global energy issues
DESCRIPTION
Global Energy Issues. Climate Change / Emissions Regulations. Burgeoning Demand – U.S., China, India…. Security. On its own, each issue increases the costs of fossil fuels or of using fossil fuels. Ecological Consequences. Peak Oil, Natural Gas / Supply Constraints. Health Effects. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Global Energy Issues
Burgeoning Demand – U.S., China, India…
Peak Oil, Natural Gas / Supply Constraints
Climate Change / Emissions Regulations Security
Health Effects EcologicalConsequences
On its own, each issue increases the costs of fossil fuels or of using fossil fuels
Solutions for these Energy Issues
Nuclear, Renewable Energy,
“Clean” Coal…
Burgeoning Demand – U.S., China, India…
Peak Oil, Natural Gas / Supply Constraints
Climate Change / Emissions Regulations
Energy from all sources, wars…
All renewable energy, coal…
Security
All renewableenergy except
large scale hydro…
Health Effects EcologicalConsequences
Energy from all sources,
wars…
All renewable energy except
biomass…
These Issues are Converging!
Nuclear, Renewable Energy,
”Clean” Coal…
Burgeoning Demand – U.S., China, India…
Peak Oil, Natural Gas / Supply Constraints
Climate Change / Emissions Regulations
Energy from all sources,
wars…
Energy from all sources, wars…
All renewable energy, coal…
Security
All renewableenergy except
large scale hydro…
Health Effects
All renewable energy except
biomass…
EcologicalConsequences
We can no longer develop/afford solutions that solve one problem but exacerbate others
Implications of Convergence
• Fossil fuels will become unaffordable rapidly• The only solution that fits in the intersection of
these circles is the combination of energy conservation, efficiency, and generation from renewable resources
• The transition to the era of renewable energies has already begun
• We need to accelerate this transition
We have made energy transitions before
• Whale blubber kerosene
• Kerosene electricity
• Electricity from coal electricity from natural gas
• And now…fossil fuels to alternatives
California is leading the transition
• California’s per capita electricity consumption has remained flat since the early seventies because of energy efficiency
– In the rest of the U.S. electricity consumption has increased by 40%
• California’s “loading order” for energy investments1. Energy Efficiency2. Demand Reduction3. Energy from Renewable Resources4. Energy from Non-renewable Resources
• AB 32 – Global Warming Solutions Act – Emission reductions by 25% from current levels by 2020
Napa is leading California … in Solar
• U.S. (2005): .07%
• PG&E territory (2007 projected): <1%– PG&E has more solar installations than
any other any utility in the U.S.
• Napa wineries: >12%– More than 50 out of 400 wineries have
already installed or are installing solar
Napa Wineries
• Napa wineries have adopted at this extraordinary rate because the COMBINATION of federal, state, and utility incentives have made solar economically feasible for commercial clients that are rich (pay taxes), profitable (can use depreciation), and creditworthy.
Pioneering Efforts through Wineries
• We are helping to remove the financial, technical, and regulatory obstacles through our adoption of solar.
• We are demonstrating that it is ok to start with energy generation first, because it increases consciousness about energy, which in turn results in energy conservation and efficiency.
Financial Obstacles Overcome
Financing Options 5 years ago• None. The first large wineries that went solar
were CASH rich. Invested in solar because they expected better returns than from the stock market.
Financing Options Today• Bank loans, Tax Leases, Power Purchase
Agreements • For Commercial and Residential
Technical Obstacles Overcome
• Solar Electric Systems are everywhere– Slopes (Chateau Montelena)– Flat Rooftops (Western Wine Services (anchored),
Wine Service Co-operative (ballasted))– Sloped Roofs (Dutch Henry)– Leach Fields (Frog’s Leap, Staglin) – Wastewater Ponds (Far Niente)– In PG&E’s right of way (Saintsbury)– Integrated in Buildings (Sutter Home)– Replacing expensive vineyards (Chappellet, Nickel
and Nickel)
Regulatory Obstacles Overcome (and being worked on)
• Renewable Energy Credits belong to host customers
• Transformer size constraint relaxed
• Permitted to build in PG&E’s Right of Way (Saintsbury)
• Meter Aggregation
Non-solar energy trends / near term possibilities in the Wine Industry
• Energy Efficiency Retrofits• Biodiesel / Biomass• Cogeneration• Sheep instead of mowers• Packaging Alternatives• Carbon Neutrality• Cradle to Grave • Carbon Farming• Triple Bottom Line Accounting
Longer-Term Energy Possibilities
• Distributed Renewable Energy Generation – Solar thermal, Small scale Wind, Fuel Cells, Direct Geothermal
• Centralized Renewable Energy Generation – Wind, Concentrating Solar Power, Waste to Energy, Tidal
• Energy Storage (fixed and mobile)• Energy Transfer – Plug-in Hybrids + Vehicle-to-Grid• Fuels from Alternatives – Ethanol from Algae,
Cellulosic Ethanol, Solar generated hydrogen