gis role in land-use and transportation planning

8/9/2019 GIS Role in Land-Use and Transportation Planning

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GIS Role in Land-Use

and TransportationPlanning

Andres RabinowiczCaliper Corporation

Newton, MA, USA


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GIS Intro

Essential technology for land-use andtransportation planning

GIS became widespread with arrival

of powerful and low cost programs

Applicable on standard computerplatforms

GIS adopted by planning entities andconsultants


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Maps in Planning


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GIS Systems

Autodesk Intergraph

ArcInfo

ArcView

IDRISI

GeoMedia

MapInfo

Maptitude TransCAD

TransportationPlanning

TranPlan MinUTP

TP+

Cube, TRIPS

Emme 2/3

Tmodel

Visum

QRS

Omnitrans ESTRAUSS

Land UseModels

DRAM/EMPAL

POLIS

TRANUS

UrbanSim

MEPlan


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GIS as Data Integrator

GIS


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Planning Models - GIS

Examples

ArcInfo Tranplan,EMME2

ArcView VISSUM

ArcView CUBE

ArcView EMME2

Drawback

Different Data Models

Data Accuracy

Oversimplistic

Lack of common

programming language Inefficiency

GIS TDM


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Many Dialects


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Non Geographic EngineGeographic Engine

Point AreaLine

LRSRoutes

Tables Matrix Network

Transportation Planning and Land Use Models

Simulation ExtensionsDynamic Components


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Land Use Models and GIS Most land use models do not exploit

power of GIS Linked vs. Integrated

This may be temporary as inTransportation Planning

GIS tools important for LU modelsaccessible only in integrated environment Spatial Queries

Adjacency, proximity

Accessibility, visibility

Spatial Autocorrelation


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Problems in Land UseTransportation Modeling

Convergence Old Data

Aggregate vs. Disaggregate

Data Aging Incorrect Models and/or practices

Inaccurate datasets

Tricks to increase models (cut off valuesof functions)

Consistency

Lack of dynamic data


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Land Use Evolution


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Typical Planning Model

TripGeneration

Trip

Distribution

ModeChoice

Assignment

Convergence

ErrorPropagation

TripGeneration

TripDistribution

ModeChoice

Assignment

Converge

nce

U f hi hl d


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Use of highly accurate roadnetworks

Traditional Model GIS Integrated

Model


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Accurate Transit Networks

Traditional Model GIS Integrated

Model


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GIS-T Data Integrator

Complex Spatial relations andcalculations

Accurate networks

Platform for more advanced models:Tour based models

Activity based Models

Population Synthesis

Dynamic Traffic Assignment

GIS-Internet based survey collection

Traffic Simulation


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Error Propagation in Models

Inadequate socio-economic data Inaccurate geographic files

Deficient algorithms

Some algorithmic speedup tricks Algorithms not run to convergence


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Measures of Traffic Assignment Convergence: GAP

Change in the objective function

(LeBlanc, Sheffi)

z = Objective function

Maximum flow change x flow, i link, n iteration

Ortuzar / Willumsen x flow, t time

(Average Excess Cost)

Bar-Gera / Boyce

x flow, OD = demand fromi toj

Relative Gap (Rose et al.) x flow, t travel time

%100z

1n

n

n

z

z

n

i

n

i

n

i

x

xx1

max

( )

*

*

ijij

ijr

ijijrijr

Cx

ttx

tx

txtx

UE

aonUE

OD

txtxaonUE

Many different measures of convergence usedMany are poor indicators (Rose et al. 1988)


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Some convergence criteria are poor measures


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Washington Regional NetworkNodes 20343

Links 57374

Zones 2523

Trips 2977171

Extent 92 x 109 mi


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project

Doubled Capacity on 2links

Increased Demand 5%


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Flow changes with and without project(links with a flow change > 50)

Gap0.1

Gap0.01

Gap 0.001 Gap0.0001


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Feedback ConvergenceMotivation

Required for model consistency

Use of the proper congested

travel times

Fuller evaluation of projectimpacts


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Feedback

TripGeneration

TripDistribution

ModeChoice

Assignment

Convergence

Feedback Convergence


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Feedback ConvergenceQuestions

How should we measure feedbackconvergence?

How much is enough?

What is the best way to compute it?


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G 0 01 5% h Diff 200


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Gap 0.01 5% change, Diff > 200

G 0 01 5% h Diff 200


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Gap 0.01 5% change, Diff > 200

G 0 00001 5% h Diff 200


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Gap 0.00001 5% change, Diff > 200

Gap 0 00001 5% change Diff > 200


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Gap 0.00001 5% change, Diff > 200


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Assignment Runs

Convergence

RMSE #Links VHTBase

VHT Proj VHT Savings

0.01 140.7 3421 1089900

1091640

-1740

0.00001 103.4 1196 1089900

1078800

11100


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Conclusions GIS based Integrated Land Use/Planning is necessary for

modeling advanced modeling

Accurate models need to be supported by accurate data

Models need to be run to proper convergence

Speed up trick have to be avoided and prohibited

Dynamic modeling is necessary for analysis of transientbehavior (traffic signals, incidents, evacuation plans.

gis role in land-use and transportation planning

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