global evangelicalism edited by donald m. lewis and richard v. pierard - excerpt
TRANSCRIPT
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ESSAYS BY
Ogbu Kalu Mark A Noll Reneacute Padilla
Scott Sunquist Sarah Williams and others
GLOBAL
Theology History andCulture in RegionalPerspective
EDITED BY DONALD M LEWIS
AND RICHARD V PIERARD
EVANGELICALISM
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PO Box 983089983092983088983088 Downers Grove IL 983094983088983093983089983093-983089983092983090983094
World Wide Web wwwivpresscom
Email emailivpresscom
copy983090983088983089983092 by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from
InterVarsity Press
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983089983097983095983096 983089983097983096983092 by International Bible Society Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House All rights reserved
Scripture quotations marked 983150983154983155983158 are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible copyright 983089983097983096983097 by theDivision of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA Used by permission
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ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983093983095-983089 (print)
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983094983094983090-983090 (digital)
Printed in the United States of America
As a member of the Green Press Initiative InterVarsity Press is committed to protecting the environment
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Global evangelicalism theology history amp culture in regional
perspective edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983093983095-983089 (pbk alk paper)
983089 Evangelicalism I Lewis Donald M editor II Pierard
Richard V 983089983097983091983092- editor
BR983089983094983092983088G983093983094 983090983088983089983092
983090983095983088983096rsquo983090mdashdc983090983091983090983088983089983092983088983090983090983096983089983091
P 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089
Y 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092
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CONTENTS
Preface 983097
Introduction 983089983089
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
P983137983154983156 I T983144983141983151983154983141983156983145983139983137983148 I983155983155983157983141983155
983089 Defining Evangelicalism 983089983095
Mark A Noll 983090 The Theological Impulse of Evangelical Expansion 983091983096
Wilbert R Shenk
983091 Globalization Religion and Evangelicalism 983094983088
Donald M Lewis
P983137983154983156 II E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148983145983155983149 983137983156 G983154983151983157983150983140 L983141983158983141983148
R983141983143983145983151983150983137983148 C983137983155983141 S983156983157983140983145983141983155
983092 Europe and North America 983096983093
John Wolffe and Richard V Pierard
983093 Africa 983089983090983094
Ogbu Kalu
983094 Latin America 983089983094983094
C Reneacute Padilla
983095 Asia 983089983097983095
Scott W Sunquist
983096 Australasia and the Pacific Islands 983090983091983090
Stuart Piggin and Peter Lineham
P983137983154983156 III I983155983155983157983141983155 983145983150 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148 E983150983139983151983157983150983156983141983154983155 983159983145983156983144 C983157983148983156983157983154983141
983097 Ecumenism and Interdenominationalism 983090983093983095
David M hompson
983089983088 Evangelicals and Gender 983090983095983088
Sarah C Williams
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Glossary 983090983097983095
List of Contributors 983091983088983093
Subject and Persons Index 983091983088983095
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PREFACE
T983144983145983155 983141983140983145983156983141983140 983158983151983148983157983149983141 983145983155 983156983144983141 983152983154983151983140983157983139983156 o years o collaboration involving
an international group o scholars Te origins o the initiative can be traced
back to conversations in the late 983089983097983096983088s between some o the leading histo-
rians o evangelicalism Mark Noll (then proessor o Christian thought at
Wheaton College) Edith Blumhoer (then director o the Institute or the
Study o American Evangelicals at Wheaton) and the late George Rawlyk
proessor o history at Queenrsquos University in Kingston Ontario A con-
erence on ldquoEvangelicals Voluntary Associations and American Public Lierdquo
sponsored by the Institute or the Study o American Evangelicals was held
at Wheaton in June o 983089983097983097983089 Mark Noll drew together an initial core o his-
torians to talk about how to advance the academic study o evangelicalism
and to share the results o such research with a much wider audience Tey
included Mark Hutchinson rom Sydney Australia J W (Hoffie) Homeyr
rom the University o Pretoria John Wolffe o the Open University in
England Richard V Pierard (then at Indiana State University) and Donald
Lewis o Regent College in Vancouver Canada Te group soon expandedto include many other experts An initial conerence was held in Sydney
Australia in 983089983097983097983095 and resulted in the publication o A Global Faith Essays
on Evangelicalism and Globalization (Centre or the Study o Australian
Christianity Sydney 983089983097983097983096) edited by Mark Hutchinson and Ogbu Kalu
In the late 983089983097983097983088s unding was secured or the Currents in World Christi-
anity Project (CWC) based at Cambridge University and headed by Brian
Stanley Te CWC went on to sponsor several key international consulta-tions and conerences in England New Zealand and South Arica One o
the initiatives o the CWC was aimed at producing a single volume o essays
that would acquaint a wide international audience with the latest research
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983089983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
on global evangelicalism and it was hoped that this volume would be trans-
lated into a number o languages and help many audiences beyond the con-
fines o Western academia to understand this movement Tis is that volumeOur thanks and gratitude must be expressed to the Pew Charitable rusts
o Philadelphia Pennsylvania or the unds that made the Currents in
World Christianity Project possible which in turn underwrote the costs o
putting this volume together
We also wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mark Hutchinson or his
work in initially pulling articles together or this volume in spite o his
heroic efforts afer a ew years o trying to complete the project he oundhimsel overwhelmed with teaching and administrative duties and as a
result we volunteered to see the volume to the finish line Tere are a host
o individuals who need to be thanked or their hard work in reading and
critiquing the volume in various stages o its preparation chiefly Doug Hills
whose administrative gifs were so helpul but also to Hanna Dutko Danae
Yankowski David Lewis Laura Werezak im Proudlove Matthew Tomas
and Paul Gutacker
Tanks also needs to be expressed to Brian Stanley or his patience with
us as we have endeavored to finish the editing process Daniel Reid o Inter-
Varsity Press has outshone Job in terms o patience with us we are very
much in his debt
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
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INTRODUCTION
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
I983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983139983151983150983140 983144983137983148983142 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983145983141983156983144 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 proponents o the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo asserted that religion was a historical phenomenon
associated with premodern societies and that its demise was inevitable in
the modern world Tis process would o course take time but religionrsquos
slow disappearance would become evident once a period o cultural lag had
run its course It is now widely recognized that these theorists were wrong
Instead o receding religions throughout the world have been growing and
ofen have been rigorous in their engagement with the public sphere In
response to these developments some social theorists are now seeking to
construct ldquopostsecularrdquo theories in order to explain where and how the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo went wrong
Much scholarly attention is now given to the development o Islamic
identities but there is relatively little understanding o how various orms
o evangelical Christianity have emerged as the mainstream Christian ex-
pression in many parts o the world and in particular in the non-Western
world Evangelicalism and its history have been effectively marginalized in
the academy in spite o the act that a case can be made that alongside
popular Islam evangelical Christianity is the most dynamic and expanding
religious expression in the world today However many academics remain
essentially ignorant o evangelicalism as a movement unable to differentiate
between basic terms such as evangelist evangelism evangelical and evan- gelicalism Unortunately scholars who work in the field have not been very
effective in communicating their findings or in persuading scholars that the
global expressions o evangelicalism are important or interesting
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983089983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly
difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-
ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals
small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-
riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-
gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-
consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and
personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified
as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the
ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican
communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-
terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-
essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o
New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)
Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North
American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda
and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the
world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)
Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use
the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with
aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism
A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack
o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-
gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos
in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement
and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still
linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative
o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election
o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-
quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which
under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together
evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 334
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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InterVarsity Press
PO Box 983089983092983088983088 Downers Grove IL 983094983088983093983089983093-983089983092983090983094
World Wide Web wwwivpresscom
Email emailivpresscom
copy983090983088983089983092 by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from
InterVarsity Press
InterVarsity Pressreg is the book-publishing division of InterVarsity Christian FellowshipUSAreg a movement of
students and faculty active on campus at hundreds of universities colleges and schools of nursing in the United States
of America and a member movement of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students For information about
local and regional activities write Public Relations Dept InterVarsity Christian FellowshipUSA 983094983092983088983088 Schroeder
Rd PO Box 983095983096983097983093 Madison WI 983093983091983095983088983095-983095983096983097983093 or visit the IVCF website at wwwintervarsityorg
Scripture quotations marked 983150983145983158 are taken from the Holy Bible New International Versionreg 983150983145983158reg Copyright copy983089983097983095983091
983089983097983095983096 983089983097983096983092 by International Bible Society Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House All rights reserved
Scripture quotations marked 983150983154983155983158 are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible copyright 983089983097983096983097 by theDivision of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA Used by permission
All rights reserved
Cover design Cindy Kiple
Interior design Beth Hagenberg
Image copy epic983089983089iStockphoto
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983093983095-983089 (print)
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983094983094983090-983090 (digital)
Printed in the United States of America
As a member of the Green Press Initiative InterVarsity Press is committed to protecting the environment
and to the responsible use of natural resources o learn more visit greenpressinitiativeorg
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Global evangelicalism theology history amp culture in regional
perspective edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983093983095-983089 (pbk alk paper)
983089 Evangelicalism I Lewis Donald M editor II Pierard
Richard V 983089983097983091983092- editor
BR983089983094983092983088G983093983094 983090983088983089983092
983090983095983088983096rsquo983090mdashdc983090983091983090983088983089983092983088983090983090983096983089983091
P 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089
Y 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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CONTENTS
Preface 983097
Introduction 983089983089
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
P983137983154983156 I T983144983141983151983154983141983156983145983139983137983148 I983155983155983157983141983155
983089 Defining Evangelicalism 983089983095
Mark A Noll 983090 The Theological Impulse of Evangelical Expansion 983091983096
Wilbert R Shenk
983091 Globalization Religion and Evangelicalism 983094983088
Donald M Lewis
P983137983154983156 II E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148983145983155983149 983137983156 G983154983151983157983150983140 L983141983158983141983148
R983141983143983145983151983150983137983148 C983137983155983141 S983156983157983140983145983141983155
983092 Europe and North America 983096983093
John Wolffe and Richard V Pierard
983093 Africa 983089983090983094
Ogbu Kalu
983094 Latin America 983089983094983094
C Reneacute Padilla
983095 Asia 983089983097983095
Scott W Sunquist
983096 Australasia and the Pacific Islands 983090983091983090
Stuart Piggin and Peter Lineham
P983137983154983156 III I983155983155983157983141983155 983145983150 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148 E983150983139983151983157983150983156983141983154983155 983159983145983156983144 C983157983148983156983157983154983141
983097 Ecumenism and Interdenominationalism 983090983093983095
David M hompson
983089983088 Evangelicals and Gender 983090983095983088
Sarah C Williams
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Glossary 983090983097983095
List of Contributors 983091983088983093
Subject and Persons Index 983091983088983095
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PREFACE
T983144983145983155 983141983140983145983156983141983140 983158983151983148983157983149983141 983145983155 983156983144983141 983152983154983151983140983157983139983156 o years o collaboration involving
an international group o scholars Te origins o the initiative can be traced
back to conversations in the late 983089983097983096983088s between some o the leading histo-
rians o evangelicalism Mark Noll (then proessor o Christian thought at
Wheaton College) Edith Blumhoer (then director o the Institute or the
Study o American Evangelicals at Wheaton) and the late George Rawlyk
proessor o history at Queenrsquos University in Kingston Ontario A con-
erence on ldquoEvangelicals Voluntary Associations and American Public Lierdquo
sponsored by the Institute or the Study o American Evangelicals was held
at Wheaton in June o 983089983097983097983089 Mark Noll drew together an initial core o his-
torians to talk about how to advance the academic study o evangelicalism
and to share the results o such research with a much wider audience Tey
included Mark Hutchinson rom Sydney Australia J W (Hoffie) Homeyr
rom the University o Pretoria John Wolffe o the Open University in
England Richard V Pierard (then at Indiana State University) and Donald
Lewis o Regent College in Vancouver Canada Te group soon expandedto include many other experts An initial conerence was held in Sydney
Australia in 983089983097983097983095 and resulted in the publication o A Global Faith Essays
on Evangelicalism and Globalization (Centre or the Study o Australian
Christianity Sydney 983089983097983097983096) edited by Mark Hutchinson and Ogbu Kalu
In the late 983089983097983097983088s unding was secured or the Currents in World Christi-
anity Project (CWC) based at Cambridge University and headed by Brian
Stanley Te CWC went on to sponsor several key international consulta-tions and conerences in England New Zealand and South Arica One o
the initiatives o the CWC was aimed at producing a single volume o essays
that would acquaint a wide international audience with the latest research
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983089983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
on global evangelicalism and it was hoped that this volume would be trans-
lated into a number o languages and help many audiences beyond the con-
fines o Western academia to understand this movement Tis is that volumeOur thanks and gratitude must be expressed to the Pew Charitable rusts
o Philadelphia Pennsylvania or the unds that made the Currents in
World Christianity Project possible which in turn underwrote the costs o
putting this volume together
We also wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mark Hutchinson or his
work in initially pulling articles together or this volume in spite o his
heroic efforts afer a ew years o trying to complete the project he oundhimsel overwhelmed with teaching and administrative duties and as a
result we volunteered to see the volume to the finish line Tere are a host
o individuals who need to be thanked or their hard work in reading and
critiquing the volume in various stages o its preparation chiefly Doug Hills
whose administrative gifs were so helpul but also to Hanna Dutko Danae
Yankowski David Lewis Laura Werezak im Proudlove Matthew Tomas
and Paul Gutacker
Tanks also needs to be expressed to Brian Stanley or his patience with
us as we have endeavored to finish the editing process Daniel Reid o Inter-
Varsity Press has outshone Job in terms o patience with us we are very
much in his debt
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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INTRODUCTION
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
I983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983139983151983150983140 983144983137983148983142 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983145983141983156983144 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 proponents o the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo asserted that religion was a historical phenomenon
associated with premodern societies and that its demise was inevitable in
the modern world Tis process would o course take time but religionrsquos
slow disappearance would become evident once a period o cultural lag had
run its course It is now widely recognized that these theorists were wrong
Instead o receding religions throughout the world have been growing and
ofen have been rigorous in their engagement with the public sphere In
response to these developments some social theorists are now seeking to
construct ldquopostsecularrdquo theories in order to explain where and how the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo went wrong
Much scholarly attention is now given to the development o Islamic
identities but there is relatively little understanding o how various orms
o evangelical Christianity have emerged as the mainstream Christian ex-
pression in many parts o the world and in particular in the non-Western
world Evangelicalism and its history have been effectively marginalized in
the academy in spite o the act that a case can be made that alongside
popular Islam evangelical Christianity is the most dynamic and expanding
religious expression in the world today However many academics remain
essentially ignorant o evangelicalism as a movement unable to differentiate
between basic terms such as evangelist evangelism evangelical and evan- gelicalism Unortunately scholars who work in the field have not been very
effective in communicating their findings or in persuading scholars that the
global expressions o evangelicalism are important or interesting
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983089983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly
difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-
ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals
small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-
riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-
gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-
consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and
personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified
as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the
ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican
communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-
terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-
essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o
New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)
Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North
American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda
and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the
world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)
Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use
the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with
aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism
A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack
o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-
gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos
in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement
and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still
linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative
o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election
o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-
quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which
under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together
evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2934
983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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InterVarsity Press
PO Box 983089983092983088983088 Downers Grove IL 983094983088983093983089983093-983089983092983090983094
World Wide Web wwwivpresscom
Email emailivpresscom
copy983090983088983089983092 by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from
InterVarsity Press
InterVarsity Pressreg is the book-publishing division of InterVarsity Christian FellowshipUSAreg a movement of
students and faculty active on campus at hundreds of universities colleges and schools of nursing in the United States
of America and a member movement of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students For information about
local and regional activities write Public Relations Dept InterVarsity Christian FellowshipUSA 983094983092983088983088 Schroeder
Rd PO Box 983095983096983097983093 Madison WI 983093983091983095983088983095-983095983096983097983093 or visit the IVCF website at wwwintervarsityorg
Scripture quotations marked 983150983145983158 are taken from the Holy Bible New International Versionreg 983150983145983158reg Copyright copy983089983097983095983091
983089983097983095983096 983089983097983096983092 by International Bible Society Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House All rights reserved
Scripture quotations marked 983150983154983155983158 are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible copyright 983089983097983096983097 by theDivision of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA Used by permission
All rights reserved
Cover design Cindy Kiple
Interior design Beth Hagenberg
Image copy epic983089983089iStockphoto
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983093983095-983089 (print)
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983094983094983090-983090 (digital)
Printed in the United States of America
As a member of the Green Press Initiative InterVarsity Press is committed to protecting the environment
and to the responsible use of natural resources o learn more visit greenpressinitiativeorg
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Global evangelicalism theology history amp culture in regional
perspective edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983093983095-983089 (pbk alk paper)
983089 Evangelicalism I Lewis Donald M editor II Pierard
Richard V 983089983097983091983092- editor
BR983089983094983092983088G983093983094 983090983088983089983092
983090983095983088983096rsquo983090mdashdc983090983091983090983088983089983092983088983090983090983096983089983091
P 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089
Y 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092
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CONTENTS
Preface 983097
Introduction 983089983089
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
P983137983154983156 I T983144983141983151983154983141983156983145983139983137983148 I983155983155983157983141983155
983089 Defining Evangelicalism 983089983095
Mark A Noll 983090 The Theological Impulse of Evangelical Expansion 983091983096
Wilbert R Shenk
983091 Globalization Religion and Evangelicalism 983094983088
Donald M Lewis
P983137983154983156 II E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148983145983155983149 983137983156 G983154983151983157983150983140 L983141983158983141983148
R983141983143983145983151983150983137983148 C983137983155983141 S983156983157983140983145983141983155
983092 Europe and North America 983096983093
John Wolffe and Richard V Pierard
983093 Africa 983089983090983094
Ogbu Kalu
983094 Latin America 983089983094983094
C Reneacute Padilla
983095 Asia 983089983097983095
Scott W Sunquist
983096 Australasia and the Pacific Islands 983090983091983090
Stuart Piggin and Peter Lineham
P983137983154983156 III I983155983155983157983141983155 983145983150 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148 E983150983139983151983157983150983156983141983154983155 983159983145983156983144 C983157983148983156983157983154983141
983097 Ecumenism and Interdenominationalism 983090983093983095
David M hompson
983089983088 Evangelicals and Gender 983090983095983088
Sarah C Williams
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Glossary 983090983097983095
List of Contributors 983091983088983093
Subject and Persons Index 983091983088983095
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PREFACE
T983144983145983155 983141983140983145983156983141983140 983158983151983148983157983149983141 983145983155 983156983144983141 983152983154983151983140983157983139983156 o years o collaboration involving
an international group o scholars Te origins o the initiative can be traced
back to conversations in the late 983089983097983096983088s between some o the leading histo-
rians o evangelicalism Mark Noll (then proessor o Christian thought at
Wheaton College) Edith Blumhoer (then director o the Institute or the
Study o American Evangelicals at Wheaton) and the late George Rawlyk
proessor o history at Queenrsquos University in Kingston Ontario A con-
erence on ldquoEvangelicals Voluntary Associations and American Public Lierdquo
sponsored by the Institute or the Study o American Evangelicals was held
at Wheaton in June o 983089983097983097983089 Mark Noll drew together an initial core o his-
torians to talk about how to advance the academic study o evangelicalism
and to share the results o such research with a much wider audience Tey
included Mark Hutchinson rom Sydney Australia J W (Hoffie) Homeyr
rom the University o Pretoria John Wolffe o the Open University in
England Richard V Pierard (then at Indiana State University) and Donald
Lewis o Regent College in Vancouver Canada Te group soon expandedto include many other experts An initial conerence was held in Sydney
Australia in 983089983097983097983095 and resulted in the publication o A Global Faith Essays
on Evangelicalism and Globalization (Centre or the Study o Australian
Christianity Sydney 983089983097983097983096) edited by Mark Hutchinson and Ogbu Kalu
In the late 983089983097983097983088s unding was secured or the Currents in World Christi-
anity Project (CWC) based at Cambridge University and headed by Brian
Stanley Te CWC went on to sponsor several key international consulta-tions and conerences in England New Zealand and South Arica One o
the initiatives o the CWC was aimed at producing a single volume o essays
that would acquaint a wide international audience with the latest research
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983089983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
on global evangelicalism and it was hoped that this volume would be trans-
lated into a number o languages and help many audiences beyond the con-
fines o Western academia to understand this movement Tis is that volumeOur thanks and gratitude must be expressed to the Pew Charitable rusts
o Philadelphia Pennsylvania or the unds that made the Currents in
World Christianity Project possible which in turn underwrote the costs o
putting this volume together
We also wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mark Hutchinson or his
work in initially pulling articles together or this volume in spite o his
heroic efforts afer a ew years o trying to complete the project he oundhimsel overwhelmed with teaching and administrative duties and as a
result we volunteered to see the volume to the finish line Tere are a host
o individuals who need to be thanked or their hard work in reading and
critiquing the volume in various stages o its preparation chiefly Doug Hills
whose administrative gifs were so helpul but also to Hanna Dutko Danae
Yankowski David Lewis Laura Werezak im Proudlove Matthew Tomas
and Paul Gutacker
Tanks also needs to be expressed to Brian Stanley or his patience with
us as we have endeavored to finish the editing process Daniel Reid o Inter-
Varsity Press has outshone Job in terms o patience with us we are very
much in his debt
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
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INTRODUCTION
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
I983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983139983151983150983140 983144983137983148983142 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983145983141983156983144 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 proponents o the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo asserted that religion was a historical phenomenon
associated with premodern societies and that its demise was inevitable in
the modern world Tis process would o course take time but religionrsquos
slow disappearance would become evident once a period o cultural lag had
run its course It is now widely recognized that these theorists were wrong
Instead o receding religions throughout the world have been growing and
ofen have been rigorous in their engagement with the public sphere In
response to these developments some social theorists are now seeking to
construct ldquopostsecularrdquo theories in order to explain where and how the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo went wrong
Much scholarly attention is now given to the development o Islamic
identities but there is relatively little understanding o how various orms
o evangelical Christianity have emerged as the mainstream Christian ex-
pression in many parts o the world and in particular in the non-Western
world Evangelicalism and its history have been effectively marginalized in
the academy in spite o the act that a case can be made that alongside
popular Islam evangelical Christianity is the most dynamic and expanding
religious expression in the world today However many academics remain
essentially ignorant o evangelicalism as a movement unable to differentiate
between basic terms such as evangelist evangelism evangelical and evan- gelicalism Unortunately scholars who work in the field have not been very
effective in communicating their findings or in persuading scholars that the
global expressions o evangelicalism are important or interesting
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983089983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly
difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-
ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals
small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-
riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-
gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-
consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and
personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified
as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the
ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican
communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-
terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-
essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o
New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)
Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North
American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda
and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the
world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)
Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use
the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with
aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism
A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack
o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-
gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos
in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement
and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still
linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative
o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election
o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-
quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which
under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together
evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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InterVarsity Press
PO Box 983089983092983088983088 Downers Grove IL 983094983088983093983089983093-983089983092983090983094
World Wide Web wwwivpresscom
Email emailivpresscom
copy983090983088983089983092 by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from
InterVarsity Press
InterVarsity Pressreg is the book-publishing division of InterVarsity Christian FellowshipUSAreg a movement of
students and faculty active on campus at hundreds of universities colleges and schools of nursing in the United States
of America and a member movement of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students For information about
local and regional activities write Public Relations Dept InterVarsity Christian FellowshipUSA 983094983092983088983088 Schroeder
Rd PO Box 983095983096983097983093 Madison WI 983093983091983095983088983095-983095983096983097983093 or visit the IVCF website at wwwintervarsityorg
Scripture quotations marked 983150983145983158 are taken from the Holy Bible New International Versionreg 983150983145983158reg Copyright copy983089983097983095983091
983089983097983095983096 983089983097983096983092 by International Bible Society Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House All rights reserved
Scripture quotations marked 983150983154983155983158 are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible copyright 983089983097983096983097 by theDivision of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA Used by permission
All rights reserved
Cover design Cindy Kiple
Interior design Beth Hagenberg
Image copy epic983089983089iStockphoto
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983093983095-983089 (print)
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983094983094983090-983090 (digital)
Printed in the United States of America
As a member of the Green Press Initiative InterVarsity Press is committed to protecting the environment
and to the responsible use of natural resources o learn more visit greenpressinitiativeorg
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Global evangelicalism theology history amp culture in regional
perspective edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983093983095-983089 (pbk alk paper)
983089 Evangelicalism I Lewis Donald M editor II Pierard
Richard V 983089983097983091983092- editor
BR983089983094983092983088G983093983094 983090983088983089983092
983090983095983088983096rsquo983090mdashdc983090983091983090983088983089983092983088983090983090983096983089983091
P 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089
Y 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092
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CONTENTS
Preface 983097
Introduction 983089983089
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
P983137983154983156 I T983144983141983151983154983141983156983145983139983137983148 I983155983155983157983141983155
983089 Defining Evangelicalism 983089983095
Mark A Noll 983090 The Theological Impulse of Evangelical Expansion 983091983096
Wilbert R Shenk
983091 Globalization Religion and Evangelicalism 983094983088
Donald M Lewis
P983137983154983156 II E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148983145983155983149 983137983156 G983154983151983157983150983140 L983141983158983141983148
R983141983143983145983151983150983137983148 C983137983155983141 S983156983157983140983145983141983155
983092 Europe and North America 983096983093
John Wolffe and Richard V Pierard
983093 Africa 983089983090983094
Ogbu Kalu
983094 Latin America 983089983094983094
C Reneacute Padilla
983095 Asia 983089983097983095
Scott W Sunquist
983096 Australasia and the Pacific Islands 983090983091983090
Stuart Piggin and Peter Lineham
P983137983154983156 III I983155983155983157983141983155 983145983150 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148 E983150983139983151983157983150983156983141983154983155 983159983145983156983144 C983157983148983156983157983154983141
983097 Ecumenism and Interdenominationalism 983090983093983095
David M hompson
983089983088 Evangelicals and Gender 983090983095983088
Sarah C Williams
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Glossary 983090983097983095
List of Contributors 983091983088983093
Subject and Persons Index 983091983088983095
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PREFACE
T983144983145983155 983141983140983145983156983141983140 983158983151983148983157983149983141 983145983155 983156983144983141 983152983154983151983140983157983139983156 o years o collaboration involving
an international group o scholars Te origins o the initiative can be traced
back to conversations in the late 983089983097983096983088s between some o the leading histo-
rians o evangelicalism Mark Noll (then proessor o Christian thought at
Wheaton College) Edith Blumhoer (then director o the Institute or the
Study o American Evangelicals at Wheaton) and the late George Rawlyk
proessor o history at Queenrsquos University in Kingston Ontario A con-
erence on ldquoEvangelicals Voluntary Associations and American Public Lierdquo
sponsored by the Institute or the Study o American Evangelicals was held
at Wheaton in June o 983089983097983097983089 Mark Noll drew together an initial core o his-
torians to talk about how to advance the academic study o evangelicalism
and to share the results o such research with a much wider audience Tey
included Mark Hutchinson rom Sydney Australia J W (Hoffie) Homeyr
rom the University o Pretoria John Wolffe o the Open University in
England Richard V Pierard (then at Indiana State University) and Donald
Lewis o Regent College in Vancouver Canada Te group soon expandedto include many other experts An initial conerence was held in Sydney
Australia in 983089983097983097983095 and resulted in the publication o A Global Faith Essays
on Evangelicalism and Globalization (Centre or the Study o Australian
Christianity Sydney 983089983097983097983096) edited by Mark Hutchinson and Ogbu Kalu
In the late 983089983097983097983088s unding was secured or the Currents in World Christi-
anity Project (CWC) based at Cambridge University and headed by Brian
Stanley Te CWC went on to sponsor several key international consulta-tions and conerences in England New Zealand and South Arica One o
the initiatives o the CWC was aimed at producing a single volume o essays
that would acquaint a wide international audience with the latest research
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983089983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
on global evangelicalism and it was hoped that this volume would be trans-
lated into a number o languages and help many audiences beyond the con-
fines o Western academia to understand this movement Tis is that volumeOur thanks and gratitude must be expressed to the Pew Charitable rusts
o Philadelphia Pennsylvania or the unds that made the Currents in
World Christianity Project possible which in turn underwrote the costs o
putting this volume together
We also wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mark Hutchinson or his
work in initially pulling articles together or this volume in spite o his
heroic efforts afer a ew years o trying to complete the project he oundhimsel overwhelmed with teaching and administrative duties and as a
result we volunteered to see the volume to the finish line Tere are a host
o individuals who need to be thanked or their hard work in reading and
critiquing the volume in various stages o its preparation chiefly Doug Hills
whose administrative gifs were so helpul but also to Hanna Dutko Danae
Yankowski David Lewis Laura Werezak im Proudlove Matthew Tomas
and Paul Gutacker
Tanks also needs to be expressed to Brian Stanley or his patience with
us as we have endeavored to finish the editing process Daniel Reid o Inter-
Varsity Press has outshone Job in terms o patience with us we are very
much in his debt
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
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INTRODUCTION
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
I983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983139983151983150983140 983144983137983148983142 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983145983141983156983144 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 proponents o the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo asserted that religion was a historical phenomenon
associated with premodern societies and that its demise was inevitable in
the modern world Tis process would o course take time but religionrsquos
slow disappearance would become evident once a period o cultural lag had
run its course It is now widely recognized that these theorists were wrong
Instead o receding religions throughout the world have been growing and
ofen have been rigorous in their engagement with the public sphere In
response to these developments some social theorists are now seeking to
construct ldquopostsecularrdquo theories in order to explain where and how the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo went wrong
Much scholarly attention is now given to the development o Islamic
identities but there is relatively little understanding o how various orms
o evangelical Christianity have emerged as the mainstream Christian ex-
pression in many parts o the world and in particular in the non-Western
world Evangelicalism and its history have been effectively marginalized in
the academy in spite o the act that a case can be made that alongside
popular Islam evangelical Christianity is the most dynamic and expanding
religious expression in the world today However many academics remain
essentially ignorant o evangelicalism as a movement unable to differentiate
between basic terms such as evangelist evangelism evangelical and evan- gelicalism Unortunately scholars who work in the field have not been very
effective in communicating their findings or in persuading scholars that the
global expressions o evangelicalism are important or interesting
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983089983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly
difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-
ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals
small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-
riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-
gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-
consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and
personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified
as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the
ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican
communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-
terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-
essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o
New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)
Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North
American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda
and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the
world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)
Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use
the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with
aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism
A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack
o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-
gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos
in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement
and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still
linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative
o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election
o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-
quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which
under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together
evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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CONTENTS
Preface 983097
Introduction 983089983089
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
P983137983154983156 I T983144983141983151983154983141983156983145983139983137983148 I983155983155983157983141983155
983089 Defining Evangelicalism 983089983095
Mark A Noll 983090 The Theological Impulse of Evangelical Expansion 983091983096
Wilbert R Shenk
983091 Globalization Religion and Evangelicalism 983094983088
Donald M Lewis
P983137983154983156 II E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148983145983155983149 983137983156 G983154983151983157983150983140 L983141983158983141983148
R983141983143983145983151983150983137983148 C983137983155983141 S983156983157983140983145983141983155
983092 Europe and North America 983096983093
John Wolffe and Richard V Pierard
983093 Africa 983089983090983094
Ogbu Kalu
983094 Latin America 983089983094983094
C Reneacute Padilla
983095 Asia 983089983097983095
Scott W Sunquist
983096 Australasia and the Pacific Islands 983090983091983090
Stuart Piggin and Peter Lineham
P983137983154983156 III I983155983155983157983141983155 983145983150 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148 E983150983139983151983157983150983156983141983154983155 983159983145983156983144 C983157983148983156983157983154983141
983097 Ecumenism and Interdenominationalism 983090983093983095
David M hompson
983089983088 Evangelicals and Gender 983090983095983088
Sarah C Williams
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Glossary 983090983097983095
List of Contributors 983091983088983093
Subject and Persons Index 983091983088983095
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PREFACE
T983144983145983155 983141983140983145983156983141983140 983158983151983148983157983149983141 983145983155 983156983144983141 983152983154983151983140983157983139983156 o years o collaboration involving
an international group o scholars Te origins o the initiative can be traced
back to conversations in the late 983089983097983096983088s between some o the leading histo-
rians o evangelicalism Mark Noll (then proessor o Christian thought at
Wheaton College) Edith Blumhoer (then director o the Institute or the
Study o American Evangelicals at Wheaton) and the late George Rawlyk
proessor o history at Queenrsquos University in Kingston Ontario A con-
erence on ldquoEvangelicals Voluntary Associations and American Public Lierdquo
sponsored by the Institute or the Study o American Evangelicals was held
at Wheaton in June o 983089983097983097983089 Mark Noll drew together an initial core o his-
torians to talk about how to advance the academic study o evangelicalism
and to share the results o such research with a much wider audience Tey
included Mark Hutchinson rom Sydney Australia J W (Hoffie) Homeyr
rom the University o Pretoria John Wolffe o the Open University in
England Richard V Pierard (then at Indiana State University) and Donald
Lewis o Regent College in Vancouver Canada Te group soon expandedto include many other experts An initial conerence was held in Sydney
Australia in 983089983097983097983095 and resulted in the publication o A Global Faith Essays
on Evangelicalism and Globalization (Centre or the Study o Australian
Christianity Sydney 983089983097983097983096) edited by Mark Hutchinson and Ogbu Kalu
In the late 983089983097983097983088s unding was secured or the Currents in World Christi-
anity Project (CWC) based at Cambridge University and headed by Brian
Stanley Te CWC went on to sponsor several key international consulta-tions and conerences in England New Zealand and South Arica One o
the initiatives o the CWC was aimed at producing a single volume o essays
that would acquaint a wide international audience with the latest research
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983089983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
on global evangelicalism and it was hoped that this volume would be trans-
lated into a number o languages and help many audiences beyond the con-
fines o Western academia to understand this movement Tis is that volumeOur thanks and gratitude must be expressed to the Pew Charitable rusts
o Philadelphia Pennsylvania or the unds that made the Currents in
World Christianity Project possible which in turn underwrote the costs o
putting this volume together
We also wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mark Hutchinson or his
work in initially pulling articles together or this volume in spite o his
heroic efforts afer a ew years o trying to complete the project he oundhimsel overwhelmed with teaching and administrative duties and as a
result we volunteered to see the volume to the finish line Tere are a host
o individuals who need to be thanked or their hard work in reading and
critiquing the volume in various stages o its preparation chiefly Doug Hills
whose administrative gifs were so helpul but also to Hanna Dutko Danae
Yankowski David Lewis Laura Werezak im Proudlove Matthew Tomas
and Paul Gutacker
Tanks also needs to be expressed to Brian Stanley or his patience with
us as we have endeavored to finish the editing process Daniel Reid o Inter-
Varsity Press has outshone Job in terms o patience with us we are very
much in his debt
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
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INTRODUCTION
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
I983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983139983151983150983140 983144983137983148983142 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983145983141983156983144 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 proponents o the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo asserted that religion was a historical phenomenon
associated with premodern societies and that its demise was inevitable in
the modern world Tis process would o course take time but religionrsquos
slow disappearance would become evident once a period o cultural lag had
run its course It is now widely recognized that these theorists were wrong
Instead o receding religions throughout the world have been growing and
ofen have been rigorous in their engagement with the public sphere In
response to these developments some social theorists are now seeking to
construct ldquopostsecularrdquo theories in order to explain where and how the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo went wrong
Much scholarly attention is now given to the development o Islamic
identities but there is relatively little understanding o how various orms
o evangelical Christianity have emerged as the mainstream Christian ex-
pression in many parts o the world and in particular in the non-Western
world Evangelicalism and its history have been effectively marginalized in
the academy in spite o the act that a case can be made that alongside
popular Islam evangelical Christianity is the most dynamic and expanding
religious expression in the world today However many academics remain
essentially ignorant o evangelicalism as a movement unable to differentiate
between basic terms such as evangelist evangelism evangelical and evan- gelicalism Unortunately scholars who work in the field have not been very
effective in communicating their findings or in persuading scholars that the
global expressions o evangelicalism are important or interesting
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983089983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly
difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-
ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals
small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-
riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-
gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-
consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and
personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified
as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the
ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican
communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-
terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-
essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o
New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)
Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North
American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda
and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the
world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)
Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use
the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with
aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism
A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack
o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-
gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos
in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement
and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still
linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative
o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election
o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-
quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which
under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together
evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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Glossary 983090983097983095
List of Contributors 983091983088983093
Subject and Persons Index 983091983088983095
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PREFACE
T983144983145983155 983141983140983145983156983141983140 983158983151983148983157983149983141 983145983155 983156983144983141 983152983154983151983140983157983139983156 o years o collaboration involving
an international group o scholars Te origins o the initiative can be traced
back to conversations in the late 983089983097983096983088s between some o the leading histo-
rians o evangelicalism Mark Noll (then proessor o Christian thought at
Wheaton College) Edith Blumhoer (then director o the Institute or the
Study o American Evangelicals at Wheaton) and the late George Rawlyk
proessor o history at Queenrsquos University in Kingston Ontario A con-
erence on ldquoEvangelicals Voluntary Associations and American Public Lierdquo
sponsored by the Institute or the Study o American Evangelicals was held
at Wheaton in June o 983089983097983097983089 Mark Noll drew together an initial core o his-
torians to talk about how to advance the academic study o evangelicalism
and to share the results o such research with a much wider audience Tey
included Mark Hutchinson rom Sydney Australia J W (Hoffie) Homeyr
rom the University o Pretoria John Wolffe o the Open University in
England Richard V Pierard (then at Indiana State University) and Donald
Lewis o Regent College in Vancouver Canada Te group soon expandedto include many other experts An initial conerence was held in Sydney
Australia in 983089983097983097983095 and resulted in the publication o A Global Faith Essays
on Evangelicalism and Globalization (Centre or the Study o Australian
Christianity Sydney 983089983097983097983096) edited by Mark Hutchinson and Ogbu Kalu
In the late 983089983097983097983088s unding was secured or the Currents in World Christi-
anity Project (CWC) based at Cambridge University and headed by Brian
Stanley Te CWC went on to sponsor several key international consulta-tions and conerences in England New Zealand and South Arica One o
the initiatives o the CWC was aimed at producing a single volume o essays
that would acquaint a wide international audience with the latest research
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983089983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
on global evangelicalism and it was hoped that this volume would be trans-
lated into a number o languages and help many audiences beyond the con-
fines o Western academia to understand this movement Tis is that volumeOur thanks and gratitude must be expressed to the Pew Charitable rusts
o Philadelphia Pennsylvania or the unds that made the Currents in
World Christianity Project possible which in turn underwrote the costs o
putting this volume together
We also wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mark Hutchinson or his
work in initially pulling articles together or this volume in spite o his
heroic efforts afer a ew years o trying to complete the project he oundhimsel overwhelmed with teaching and administrative duties and as a
result we volunteered to see the volume to the finish line Tere are a host
o individuals who need to be thanked or their hard work in reading and
critiquing the volume in various stages o its preparation chiefly Doug Hills
whose administrative gifs were so helpul but also to Hanna Dutko Danae
Yankowski David Lewis Laura Werezak im Proudlove Matthew Tomas
and Paul Gutacker
Tanks also needs to be expressed to Brian Stanley or his patience with
us as we have endeavored to finish the editing process Daniel Reid o Inter-
Varsity Press has outshone Job in terms o patience with us we are very
much in his debt
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
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INTRODUCTION
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
I983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983139983151983150983140 983144983137983148983142 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983145983141983156983144 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 proponents o the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo asserted that religion was a historical phenomenon
associated with premodern societies and that its demise was inevitable in
the modern world Tis process would o course take time but religionrsquos
slow disappearance would become evident once a period o cultural lag had
run its course It is now widely recognized that these theorists were wrong
Instead o receding religions throughout the world have been growing and
ofen have been rigorous in their engagement with the public sphere In
response to these developments some social theorists are now seeking to
construct ldquopostsecularrdquo theories in order to explain where and how the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo went wrong
Much scholarly attention is now given to the development o Islamic
identities but there is relatively little understanding o how various orms
o evangelical Christianity have emerged as the mainstream Christian ex-
pression in many parts o the world and in particular in the non-Western
world Evangelicalism and its history have been effectively marginalized in
the academy in spite o the act that a case can be made that alongside
popular Islam evangelical Christianity is the most dynamic and expanding
religious expression in the world today However many academics remain
essentially ignorant o evangelicalism as a movement unable to differentiate
between basic terms such as evangelist evangelism evangelical and evan- gelicalism Unortunately scholars who work in the field have not been very
effective in communicating their findings or in persuading scholars that the
global expressions o evangelicalism are important or interesting
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983089983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly
difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-
ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals
small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-
riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-
gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-
consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and
personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified
as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the
ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican
communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-
terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-
essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o
New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)
Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North
American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda
and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the
world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)
Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use
the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with
aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism
A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack
o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-
gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos
in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement
and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still
linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative
o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election
o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-
quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which
under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together
evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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PREFACE
T983144983145983155 983141983140983145983156983141983140 983158983151983148983157983149983141 983145983155 983156983144983141 983152983154983151983140983157983139983156 o years o collaboration involving
an international group o scholars Te origins o the initiative can be traced
back to conversations in the late 983089983097983096983088s between some o the leading histo-
rians o evangelicalism Mark Noll (then proessor o Christian thought at
Wheaton College) Edith Blumhoer (then director o the Institute or the
Study o American Evangelicals at Wheaton) and the late George Rawlyk
proessor o history at Queenrsquos University in Kingston Ontario A con-
erence on ldquoEvangelicals Voluntary Associations and American Public Lierdquo
sponsored by the Institute or the Study o American Evangelicals was held
at Wheaton in June o 983089983097983097983089 Mark Noll drew together an initial core o his-
torians to talk about how to advance the academic study o evangelicalism
and to share the results o such research with a much wider audience Tey
included Mark Hutchinson rom Sydney Australia J W (Hoffie) Homeyr
rom the University o Pretoria John Wolffe o the Open University in
England Richard V Pierard (then at Indiana State University) and Donald
Lewis o Regent College in Vancouver Canada Te group soon expandedto include many other experts An initial conerence was held in Sydney
Australia in 983089983097983097983095 and resulted in the publication o A Global Faith Essays
on Evangelicalism and Globalization (Centre or the Study o Australian
Christianity Sydney 983089983097983097983096) edited by Mark Hutchinson and Ogbu Kalu
In the late 983089983097983097983088s unding was secured or the Currents in World Christi-
anity Project (CWC) based at Cambridge University and headed by Brian
Stanley Te CWC went on to sponsor several key international consulta-tions and conerences in England New Zealand and South Arica One o
the initiatives o the CWC was aimed at producing a single volume o essays
that would acquaint a wide international audience with the latest research
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983089983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
on global evangelicalism and it was hoped that this volume would be trans-
lated into a number o languages and help many audiences beyond the con-
fines o Western academia to understand this movement Tis is that volumeOur thanks and gratitude must be expressed to the Pew Charitable rusts
o Philadelphia Pennsylvania or the unds that made the Currents in
World Christianity Project possible which in turn underwrote the costs o
putting this volume together
We also wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mark Hutchinson or his
work in initially pulling articles together or this volume in spite o his
heroic efforts afer a ew years o trying to complete the project he oundhimsel overwhelmed with teaching and administrative duties and as a
result we volunteered to see the volume to the finish line Tere are a host
o individuals who need to be thanked or their hard work in reading and
critiquing the volume in various stages o its preparation chiefly Doug Hills
whose administrative gifs were so helpul but also to Hanna Dutko Danae
Yankowski David Lewis Laura Werezak im Proudlove Matthew Tomas
and Paul Gutacker
Tanks also needs to be expressed to Brian Stanley or his patience with
us as we have endeavored to finish the editing process Daniel Reid o Inter-
Varsity Press has outshone Job in terms o patience with us we are very
much in his debt
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
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INTRODUCTION
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
I983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983139983151983150983140 983144983137983148983142 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983145983141983156983144 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 proponents o the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo asserted that religion was a historical phenomenon
associated with premodern societies and that its demise was inevitable in
the modern world Tis process would o course take time but religionrsquos
slow disappearance would become evident once a period o cultural lag had
run its course It is now widely recognized that these theorists were wrong
Instead o receding religions throughout the world have been growing and
ofen have been rigorous in their engagement with the public sphere In
response to these developments some social theorists are now seeking to
construct ldquopostsecularrdquo theories in order to explain where and how the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo went wrong
Much scholarly attention is now given to the development o Islamic
identities but there is relatively little understanding o how various orms
o evangelical Christianity have emerged as the mainstream Christian ex-
pression in many parts o the world and in particular in the non-Western
world Evangelicalism and its history have been effectively marginalized in
the academy in spite o the act that a case can be made that alongside
popular Islam evangelical Christianity is the most dynamic and expanding
religious expression in the world today However many academics remain
essentially ignorant o evangelicalism as a movement unable to differentiate
between basic terms such as evangelist evangelism evangelical and evan- gelicalism Unortunately scholars who work in the field have not been very
effective in communicating their findings or in persuading scholars that the
global expressions o evangelicalism are important or interesting
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983089983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly
difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-
ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals
small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-
riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-
gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-
consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and
personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified
as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the
ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican
communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-
terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-
essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o
New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)
Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North
American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda
and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the
world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)
Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use
the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with
aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism
A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack
o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-
gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos
in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement
and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still
linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative
o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election
o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-
quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which
under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together
evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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983089983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
on global evangelicalism and it was hoped that this volume would be trans-
lated into a number o languages and help many audiences beyond the con-
fines o Western academia to understand this movement Tis is that volumeOur thanks and gratitude must be expressed to the Pew Charitable rusts
o Philadelphia Pennsylvania or the unds that made the Currents in
World Christianity Project possible which in turn underwrote the costs o
putting this volume together
We also wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mark Hutchinson or his
work in initially pulling articles together or this volume in spite o his
heroic efforts afer a ew years o trying to complete the project he oundhimsel overwhelmed with teaching and administrative duties and as a
result we volunteered to see the volume to the finish line Tere are a host
o individuals who need to be thanked or their hard work in reading and
critiquing the volume in various stages o its preparation chiefly Doug Hills
whose administrative gifs were so helpul but also to Hanna Dutko Danae
Yankowski David Lewis Laura Werezak im Proudlove Matthew Tomas
and Paul Gutacker
Tanks also needs to be expressed to Brian Stanley or his patience with
us as we have endeavored to finish the editing process Daniel Reid o Inter-
Varsity Press has outshone Job in terms o patience with us we are very
much in his debt
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
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INTRODUCTION
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
I983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983139983151983150983140 983144983137983148983142 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983145983141983156983144 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 proponents o the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo asserted that religion was a historical phenomenon
associated with premodern societies and that its demise was inevitable in
the modern world Tis process would o course take time but religionrsquos
slow disappearance would become evident once a period o cultural lag had
run its course It is now widely recognized that these theorists were wrong
Instead o receding religions throughout the world have been growing and
ofen have been rigorous in their engagement with the public sphere In
response to these developments some social theorists are now seeking to
construct ldquopostsecularrdquo theories in order to explain where and how the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo went wrong
Much scholarly attention is now given to the development o Islamic
identities but there is relatively little understanding o how various orms
o evangelical Christianity have emerged as the mainstream Christian ex-
pression in many parts o the world and in particular in the non-Western
world Evangelicalism and its history have been effectively marginalized in
the academy in spite o the act that a case can be made that alongside
popular Islam evangelical Christianity is the most dynamic and expanding
religious expression in the world today However many academics remain
essentially ignorant o evangelicalism as a movement unable to differentiate
between basic terms such as evangelist evangelism evangelical and evan- gelicalism Unortunately scholars who work in the field have not been very
effective in communicating their findings or in persuading scholars that the
global expressions o evangelicalism are important or interesting
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983089983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly
difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-
ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals
small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-
riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-
gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-
consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and
personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified
as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the
ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican
communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-
terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-
essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o
New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)
Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North
American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda
and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the
world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)
Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use
the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with
aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism
A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack
o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-
gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos
in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement
and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still
linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative
o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election
o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-
quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which
under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together
evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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INTRODUCTION
Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard
I983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983139983151983150983140 983144983137983148983142 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983145983141983156983144 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 proponents o the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo asserted that religion was a historical phenomenon
associated with premodern societies and that its demise was inevitable in
the modern world Tis process would o course take time but religionrsquos
slow disappearance would become evident once a period o cultural lag had
run its course It is now widely recognized that these theorists were wrong
Instead o receding religions throughout the world have been growing and
ofen have been rigorous in their engagement with the public sphere In
response to these developments some social theorists are now seeking to
construct ldquopostsecularrdquo theories in order to explain where and how the
ldquosecularization thesisrdquo went wrong
Much scholarly attention is now given to the development o Islamic
identities but there is relatively little understanding o how various orms
o evangelical Christianity have emerged as the mainstream Christian ex-
pression in many parts o the world and in particular in the non-Western
world Evangelicalism and its history have been effectively marginalized in
the academy in spite o the act that a case can be made that alongside
popular Islam evangelical Christianity is the most dynamic and expanding
religious expression in the world today However many academics remain
essentially ignorant o evangelicalism as a movement unable to differentiate
between basic terms such as evangelist evangelism evangelical and evan- gelicalism Unortunately scholars who work in the field have not been very
effective in communicating their findings or in persuading scholars that the
global expressions o evangelicalism are important or interesting
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983089983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly
difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-
ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals
small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-
riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-
gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-
consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and
personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified
as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the
ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican
communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-
terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-
essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o
New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)
Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North
American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda
and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the
world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)
Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use
the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with
aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism
A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack
o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-
gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos
in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement
and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still
linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative
o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election
o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-
quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which
under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together
evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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983089983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly
difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-
ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals
small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-
riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-
gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-
consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and
personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified
as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the
ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican
communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-
terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-
essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o
New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)
Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North
American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda
and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the
world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)
Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use
the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with
aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism
A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack
o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-
gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos
in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement
and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still
linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative
o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election
o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-
quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which
under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together
evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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Introduction 983089983091
Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical
center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-
anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one
thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)
Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is
thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-
erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor
that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-
standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt
to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North
Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West
in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement
in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by
a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-
ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-
gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and
(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some
o its internal dynamics
Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-
dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders
o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world
and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo
history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and
it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to
gain understanding
For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are
uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-
nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death
particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to
Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated
rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o
colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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983089983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals
struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-
demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic
Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical
churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction
to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-
anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where
evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-
tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work
U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147
Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-
gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section
provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o
the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed
globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history
in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-
cussion o important themes in evangelical history
It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either
as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course
no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let
alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you
we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and
a glossary at the end o the book
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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PART ONE
THEORETICAL ISSUES
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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1
DEFINING EVANGELICALISM
Mark A Noll
A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity
constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers
Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world
Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world
religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as
part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but
Muslims and Hindus
So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need
or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-
nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-
ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long
ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western
Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088
percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North
America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary
activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the
dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and
developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation
has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in
each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and
North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively
1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols
1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3334
983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983089983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the
southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere
But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must
have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition
or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-
cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical
alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-
talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the
term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on
to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad
strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-
lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in
the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian
movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world
today But definitions are the place to begin
D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic
emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-
dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the
nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who
study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation
to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by
virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-
tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ
Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance
on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all
the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks
directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel
rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves
3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo
in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-
knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 1634
Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097
as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ
Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the
Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred
story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness
they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three
persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)
Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many
different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has
several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun
euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament
to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as
the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans
ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which
meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in
passages such as Romans 983089983089983094
I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God
or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)
Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion
ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ
As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-
gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as
definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to
ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-
phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome
expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or
example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to
evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o
experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-
selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and
yet in adapting to retain their essential character
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3334
983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a
more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this
usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and
Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-
gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places
around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or
example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical
Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even
more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this
book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but
to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed
a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-
sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those
with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never
heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British
historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind
o evangelicalism1048628
bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom
sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ
bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in
varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o
aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures
bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works
o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work
o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own
experience o God
bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have
also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o
4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s
(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983089
Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant
seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly
emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to
human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo
While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about
nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So
one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South
America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in
America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases
and strong denominational identities
Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our
commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o
other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions
o evangelicalism
Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who
protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-
alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-
mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning
the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary
nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In
general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-
ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-
demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used
the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate
their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman
Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to
maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America
undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-
servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have
5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o
wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 1934
983090983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-
ditional bounds o evangelicalism
Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active
work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o
God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-
costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by
ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct
agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o
the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in
Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-
vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples
(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)
who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change
In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic
and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the
ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices
have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches
make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism
grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals
fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631
Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches
who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second
see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the
Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)
Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond
983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford
University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and
American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found
in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan
10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-
sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal
Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK
Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983091
hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many
o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the
Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-
sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around
this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-
tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-
ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking
in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-
ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices
much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-
Western worlds alike
Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures
but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain
Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism
are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that
prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth
century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches
rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-
pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o
possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the
Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-
ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world
such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house
church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-
works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633
Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these
non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches
As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually
exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they
9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London
SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost
Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica
(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
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983090983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different
regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o
New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding
the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so
the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and
quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible
and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous
groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting
the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion
surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity
as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that
a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-
tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic
evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices
that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is
the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best
studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be
classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor
is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with
previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the
community in question
Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise
because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies
and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in
North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-
mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that
not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term
10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents
each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four
characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of
its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on
Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-
ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983093
held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so
with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did
hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the
Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only
about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-
gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092
percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with
undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about
evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much
o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-
gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that
differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their
shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals
orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in
networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label
themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-
ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in
historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout
the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical
movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-
gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o
evangelicalism as well
Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed
also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various
corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the
study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task
B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161
Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the
close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years
11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-
ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2334
983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-
ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors
Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)
were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor
in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a
multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or
a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe
as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090
On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria
(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or
lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive
responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement
which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced
later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in
missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar
longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as
indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-
yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-
tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden
o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-
lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in
Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies
During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against
cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening
search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the
English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and
983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and
Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-
speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen
12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by
W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)
and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983090983096 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-
cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he
traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in
February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months
Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North
Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing
experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh
outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing
o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader
become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially
popular in the last hal o the twentieth century
Amazing grace how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now am ound
was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear
and grace my ears relieved
how precious did that grace appear
the hour I first believed9830891048631
Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions
arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-
riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement
From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-
ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts
o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-
estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-
herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists
Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent
17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New
York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2834
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2934
983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3234
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
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8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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Defining Evangelicalism 983090983097
among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist
churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well
Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain
and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-
ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-
inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major
points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the
Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today
Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts
English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental
Pietist colleagues
Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich
Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle
traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India
where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as
translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way
or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural
missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over
the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native
American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by
English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American
slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated
preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or
outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next
year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch
evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-
speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the
London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society
(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or
Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow
into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed
by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
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983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2834
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2934
983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3034
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3134
983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3234
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3334
983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2734
983091983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary
movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-
speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into
strong indigenous Christian churches
In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader
Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the
recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements
in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and
indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North
America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world
continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but
so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the
gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among
secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world
also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise
leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing
poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and
doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-
gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the
Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-
gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-
sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the
beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters
that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments
o the twentieth century occurred
18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin
America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford
Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon
D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum
1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-
field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An
Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-
scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian
Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2834
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2934
983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3034
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3134
983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3234
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3334
983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2834
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983089
G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140
Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-
gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different
countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-
ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be
very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended
church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and
considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-
centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-
tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago
Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624
Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-
tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia
which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian
believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the
United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that
the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no
evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria
(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o
evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United
Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical
populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m
South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at
least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania
Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in
Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique
20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-
estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway
(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll
21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like
this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling
themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or
denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2934
983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3034
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3134
983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3234
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3334
983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 2934
983091983090 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-
donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala
Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and
ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-
like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the
enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed
then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South
Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico
(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as
the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as
recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo
evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn
American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia
South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined
conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and
evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian
reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches
both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o
mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are
obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere
very quickly become global issues
O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution
Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by
Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity
cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or
hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven
22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-
gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of
traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-
Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-
maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal
characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and
Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3034
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3134
983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3234
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3334
983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3034
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983091
the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in
place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett
testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history
D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155
Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman
Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-
sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-
tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always
contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide
evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-
sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are
the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-
gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now
known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student
Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-
lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such
agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have
had a dynamic impact on international Christianity
Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies
o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-
national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading
preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a
measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the
second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham
the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J
Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093
Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns
24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088
25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins
1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-
Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with
Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3134
983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3234
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3334
983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3134
983091983092 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns
meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here
among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos
Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness
teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah
Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina
the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine
Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social
reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis
Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-
bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the
early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more
important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke
L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-
national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the
names that could be mentioned
Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature
many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted
in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo
proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity
moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey
could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a
missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks
that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow
her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o
social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance
Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove
many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil
Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o
Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos
largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia
who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3234
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3334
983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3234
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983093
and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their
young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational
orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also
helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world
A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-
national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps
the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-
related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-
tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-
nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas
Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes
Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-
gelical Students
Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-
national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne
Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that
have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-
gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight
some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more
however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and
other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it
clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise
solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development
o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be
developed in the ollowing chapters
F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143
Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge
University Press 983090983088983088983094
Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090
Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3334
983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3334
983091983094 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM
Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-
calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press
983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism
Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090
Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove
IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091
Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash
1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093
mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth
Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids
Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092
Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell
983090983088983088983096
May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens
University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096
Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-
Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097
Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism
Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British
Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092
Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York
Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095
Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian
Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-
bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983088
mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University
Press 983089983097983097983090
InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume
series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published
to date (983090983088983089983092)
Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the
Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091
Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More
Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095
Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)
8122019 Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard - EXCERPT
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullglobal-evangelicalism-edited-by-donald-m-lewis-and-richard-v-pierard-excerpt 3434
Defining Evangelicalism 983091983095
Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and
Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093
Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091
reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and
McPherson (orthcoming)