“global and regional land cover and land change monitoring: progress and needs”
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Martin Herold Wageningen University ([email protected]). “Global and regional land cover and land change monitoring: progress and needs”. www.fao.org/gtos/gofc-gold. Global Observations of Forest Cover and Land Dynamics. What is GOFC-GOLD?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
“Global and regional land cover and land change monitoring:
progress and needs”
Martin Herold
Wageningen University
www.fao.org/gtos/gofc-goldGlobal Observations of Forest Cover and Land Dynamics
What is GOFC-GOLD?• A technical panel of the UN Global Terrestrial Observing
System (GTOS/FAO)
• A coordinated international effort: – to ensure a continuous program of space-based and field forest and
land observations for global monitoring of terrestrial resources
• A network of participants implementing coordinated research, demonstration and operational projects
• A vision to share data, information and knowledge
• GOFC-GOLD operates through:– Working with GEO (tasks) and GCOS
– Executive committee, science and technical board
– Implementation teams and 3 project offices (CA, US, Europe)
– Dedicated working groups (REDD, GEO task, biomass)
– 6 Regional networks (Central/West/East Africa, SE-Asia and Latin america)
Activities & needs: land observation community
1. Global and regional land cover mapping
2. Monitoring and quantifying land change
3. Land cover, biophysical variables and carbon stocks & change
4. Recent drivers of observation progress
Land cover characterization: harmonization and validation
Martin Herold
GOFC-GOLD land cover team
Wageningen University
www.fao.org/gtos/gofc-goldGlobal Observations of Forest Cover and Land Dynamics
Deciduous
ArtificialSnow & Ice
BareHerbaceous
Shrubs
Common land cover classifiers (LCCS)
TreesCover type/ life form
Evergreen
Leaf longevity
Leaf type
Broadleaved
Needle-leaved
Cultivated/managed
Cultivated and managed/
(semi-)natural Aquatic/ flooded
Terrestrial / aquatic+ regularly flooded
Translation
Global land cover datasets
Concept of LCCS land cover classifiers
Thematic standards Reference database (GLC2000)
Comparative validation & assessment
Based on generalized set of eleven LCCS classes
SYNMAP – for carbon cycle modeling
SYNMAP – a global synthesis product of existing global land cover maps to provide a targeted and improved land cover map for carbon cycle modelling purposes; here shown as life form assemblages (Source: M. Jung et al. 2006, Remote Sensing of Environment).
MODIS Collection 5 Land Cover (2001-2008)
Source: M.Friedl, Boston University / NASA
GLOBCOVER (2005/6)
Dataset release: September 2008
GLOBCOVER 2009
GlobCover 2009 – Final Meeting – 9 February 2011, JRC, Italy
An initiative of: In cooperation with:
The most recent and most detailed global land cover map
2009 MERIS data – map released Dec. 2010
Based on the Globcover pre-processing chain
Demonstrates the ability to generate global products on-demand and systematically
Available online for download
50 000 downloads
The land cover map for Russia based on MODIS 250 m dataSergey Bartalev - Russian Academy of Sciences - Space Research Institute
TerraNorte RLC Map for 2010
Needs: approaches to land cover characterization
• Activities moving from independent datasets to synergy products need to continue – international community consensus building
• Datasets can be produced on continuous basis– Support ongoing monitoring projects (data continuity)– Invest in better user interactions and data uptake
• Comparative & operational accuracy assessments: – Synergy and “best” available datasets and information– Regional accuracy numbers – Error propagation and more user-relevant uncertainty analysis
Land cover change assessments
Martin Herold
GOFC-GOLD land cover team
Wageningen University
www.fao.org/gtos/gofc-goldGlobal Observations of Forest Cover and Land Dynamics
Integrated land cover observations
From Herold et al 2008, IEEE Systems
Effort
for f
requen
t
update
Thematic detail
Sp
atia
l d
etai
l
high
highlow
Assuming observation continuity and consistency
IN-SITU (+ IKONOS type)periodically (usually 1-10 yrs)
Detailed physiognomyFloristics and species distributionLand use: i.e. crop type/rotationCalibration and validation
high
LANDSAT/SPOT – typeinter-annual (1-5 yrs)
Vegetation physiognomy
Land change processes
Land type/Phenology
MO
DIS/M
ERIS
(intra
-)ann
ual
p
atte
rnLo
ng-te
rm
tren
ds
Global trends in vegetation dynamics 1981-2006 (AVHRR)
Credit: R. De Jong WU/CGI, Remote sensing of Environment, 2011
Percent gross forest cover loss 2000–2005
per 20x20 km sample block, Hansen et al., 2010, PNAS
Global active fire observations
• Animated figure!
http://modis-fire.umd.edu/MCD45A1.aspContact: Luigi Boschetti <[email protected]>
EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS
•1 year of composite of MODIS burned areas, superimposed on surface reflectance to provide geographic context.
•Burned area statistics for the same period, for vegetation type
Africa
0.00E+00
1.00E+05
2.00E+05
3.00E+05
4.00E+05
5.00E+05
6.00E+05
fire
aff
ecte
d a
rea
[km
^2]
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
un
map
ped
[%
]
croplands
barren_or_sparsely_vegetated
grasslands
savannas
woody_savannas
open_shrublands
closed_shrublands
mixed_forests
deciduous_broadleaf_forest
deciduous_needleleaf_forest
evergreen_broadleaf_forest
evergreen_needleleaf_forest
other
unmapped BA
Needs: approaches to land change characterization
• Continuity and consistency of observations• Need to fully explore and (re-)process archives• Assessing the complexity of land dynamics:
– Seasonality, trends (non-monotonic), fire, disturbances and land use change
– Address the limitations and potentials of satellite-based land change observations
• Need for fine scale data to quantify change
FAO FRA 2010 –remote sensing survey
~ 13,500 monitoring
sites
Towards carbon stocks and change
(i.e. GOFC-GOLD Biomass WG)
Martin Herold
GOFC-GOLD land cover team
Wageningen University
www.fao.org/gtos/gofc-goldwww.gofc-gold.uni-jena.de Global Observations of Forest Cover and Land Dynamics
Large area biomass mapping
Source:Alessandro BacciniWoods Hole Research Center
Source:Valerio AvitabileWUR/FSU Jena
Validation for Uganda
First estimates of C emissions for South America
TREES-II(2004)
TREES-3(2011)
1990-2000 441 427
2000-2005 518
Annual C emissions (Million t C per year)
(C committed over 10 years from 1 year deforestationRepresenting loss of 69% biomass)
Source: Eva, Beuchle et al. in prep.
Contribution of CO2 emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
CO2 emissions from deforestation and forest degradation for 1997-2004: ~ 1.2 Pg C yr–1
(12% [6–17%] of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions)
Peat land emissions: ~ 0.30 Pg C yr–1
(Deforestation + peatland emissions = 15% [8–20%] of total CO2 emissions)
Source: van der Werf et al, 2009, Nature BiogeoSciences
JRC estimate (2002, 2004):
1.1 Pg C yr–1 for 1990s
DeFries et al estimate (2002)
0.9 Pg C yr–1 for 1990s
Needs: land and carbon change characterization
• Global and regional biophysical parameters products exist with varying understanding of uncertainty
• Synergy and consistency among land cover and biophysical information (i.e. biomass, LAI, fAPAR) is required
• Integrated use of land change/activity data:– Link to carbon stock change assessments– Reduce uncertainty in policy relevant estimates – Address the limitations and potentials of satellite-based land
change observations
Further areas of active progress
ECV and REDD
Martin Herold
GOFC-GOLD land cover team
www.fao.org/gtos/gofc-goldwww.gofc-gold.uni-jena.de Global Observations of Forest Cover and Land Dynamics
Land_Cover_cci – KO Meeting – Louvain-la-Neuve 24-25 August 2010
Land Cover Climate Change Initiative
• Driven by GCOS requirements and climate user needs
• Detailed climate user survey (several user groups) and existing global land cover users
• 3 main ways land cover observations/data are used:1. As proxy for a suite of land surface parameters that are assigned
based on PFTs
2. As proxy for human activities in terms natural versus anthropogenic and tracking human activities, i.e. land use affecting land cover (land cover change as driver of climate change)
3. As datasets for validation of model outcomes (i.e. time series) or to study feedback effects (land cover change as consequence of climate change)
Hibbard et al., 2010, Int. J. Climatol.
Increasing overlap and synergies among climate science communities
Variability in capacities for REDD+ monitoring
Consideration of factors:1.Requirements for monitoring forest carbon on national level (IPCC GPG)2.Existing national capacities for national forest monitoring3.Progress in national GHG inventory and engagement in REDD4.REDD particular characteristics: importance of forest fires, soil carbon, deforestation rate etc.5.Specific technical challenges (remote sensing): cloud cover, seasonality, topography, remote sensing data availability and access procedures
Capacity gap:
Capacity gap
Source: Herold, 2009 http://princes.3cdn.net/8453c17981d0ae3cc8_q0m6vsqxd.pdf
Closing remarks
• Essential Climate Variables (ECV) and REDD (post-Kyoto) as key observation drivers
• Consistency, continuity and access to observations is a key requirement for all observation scales– Archives and future satellite missions and in-situ
• International efforts are need to derived transparent, agreed data and estimates
• Monitoring the complexity of land changes• Land cover and change linking to carbon dynamics
is essential and requires further improvements• Validation, stability and uncertainty estimates
– including change and biophysical variables
Some documents
• Essential Climate Variable (ECV) report on standards for observation and reporting:– http://www.fao.org/gtos/doc/ECVs/T09
• GOFC-GOLD REDD Sourcebook:– www.gofc-gold.uni-jena.de/redd
• Translation report for major global and regional land cover legends in LCCS (GOFC-GOLD 43):– http://nofc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/gofc-gold/Report%20Series/GOLD_43.pdf
• IPCC background paper on use of remote sensing in LULUCF sector (GOFC-GOLD 33): – http://www.fao.org/gtos/gofc-gold/series.html