giuseppe mazzini – “the heart” grassroots unification italian risorgimento
TRANSCRIPT
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Giuseppe Mazzini – “The Heart”
• Grassroots unification
• Italian Risorgimento
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Camillo di Cavour – “The Brain”
• Prime Minister of Sardinia
• A liberal – wanted to make Sardinia a model of progress, efficiency, and fair government for others to admire
• Tried to improve the economy
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Camillo di Cavour – “The Brain”
• Didn’t idealize war, but willing to use war to unify Italy – Crimean War (1855-1856) – Reorganized and
strengthened Sardinian army
• Main architect of Italian unification
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Guisseppe Garibaldi – “The Sword”
• “Hero of Two Worlds”
• Red Shirts
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King Victor Emmanuel II, House of Savoy
• Only native Italian monarch in Italy
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Italian Unification Timeline
1870 - Franco-Prussian War, Italy takes RomeITALY UNIFIED
1859 – War With Austria, Italy gets Lombardy with help of Napoleon III
1852 – Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia
•1861- Victor Emmanuel II Proclaimed “King of Italy”•Cavour dies
1860 – Garibaldi and the “Red Shirt”Land in Sicily
1871: Rome proclaimed capitalof unified Italy
1866: 7 Weeks’ War, Italy sides with Prussia & receives Venice
Revolution of 1848
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Otto von Bismarck: The Founding of A German Empire
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Nationalism Comes to Germany• France and Russia had long-standing policy of
keeping Germany weak and divided• Nationalism came to Germany, but different from
Italy– Superiority to Slavs– Independent of West – own particular way of life and
political system– Were not widespread ideas of individual liberty –
tended to glorify the state
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Revolution of 1848 in Germany
• Series of revolutions in German states
• Frankfurt Parliament of 1848– Offered crown of unified Germany
to Frederick William IV• Turned it down – would not accept
crown “from the gutter”
• German states restored
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Path to Unification
• “Blood and Iron”• ZOLLVEREIN a customs union of
German states that did not include Austria.
• REALPOLITIK, which means “realism" – do what is necessary, not what is right or moral
• SCHLESWIG AND HOLSTEIN Seven Weeks' War
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Franco-Prussian War• NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION
• EMS TELEGRAM: Queen Isabella – France opposed the choice of a Prussian
Hohenzollern prince to replace Isabella.
– Napoleon III demanded in July 1870 that KING WILHELM OF PRUSSIA also oppose it.
– Wilhelm was reluctant to start trouble with France, so he crafted a polite, diplomatic response, which one of his officials conveyed to Bismarck.
– Bismarck edited the king's words to create the impression that the French ambassador and King Wilhelm had traded diplomatic insults. France thus declared war on Prussia on July 19, 1870.
– France quickly defeated, GERMAN EMPIRE PROCLAIMED
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German Unification Timeline
1870 - Franco-Prussian War;France losesAlsace-Lorraine
1848 – Revolution & Frankfurt Parliament
1844 – Zollverein includes Almost all German states
1862 – William IBismarck appointedHead of cabinet
1871: GermanEmpire Proclaimed;Bismarck appointed Chancellor
1866- 7 Weeks’ War; German ConfederationDissolved; Prussia takes Schleswig & Holstein
1819 - Carlsbad Decrees
1818 – Prussia eliminates tariffs
1864 – Austria &Germany defeat Denmark: Austria takes Schleswig, Prussia takes Holstein
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GOALS METHODS
BISMARCK
CAVOUR
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GOALS METHODS
BISMARCK Unification of Germany Increase Prussian Power Decrease Austrian influence in Germany
(drive them out of Germany)
“blood and iron” – war, trickery, etc… (7 Weeks War, tricked Austria; Franco-Prussian War)
Realpolitik – do whatever is necessary to achieve goals, not what is moral or right
CAVOUR Unification of Italy Make Sardinia a model of progress and
efficiency (liberalism)
Did not favor war, but was willing to use it if necessary (got involved in Crimean War to have a place at the peace negotiations in order to bring up the Italian question; joined Prussia in 7 Weeks War to get Venetia)
Used plebiscites and majority opinion to unify
Let the “Red Shirts” and Garibaldi do work for him