global fishing issues. organization 1. introduction 2. trends in world fisheries and their...
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Organization 1. Introduction 2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999 3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity 4. Aquaculture 5. Root Causes of Problem 6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
1. Introduction and Organization
Fundamental Global Fisheries Problems of: 1. Excess fishing capacity 2. Degraded and overexploited ecosystems 3. Overfished resource stocks Inter-related problems Different disciplines emphasize different aspects But multi-disciplinary and multi-pronged
approaches required No single “magic bullet” solution
1. Introduction and Organization 1. Introduction and Organization 2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their Resources: 1974-1999 3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and Biodiversity 4. Aquaculture 5. Root Causes of Problem 6. Comprehensive Conservation and Management
2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their Resources: 1974-1999 Sources: FAO “Trends in World Fisheries and Their Resources: 1974-
1999,” in The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Part 3 Pauly et al. “Towards Sustainability in World Fisheries,” Nature,
Vol. 418, 8 August, 2002, pp. 689-695 Daniel Pauly, * Villy Christensen, Johanne Dalsgaard, Rainer
Froese, Francisco Torres Jr., “Fishing Down Marine Food Webs,” Science,Vol. 279, February 6, 1998, pp. 860-863
Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) Meeting on Management of Tuna Fishing Capacity: Conservation and Socio-Economics, Madrid, March 14-18, 2004
Big increases in effective fishing effort since WWII Increases in vessel numbers and sizes Rapid technological advances
Industrial-scale fishing Trawling, purse seining, long-lining
Small-scale or artisanal Shallow tropical waters for food fish and
shrimp Compete with industrial-scale shrimp trawlers
How large is the global capture fish market?
Current FAO global figures for fiscal 2000• 94.8 million tonnes landed globally*• First-sale value = $81billion US*
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* Source: FAO SOFIA 2002 report (table 1).
Global landings slowly declining since late 1980s, by about 0.7 million tons per year (Pauly et al.)
Global consumption of seafood products has doubled over the past 30 years, driven by population growth and rising income levels.
The United States, European Union, and Japan are the "Big Three" consumers for 80% of all seafood traded internationally.
In the past 35 years, the number of people fishing in the world has doubled and most of the growth has taken place in Asia due to the growth of aquaculture and poor government enforcement of restrictions on over-fishing.
An annual average of 7.3 million tons of fish is thrown back into the sea dead or dying because they are damaged, of the wrong species, under the legal landing size, or over a vessel's quota of fish.
This figure is believed to underestimate the number of marine mammals, turtles, and seabirds also caught as by-catch.
Aquaculture has become the fastest growing food production sector in the world
Now accounts for over 30% of all fish consumed.
Most of the increase has occurred in Asian countries, with China producing 70% of the global total of farmed fish.
It takes up to 3 pounds of wild anchovies or mackerel to feed and create 1 pound of farmed salmon or shrimp.
Based on 2000 estimates, ocean-related activities directly contribute to more than $117 billion to the American economy and support well over 2 million jobs, including maritime trade, offshore oil and gas operations, and the fishing industry.
Global trends vis-à-vis MSY since 1974 (FAO)
Percentage of stocks at MSY level slightly decreased
Percentage of stocks exploited below MSY decreased steadily
Percentage of stocks exploited beyond MSY has increased From about 10% in early 1970s to nearly 30%
in late 1990s Many stocks without information
Trends in percentage of stocks exploited beyond MSY levels in North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Increasing proportion of stocks exploited beyond MSY until late 1980s or early 1990s
In North Atlantic, situation has improved and stabilized in 1990s
In North Pacific, situation has remained unstable
Trends in percentage of stocks exploited beyond MSY levels in tropical (Central and Southern) Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Trends in percentage of stocks exploited beyond MSY levels in tropical (Central and Southern) Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Growing percentage of stocks exploited beyond MSY in both tropical oceans
Deteriorating situation, with possible exception of tropical Atlantic, where stabilization might have started
Status of Stocks in 1999 (FAO)
In 1999, vis-à-vis MSY 4% of stocks underexploited 21% moderately exploited 47% fully exploited 18% overexploited 9% depleted 1% recovering In sum, 72% of stocks at or above MSY level
Myers and Worm (Nature 2003) claim that the world’s oceans have lost over 90% of large predatory fish as compared to their pre-1970’s levels.
FAO takes a much more conservative view, but agrees that “an increasing number of fisheries are either fully exploited or over-exploited.”
Fishing Down Food Webs The mean trophic level of the species groups
reported in Food and Agricultural Organization global fisheries statistics declined from 1950 to 1994.
Globally, trophic levels of fisheries landings appear to have declined in recent decades at a rate of about 0.1 per decade,
This reflects a gradual transition in landings from long-lived, high trophic level, piscivorous bottom fish toward short-lived, low trophic level invertebrates and planktivorous pelagic fish.
Fishing Down Food Webs This effect, also found to be occurring in
inland fisheries, is most pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere.
Fishing down food webs (that is, at lower trophic levels) leads at first to increasing catches, then to a phase transition associated with stagnating or declining catches.
These results indicate that present exploitation patterns are unsustainable.
Global Catches (mt) of Tunas
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000Ye
ar19
5519
6119
6719
7319
7919
8519
9119
97
mt Global Tunas
Integrated models
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
Ad
ult
bio
mass (
t)
Yellowfin
Bigeye
Albacore
Japanese longline CPUE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
CP
UE
(kg
per 1
00 h
oo
ks)
Yellowfin
Bigeye
Albacore
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
F/Fmsy
Adult biomass
0.00E+00
2.00E+05
4.00E+05
6.00E+05
8.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.20E+06
1.40E+06
1.60E+06
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Abundance of Pacific Tunas
Organization 1. Introduction and Organization 2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999 3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity 4. Aquaculture 5. Root Causes of Problem 6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
Organization 1. Introduction and Organization 2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999 3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity 4. Aquaculture 5. Root Causes of Problem 6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
Organization 1. Introduction and Organization 2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999 3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity 4. Aquaculture 5. Root Causes of Problem 6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
5. Root Causes of Problem 1. Expanding derived demand for resources
and increased productivity of exploitation Ultimately, excessive population, advanced
state of technology for resource exploitation, and demand for high standard of living
Until tackle these ultimate sources of high derived demand for resources, will have terrestrial and oceanic environmental problems
Are addressing symptoms in some sense
2. Ill-structured and incomplete property rights Open access Incomplete international institutions External costs and market failure Don’t pay full economic costs of resource
exploitation • Including user cost of resource stocks• Including ecosystem services
Leads to excess capacity, ecosystem degradation, overfishing
Economic concepts of opportunity costs, trade-offs, and all costs and benefits
Trade-offs between between oceanic and terrestrial ecosystems for level of resource exploitation and ecosystem “health” No free lunch Opportunity cost to preserving oceans lies on
greater reliance on terrestrial ecosystems
Monoculture, simplistic terrestrial food webs, genetically modified foods, pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers to raise yields Great grain-growing areas of world, like Great
Plains, have devastated ecosystems as bad anything facing oceans
Human diets comprised more of plants and less of animals Eating lower on the terrestrial food chain to reduce
derived demands for resources
Organization 1. Introduction and Organization 2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999 3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity 4. Aquaculture 5. Root Causes of Problem 6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
6. Comprehensive Conservation and Management
No single answer for multi-faceted problem of excess fishing capacity, ecosystem degradation, and overfishing
Also case-by-case
Individual or effective common property On catches, resource stocks, fishing effort, or
areas Catches: flows from resource stocks Areas: TURFs in most developed form
Largely developed countries More difficult with complex multispecies fisheries Critically difficult to apply in developing countries Enforcement and monitoring key problems
1. Property rights when appropriate
2. Strengthen international environmental agreements for high seas and straddling stocks
Problems derive from common stocks, which migrate over expansive areas of the world’s seas
Strengthen the authority for regional tuna and other international organizations Give authority to deal with economic and social issues Including the authority to assume and assign property
rights in the fisheries Establish permanent global body to coordinate
regional commissions
• Start management with limited entry• Moratorium on fleet growth • Must deal with new entrants (allowed under int’l law)
• Strengthen management with annual vessel-level catch limits
• Assigned to individual vessels rather than to flag states
• Better if catch quotas are transferable property right• Their purchase addresses new entrant issue• Esp. coastal developing country nations
• Trade restrictions for compliance and enforcement• Vessel decommissioning scheme
3. Limited access (entry) programs “everywhere” there isn’t effective property rights regime
Highly attenuated property right Particularly exclusive use
Especially developing countries Difficult to apply property rights approach Complex multispecies fisheries in tropics where
output controls and rights ineffective
Typically, combine with limits on one or more inputs (e.g. vessel length)
4. Judicious use of vessel decomissioning and buy-back programs
In developed countries, more short- to medium-term measure to restore profitability People behave very differently when fishery is
profitable. Rights-based systems are not possible (e.g. number
of players is too high) When fishery (at industry level) is not profitable due
to excess capacity Good supplement to marine protected areas
In developing countries, more difficult to implement
5. Taxes on fisheries to raise cost of fishing and decrease input usage, fund management, vessel buy-backs, etc.
Opposite of subsidy Substitute for property rights solution in
some instances Especially high seas, complex multispecies
fisheries, international trade
6. Eliminate external costs to make consumers and producers bear full costs of consuming seafood
Eliminate subsidies Taxes on both producers and
consumers Incidence depends on elasticities
(relative strengths)
7. Comanagement Comanagement reshapes, “…the state
interventions so as to institutionalize collaboration between administration and resource users and end those unproductive situations where they are pitted against one another as antagonistic actors in the process of resource regulation.” (Baland and Platteau, p. 347)
Artisanal fisheries in developing countries
8. Judicious use of marine protected areas and marine reserves
Especially in critical habitats like spawning areas, rookeries, nursery and pupping grounds, coral reefs, beaches and nearshore for turtles, etc.
Provide insurance scheme for resource stocks and biodiversity
MPAs don’t address ill-structured property rights and excess capacity
8. Judicious use of marine protected areas and marine reserves
By themselves, MPAS tend to actually aggravate excess capacity problem in remaining open areas
Have to couple with programs to reduce fishing capacity
Controversy whether MPAs increase resource stock sizes outside and by how much and which species
9. Technology standards Improved gear Reduce incidental mortalities and bycatch (e.g. TEDs and circle vs. J hooks for sea
turtles) Reduce ecosystem degradation (e.g.
trawl) Mesh sizes and designs for escapement
10. Eco-labeling, certified fisheries, trade restrictions
Useful in some instancesMore case-by-case basis
11. Small-Scale / Artisanal Fisheries
Eliminate harmful harvesting practices Dynamite, cyanide
Reserve nearshore fishing grounds and keep out larger-scale
Less destructive gear (e.g. mesh sizes) Create employment opportunities outside
of sector
11. Small-Scale / Artisanal Fisheries Create employment opportunities outside
of sector Enhance value-added from post-
harvesting activities Stop increasing investment and
technological change through aid programs, etc. Increases fishing effort on resource stocks
already over-exploited
12. Judicious reliance on aquaculture
Not panacea Primarily only economically feasible for
high-valued species Derived demand for fish meal from fish
species lower down on food web E.g. anchovies, sardines
Recognize true opportunity costs, trade-offs, and costs and benefits Full costs include Ecosystem degradation for coastal shrimp aquaculture in
mangrove swamps Genetic mixing with wild species (salmon) Diseases Seed stock and feed still primarily from wild
Don’t substitute aquacultured for wild species
Even feeding salmon soybean meal simply shifts problem to monoculture agriculture in degraded terrestrial ecosystems