C. Chattopadhyay and D. Prasad (eds), Dynamics of Crop Protection and Climate Change © Studera Press 2016

Global Climate Change: A Threat to Aphids Population

Navodita G. Maurice, P.W. Ramteke, Pradeep K. Shukla

and Suchit A. John Global Climate Change We are now threatened by self-inflicted, swiftly moving environmental shifts whose long-term biological and ecological consequences result in the depletion of the protective ozone layer, global warming observed in the last 150 years, obliteration of an acre of forest every second, rapid-fire extinction of species and the prospect of a global nuclear war, which can threaten the survival of both plants and animals. There may be other such risks we are not aware of at present. Individually and cumulatively, these dangers designate the presence of a trap being set for human species. However, principled and lofty, the justifications may have been for the activities that brought forth these dangers, separately and taken together, they now imperil our species and many others. We are actually committing, what in religious language is sometimes called ‘Crimes against Creation’ (Drinkwater et al. 2009).

These assaults on the environment were not caused by any one generation but intrinsically, they are transnational, transgenerational and transideological, and escape from this global problem necessitates a perspective embracing all the peoples of the planet and all the generations yet to come. Problems of such magnitude and solutions must be recognized in context of both religious as well as a scientific dimension. Many scientists have been long engrossed in combating environmental crisis in order to preserve the environment of the earth. The short-term mitigations to these dangers include greater energy efficiency, rapid banning of chlorofluorocarbons or modest reductions in nuclear arsenals. The conversion from fossil fuels to a non-polluting energy economy, a continuing swift reversal of the nuclear arms race, and a voluntary halt to world population growth can help in renovation of earth’s environment. As with the issues of peace, human rights and social justice, religious institutions can be a

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strong force here, too, in encouraging national and international initiatives in both the private and public sectors, and in the diverse worlds of commerce, education, culture and mass communications (Dalrymple 1991) (Figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1 Effect of Climate Change on Environment.

The environmental crisis requires radical changes not only in public policy, but also in individual behaviour. The historical record makes clear that religious teaching, example and leadership are able to influence personal conduct and commitment powerfully. The efforts to safeguard and cherish the environment need to be infused with a vision of the sacred. The atmospheric concentration of CO2 is increasing at the alarming rates (1.9 ppm per year) in the recent years. The earth has warmed by 0.76°C (0.56 to 0.92) during last 100 years (1906 – 2005). Eleven of the last twelve years (1995 -2006) rank among the 12 warmest years recorded in the past 100 years. A lot more intense and longer droughts observed over wider areas since the 1970s, in the tropics and subtropics. The frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased over most of the land surface. Significantly increased rainfall has been observed in the Eastern parts of North and South America, Northern Europe and Northern and Central Asia. Drying has been observed in the Sahel, the Mediterranean, Southern Africa and parts of the Southern Asia. Average Arctic temperatures increased at almost twice the Global average rate in the past 100 years (Dalrymple 1991; Harrison et al. 2002).

Cold days, Cold nights and frost have become less frequent, while hot days, hot nights and heat waves have become more frequent. Mountain glaciers and snow cover

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monitored in natural and artificial infestations of Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings when exposed to air pollutants (gaseous sulphur dioxide, NaF and Ca(NO3)2 or (NH4)2SO4 in aqueous solutions) a peak in aphid population was observed. All the pollutants and their combinations significantly increased the numbers of aphids per seedling. The aphid numbers were significantly higher in the fluoride treatment and in the combined treatment of fluoride, nitrogen and SO2 (Holopainen et al. 1991). Conclusion Global climate change can have adverse effect on the aphid populations as predators of aphids. Increase or decrease in the total number of aphids can disturb the ecological balance as they are essential part of food chain and food web. High or low temperature can increase or decrease the total number of aphids, which will also alter the population of predators disturbing food chain. Increased air pollution and CO2 levels result in tremendous increase in aphid populations causing adverse effect on environment. References Adams, M.D., S.E. Celniker, R.A. Holt, C.A. Evans, J.D. Gocayne, P.G. Amanatides, S.E.

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