global climate change,greenhouse effect,carbon credits,kyoto protocol,montreo protocol,ozone layer...

8/2/2019 Global Climate Change,Greenhouse Effect,Carbon Credits,Kyoto Protocol,Montreo Protocol,Ozone Layer Depletion

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Global climate change


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What is climate?

Climate average weather of an areaover a long period at least 30 years

General weather conditions and seasonalvariations

The climate of the world is changed by

- green house effect


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Effect of Climate change

Winds and ocean currents are disturbed

Upsets hydrological cycle

Disturbs agriculture


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Good! Bad!


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Green house gases

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)Nitrous oxide

Ground level Ozone


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Bad Effects of Global warming Land and ocean temperatures rise

North and south pole (Artic and Antarctic)Glaciers melt

Sea levels rise

Ocean currents change

Weather patterns change Ecological disturbance Reduction in biodiversity Effect on Agriculture Effect on human health


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2007 Temperature Changes Compared to1951-1980

-3 -2.5 -1.5 -1 -.5 -.1 .1 .5 1 1.5 2.5 3.4


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1000

800

600

400

200

0

-200

-400

-6002003 2004 2005

IceMass(km3)

Year

Changes in Antarctica Ice Mass


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Wildlife is Effected Polar Bears

Require ice to live

Might eventually go extinct

Sea turtles Breed on the same islands as

their birth

Could go extinct as some islands

as beaches are flooded

Other species may go extinct as rainfall

patterns change throughout the world


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Effect on Humans

Sunstroke many people will die

Since more mosquitoes, snails and insects cangrow (as more fish which eat them die due to

increase in temperature of the water) diseases like malaria will be on high

Higher temperature and humidity increase

sweating and cause skin diseases andRespiratory diseases


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Potential Worldwide Precipitation Changes-Some regions get more than normal, some less than normal

-50 -20 -10 -5 5 10 20 50


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STEPS TO PREVENT GLOBAL WARMING

Plant more trees Control population growth Cut down rate of CFCs and fossil fuels

Use non-conventional (renewable) sources ofenergy

Shift from coal to natural gas Reduce carbon dioxide from smoke Adopt sustainable agriculture grow heat

resistant crops


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Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreementlinked to the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change that aims at reduction of GreenHouse Gases

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11December 1997 and entered into force on 16February 2005

192 Parties (191 States and 1 regional economicintegration organization) to the Kyoto Protocol to theUNFCCC


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Kyoto Protocol

Cut emissions of not only carbon dioxide, but of alsoother greenhouse gases, like, Methane (CH4), Nitrousoxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulphur hexafluoride

(SF6)

Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%below the emission levels of 1990. This goal is to be

achieved by the year 2012

Individual countries were assigned higher or lowertargets and some countries were permitted increases


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Kyoto Protocol

India and China, which have ratified the Kyotoprotocol, are not obligated to reduce greenhouse gasproduction

As a result of this loophole, the West has effectivelyoutsourced much of its carbon emissions to China andIndia

The Protocol allows Annex I countries to meet theirGHG emission limitations by several "flexiblemechanisms", such as emissions trading (in terms ofcarbon credits/Kyoto credits)


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Kyoto Protocol

Emission trading allows the countries to purchaseGHG emission reductions credits from othercountries that do not need to reduce their GHGemissions

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), allowsdeveloped countries to undertake projects to reduceemissions in developing countries to generate Kyotounits

Joint Implementation (JI) allows developed countriesto undertake projects to reduce emissions in otherdeveloped countries to generate Kyoto units

Clean development mechanism (CDM) and joint implementation


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Carbon Credits

Carbon credits and carbon markets are a componentof national and international attempts to mitigate thegrowth in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs).

One carbon credit is equal to reduction of one ton ofcarbon dioxide, or carbon dioxide equivalent gases

The goal is to allow market mechanisms to driveindustrial and commercial processes in the directionof low emissions of GHGs into the atmosphere.


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During Kyoto protocol, allocation of carbon credits orKyoto credits was made to different countries

Each credit gives the owner the right to emit onemetric tonne of carbon dioxide or other equivalentgreenhouse gas

If a country exceeds its emission quota, it has to payfor it in three possible mechanisms to get back thecredits, and thus GHG emissions become expensivefor the emitters

Carbon Credits


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Mechanims I

Emission Trading

: Countries that havenot used up their quotas can sell their unusedallowances as carbon credits, while others that areabout to exceed their quotas can buy them.

Mechanism II - Clean Development Mechanism:Developed countries (responsible for high GHGemissions, listed as Annex I countries) can start GHGreduction projects in relatively un-developed country(listed as non-annex countries).

Mechanism III Joint Implementation Mechanism:A developed country with relatively high cost ofsetting up of GHG reduction project, will set it insome other developed country. At present Russia andUkraine are having highest number of JI projects.

Carbon Credits


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The actual value of each creditmay vary, subject to the market

position.Currently its value is about 12-20Euros


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Carbon Credits Indian Scenario

India has generated approximately 30 Million carboncredits and approximately 140 million in run, thesecond highest transacted volumes in the world.

Indias carbon market is growing faster than eveninformation technology, bio technology and BPOsectors as 850 projects with a huge investment of Rs650,000 million are in pipeline.

As per the Prime Minister's Council on ClimateChange, the revenue from 200 projects is estimatedat Rs. 97 billion till 2012.


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What is Ozone? Ozone Layer? Ozone (O3) is a highly-reactive form of oxygen.

Ozone exists within both the tropospheric andstratospheric zones of the Earths atmosphere

It is formed by the interaction of oxygen with UVradiation

O2+ h O + O O + O2 O3

In the troposphere, ground level ozone is a major airpollutant and primary constituent of photochemicalsmog

In the stratosphere, the ozone layer is an essentialprotector of life on earth as it absorbs harmful UV

radiation before it reaches the earth.


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Ozone layer depletion Ozone is naturally found in stratosphere

which occurs 30 km above the ground level

It has a normal thickness of 3mm

In the past 4-5 decades a progressivedecrease in ozone layer thickness is observed.

It is more prominent over Antarctic region

In fact a hole is formed in the ozone layer

over the Antarctic region.


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Ozone layer is being destroyeddue to chemicals like

CFC: Chlorofluorocarbons:

CFC -11 is trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F CFC-12 is dichlorodifluromethane, CCl2F2

CFC-13 is chlorotrifluoromethane, CClF3 There are others like, CFC-114, CHLOROTETRAFLUOROEHTANE ETC.


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The reactions are

CFCl3 + h CFCl2 + Cl

Cl + O3

ClO + O2

ClO + O3 Cl +2O2

These reactions are catalyzed by Br andI radicals also.

CFC d d l ti


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CFCs and ozone depletion Chlorofluorocarbons are created

and used in refrigerators and airconditioners

These chlorofluorocarbons are

not harmful to humans and havebeen a benefit to us. Oncereleased into the atmosphere,chlorofluorocarbons arebombarded and destroyed by

ultraviolet rays

In the process chlorine isreleased to destroy the ozone

molecules


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Facts about ozone depletion A single chlorine keeps on destroying for two years before

it is converted to HCl or ClONO2

Nitrogen oxides can trap the chlorine free radicals andstop ozone depletion

All the CFCs are released in northern hemisphere, butOzone layer depletion is more over Antarctic

This is because of the so called Polar Stratospheric cloudsformed there in winters (-90oC) with no oxides of nitrogenthat can trap the Cl free radicals

CFCs accumulate in these clouds and in summer whensunlight returns form a platform for ozone depletion


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Polar Stratospheric Clouds


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Effects of ozone layer depletion UV radiation causes sunburns, skin cancer

UV radiation absorbed by cornea in the eye leads tocataracts

Loss of phyto and zooplankton in lakes and ponds

phytoplankton in oceans reduces CO2 levels theirdecrease increases global warming

Yields of food other crops reduced

Greater evaporation of surface water

Destroys fibres, paints and other materials


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The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded as of September 2006


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M l P l


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The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty

designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing outthe production of substances believed to beresponsible for ozone depletion

Opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and

entered into force on January 1, 1989, followed by afirst meeting in Helsinki, May 1989- CFC emissionshould be cut by 35% by year 2000

after hearing more bad news about seasonal thinningof ozone layer above Antarctica in 1989, it hadundergone several revisions later, in 1990 (London),1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok),1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), and 1999 (Beijing)

Montreal Protocol


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36 countries signed the treaty first in 1987

At present it has been ratified by 196 states

If the international agreement is adhered

to, the ozone layer is expected to recoverto 1980 levels by 2050

"perhaps the single most successful

international agreement to date has been theMontreal Protocol" - Kofi Annan

Montreal Protocol

global climate change,greenhouse effect,carbon credits,kyoto protocol,montreo protocol,ozone layer...

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