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cial Hazard Monitoring h Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University Host: Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology VAW ETH Zürich (at work

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Page 1: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Glacial Hazard MonitoringWith Seismology

Fabian Walter2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA2002 – BSc Brigham Young University, USA

Host: Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology VAWETH Zürich

(at work)

Page 2: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Can we predictdestructiveglacier failure?

Raymond et al. (2003)

Allalingletscher, VS (1965)Unteraargletscher, BE

Page 3: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Weisshorn (4505 m), VS

“Hanging Glaciers”Frozen to bed

Steep glacier tongue• Sliding bed• Subglacial hydraulics

Raymond et al. (2003)

Page 4: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Gornersee,VS

Rock Glacier

Ice dam failure

1.2 km

Page 5: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Early Warning

Monitoring limitationsSurface targeted, only

“See” into the glacier• Fracture state• Basal drainage Seismic noise

measured in situ

Page 6: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Hanging Glaciers: Natural Frequency

Stiffness K• Material quality• Structural damage• Monitoring

collegevibe.com

Milikan Library, California

Page 7: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Chamousset Rock Column, France(Levy et al., 2010; Bottelin et al., 2013)

Hanging Glaciers Break-off• Resonance peak monitoring• Early warning sign• Volume estimate

Resonance Peaks• Frequency decay

prior to failure• Flexure mode

Directional Fourier Transform

Frequency (Hz)

Page 8: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Monitoring of Ice Dam Fractures Rock Glacier

Fracture state seismic velocities

Seismic noise monitoring• “Virtual hammer blows”:

No hammer needed!• Idea: ice dam monitoringHammer blow Force impulse

Seismic Noise Interferometry

Cross-correlation

Walter et al., subm

itted to G

JI0

Page 9: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Steep Glacier Tongues: Seismic Water Tremor

Roger Braithwaite, U Manchester

15 hours

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

5

10

15

Wat

erPr

essu

re

Röös

li et

al.

(201

4), W

alte

r et a

l. (s

ubm

itted

)

Matched filter processing

Page 10: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Source: USGS

Can Distant Earthquakes TriggerGlacier Failure?

Triggered Glacier Failure?• 2005 Weisshorn break-off only three

days after 9th largest earthquake since 1990 (M8.6 in Indonesia)

• Induced crevasse opening in Antarctica (Peng et al. (2014) in ngeo)

• Glaciers at tipping point?

Landslide in Alaska Range afterM7.9 2002 Denali Fault earthquake

Search digital seismic records for earthquake-induced fractures

Digital seismic records at host institute

Page 11: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Implementation

23 cm

Geopebble (Penn State)

FREEW

IRELESS

Instrument installation• Hanging glacier• Steep glacier tongue• Ice dam

80 cm

Conventional glacier installation

Page 12: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Implementation

2 PhD Students Enough data, fieldwork, subprojects for master’s students

…

1 field engineerTasks1. Tool translation to glaciers2. Data analysis3. Instrument installation

Page 13: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Host Institute: Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology VAW

(ETH Zurich)

Seismology

Glaciology Natural

Hazards

Seismic Noise• U Grenoble• UC San Diego• Stanford• USGS

VAW• Since 1970’s• Field experience

Earthquake Triggering• UC San Diego• Georgia Tech

Fieldwork, instruments• U Grenoble• Penn State

ETH-Internal Collaboration• Swiss Seismological Service• Geophysical Institute

Page 14: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Career Goal: Faculty Position

Teaching: Physics of GlaciersGlaciology Natu

ral

Hazards

Seismology

Fieldwork

Stability

Hydraulics

DamageMechanics

GPS

Photogrammetry

Radarinterferometry

Early warningsystems

Engineeringseismology

Noise interferometry

SensorinstallationFinite element

modeling Data handling

Page 15: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Thank you foryour attention!

Page 16: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Weisshorn: Continuous Spectrograms

Page 17: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Glacier Seismology

Glacier Seismology

Podo

lski

y an

d W

alte

r, in

pre

p.

Page 18: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Career Outlook in Switzerland

GLACIER SEISMOLOGYNATURAL HAZARDS

ETH Zurich:Assistant professor in engineering glaciology

Seismic detection of debris flow/landslide/snow avalanche detection and early warningSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL:

SLF Uni Berne: Institute of Geological Sciences

Lausanne: Institut de Géographie et Durabilité

Page 19: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Steep Glacier Tongues: “Active” Phases

Röthlisberger and Kasser (1978)

Efficient subglacialdrainage: Melt-suppressed sliding

Inefficient subglacialdrainage: Melt-enhanced sliding

Page 20: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Digital Seismic Records at ETH (since 1997)

Alpine Glacier Seismology• Collaboration VAW- Swiss Seismological Service• Altogether over 3 years of continuous

seismic records

Page 21: Glacial Hazard Monitoring With Seismology Fabian Walter 2009 – Dr. sc. ETH Zürich 2004 – MSc University of Colorado, USA 2002 – BSc Brigham Young University,

Can Earthquakes Cause Glacier Failure?

Peng et al. (2014)Nature Geoscience

Dynamic FracturingSearch glacier seismic records for earthquake-triggered icequakes

Crevassing events triggered by earthquake surface waves


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