superior” cultural traits and products from advanced countries, and their worldwide adoption (westernization, modernization)

Media – musical lends itself to globalization as it is a popular mode of cultural expression. - The global music industry is dominated by TNCs, with the USA, and the UK

dominating domestically generated popular music. - Expose the global audience to local musical traditions from around the world. - Migration of people has also created new “hybridized” forms of music.

Television – Advent of cables, satellite and digital technologies, in addition to political and legal deregulation in many western and developing states, several television channels are now globally disseminated. The USA, France, Germany, and the UK are major exporters of television programmes.

1.4 - Select two different branded commodities and examine the spatial and temporal pattern of adoption on a global scale.

Coca-Cola- Founded in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia.- World’s leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage

concentrates and syrups.- Produces more than 400 brands- Employs 49,000 people worldwide- Operates in 200 countries- Coca Cola was introduced in Britain in 1900- Nowadays, the company is located in more than 200 countries, where its drinks are

produced by local people with local resources- Brings job opportunities and economic stability to people. Use of local resources

makes it more sustainable than transporting resources from around the world- Produces brands that embrace distinct tastes and local preferences

McDonald’s restaurant

- on an average day, over 30 million people are served at one of the more than 31,000 McDonald’s restaurants in more than 100 countries.

- first restaurants located in the USA and Canada, and then spread to Europe, Australia and Japan during the early 1970s

- by the end of the 1970s, McDonald was located in Europe and New Zealand, as well as opened stored in South America (Brazil)

- 1980s saw further expansion in South America, Mexico, parts of Europe, and South-East Asia.

- China, Russia, and parts of the Arab world were reached only in the 1990s.- over half of the restaurants are in the USA, 600 in UK, 250 in Brazil, 200 in China,

50 in Thailand.- “new McDonald restaurant opens somewhere in the world every 3 minutes”- the chain has become a local institution in the sense that it has blended into the

urban landscape

1.5 Sociocultural integration - Examine the role of diasporas [define term] in preserving culture in one country and the adoption of minority traits by host societies.

Diaspora: the forced or voluntary dispersal of any population sharing common racial, ethnic, or cultural identity, after leaving their settled territory and migrating to a new region.

● Majority of Irish population live outside of Ireland● Irish diaspora consists of 80 million people, 14 times the

population of Ireland● 75% of the Irish diaspora live in Britain● Second largest ethnic group in the USA (after German

Americans)● Largest Irish American communities are in Chicago, Boston,

new York City, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Kansas City, and Savannah, Georgia

● St. Patrick’s Day parades and celebration adopted by countries such as the USA

1.6 Examine the impact of cultural diffusion [define term] on one indigenous and remote society through the influence of international interactions

Cultural diffusion is the spreading out of cultures, cultural traits, or cultural patterns from central points. Spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. Mixing of world cultures. Indigenous society: The Dani (location: Irian Jaya, west half of the island of New Guinea)

· 100,000 Dani people, consisting of 30 cultural groups· Discovered in 1938

http://www.papuatrekking.com/uploads/images/fotky/Papua_Dani%20(2).JPG http://www.papua-adventures.com/images/pic38.jpg

Missionaries’ impact- Set up schools, churches, and medical services- By 1980 over 80% of the Dani people had been converted to Christianity- Burning of charms and fetishes- Adopting Christian names- Eliminating rituals- Trading using money instead of cowrie shells- Raising the age of marriage of girls- Discouraging polygamy

https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2502/3973862347_21e9a28a18.jpg

Government influences (post-1989 Indonesian government)- The wearing of clothes and use of the Indonesian language- Rice cultivation instead of sweet potatoes as staple crop- Western-style housing- Expelling the missionaries, leaving the community without support

The impact of tourism (post-1984)- Tourists bring gifts and novelties for the Dani, who then expect them and develop a “cargo

cult” (expect the westerners to bring goods)- Become exposed to new forms of dress wear (tourists bring t-shirts)- The Dani work as guides and porters to gain cash (become integrated into the cash economy)- Severe leakage of the tourist revenue occurs because most of the money goes to Indonesian

businessmen, services are foreign owned. (no benefit to Dani economically)Dani culture has become degraded to the level of a human zoo, and tourist have begun to contaminate the culture which tourists wanted to preserve

1.7 Examine the ways in which international interactions may result in the homogenization and dilution of culture. Define and exemplify the concept of cultural imperialism.

Cultural imperialism: - Imposing the culture of one country on another. Most often seen when the country in

question is being invaded by another country with a different culture.- (i.e. The Dani “invaded” by Xian missionaries in 1954, set up churches, schools, medical

services. Converted the Dani people to Christianity. Discourages the Dani people of their culture and traditions)

Language:- There are around 6000 languages in the world, however this is predicted to drop to 3000 by

2100- English and Mandarin are becoming the world’s most dominant languages, international

business and trade leads to the convergence of languages and use of a dominant language

Tourism:- World’s largest industry- Mixing of cultures and standardization of a country to a stereotype

Global brands:- Influences of TNCs have led to a rise of global consumer culture around world brands- McDonalds operates over 31,000 outlets in 199 countries- Coca-Cola is available in nearly every country. It is a transcultural item, yet it remains linked

to the USMedia:

- National media systems are being superseded by the global media complexes- 20-30 large TNCs dominate the global entertainment and media industry, all which are from

the West, especially the USA. (i.e. Disney, Time-Warner, Universal Studios….)

Democracy:- The spread of liberal democracy has been profound and is practiced in the vast majority of

the nation states across the world.- Underlying this diffusion of western enlightenment belief that it is the most desirable form of

governance.Criticism of cultural imperialism:

- Ascribes globalization with too much determining power- Power of locality and local culture is overlooked- Leads to the creation of a universalized hybrid culture (i.e British drink tea because of the

British imperial connection with India. Football (soccer) which diffused through the British empire, is thought to have been invented in China.)

2. Political Outcomes

Loss of sovereignty - Discuss the links between the diminishing effectiveness of political borders and the flow of goods, capital, labour and ideas, and the role of one multi‑ governmental organization such as the European Union (EU), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and MERCOSUR (the common market of South America).

2.1 Political Outcomes - Loss of Sovereignty

- Trading bloc = arrangement among group of nations to allow free trade between members but impose tariffs on other countries that want to trade with them (ex. EU)

- EU = hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization of 27 countries

- 6 founder members desired closer union/greater economic and social progress, promote trade

- But EU = far more than a free-trade association...

https://www.google.ca/search?q=eu&safe=off&es_sm=93&biw=1366&bih=600&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=02M-VYrIEtb8oQSa84GwDw&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAg#imgrc=ctjUlOD4DB5LqM%253A%3B9Q8HRG2JQgjcyM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.qualityaction.eu%252Fimages%252Feu.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.qualityaction.eu%252F%3B1600%3B1067

- Since 1945 (when it was founded), plans to increase # of countries in EU and to extend into central and eastern Europe are no longer based on trade alone but more on political grounds

- Chances of conflict in an expanded UE are much lower that if the same countries are outside EU

- EU has certain attributes associated with independent nations: own flag, currency (for some), law-making abilities, diplomatic representation and common foreign and security policy in dealings with external partners

- Formation and growth of EU diminishes effectiveness of political borders within EU

- increasing flow of people, capital, goods, ideas across borders shows demise of nation state

- combined with growth of trading blocs (EU) and TNCs, individual countries = less important

2.1 - Loss of Sovereignty

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2.2 - Discuss the shift of power from nation state to TNC’s as a result of their economic size and dominance

TNC now play major role in global econ, particularly in FDI: Factors that reduce power of nation states-People, capital, information + products can more easily move b/w countries -> losing control over econ. + people-TNC can location globally depending on where it’s blahmost suitable; if nation state is strict, can simply move to another-Nation needs to attract FDI from TNC; need to have incentives ie. Low tax rates, establishing EPZ or SEZ-State ownership of sectors reduced over last 30yrs b/c process of privatization of state owned industries-TNC can be very effective at lobbying, influencing politicians to take decisions that are in company’s interests eg. GE for democrats-Many nation states don’t have capital nor tech. expertise to invest in facilities needed for large scale extraction; will sell rights to TNCs ie. BP, ShellDebate whether it is fair to compare sales with GDP (value added) and that this comparison overestimates number for TNC’sBecame planned economies with vast internal markets;· ~1/3 of all trade made up of internal transfers of TNC. Transfers produce money for gvnt. via taxes + levies· Economic power comes from ownership of assets· 50m+ people employed by TNC

Many goverments in developing countries own their own resources, TNCs still controlTo survive, TNC used 3 strategies:· Rationalization – slimming down of workforce, replacing men with machines· Reorganization – includes improvements in production, admin and marketing ie. Increase in subcontracting of production· Diversification – refers to firms that have developed new productsWealth of TNCOf world’s 100 largest economies, 51 now corporations, 49 countries

2.2 - Compare the wealth of TNC’s with that of nation states

Source: Fortune 2002

2.3 - Examine the resurgence of nationalism in one country as it attempts to retain control of its resources and culture

- Nationalism = political movement/belief that holds that a nation has the right to an independent political development based on a shared history and common destiny

- Nation-building involves common language, education system, national communications networks, national symbols and promotion of national culture

- Ireland = example of nationalism resurgence

https://www.google.ca/search?q=ireland+map&safe=off&es_sm=93&biw=1366&bih=600&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=M2Q-VcnLAo-4ogTF1YC4Ag&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ#imgrc=6Jo_bmEOWKnvUM%253A%3BwANjzr6pTA9QaM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%252Fmaps%252Feurope%252Fireland%252Fmap_of_ireland.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%252Fmaps%252Feurope%252Fireland%252F%3B466%3B350

2.3 - Nationalism continued

- There are two extremes of nationalism in Ireland – freedom-fighters/terrorists, and members of Gaelteacht (Irish-speaking regions)

- Also a variety of other programmes to develop nationality: school curriculum taughted the Irish sagas, history and Irish lessons

- Promotion of national sports: Gaelic football and hurling- There’s an economic camping to buy “guaranteed Irish”

(helped Irish companies)- In 1920s and 30s, the govt’s import substitution policies

helped reduce dependence on Britain- Developing national identity and becoming an integral part

of global economy are hard to reconcile

hurling and Gaelic footballhttps://www.google.ca/search?q=gaelic+football&safe=off&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=600&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=XmI-VdCGBMq0oQS56oD4Dw&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAg#imgrc=5pKfyRV4ibHkkM%253A%3BA-vbnnu4DE2ugM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Finsideireland.ie%252Fwp-content%252Fuploads%252F2011%252F03%252FGAA-football-and-hurlnew.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Finsideireland.ie%252F2014%252F11%252F24%252Fnew-comedy-play-features-first-all-protestant-107332%252F%3B580%3B400

· Anti-globalization describes a wide variety of protestors, lobbyists and pressure groups; attracted attention due to protests it mounted during international summits ie. Seattle. Tokyo and Munich.· Initial development after actions of Zapatista National Liberation Army; gained global audience in 1999 during WTO trade talks in Seattle· Lacks focus; some in favour of globalization – but at a lower pace· Others object to economic and political power that some ric countries wield· Some see work of organizations ie World Bank as pedantic and stifling needs of poor countriesPGA: People’s Global Action· Not an organization; aims to be organized network for disseminating information, convening international and regional conference; an informal support group that helps with fundraising; website; email lists; secretariat

2.4 - Discuss anti-globalization movements

http://content.lib.washington.edu/wtoweb/images/wto-protest.jpg

Case Study: Tofino· Actively resisting allowing TNC’s to set up shop in their local business: drafting bylaws that would throw up nearly insurmountable series of roadblocks to discourage franchised fast-food chains· Coun. Stephen Ashton: proposal to ban fast-food business to preserve the town’s unique character: “too late once we let one franchise in.”· Modelled after Vancouver’s Granville Island: restricts tenants to “local owned and operated independent business.”· Vancouver Island’s Qualicum held off fast-food with requiring all food service establishments to provide sit-down table serviceDirection given in official community plan allows Tofino’s planners to reject unacceptable businesses through development permit process

2.4 - Discuss anti-globalization movements continued.

http://c8.alamy.com/comp/AB74R8/tofino-bc-vancouver-island-british-columbia-canada-signs-on-local-AB74R8.jpg

2.5 Discuss the attempts to control migration into one country

- Illegal immigration to USA = foreign nationals voluntarily residing in USA in violation of US immigration/nationality law

- Punishment includes fines, imprisonment, deportation- In 2006, there were between 11.5-12 million illegals- Method of entry: visa overstay, fraudulent marriage, border

crossing, by sea ports, slavery, prostitution- Illegal immigration concentrated around border cities (El

Paso, San Diego), which have extensive border fencing and enhanced border patrols

- Stricter enforcement of border in cities has failed to curb illegal immigration significantly, instead pushing flow into more remote regions, increasing cost to taxpayers of each arrest from $300 in 1992 to $1700 in 2002

https://www.google.ca/search?q=usa+visa&safe=off&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=600&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=6WQ-VbKjB8fxoATfjICgAQ&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ#imgrc=wAs-BWCcWanGOM%253A%3BSAaCd_ltg9exyM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fupload.wikimedia.org%252Fwikipedia%252Fcommons%252Fb%252Fb9%252FUSA_Visa_-_Arg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.wikipedia.org%252Fwiki%252FB_visa%3B960%3B635

2.5 - Migration continued

- In 2005, House of Representatives voted to build a separation barrier along parts of the border- 2006, a vote included a plan to blockade 860mi with vehicle barriers and triple-layer fencing- In 2007, Congress approved of more fencing- Republicans are more eager on securing the border- But along the border, of the 20 workstations only 2 are manned- In 2010, agents picked up only 12,251 illegals trying to cross the border, this is a 96% decrease compared to 1993 (285,781)- There are some who question the entire premise of attempting to seal the border, historically, the number of illegals from

Mexico correlates most closely with economic growth in America and with the # of visas handed out, not with increased policing of the border

- On November 20, 2014, Obama announced a program of "deferred action" which would allow roughly 45% of illegal immigrants to legally stay and work in the United States

- The President's executive actions will give parents of American citizens or legal resident children who have lived in the U.S. for more than five years relief from deportation if they register with the government, undergo background checks, and pay taxes.

3. GLOBAL INTERACTIONS ON A LOCAL LEVEL

3.1 - Globalization vs. Glocalization

GLOBALIZATION

“growing interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of

cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international

capital flows, and through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of

technology”

GLOCALISATION

“emphasizes that the globalization of a product is more likely to succeed

when the product or service is adapted specifically to each locality

or culture it is marketed in”

3.2.1 - Adoption of GlobalizationCOMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES

● increase in market size, leading to more product being sold and bought bringing money to local economy

● larger scale companies employ more workers which lead to an decrease in poverty, increase in employment and increase in tax revenues

● areas with high levels of education become more globalised as more demand for top workers and higher levels of education for international work

● countries will increase levels of safety to attract more investors● products being extracted and sold at a global level since many aren’t available internationally

such as oil● levels of communication has increased as a way to make global connections and further

increase the size of companies in order to generate more income● farmers look out for international buyers if they have an excess of product from local sales ● better knowledge for producers to understand the worth of their product at a global scale in order

to price it locally

3.2.2 - Adoption of GlobalizationREASONS FOR VARIANCE IN LEVEL AND RATE OF ADOPTION

Population & Market Size Sanctions

Government Policy and Ideology Start Up Costs

Levels of Communication Taxation and Protectionism

Education Level Availability of Raw Materials

Electricity and Water Protests

Level of Development Local Culture

Safety Corruption

3.3.1 - Local Response to Globalization

CIVIL SOCIETY - ADOPTION, ADAPTATION, REJECTION

Case Study: Shell in Nigeria vs. Greenpeace● 1979: Peak of oil boom; brought in $25 billion, external debt sub-10b. ● went from boom to bust in a few years and yet to recover● Shell responsible for half of country’s output @ 2 million barrels a day: Nigeria even more so dependent on oil as

80% of export earnings and 90% of government revenue○ Economic: Should public buy Shell products?○ Environmental: degradation and pollution?○ Social: Poor people unable to defend themselves○ Cultural: Chances for Ogoni people to continue as farmers and fisherman

● McDonalds adopting a trend of localization for each region: ie. McArabia○ trend continues with Dominos, KFC: matching dishes to local tastes; it can now afford a non-standardized

menu and thus have dishes that compliments the local taste needs● benefits of glocalized commercial production

○ increased market access, sale, more farm-gate sales, fresh food “in season,” reduced air miles -> smaller carbon footprint, improved local farming -> better local economy

● costs - increasing cost of oil makes cost of inputs higher, greater emphasis on quality may make production less profitable, higher cost of local farm products, less choice of “out of season”, loss of subsidies to maintain farming

3.3.2 - Local Responses to Globalisation - Costs and Benefits of Local and Global Commercial Production

PRODUCERS - ADVANTAGESLOCAL

● Less transportation costs/food miles● Work, discussion, and communication are more

efficient in a close knit local community● Local farmers can increase price of fresh, local

products as they are trusted and known to be fresh by the consumer

● Subsidies from governments to help cover the money lost from farming and to help encourage more local farming

GLOBAL● Can benefit from producing on a larger scale

since most companies require bulk product orders as that would reduce the cost of shipper rather than small orders being shipped often

● Producing large orders decreases the cost of work since done in a large scale

● Can get source material cheaper since it would be large orders that are often discounted

PRODUCERS - DISADVANTAGESLOCAL

● May have problem finding raw material to use● Local workers may not have skills or education

so many would need training● Restaurants and food producers would have to

change menu according to season

GLOBAL● Higher transportation cost for both products

going to consumers and getting raw material to create the products

● Local demand for products is high especially for food as many consumers are looking for organic, locally grown fruit and vegetables without the high amount of preservatives and chemicals used globally

● More expensive to provide for preservatives that would allow fruit and vegetables to survive until received by consumers

3.3.3 - Local Responses to Globalisation - Costs and Benefits of Local and Global Commercial Production

CONSUMER - ADVANTAGES

LOCAL● Fresh food, organic, and in season food● Meets local customs● Know that the food hasn’t travelled

thousands of km so less preservatives

GLOBAL● Greater variety of food since it comes

from all over the world● Mass production, cheaper food● Fruits and vegetables can often be found

in the off-season at these stores since a lot of the food is frozen

CONSUMER - DISADVANTAGESLOCAL

● Many food that is short-lived and grown only in specific seasons may be unattainable

● Diseases and pesticides in farms that cause a decrease of production that season can lead for there to not be as much of a supply which may increase price

● Expensive since the food is usually supplied in a small scale

GLOBAL● Prices may fluctuate depending on tariffs, taxes

and monopolies● Unknown source and quality of the product● Lots of preservatives and chemical

advancements are usually used to lessen the ripening effect

● Major droughts in the places where the product was produced it can reduce quantity which can dramatically increase prices

3.3.4 - Local Responses to Globalisation - Costs and Benefits of Local and Global Commercial Production

ECONOMY - ADVANTAGES

LOCAL● Keeps money circulating in local economy● More jobs available, more employment, less

poverty and starvation● Locals learn new skills ● Increases tax revenue from income which

betters community as a whole

GLOBAL● Usually provides more jobs than local

producing companies as the global commercial production is on a bigger scale so more mass of product is needed to be made

● Strengthens trading relationships within trading countries

ECONOMY - DISADVANTAGESLOCAL

● cost government and taxpayers a lot of money as it goes towards subsidies

● local farmers and producers pay less taxes● exploitation and unfair treatment● risk of debt for local companies depending

on economy GLOBAL

● economic leakage ● can affect many large scale countries if

company is dependant on a particular country as a consumer and that country experiences financial issues such as depression or recessions

● forces many local companies to close as they cannot compete with the margins of large scale companies

3.4.1 - Alternatives - Role of Civil Societies

RAISING AWARENESS

Grameen Bank● extend banking facilities to poor men/women● eliminate exploitation of the poor by money

lenders● create opportunities for self-employment and

vast multitude of unemployed people in rural Bangladesh;bring the disadvantaged, mostly the women from the poorest households, within the fold of an organizational format which they can understand and manage by themselves

● reverse the age-old vicious circle of "low income, low saving & low investment", into virtuous circle of "low income, injection of credit, investment, more income, more savings, more investment, more income"

The Fairtrade Foundation● ensure primary producers in LEDCs are paid a

fair a survivable wage for the production of crops (cocoa, tea, coffee, bananas, flowers, etc.)

● workers are treated fairly● research into the impacts of poverty● worldwide nearly $5 billion was spent on Fair

trade products in 2008Survival International

● NGO that campaigns for the rights for indigenous groups, uncontacted tribes to keep their ancestral lands, maintain traditional culture determine their own future (level of integration)

● educates general population against views that indigenous groups are uncivilised and backwards

● for an estimated 150 mil. people living in indigenous tribes in 60+ countries

● believe these groups should remain uncontacted in order to ensure ongoing survival

3.4.2 - Alternatives - Role of Civil Societies

SUPPORT of LOCAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY & CULTURAL VALUESLocal Economic Activity

● civil societies support the local economic activity○ the more connections they make with the

outside societies, the more they are led to work with them (e.g. buying products or selling products)

○ provides money to local economy● advancements in education develop economic

power● increase in education in a particular society

would lead to more competition, causing more focus on education and skills for jobs

Local Cultural Values● increase in communication and engagement ● change from religious way of living to more

“modern” state of living

ANTI-GLOBALIZATION VIEWS

TOFINO - FAST FOOD CHAINS

● drafting bylaws to discourage franchised fast food chains

● draft descriptions of “unique attributes of Tofino’s west coast culture”

● “If you are not unique, independent, and self-owned, you will not get in.”

● “We are actually famous for the quality of our cuisine. The goal is to preserve and enhance that.”

● “... people are going to miss out on what is authentic and real.”

● passed a bylaw banning car idling, preventing drive-thru food services

3.4.3 - Alternatives - Quality of LifePOSITIVES - THE AMISH

● lower than average rates of cancer because of their clean living e.g. simple diet and limited use of tobacco and alcohol.

● close family ties & support network (care for elderly)

● little pollution because of no electricity● suicide rates below national average● above average in lower grades (spelling, word

use and mathematics)● low rates of theft, fraud and other non-violent

crimes● self-sufficient so are not vulnerable to changes

in supply and demand of goods● pacifists so all disputes will be resolved within

the community● healthier diet, because people don’t eat fast

food, but a more basic healthier diet.● maintain traditional culture

NEGATIVES - THE AMISH● high incidence of genetic disorder (small gene

pool)● above average infant mortality (against US)● education stops at grade 8● overpopulation because of reluctance to use

technology (food shortages)● reluctance to use contraception has also led to

overpopulation● avoidance of medical care● discrimination from outside because of lack of

understanding● high profile sexual abuse cases (often not

reported● physical abuse (corporal punishment)● don’t accept state benefits during hard times● women are subordinate to men (also true in

many societies)● traffic accidents from slow moving horse carts