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UNIVERSITY of
GLASGOW
Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods
in Archaeology 1994
Universily of Glasgow
Edited by
Jeremy Huggett & Nick Ryan with
Ewan Campbell, Clive Orton and Stephen Shennan
TEMPVS REPABATVM
BAR International Series 600 1995
UNIVERSITY of
GLASGOW
Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods
in Archaeology 1994
GAAi&94
University of Glasgow
Edited by
Jeremy Huggett & Nick Ryan with
Ewan Campbell, Clive Orton and Stephen Shennan
BAR International Series 600 1995
B.A.R. All titles available from:
Hadrian Books Ltd, 122 Banbury Road, Oxford 0X2 7BP, England
The current BAR catalogue, with details of all titles in print, post-free prices and means of payment, is available free from the above address.
All volumes are distributed by Hadrian Books Ltd.
BAR S600
Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 1994
© the individual authors 1995
ISBN 0 86054 777 9
Tempvs Reparatvm Volume Editor: David P Davison
British Archaeological Reports are pubUshed by
TEMPVS REPARATVM Archaeological and Historical Associates Limited
All enquiries regarding the submission of manuscripts for future pubhcation should be addressed to:
David P Davison MA MPhil DPhil General Editor BAR Tempvs Reparatvm 29 Beaumont Street Tel: 01865 311046 Oxford 0X1 2NP Fax: 01865 311047
Contents
Preface y Jeremy Huggett and Nick Ryan
Innovation, Confrontation, and Transformation
1 Has archaeology remained aloof from the information age? 1 Ben Booth
2 Archaeological computing, archaeological theory, and moves towards contextnalism. 13 Gary Lock
3 The good, the bad, and the downright misleading: archaeological adoption of computer 19 visualisation. Paul Miller and Julian Richards
4 Democracy, data and archaeological knowledge. 23 Jeremy Huggett
IT in Education and Communication
5 The development and implementation of a computer-based learning package in archaeology. 27 Roger Martlew and Paul Cheetham
6 Characterizing novice and expert knowledge: towards an intelligent tutoring system for 31 archaeological science. Graham Tilbury, Ian Bailiff and Rosemary Stevenson
7 The ENVARCH project. 35 Anja-Christina Wolle and Clive Gamble
8 Multimedia communication in archaeology - why and how? 43 Kai Jakobs and Klaus Kleefeld
9 An electronic guide to the buildings of ancient Rome. • 4f Philip Perkins
Quantitative Applications and Metliodologies
10 The incorporation of cluster analysis into multidimensional matrix analysis. 55 John Wilcock
11 Graphical presentation of results from principal components analysis. 63 M. J. Baxter and C. C. Beardah
12 Measuring biological affinity among populations: a case study of Romano-British and Anglo- 69 Saxon populations. Jeff Lloyd-Jones
13 Spatial interrelationships analysis and its simple statistical tools. 75 Germa Wünsch
14 Conservation condition surveys at the British Museum. 81 M. A^. Leese and S. M. Bradley
15 Flavian fort sites in South Wales : a spreadsheet analysis. 87 /. W. M. Peterson
16 Identifying your local slag... the use of quantitative methods and microstructure analysis in 95 determining the provenance of British bloomery slags from the late Iron Age to the end of the Roman occupation. Stephen G. Bullas
17 Quantitative analysis of Etruscan cinerary urns. 101 Paola Moscati
18 Multivariate methods for the classification of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic stone inventories. 105 Thomas Weber
19 A Method for the analysis of incomplete data and its application to monastic settlements in Italy 113 (4th-6th century). Béatrice Caseau and Yves Caseau
20 Survey sampling, right or wrong? ' 123 H. Kamermans
21 Global palaeoclimate modelling approaches: some considerations for Archaeologists. VHI Alicia L. Wise and Trisha Thorme
Survey and GIS Applications
22 ID-MARGARY - an Inference Database for the MApping, Recognition and Generation of 133 Ancient Roads and trackwaYs. Stephen G. Bullas
23 An application of GIS to intra-site spatial analysis: the Iberian Iron Age cemetery of El 137 Cigarralejo (Murcia, Spain). Fernando Quesada Sanz, Javier Baena Preysler and C. Blasco Bosqued
24 A GIS approach to the study of non-systematically collected data: a case study from the 147 Mediterranean. Federica A. Massagrande
25 Detection of beacon networks between ancient hUl-forts using a digital terrain model based GIS. 157 Kazumasa Ozawa, Tsunekazu Kato and Hiroshi Tsude
26 Remote sensing, GIS and electronic surveying: reconstructing the city plan and landscape of 163 Roman Corinth. David Gilman Romano and Osama Tolba
27 Image processing and interpretation of ground penetrating radar data. 175 Vanessa S. Blake
28 Reconstructing a Bronze Age site with CAD. 181 K. Kotsakis, S. Andreou, A. Vargas, and D. Papoudas
Regional and National Database Applications
19 Computer applications in the fields of archaeology and muscology in Hungary. 189 Attila Suhajda
30 Computerising the lists of historic buildings in England: a historical case study on initiating a 193 national project Nigel Clubb
31 Concepts of informational and statistical processing of archaeological data of the computer centre 203 of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography in Novosibirsk. Anatoly P. Derevianko, YuryP. Khol'ushkin, Vasily T. Voronin, Dmitry V. Ekimov, Dmitry N. Goriachev, Vladimir V. Schipunov, and Helen V. Kopteva
Excavation and Post-Excavation Applications
32 Towards a computerised desktop: the Integrated Archaeological Database System. 207 MichaelJ. Rains
33 The excavation archive as hyperdocument? 211 Nick Ryan
34 The Bonestack: a stack for old bones. 221 Annie Milles
35 INSITE: an interactive visualisation system for archaeological sites. 225 Alan Chalmers, Simon Stoddart, John Tidmus and Roger Miles
36 SYS AND: a system for the archaeological excavations of Anderitum (Jovols, Lozère, France). 229 Andrea Maggiolo-Schettini, Paola Seccacini, Carmella D. Serratore, Rqffaella Pierobon-Benoit, and Gianluca Soricelli
37 Computer-aided design techniques for the graphical modelling of data from the prehistoric site of 235 Runnymede, Berkshire. P. L. Main, A. J. Spence and A. F. Higgins
38 The Archaeological Data Archive Project. 245 Harrison Eiteljorg II
Textual Applications
39 A new method of off-line text recognition. 249 Susan Laflin
40 The use of computers in the decipherment of the Hackness Cross cryptic inscriptions. 253 Richard Sermon
m
Preface Jeremy Huggett^ and Nick Ryan^ ' Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK ^Computing Laboratory, University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF, UK
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
CAA94 was held at the University of Glasgow from 23rd March - 26th March 1994, and hosted by the Department of Archaeology.
Apart from the conference sessions themselves, the two main events which are likely to remain in participants' memories are the wild night of dancing at the conference ceilidh, and the sounds of bagpipes and drums playing outside the lecture room during the plenary session.
The plenary session presented a challenge to participants: to look at the most fundamental issue at the heart of CAA - the relationship between us as archaeologists and computers. The idea was to focus on the present - what are we doing with computers today? - and look forward to the future - where do we see ourselves going in the next few years? To what extent has all this new technology really improved the way we do archaeology? Are we slaves to the machine or in control of our destiny? Do we have any clear idea why we do some of the things that we do? Are we justified in the claims we make and the beliefs we hold? Are the problems we face today any different to those of 10, 15 or 20 years ago? These questions are far more fundamental than a desire to have the biggest and fastest computer on the block - they strike right at the heart of our relationship with and attitude to computers in archaeology.
As archaeologists, we are not really strangers to this sort of questioning - after all, archaeology is a self-aware and self-assessing discipline, perhaps more so than most. But these questions are rarely asked in the context of computer applications. Furthermore, these questions lead us on to more important issues. How do we see our future as computing archaeologists? What do we want to achieve? What kind of agenda should we have? Where should we be in, say, five years time? And how are we going to get there? This was why the plenary session was entitled Innovation, Confrontation and Transformation, because the role of computers could be at the forefront of new techniques, confronting the methodologies and
theories that we cling to, and transforming the discipline itself
The conference plenary was in many respects successful at setting the tone for the conference as a whole and most of those plenary presentations are reproduced here (Booth, Lock, Huggett, and Miller and Richards). Several themes began to emerge during the plenary which were reinforced during the conference sessions: the use of the Internet (practically demonstrated by Sara Champion in a series of workshops); the use of IT in education (again, demonstrated extensively in the form of the UK-wide Teaching and Learning Technology Programme Archaeology Consortium products); and increasing discussion about the relationships of computers and archaeological theory, often evidenced through the use of Geographical Information Systems.
Acknowledgements
We would like to formally thank those who helped during the conference: Beth Bartley, Ewan Campbell, Stuart Halliday, Janet Hooper, William Kilbride, Olivia Leiong, Allan Rutherford, and Rob Squair. In particular, we would like to thank Jen Cochrane for all her work before, during and after the conference in looking after the financial affairs and accommodation.
The editing and production of the proceedings would not have been possible without the assistance and advice of the specialist referees: Ewan Campbell, Clive Orton and Stephen Shennan. We would also like to thank Lorraine McEwan for her assistance with a number of figures in this publication; without her contribution we would have had difficulty in meeting the printer's deadline.
For those interested in such things, the proceedings were prepared and edited in Glasgow using Word for Windows 6; papers were then emailed as uuencoded files to Canterbury for final editing, incorporation of illustrations and production of camera-ready copy.
Glasgow and Canterbury 28th February 1995