Index

Abiotic factors, 284, 284–291; air,284, 285, 289; climate, 289,289–290, 290; soil, 286, lab 286,lab 291; sunlight, 286, 286;temperature, 287, 287–288, 288;water, 284, 285, 285

Accelerating, gravity, 5

Active virus, 240, 240

Activities, Applying Math, 17, 26,37, 53, 63, 66, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83,84, 91, 97, 123, 138, 139, 174,193, 197, 237, 238, 288, 290, 301,304, 315, 328; Applying Science,58, 113, 166, 261; ApplyingSkills, 11, 20, 30, 46, 169, 179,205, 208, 257, 265, 270; detailedobservation, 29

Advertising, evaluating, 30

Africa, savannas of, 323, 323

Agriculture, on grassland, 323;nitrogen fixation, 294, 295, 295

Air, as abiotic factor inenvironment, 284, 285, 289;heated, 175, 175; mass of, lab167; movement of, 175–179,176, 177; oxygen in, 162, 163,163

Air conditioner, 151

Air current, computer modelpredicting weather, 22

Air mass, 198, 198

Air pollution, ozone depletion,168, 168–169, 169; smog, 163

Air temperature, 191, 191, 193,193, 207

Algae, mutualism and, 268, 268;oxygen production in, 168; asproducer, 266

Alligator, 270

Alternative resource, 59

Altitude, and atmosphericpressure, 166, 166, act 166

Altostratus cloud, 195

Amino acid, 233

Amorphous solid, 106, 111, 111

Analyzing, energy transformation,lab 49

Anemometer, 191

Animal, competition among, 258,258; cooperation among, 270; indesert, 322, 322; in energy flow,299, 299, 300, 300; food chain,299, 299; in grassland, 323, 323;habitat, 257, 257, 258, 258;insulation of, 134; migrating,263; on taiga, 318, 318; intemperate deciduous forest, 318,319; in temperate rain forest,319, 319; and temperature, 287,287; in tropical rain forest, 319,319; on tundra, 317, 317

Animal cell, 235

Antarctica, ozone hole in, 169, 169

Anticyclone, 199

Apple, creating energy, 66

Applying, science, 11

Applying Math, 26, 37, 53, 63, 66,69; average monthly snowfall,304; Chapter Review, 97; find anunknown, 123; find a ratio, 237;graphing temperature versuselevation, 288; Make a DataTable, 17; Section Review, 78, 84,91, 139, 197, 238, 290, 301, 315;solving a one-step equation, 76,77, 81, 83, 174; solving a simpleequation, 138; temperatureconversion, 328; usingpercentages, 193

Applying Science, Do you have toomany crickets?, 261; How can icesave oranges?, 113; How doesaltitude affect air pressure?, 166;Is energy consumption

outpacing production?, 58

Applying Skills, 11, 20, 30, 46, 108,145, 151, 169, 179, 205, 208, 225,228, 243, 297, 323, 331; changingdeer population, 265; classifyingsymbiotic relationship, 270;forming a hypothesis, 257

Aquatic animal, hydroelectricitydisrupting life cycle, 58

Aquatic ecosystem, 325–333;freshwater, 325, 325–327, 326,lab 326, 327, lab 332–333, 334,334; saltwater, 328–331, 329, act329, 330, 331

Archimedes’ principle, 123, 123,lab 126–127

Area, and pressure, 119, 119

Artificial body parts, 94, 94

Astronaut, training, 25, 25

Atmosphere, 160–181, 162, 162,174; as abiotic factor inenvironment, 285; carbondioxide in, 163; energy transferin, 171–174, 172, lab 180–181;gas in, 163, 163; gravity, 289act;heated air in, 175, 175; heattransfer in, 171–172, 172, lab180–181; importance of, 162;layers, 164, 164–165, act 164,165; makeup of, 162–163, 163;oxygen in, 162, 163, 163; ozonelayer in, 168, 168–169, 169;temperature in, 162, 162, 167,167; uniqueness of, 174, 174

Atmospheric pressure, 119,119–121, 120, lab 161, 166, 166,act 166, 199, act 199, 207, 208

Atom, nucleus, 46, 46

Automobile, hybrid, 49; internalcombustion engine, 148, 148, act148, 149

Axle. See Wheel and axle

A

Abiotic factors Axle

402 STUDENT RESOURCES

Ind

ex

Italic numbers � illustration/photo Bold numbers � vocabulary termlab � indicates a page on which the entry is used in a lab

act � indicates a page on which the entry is used in an activity

Index

Bacteria, at ocean bottom, 224

Balance, laboratory, 15, 15

Balanced pressure, 120, 120

Barometer, 199, 199

Battery, electrical current, 46

Behavior, learning, 9, 9

Bicycle, 85, 85

Binomial nomenclature, 226, 226,227

Biological organization, 256, 256

Biologist, 13

Biomass, containing chemicalenergy, 49

Biome, 316–323. See also Landbiome

Bionics, 94

Biosphere, 254, 254–255

Biotic factor, 284

Biotic potential, 262, 263

Bird, competition, 258, 258;habitat, 257, 257, 258, 258;interaction with other animals,252; migrating, 263

Bison, 255, 255

Blizzard, 205, 205

Blood pressure, act 125

Body part, artificial, 94, 94

Body temperature, 83, 191;controlling, 51

Boiling point, 114, 114

Boiling water, creating steam, 40

Bowling ball, differing fromvolleyball, 43, 43

Brightfield microscope, 230

Building material, insulator, 144,144

Buoyant force, 122, 122–123, 123,lab 126–127

Butterfly, 269

Cactus, 258, 258

Calculating, number of power

plants, 69; ratio of energy, 69

Calculator, using photovoltaic, 60

Calorie, creating energy, 66

Camel, 287, 287

Cancer, research, 246, 246

Car, hybrid, 49

Carbon cycle, 296, 297

Carbon dioxide, in atmosphere,163; in carbon cycle, 296, 297;from fossil fuel, 56

Carnivore, 87, 267, 267, 299, 299

Carrying capacity, 261

Carson, Rachel, 327

Cascade Mountains, 290

Cell, 222, 222; animal, 235;comparing, lab 239; eukaryotic,232, 232, 233; host, 240, 240,241, 241; nucleus of, 234; plant,235; prokaryotic, 232, 232, 233;structure, 229–238, 235; viewing,229, 229; volume, act 237

Cell membrane, 232, 232

Cell model, 21

Cell nucleus, 234

Cell theory, 229

Cellulose, 232

Cell wall, 232, 232

Celsius scale, 137, 137–138, act 138

Chapter Review, 68–69, 130–131

Chart, observation, 15

Checking Concepts, 36, 68

Chemical compound, 22

Chemical energy, 45, 45; changingto thermal energy, 48, 49;molecule releasing, 56;transforming, 49; transformingto electrical energy, 52

Chemical reaction, 83; energycausing, 44

Chemist, 10, 10, 11

Chemistry, 10

Chemosynthesis, 266, 298,298–299

Chesapeake Bay, 331

Chicken pox, 242

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), 168,168

Chlorophyll, 234, 234, 266, 268

Chloroplast, 234, 234

Cirrostratus cloud, 195, 195

Cirrus cloud, 195

City, heat, 154, 154

Classifying, cloud, 194–196; livingthings, 221lab , 226, 226; part ofa system, lab 8; scientific name,226, 226–227

Climate, as abiotic factor inenvironment, 289, 289–290, 290;extreme, 304, 304; and land, 316

Climax community, 315, 315, 316

Climate, 289

Cloud, 173, 173, 194, 194–196, 195,201, 201, 203

Cloud seedling, 212, 212

Clown fish, 268

Coal, energy contained within, 40;forming, 56, 56; making plastic,63; transforming chemicalenergy to electrical energy, 52

Cobb, Jewell Plummer, 246, 246

Cold front, 199, 200

Columbus, Christopher, 176

Commensalism, 268, 268

Communicating, idea, lab 227;Science Journal, act 46; scientificfinding, 17, 17; through model,25

Communicating Data, 117, 127

Communicating Your Data, 31, 33,54, 65, 79, 93, 146, 153, 170, 181,209, 211, 239, 245, 271, 291, 303,324, 333

Community, 256; climax, 315, 315,316; interacting with, 256,266–270; symbiosis in, 268,268–270, 269, 270

Complex chemical, 45

Compound chemical, 22

Compound light microscope, lab244–245

Compound machine, 85, 85

Compressor, 150, 150

Computer model, 22, 22

Computer Skills, 360-362

C

B

Bacteria Computer Skills

INDEX 403

Ind

ex

Index

Concept map, 35

Concept Map, 67, 69

Conclusion, drawing, 16;evaluating, 29

Condensation, 112, 115, 115, act115, 173, 173, 192, 192, 293, 293

Conduction, 141, 141, 172, 172

Conductor, 143

Conservation, energy law of, 48; ofenergy, 147

Constant, 18

Consumer, 0, 267, 267, 298, 299,299

Controlled experiment, 18; 400-mrace, 18

Convection, 142, 142–143, 143, lab143, 172, 172–173

Coolant, 150, 150, 151, 151

Cooling, lab 146

Cooperation, 270

Coral reef, 329, 329, act 329

Coriolis effect, 176, 176, 177

Cowpox, 242

Crankshaft, 148

Crash-test dummy, testing effect ofautomobile accident, 25, 25

Cricket, 258, 259, 260

Critical thinking, 11, 20, 26, 27, 30,37, 46, 53, 63, 69

Crystal, 105, 105

Crystalline solid, 105, 105, 111

Cumulonimbus cloud, 196, 201,201, 203

Cumulus cloud, 195

Cycle, 292–297; carbon, 296, 297;nitrogen, 294, 294–295, 295; in asystem, 8, 8; water, lab 117, 173,173, 292, 292–293, 293

Cyclone, 199

Cylinder, 148, 149

Cytoplasm, 233, 233, lab 233

Cytoskeleton, 233

Darkfield microscope, 230

Data, 28. See also CommunicatingYour Data

Data Source, 332

Decomposer, 267, 267

Deer, 318

Density, 123, act 123

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 234

Dependent variable, 18

Desert, 254, 254, 322, 322;competition in, 258, 258; waterin, 285

Desert ecosystem, studying, 4

Desertification, 322

Design Your Own, comparing lightmicroscopes, 244–245;comparing thermal insulators,152–153; Design your own ship,126–127; heat is on, 180–181;Population growth in fruit flies,272–273; pulley power, 92–93

Development, living things, 223,223

Dew point, 192, lab 192, 193, act193

Dichotomous key, 228

Dinosaur model, 21

Direction, changing, 82, 82; force,75, 75, 82, 82

Disease, viral, 242, 242

Distance, changing, 82, 82; andwork, 76, 82, 82

Diversity of Life, 383-386

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 234

Doldrum, 177

Dolphin, 227, 227

Domain, 227

Doppler radar, 206, 206

Dry ice, 116, 116

Earth, biosphere, 254, 254–255;ecosystem of, lab 283; producing

heat, 60. See also Atmosphere

Earth science, 10; solar energy, 66.See also Integrate Earth Science

Ecological succession, 312–315,314

Ecology, 255

Ecosystem, 255, 255, 283lab ,310–333; aquatic, 325–333, lab326, lab 332–333; carryingcapacity, 261; change in, 312,312–315, 313, 314; competitionin, 258, 258; habitat in, 257, 257,258, 258, 269, 269; land, 316,316–324, lab 324; limiting factorin, 261, 261; population in, 256,259, 259–265, 260, act 272–273;studying desert, 4

Efficiency, 83–84, 84; calculating,act 84; equation for, 84; andfriction, 85

Einstein, Albert, theory ofrelativity, 23

Electrical current, 46

Electrical energy, 40, 45, 46, 147;generating, 52; source of, 53;transforming, 51

Electricity, generating from nuclearenergy, 57, 57

Elevation, and temperature, 288,288, act 288

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 236,236

Energy, 42, 147, 149, lab 180–181;alternative resource, 59–61; toBurn, 66; from calorie intake, 66;causing change, 42; causingchemical reaction, 44; changingform, 47, 49; changing mass, 23;chemical, 45, 45; conserving, 63;consumption, act 58; converting,298, 298–299; electrical, 40; flowof, 298–301; in food chain, 299,299; geothermal, 60; kinetic, 43,43; law of conservation, 48; livingthings using, 224; loss of, 301,301; and Marbles, lab 41; nuclear,46; obtaining, 266, 266–267, 267;from ocean, 62; organelle thatprocess, 234; and photosynthesis,

E

D

Concept map Energy

404 STUDENT RESOURCES

Ind

ex

Index

298; photosynthesis and, 266;potential, 44, 44; and power, 78;powering life, lab 64–65; radiant,45, 45; Science Online, act 48;solar, 44, 55, 55, 59, 171, 171;source of, 55–63; source ofelectrical, 53; studying, 10; fromsun, 224, 282; sunlight, 11;thermal, 44, 44, 109, 109–110;tidal, 62; transfer, 299, 299–300,300; transfer of, 171–174, 172;transferring, 42; type of, 110; andwork, 78. See also Thermal energy

Energy pyramid, 300–301, 301

Energy transformation, 47, 47;analyzing, lab 49, 53; chemical zenergy, 48, 49; electricity fromnuclear energy, 57, 57; hybrid car,49; kinetic to potential energy, 48,48; listening to radio, 51, 51;within muscle, 50; NationalGeographic Visualizing, 50;tracking, 47

Engine, 147, 147–149, 148, act 148,act 149

Engineer, 11

Environment, abiotic factor in, 284,284–291, lab 291; biotic factor in,284; dry, 4; for houseplants, lab311; modeling freshwater, lab 326

Environmental Protection Agency,329

Equation, for efficiency, 83; formechanical advantage, 81; one-step, act 76, act 77, act 81, act 83;for power, 77; simple, 138; forwork, 76

Eruption, volcanic, 163, 163

Estuaries, 330–331, 331

Eukaryotic cell, 232, 232, 233

Evaluating, advertising claim, 30

Evaporation, 112, 114, 114–115, lab114, 292, 293

Everglades, 327

Examination Practice, 38–39;Intermediate-Level Science, 70–71

Exhaust valve, 149

Exosphere, 164, 164, 165, 167

Expansion, thermal, 137, 137

Experiment, 18

Explanation, modifying, 7; ofobservation, 12; scientific, 7

Exponential growth, 265, 265

Fahrenheit scale, 137, 137–138, act138

Favorite food, tab 28

Fertilizer, lab 295

Fiber-optic wire, 11

First-class lever, 89, 89

Fixed pulley, 90, 91

Flooding, 204

Florida Everglades, 327

Flower, producing in desert, 4

Fluid, 118–125; and Archimedes’principle, 123, 123, lab 126–127;and buoyant force, 122, 122–123,123, lab 126–127; and density,123, act 123; and Pascal’sprinciple, 124, 124–125, 125; andpressure, 118–122. See also Gas;Liquid

Fluorescence microscope, 230

Fog, 195, 195

Foldables, 5, 41, 73, 103, 135, 161,189, 221, 253, 283, 311

Food, favorite, tab 28; source of, 225;as thermal energy, 44

Food chain, 267, 267; energy in, 299,299

Food web, 300

Force, 118; and area, 119, 119;buoyant, 122, 122–123, 123, lab126–127; changing, 81;comparing, lab 73; computermodel predicting, 22; directionof, 75, 75, 87, 87; input, 80, 80;measurement of, 118; output,80, 80; and pressure, 118–122;and work, lab 73, 75, 75, lab 79,lab 81

Force pump, 125, 125

Forecasting weather, 206, 206–209,207, 208, lab 209

Forest, as climax community, 315,

315, 316, 316, 318, 318–319; andwildfire, 310, 310, 313, 314. Seealso Rain forest; temperaturedeciduous

Fossey, Dian, 9, 9

Fossil fuel, decreasing supply, 59;making plastic, 63; asnonrenewable resource, 56;polluting air, 56; power plant, 52

Four-stroke cycle, 148, 149

Freezing, lab 103, 112, 113

Freezing point, 113, act 113

Frequency table, 28

Freshwater ecosystem, 325–327;lake and pond, 326, 326–327, lab326; river and stream, 325,325–326; wetland, 327, 327, lab332–333, 334, 334

Friction, 84, 84

Front, 199–200, 200

Fruit fly, growing population of,act 272–273

Fuel, mining, 59. See also fossil fuel

Fujita scale, 203

Fulcrum, 88, 89

Fungi, mutualism and, 268, 268;niche of, 269

Gas, 108, 108; in atmosphere, 163,163; condensation of, 112, 115,115, act 115; natural, 56;pressure of, 121, 121–122, 122.See also Fluid

Generator, 52

Gene therapy, 243

Genus, 226

Geologist, 10

Geothermal energy, 60

Geothermal power plant, 61, 61

Geothermal reservoir, 60, 61, 61

Glass, 111, 111

Global warming, 204

Global wind, 176, 176–178, act176, 177

Golgi body, 236, 236

G

F

Energy pyramid Golgi body

INDEX 405

Ind

ex

Index

Gorilla, observing, 9, 9

Graph, source of electrical energy,53; temperature change of solarcollector, act 59

Graphing, data, lab 32–33

Grass, life in, lab 253

Grassland, 323, 323

Gravity, accelerating object, lab 5;and atmosphere, act 289;explaining, 7

Great Barrier Reef, 329

Growth, exponential, 265, 265;living things, 223, 223; plant, lab302–303; of population,262–265, 263, 264, 265, act272–273

Gumdrop-toothpick model, 22

Habitat, 257, 257, 258, 258, 269

Hail, 197, 197, 201

Heart, 125, 125

Heat, 110, 140–146; conduction of,141, 141; convection of, 142,142–143, 143, lab 143; radiationof, 141; specific, 111, 111, 144,172; and temperature, 110–111;and thermal energy, 140–143;transfer, 140, 140

Heated air, 175, 175

Heat engine, 147, 147–149, 148, act148, act 149

Heating, lab 146

Heat island, 154, 154

Heat pump, 61, 151, 151

Heat transfer, in atmosphere,171–172, 172, lab 180–181;modeling, lab 172

Height, plant, tab 33

Herbivore, 87, 267, 267, 299, 299

High pressure area, 199, 207, 209

History and Science, Women inScience, 34

Homeostasis, 224, act 224

Hooke, Robert, 229

Host cell, 240, 240, 241, 241

Human body, system, 9

Humidity, 192, 192, act 1903;relative, 192, act 193, 198

Humus, 286, lab 291

Hurricane, 204, 204, 205; releasingenergy, 66

Hybrid car, energy transformation,49

Hydraulic system, 124, 124

Hydroelectricity, as renewablesource of energy, 58; ScienceOnline, act 58

Hydroelectric power plant, 53

Hydrosphere, 173, 173

Hydrothermal vent, 299

Hypothesis, 14; forming, lab 14,lab 64; testing, 15, 65; using amodel to test, 21

Ice, dry, 116, 116

Idea, communicating, 227lab

Idea model, 22, 23

Immunity, natural, 242

Incline plane, 85–87, 86

Independent variable, 18

Inexhaustible resource, 59; tidalenergy, 62; wind, 63

Infer, 16

Inference, accuracy, 27, 27

Input force, 80, 80

Insect, competition in, 258;counting population of, 259;interactions of, 0; niche of, 269,269, 270

Insulator, 144, 144, lab 152–153

Integrate Astronomy, Life onEarth, 255

Integrate Career, biologist, 13;farmer, 289; Science Writer, 327

Integrate Chemistry, glucose, 267

Integrate Earth Science, 182;desertification, 322; EnergySource Origin, 56; hydrothermalvent, 299; rain shadow effect,290; seashore, 330

Integrate Environment, globalwarming, 204

Integrate Health, HealthIntegration System, 9; humanstages of development, 223;ozone hole, 169

Integrate History, 106; JamesPrescott Joule, 76; plant poison,269

Integrate Life Science, animalinsulation, 144; bodytemperature, 83, 191; ControllingBody Temperature, 51; effects ofultraviolet light on algae, 168;thermal pollution, 145;Transforming Chemical Energy,49; wedges in your body, 87

Integrate Physics, highs and lows,199; organelles that processenergy, 234; specific heat, 172;type of energy, 110

Integrate Social Science, recycle,237

Intermediate-Level ScienceExamination Practice, 38–39,70–71, 98–99, 132–133,158–159, 186–187, 250–251,308–309

Internal combustion engine, 148,148, act 148, 149

International Space Station, usingphotovoltaic, 60

Intertidal zone, 330, 330

Investigating, identifying parts, lab32–33; question andobservation, 13, 13

Ionosphere, 165, 165, 167

Isobar, 207, 208

Isotherm, 207

Jaw, hearing with, lab 54

Jenner, Edward, 242

Jet stream, 178, 178

Joule, James Prescott, 76

Journal, 0, 72, 102, 134, 160, 188,282, 310. See also Science Journal

J

IH

Gorilla Journal

406 STUDENT RESOURCES

Ind

ex

Index

Kelvin scale, 138

Kilopascal (kPa), 118

Kinetic energy, 43, 43; changing topotential energy, 48, 48;positioning, 44, 44; producingfrom steam, 51

Kingdom, 227

Lab, building the pyramids, 79;comparing cells, 239; DesignYour Own: Comparing lightmicroscopes, 244–245; DesignYour Own: Comparing thermalinsulators, 152–153; Design YourOwn: Design your own ship,126–127; Design Your Own:Heat is on, 180–181; DesignYour Own: Population growthin fruit flies, 272–273; DesignYour Own: Pulley Power, 92–93;evaluating sunscreens, 170;Feeding habits of plania, 271;Hearing with Your Jaw, 54;heating up and cooling down,146; humus farm, 291;Identifying Parts of anInvestigation, 32–33; LaunchLab, 5, 41, 73, 103, 135, 161, 189,221, 253, 283, 311; Mini Lab, 23,59, 114, 167, 202, 233, 263, 295,326; Model and Invent:Measuring wind speed, 202;reading a weather map, 209;Studying a land ecosystem, 324;Try at Home Mini Lab, lab 8, lab14, 49, 77, 121, 173, 207, 227,259, 286, 320, 354-359; Use theInternet, 64–65, 332–333; WaterCycle, 117; What is the rightanswer?, 31; Where does themass of a plant come from?,302–303

Laboratory, safety, 19, 19, 20, 20

Laboratory balance, 15, 15

Lake, 326, 326–327

Land biome, 316, 316–324, lab 324;desert, 322, 322; grassland, 323,323; taiga, 318, 318; temperaturedeciduous forest, 316, 318,318–319; temperature rainforest, 319, 319; tropical rainforest, 316, 320, 320–321, 321;tundra, 317, 317

Land breeze, 179, 179

Latent virus, 241, 241, act 241

Latitude, and temperature, 287,287

Launch Lab, 135; classifying life,221; compare forces, 73; Earthhas many ecosystems, 283;Experiment with a freezingpoint, 103; How do lawnorganisms survive?, 253;Marbles and Energy, 41; observeair pressure, 161; Observe HowGravity Accelerates Objects, lab5; What causes rain?, 189; Whatenvironment do houseplantsneed?, 311

Law, conservation of energy, 147;scientific, 7

Law of conservation of energy, 48

Leaves, lab 320

Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 229

Leeuwenhoek microscope, 230

Lever, 88, 88, 89, 89

Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 34

Levy, Julia, 246

Lichen, and mutualism, 268, 268;as pioneer species, 312, 313

Life cycle, hydroelectricitydisrupting, 58

Life process, 297

Life science, 9

Life Science, Integrate. SeeIntegrate Life Science

Life span, 223

Light, as abiotic factor inenvironment, 286, 286; studying,10; study of behavior, 11;ultraviolet, 168, lab 170

Light energy, 45

Lightning, 202, 202, act 202

Limiting factor, 261, 261

Linnaeus, Carolus, 226

Liquid, 106, 106–107, 107; freezing,lab 103, 112, 123; and surfacetension, 107, 107; vaporizationof, 112, 114, 114–115, lab 114;viscosity of, 107. See also Fluid

Living organisms, biomass, 49

Living system, 10

Living thing, classifying, lab 221,226, 226; defining, 222; foodsource of, 225; growth anddevelopment, 223, 223;homeostasis in, 224, act 224;needs of, 225; organization of,222, 222, 232, 232, 238;reproducing, 224, 224; responseof, 224; using energy, 224

Low pressure area, 199, 207, 208

Lynx, 318

Lysosome, 237

Machine, 80–93; compound, 85,85; and efficiency, 83–84, 84; andfriction, 84, 84; and mechanicaladvantage, 80, 80–82, 88, 88. Seealso Simple machine

Magma, volcanic eruption, 60

Map, lab 209; concept, 35, 67;topographic, act 22; weather, 22,208, 208

Marbles, and Energy, lab 41

Mars, 255

Mass, 10, 42; changing to energy,23; and kinetic energy, 43, 43

Math Review, 364-373

Math Skill Handbook, 364-378

Matter, 10, 104; cycle of, 292–297.See also States of Matter

Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 34

Measles, 242

Measurement, lab 210–211; offorce, 118; of rain, lab 207;temperature, 137, 137–138; unitof, 77; wind speed, 191; of work,78

M

L

K

Kelvin scale Measurement

INDEX 407

Ind

ex

Index

Mechanical advantage, 80, 80–82,81, 88, 88

Mechanical energy, 147, 147, 148

Melting, 111, 111, 112; comparingrate of, lab 142

Melting point, 111

Mercury, 255

Mesosphere, 164, 164, 165, 167, 167

Meteorologist, 10, 206

Method, using scientific, lab 65

Mice, 228

Microscope, 229, 230–231, lab244–245; use and care of, 387

Migration, 263

Millipede, 269

Mini Lab, 143; Analyzing EnergyTransformation, 49; Building aSolar Collector, 59; ClassifyingParts of a System, 8; Comparingbiotic potential, 263; comparingfertilizers, 295; determining dewpoint, 192; determining if airhas mass, 167; Forming aHypothesis, 14; modelingcytoplasm, 233; modelingfreshwater environment, 326;observing convection, 143;observing pulleys, 90; observingvaporization, 114; Thinking Likea Scientist, 23

Mitochondria, 234, 234

Model, 21; communicatingobservation and idea, 25;creating, 23, 23; limitation, 26;scientific, 23; type of, 21, 22

Model and Invent, measuring windspeed, 210–211

Molten rock, 60

Motion, and kinetic energy, 43, 43;and work, 74, 74–75, 75

Mountain, rain shadow effect, 290,290; and temperature, 288, 288

Movable pulleys, 91, 91

Movement, of population, 263, 263

Mumps, 242

Mutualism, 268, 268

Name, scientific, 226, 226–227, 227

National Geographic ChapterOpener, 160; ecosystem, 310; life’sstructure and classification, 220;nonliving environment, 282;States of matter, 102; thermalenergy, 134; weather, 188; workand simple machines, 72

National Geographic Visualizing,carbon cycle, 296; EnergyTransformation, 50; four-strokecycle, 149; global winds, 177;levers, 89; microscope, 230–231,230–231; Modeling of King Tut,24; population growth, 264;secondary succession, 314; statesof matter, 112; tornadoes, 203

National Weather Service, 206

Natural gas, as fossil fuel, 56

Natural immunity, 242

Nature, studying, lab 5, 8

Needs, of living things, 225

Newton (unit of force), 118

Niche, 269, 269–270

Nimbostratus cloud, 196

Nimbus cloud, 196

Nitrogen, 163, 163

Nitrogen cycle, 294, 294–295, 295

Nitrogen fixation, 294, 294

Nonliving system, 10

Nonrenewable resource, 56

Nuclear energy, 46, 147; generatingelectricity, 57, 57

Nuclear power plant., energytransformation, 53

Nuclear waste, 57

Nucleolus, 234

Nucleus, 234

Observation, 12; accuracy, 27, 27;detailed, act 29; explaining, 12;gorilla, 9, 9; gravity acceleratingobject, lab 5; investigating, 13,

13; model communicating, 25;scientific law, 7; skill ofbiologist, 13; summarizing, 15;writing down, 28, 28

Observation chart, 15

Occluded front, 200, 200

Ocean, energy from, 62

Oil, as fossil fuel, 56; makingplastic, 63

Omnivore, 267, 267, 299, 299

One-step equations, act 76, act 77,act 81, act 83

Online. See Science Online

Oops! Accidents in Science,Incredible Stretching Goo, 128

Optical fiber, 11

Order, 227

Organ, 238, 238

Organelle, 234, 234; processing,transporting, and storage by, 236;recycling by, 237

Organism, 222; effect of virus on,241, 241; many-celled, 238, 238;tool for identifying, 228. See alsoLiving thing

Organizing, living things, 222, 222,232, 232, 238

Organ system, 238, 238

Output force, 80, 80

Oxygen, in atmosphere, 162, 163,163; production of, 168; andrespiration, 285

Ozone, 164, 167

Ozone depletion, 168, 168–169, 169

Ozone layer, 168, 168–169, 169

Parasitism, 268, 268

Pascal (Pa), 118

Pascal’s principle, 124, 124–125, 125

Penguin, 287, 287

Percentage, act 203; using energy, 69

Periodic Table of the Elements, 379-380

Permafrost, 317, 317

Phase-contrast microscope, 231

P

O

N

Mechanical advantage Phase-contrast microscope

408 STUDENT RESOURCES

Ind

ex

Index

Photosynthesis, 266, 268, 285, 286,286; and energy, 298; formingfossil fuel, 56; and respiration,297act

Photovoltaic, 60

Phylogeny, 227

Physical model, 22

Physical science, 10

Physicist, 10, 10

Physics, 10

Pinatubo volcano (Philippines),163

Pioneer species, 312, 313

Piston, 124, 124, 148, 149

Plains, 323

Planaria, feeding habit of, act 271

Plant, cell wall, 232, 232;chlorophyll in, 234, 234; growth,lab 302–303; height, tab 33;houseplants, lab 311; movementof, 263, 263; and nitrogenfixation, 294, 294; photosynthesis,285, 286, 286, 297act , 298;photosynthesis in, 266

Plant cell, 235

Plasma, act 107

Polar bear, 144, 254, 254

Polar easterlies, 177, 178

Pole, Earth, 287; south, 304

Polio, 242

Pollution, of air, 163, 168, 168–169;hydroelectricity, 58; thermal,145, 145; of water, 327, 327, 334,334

Pond, 326, 326–327

Population, 256; biotic potentialof, 262, 263; competition and,256, 256; growth of, 262–265,263, 264, 265, act 272–273;movement of, 263, 263; size of,259, 259–262, 260, 261

Potential energy, 44, 44; fromkinetic energy, 48, 48

Power, 77–78; calculating, 77, act77; and energy, 78; equation for,77; geothermal, 61; of pulley, lab92–93

Power plant, generating electrical

energy, 52, 53; obtaining usefulenergy, 46, 46; type of, 53

Prairie, 323

Precipitation, 196–197, 196–197;extreme amount of, 304; andland, 316; snow, 196–197. Seealso Rain

Predator, 270, 270

Prediction, 27; making, 14; modeltesting, 25

Presentation Skills, 362-363

Pressure, 118, 118–122; and area,119, 119; atmospheric, 119,119–121, 120, lab 161, 166, 166,act 166; balanced, 120, 120; andforce, 118–120; of gas, 121,121–122, 122; and temperature,122, 122; and volume, 121, 121

Prevailing westerlies, 177, 178

Prey, 270, 270

Primary succession, 312–313, 313,315

Process, in a system, 8, 8

Producer, 266, 266, 285, 299, 299

Prokaryotic cell, 232, 232, 233

Promotional material, evaluating,30

Prostheses, 94, 94

Protein, making, 233

Prototype model, 21

Ptarmigan, 317

Pulley, 90–93, lab 90; fixed, 90, 91;movable, 91, 91; power of, lab92–93

Pulley system, 91, 91, lab 92–93

Pyramid, building, lab 73, lab 79

Question, answering, 6, 7;investigating, 13, 13; scientificmethod, 12; scientist asking, 5, 6

Rabbit, 259, 260

Rabies vaccination, 242

Radiant energy, 45, 45, 147; fromsun, 55

Radiation, 141, 172, 172

Radioactive atom, energy from, 55,55; producing heat, 60

Radioactivity, from nuclear waste,57

Radio Wave, 165, 165

Rain, 196, 196; and clouds, 196,212, 212; extreme amount of,304; formation of, lab 189;measuring, lab 207;thunderstorm, 196, 199, 211,211–212, 212

Rain forest, 254, 254; leaves in, lab320; temperate, 319; tropical,316, 320, 320–321, 321; water in,285

Rain shadow effect, 290, 290

Ratio, 237act ; calculating energy,69; Earth’s temperature, 63;producing electrical energy, 53

Reaction, chemical, 83

Reading Check, 7, 8, 17, 22, 23, 43,45, 48, 52, 59, 74, 87, 90, 104,105, 106, 110, 115, 119, 122, 137,141, 143, 148, 165, 166, 172, 174,176, 179, 192, 196, 199, 202, 207,222, 224, 227, 233, 236, 242, 243,254, 255, 259, 261, 267, 269, 287,294, 297, 299, 301, 313, 320, 322,327, 331

Real-World Question, lab 31, lab32–33, 54, 64, 79, 90, 117, 126,146, 152, 170, 180, 209, 210, 239,244, 271, 272, 291, 302, 324, 332

Recycling, by organelle, 237

Reef, 329, 329, act 329

Reference Handbooks, 379-387

Refrigerator, 150, 150

Relative humidity, 202, act 203, 207

Relativity, theory of, 23

Renewable resource, 58

Reproducing, living things, 224,224; virus, 240, 240

Research, cancer, 246, 246; virus,243

Reservoir, geothermal, 60

R

Q

Photosynthesis Reservoir

INDEX 409

Ind

ex

Index

Resource, 55; of energy, 55

Respiration, and oxygen, 285; andphotosynthesis, act 297

Response, 224

Reviewing Main Ideas, 67

Ribosome, 233, 233, 234, 236

River, 325–326

Rock, molten, 60

Rocket, 165

Rough ER, 236

Roundworm, 268, 268

Safety, laboratory, 19, 19, 20, 20,352-353; in severe weather, 205;symbol, 19, 19, 351

Salamander, 226, 226, 319

Salt, crystal structure of, 105, 105

Saltwater ecosystem, 328–331, 329,act 329; coral reef, 329; estuary,330–331, 331; ocean, 329;seashore, 330, 330

Satellite, using photovoltaic, 60

Savanna, 323, 323

Scanning electron microscope(SEM), 231

Schleiden, Matthias, 229

Schwann, Theodor, 229

Science, 6; applying, 11, 11; Earth,10; and the heat is on, 154; life,9; physical, 10; women in, 34

Science and History, The Censusmeasures a human population,274; Cobb Against Cancer, 246;Women in Science, 34

Science and Language Arts, “Songof the Sky Loom”, 182

Science and Society, Bionic People,94; Creating wetlands to purifywastewater, 334; Rainmaker, 212

Science Applications, 374-378

Science Journal, 0, 4, 40, 160, 282,310; charting observation, 15;flower growing in desert, 4;recording how energy is used,act 46; recording observation,

13, lab 14, 29

Science Online, 5, 17, 34, 41, 64,65, 73, 76, 77, 83, 94;atmospheric pressure, 199;automobile engine, 148;Birthrates and Death Rates, 262;blood pressure, 125;condensation, 115; coral reef,329; Earth’s atmospheric layers,164; Energy, 48; forests andwildfires, 313; freezing pointstudy, 113; global winds, 176;historical tools, 81; homeostasis,224; Human population, 256;Hydroelectricity, 58; James Watt,78; latent virus, 241; lifeprocesses, 297; lightning, 202;plasma, 107; Scientific method,18; Topographic Map, 22;weather data, 289

Science Skill Handbook, 342-352

Science Stats, Energy to Burn, 66;Extreme Climates, 304

Science writer, 327

Scientific data, evaluating, 29

Scientific law, 7

Scientific Methods, 21, 79, 92–93,117, 126–127, 146, 152–153, 170,180–181, 209, 210–211, 239,244–245, 291, 302–303, 324,332–333, 342-350; Analyze YourData, 93, 127, 153, 181, 211, 245,333; Conclude and Apply, 79, 93,117, 127, 146, 153, 170, 181, 209,211, 239, 271, 273, 291, 303, 324,333; Following a Pattern, 12, 12;Follow Your Plan, 93, 127, 153,245, 273; Form a Hypothesis, 92,126, 152, 180, 244, 272; Make aPlan, 92, 126, 152, 245, 272;Make the Model, 210; Test YourHypothesis, 126, 152, 181, 245,272; Test Your Model, 211;using, lab 65

Scientific model, 23

Scientific name, 226, 226–227, 227

Scientific theory, 7

Scientist, collection of skills, 12;thinking like, lab 23

Scorpion, 322

Screw, 87, 87

Sea anemone, 221, 268, 268

Sea breeze, 179, 179

Seashore, 330, 330

Seasonal temperature, act 17

Sea star, 330

Secondary succession, 313, 314,315

Second-class lever, 89, 89

Section Review, 11, 20, 26, 30, 46,53, 63

Seed, movement of, 263, 263

Shark, repelling water, 11

Sheep, 263

Ship, designing, 126–127

Simple machine, 85–93; inclineplane, 85–87, 86; lever, 88, 88,89, 89; pulley, 90, lab 90, lab90–91, 91, 93; screw, 87, 87;wedge, 86, 86–87, 87; wheel andaxle, 88, 88, 90, 90

Sleet, 206, 207

Smallpox, 242

Smog, 163

Smooth ER, 236

Snow, 196, 196, 205, 205

Sodium chloride, 105, 105

Soil, 286; as abiotic factor inenvironment, 286, lab 286,lab 291; building, 312–313, 313;determining makeup of, lab 286;nitrogen in, 295, 295; in tropicalrain forest, 320–321

Solar collector, building, lab 59

Solar energy, 171, 171; asinexhaustible resource, 59

Solar-powered car, 11

Solar system, model, 26, 26

Solid, 105, 105–106; amorphous,106, 111, 111; crystalline, 105,105, 111; melting, 111, 111, 112;sublimation, 116, 116

South Pole, 304

Space shuttle, 165, 165

Species, 227; pioneer, 312, 313

S

Resource Species

410 STUDENT RESOURCES

Ind

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Index

Specific heat, 111, 111, 144, 172

Speed, of heating and cooling, lab146; and kinetic energy, 43, 43

Spider, 269

States of matter, 102–127, 104;changes of, 109–117, lab 117;and condensation, 112, 115, 115,act 115; and evaporation, 102,114, 114–115, lab 114; fluid,118–125, 122, 123, 124, 125, act125, lab 126–127; and freezing,lab 102, lab 123; gas, 108, 108;liquid, 105, 106, 106–107; andmelting, 111, 111, 112; andpressure, 118–122; solid, 105,105–106; and sublimation, 116,116; and vaporization, 112, 114,114–115, lab 114

Stationary front, 200, 200

Station model, 207, 207

Steam, creating, 40; heat pump, 61,61; producing electrical energy,52; producing kinetic energy, 51

Stereomicroscope, lab 244–245

Stimuli, response to, 224

Stratosphere, 164, 165, 167, 167

Stratus cloud, 195

Stream, 325, 325–326

Structure, in a system, 8, 8

Study Guide, 35, 67, 95, 129, 155,183, 213, 247, 275, 305, 335

Sublimation, 116, 116

Succession, 312–315, 314; primary,312–313, 313, 315; secondary,313, 314, 315

Sugar, 45, 45

Sun, energy from, 0, 224; weather,190

Sunlight, collecting energy from,60; energy, 11; energy from, 55,55; as thermal energy, 44

Sunscreen, lab 170

Surface tension, 107, 107

Swimsuit, repelling water, 11, 11

Symbiosis, 268, 268–270, 269, 270

System, 8; combining, 9; computermodel predicting, 22; health

integration, 9; living andnonliving, 10; scientific, 8

Table, Favorite Food, 28; frequency,28; Observation chart, 15

Taiga, 318, 318

Technician, ultrasound and x-ray,11

Technology, air conditioner, 151;anemometer, 191; barometer,199, 199; bicycle, 85, 85;chlorofluorocarbon, 168, 168;Doppler radar, 206, 206; genetherapy, 243; heat pump, 151,151; internal combustionengine, 148, 148, act 148, 149;microscope, 229, 230–231, lab244–245; pyramid, lab 73, lab79; refrigerator, 150, 150; rocket,165; space shuttle, 165, 165;thermometer, 137, 137; usingscience, 11; wind sock, 191;wind vane, 191

Technology Skill Handbook, 360-363

Teeth, herbivore and carnivore, 87,87

Temperate deciduous forest, 316,318, 318–319

Temperate rain forest, 319, 319

Temperature, 110, 110, lab 135,136, 136–138; as abiotic factor inenvironment, 287, 287–288, 288;of air, 191, 191, 193, 193, 207; inatmosphere, 162, 162, 167, 167;body, 83; of body, 191;controlling body, 51; convertingmeasures of, act 328; andelevation, 288, 288, 288act ;extreme, 304, 304; and heat,110–111; and land, 316;measuring, 137, 137–138; ofocean, 328; and pressure, 122,122; seasonal, act 17; andthermal energy, 139, 139

Temperature scale, Celsius, 137,137–138, act 138; converting,

138, act 138; Fahrenheit, 137,137–138, act 138; Kelvin, 138

Termite, 269

Theory, 6; relativity, 23; scientific, 7

Thermal collector, 60

Thermal conductor, 143

Thermal energy, 44, 44, 109,109–110, 134–154, 139, 139,147, 147, 149; from chemicalenergy, 48; moving, 52, 52;radioactive atom, 55; andtemperature, 149, 149; transferof, 140–142, 141, 142;transforming, 51

Thermal expansion, 137, 137

Thermal insulator, 140, 140, lab152–153

Thermal pollution, 145, 145

Thermometer, 137, 137

Thermosphere, 164, 164, 165, 167

Think Critically, 11, 20, 26, 27, 30,37, 46, 53, 63, 69

Thinking, like a scientist, lab 23

Third-class lever, 89, 89

Thunderstorm, 196, 199, 201,201–202, 202

Tidal energy, 62

Tidal power plant, 62, 62

TIME, Science and History, 34,246, 274; Science and LanguageArts, 182; Science and Society,94, 154, 212, 334

Tissue, 238, 238

Tools, historical, act 81

Topographic Map, act 22; symbols,382

Tornado, 304

Tornadoes, 202, 203, 206

Trade wind, 177, 178

Transformation, 47. See alsoEnergy transformation

Transmission electron microscope(TEM), 231

Transpiration, 292

Tropical rain forest, 316, 320,320–321, 321. See also Rain forest

T

Specific heat Tropical rain forest

INDEX 411

Ind

ex

Index

Troposphere, 164, 164, 167, 167,178, 178

Try at Home Mini Lab, 142, 354-359; Analyzing EnergyTransformation, 49; ClassifyingParts of a System, 8;communicating ideas, 227;comparing rates of melting, 142;determining soil makeup, 286;Forming a Hypothesis, 14;measuring rain, 207; modelingheat transfer, 173; modeling rainforest leaves, 320; Observingseedling competition, 259;predicting a waterfall, 121; workand power, 77

Tundra, 317, 317

Tunnel, wind, 25, 25

Turbine, 52

Ultrasound technician, 11

Ultraviolet radiation, 168, lab 170

Unknown, finding, act 123

Use and Care of a Microscope, 387

Use the Internet, Energy to PowerYour Life, lab 64–65; exploringwetlands, 332–333

Using Scientific Methods, lab 65

Vaccination, 242, 242

Vaccine, 242, 242

Vapor, 108

Vaporization, 112, 114, 114–115,lab 114

Variable, 18

Venus, 255

Virchow, Rudolf, 229

Virus, 240; active, 240, 240; effecton organism, 241, 241; latent,241, 241, act 241; reproducing,240, 240; research, 243; treatingand preventing disease causedby, 242, 242

Viscosity, 107

Volcano, eruption, 163, 163

Volcanologist, 10, 10

Volleyball, differing from bowlingball, 43

Volume, and pressure, 121, 121

Wall cloud, 203

Wall socket, electrical current, 46

Warm front, 199, 200

Waste, nuclear, 57

Wastewater, purifying, 334, 334

Water, as abiotic factor inenvironment, 284, 285, 285;boiling creating steam, 40;boiling point, 114, 114;freshwater, 106; fromhydrothermal vent, 299; aslimiting factor in ecosystem,261; melting point, 111;pollution of, 327, 327, 334, 334;using, 293. See also Aquaticecosystem

Water cycle, lab 117, 173, 173, 292,292–293, 293

Waterfall, lab 121

Water vapor, in atmosphere, 163;and humidity, 202, 202, act 203;and temperature, 203, 203

Watt, James, 77, act 78

Watt (W), 77

Wave, radio, 165, 165

Weather, 188, 188, 190–212, act289; changes, 198–199, 199; andclouds, 194, 194–196, 195, 201,201, 203; forecasting, 206,206–209, 207, 208, lab 209; andfronts, 199–200, 200, 208, 208;measuring wind speed, 201, lab210–211; and precipitation,196–197, 196–197; and safety,205; severe, 201–205, 202, 203,204, 205; and sun, 190, 190

Weather map, 22, 208, 208, lab 209;symbols, 381

Weather pattern, computer modelpredicting, 22, 22

Wedge, 86, 86–87, 87

Wetland, 327, 327, lab 332–333,334, 334

Wheel and axle, 88, 88, 90, 90

Wildebeest, 260

Wildfire, act 313; benefit of, 314

Wind, 175–179, 201, 201, 289, 289,304; and Coriolis effect, 176,176, 177; global, 176, 176–178,act 176, 177; inexhaustibleenergy source, 63; jet stream,178, 178; as kinetic energy, 44;land breeze, 179, 179; local,178–179, 179; polar easterlies,177, 178; prevailing westerlies,177, 178; sea breeze, 179, 179;surface, 178; trade, 177, 178

Windmill, producing electricalenergy, 63, 63

Wind shear, 202

Wind sock, 201

Wind speed, 201, lab 210–211

Wind tunnel, testing airplanedesign, 25, 25

Wind vane, 191

Women in Science, 34

Wood, chemical energy, 46

Woodpecker, 257, 257, 258, 258

Work, 74–76; calculating, 76, act76; and distance, 76, 82, 82; andenergy, 78; equation for, 76; andforce, lab 73, 75, 75, lab 79, 81;measuring, 78; and mechanicaladvantage, 80, 80–82; andmotion, 74, 74–75, 75; andpower, lab 77

X-ray technician, 11

Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman, 34

Yellow fever, 242

Y

X

W

V

U

Troposphere Yellow fever

412 STUDENT RESOURCES

Ind

ex