gis n its aplication

7/29/2019 Gis n Its Aplication

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A

PAPER ON

GIS AND

ITS APPLICATIONS

IN CIVIL/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

PRESENTED BY

MAMOON RASHID

&

DEBJYOTI DAS

(K.I.T. COLLEGE OF ENGG. KOLHAPUR)

CONTACT : [email protected]

PH : 9823118819
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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INDEX

SR.

NO.

CONTENTS PAGE

NO.1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. GIS SUBSYSTEMS 2

3. GIS COMPONENTS 34. GIS APPLICATIONS (CIVIL/

ENVIRONMENTAL)

4

5. GIS IN WATER RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT

6

6. CASE STUDY RIVER KRISHNA 7

7 CONCLUSION 13

ABSTRACT

GIS is a tool for storing, manipulating, retrieving and presenting both

spatial and non-spatial data in a quick, efficient and organised way. Since


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most land information elements have a geographic connotation,

geographically referenced data with GIS techniques come to the fore in such

an application. The term 'geographic' in GIS refers to the locational

attributes, which define the spatial positioning of the piece of information on

the face of the earth. Preparation and maintenance of data in the form of

maps and referenced tabular files itself can be considered as a primitive form

of GIS. However, with the advent of digital computers, with high data

processing speed and the development of analytical tools thereon to handle

geographically referenced data with ease and flexibility, computer aided GIS

has become a reality of late. Such systems generally deal with data

classified/segregated into the spatial type (locationally referenced), attribute

type (without locational connotation) and the time variant or repetitive types

of data. The three components-location attributes and time-represent the

content of most GIS.

In this paper we have tried to nest the application of GIS in the

Civil/Environmental field with particular concern to Water Pollution

Monitoring. We have successfully included a case study on Water Pollution

Monitoring for the River Krishna, flowing in sugar belt of Maharashtra,

which has been demarkated applying GIS technique.

INTRODUCTION:


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A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and

analyzes geographic phenomenon that exists, and events that occur on earth. GIS

technologies integrate common data base operations such as query and statistical analysis

with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. These

abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide

range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes and

planning strategies. Map making and geographic analysis are not new, but a GIS

performs these faster and with more sophistication than do traditional manual methods.

We commonly think of GIS as a single, well defined, integrated computer system.

However this is always not the case. A GIS can be made up of a variety of software and

hardware tools. The important factor is the level of integration of these tools to provide a

smoothly operating, fully functional geographic data processing environment.

GIS is described as an organized collection of computer hardware, software,

geographical data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update,

manipulate, analyze, and display geographically referenced phenomenon.

Overall GIS should be viewed as a technology, not simply as a computer system.

In general a GIS provides facilities for data capture, data management, data

manipulation and analysis, and the presentation of these results in both graphic and report

form, with a particular emphasis upon preserving and utilizing inherent characteristics of

spatial data. The ability to incorporate the spatial data, manage it, analyze it and answer

spatial questions is the distinctive characteristics of geographic information systems.

GIS SUBSYSTEMS

A GIS has four main functional subsystems,

1. A data input system.

2. A data storage and retrieval subsystem

3. A data manipulation and analysis subsystem and


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4. A data output and display subsystem

Data input: A data input system allows the user to capture, collect, and transform spatial

and thematic data into digital form. The data inputs are usually derived from a

combination of hard copy maps, aerial photographs, remotely sensed

Images, reports, survey documents etc.

Data storage and retrieval: the data storage and retrieval subsystems organize the data,

spatial and attribute, in a form which permits it to be quickly retrieved by the user for

analysis and permits rapid and accurate updates to made to the database. This component

usually involves use of database management systems (DBMS) for maintaining attribute

data. Spatial data is usually encoded and maintained in a proprietary file format.

Data manipulation and analysis: The data manipulation and analysis subsystem allows

the user to define and execute spatial and attribute procedures to generate derived

information. This subsystem is commonly thought of as the heart of GIS, and usually

distinguishes it from other data base information systems and computer aided drafting

systems.

Data output: the data output subsystem allows the user to generate graphic display,

normal maps, and tabular reports. Representing derived information products.


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COMPONENTS OF A GIS

An operational GIS has a series of components that combine to make the system work.

These components are critical to a successful GIS.

A working GIS integrate five key components:

Hardware:

Hardware is the computer system on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS software

runs on wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop

computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations.

Software:

GIS software provides the function and tools needed to store, analyze and display

geographic information.

Data:

Perhaps the most important component of GIS is the data, Geographic data and

related tabular data can be collected in-house, compile to custom specifications and

requirements, or occasionally purchased from a commercial data provider. GIS can

integrate spatial data with other existing data resources. Often stored in corporate DBMS.


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The integration of spatial data and tabular data stored in DBMS is key functionality

offered by GIS.

People:

GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the systems

and develop plans for applying it to real world problems. GIS users range from technical

specialists who design and maintain the systems. To choose who use it to help them to

perform their everyday work. The identification of GIS specialists versus end users is

often critical to the proper implementation of GIS technology.

Methods:

A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed implementation plan and

business rule, which are the models and operating practice unique to each organization.

GIS DATA TYPES

The basic data types in a GIS data reflect data found on map. Accordingly, GIS

technologies utilizes two types of data, these are

Spatial data: describes the absolute and relative location of geographic features.

Attribute data: describes characteristics of the spatial features, characteristics

can be quantitative or qualitative. In GIS attribute data is also referred to astabular data.

The coordinate location of forest stand would be spatial data. While the characteristics of

that forest stand, e.g. cover group, dominant species, crown closure height, etc., would be

attribute data, are becoming more prevalent with changing technologies. Depending on

the specific data image data may be considered either spatial, e.g. photographs,

animation, movies, etc. attribute, e.g. sound, description, narration, etc.

GIS APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL/ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

GIS is a powerful tool for environmental data analysis and planning. GIS stores spatial

information (data) in a digital mapping environment. A digital base map can be overlaid


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with data or other layers of information onto a map in order to view spatial information

and relationships. GIS allows better viewing and understanding physical features and the

relationships that influence in a given critical environmental condition. Factors, such as

steepness of slopes, aspects, and vegetation, can be viewed and overlaid to determine

various environmental parameters and impact analysis.

GIS can also display and analyze aerial photos. Digital information can be overlaid on

photographs to provide environmental data analysts with more familiar views of

landscapes and associated data. GIS can provide a quick, comparative view of hazards

(highly prone areas) and risks (areas of high risk which may occur) and areas to be

safeguarded.

On completion of Data analysis GIS helps in Planning and Managing the environmental

hazards and risks. In order to plan and monitor the environmental problems, the

assessment of hazards and risks becomes the foundation for planning decisions and for

mitigation activities. GIS supports activities in environmental assessment, monitoring,

and mitigation and can also be used for generating Environmental models. Below are

some of the applicable areas where GIS can be implemented for effective planning and

management.

Figure showing various applications of GIS


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The various other applications of GIS are

Water Resource Management

Mineral Prospecting

Forestry

Waste Land Mapping Soil & Agriculture

Crop Acreage and Yield Estimation

Drought And Flood Monitoring Assessment

Land Use/Cover Mapping

Ground Water Targeting

Marine Resource Survey

Urban and Rural Planning

Environmental Impact Assessment

Integrated Survey For Sustainable Development etc

GIS IN WATER RESOURSE MANAGEMENT:

Water resources assessment of a region involves a detailed study of the surface and sub-

surface water. To integrate the entire surface and sub-surface data manually requires huge

manpower and time. By adopting a GIS platform the result obtained will be faster and

more accurate. Till recently, ground water assessment was based on laboratory

investigation, but the advent of Satellite Technology and GIS has made it very easy tointegrate various databases.


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The various fields of applications of GIS in water resource management are

Ground water assessment

Water quality

Watershed management

Surface water management

The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in water

resource investigation requires the design and development of a methodology to

analysis water resource and its components with its complex ecological and socio-

economic inter-relationship. It is necessary to translate system dynamics into

predictive statements for different spatial and temporal scales. This approach provides

enormous scope for better understanding of various water resource components and

its relationship elements of watershed eco-system.

CASE STUDY- Spatial modeling approach to water pollution

monitoring in the sugar belt of Maharashtra along the Krishna riverIntroduction

Keeping in view the importance of good water quality, the Central Pollution Control

Board (CPCB), in 1976, initiated a series of integrated river basin studies all over the

countryt. The Krishna River, which is one such polluted rivers of the country, flows in

the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The present study is taken up

for the monitoring, identification and suggesting preliminary measures of water pollution

control in the Satara-Sangli stretch (stretch-I) of the Krishna basin in Maharashtra with

the help of Geographic Information System (GIS). The stretch-I, also known as the

country's sugar-belt, has been identified by CPCB and MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution

Control Board) for the restoration of water quality under the National River Action Plan

(NRAP).


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SATARA-SANGLI STRETCH

General

The Satara-Sangli stretch of the Krishna River in Maharashtra is known as the sugar belt

of the country. The Krishna River flows with a southeasterly trend in Maharashtra,

traversing a distance of 280 kms from Mahabaleshwar through Satara to Sangli [latitudes

160 00' N - 180 00' N, longitudes 730 30' E - 750 00' E, altitude 150-600 m] on a rocky

area. The total geographical area of the Krishna basin in Satara is 10,816 km2 (4%) and

that of Sangli is 8,572 km2 (3.2%). The districts of Satara and Sangli experience a warm-

humid climate with an annual average precipitation between 600-800 mm. Eighty percent

of the rainfall in the Krishna basin is influenced by the southwest monsoon-giving rise to

heavy rainfall on the west coast of the Western Ghats. The mean temperature varies

between 22.5 - 25 0C.

Landuse/Landcover

Krishna basin covers a non-arable land area of 53010 km2 out of which 22.4% falls in

Maharashtra. In Satara 2.1% of the reporting area is non-arable land while the same is

3.3% in Sangli. Forestland accounts for 1583 km2 (15.1%) in Satara and 488 km2 (5.6%)

in Sangli. The total cultivable land in these two districts of the Krishna basin is 13,844

km2 that is 65.3% in Satara and 81.5% in Sangli. The districts of Satara and Sangliexhibit substantially wooded tropical evergreen forest. Amongst all types of land uses,

agriculture is dominant in Krishna basin with over 50% total land actually under

cultivation. The extent of irrigation applied for crops in Satara and Sangli is 16.9% and

11.1% respectively. Irrigation is done mainly using stream diversions or canals (42%)

and ground water source (58%). About 21% of gross sown area is irrigated.

Fertilizer and Pesticide Consumption

To get higher yields in the cultivated land, farmers apply more and more of chemical

fertilizers. The total chemical fertilizer consumption in Satara and Sangli during 1995-96

was 50390 and 83153 tonnes. With intensification of agriculture, particularly since

introduction of higher yielding but low pest-resistant varieties of crops, the use of

pesticides and biocides has been increasing steadily. The total pesticide consumption in

Maharashtra is 711 MT/Year, of which 7% is consumed in Satara and 6.4% in Sangli. In


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these two basin districts organo-chlorine share is the highest. The application rate per

hectare is about 0.09.

Water Consumption and Effluent Discharge

The state of Maharashtra is ranked first in terms of industrial investment in the country.

Major industrial sectors are in power, fertilizer, sugar and cement industries. In satara and

Sangli fifteen medium to large size sugar industries are located. There are many liquor

factories located along the stretch-I. The quantity of water that is consumed for domestic,

industrial and irrigation uses are respectively 66, 18 and 3366 MCM. Correspondingly,

the amount of effluent that is being discharged from urban, industrial and irrigation are

29, 14 and 673 MCM. From the sugar factories and its surrounding domestic locations

about 13400 and 1525 cubic meter of effluents are being discharged everyday.

A Framework for Monitoring Water Quality in GIS

River water quality monitoring is the process of regular study of parameters related to

river water. It helps determining the quality trend and hence the threshold values for the

restoration of water quality to its normal. Different factors those affect the water quality

are physical, chemical and socio-economic parameters of the river basin. A detailed

monitoring framework is shown in the figure 1.


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The present case study is followed up as per this framework. Using GIS, the database on

pollution load, the relationship between pollution load with population, fertilizer

consumption and factory location, and the river zonation have been assessed and

graphically presented. The techniques of river zonation has been reviewed and modified.

The prime objectives of using GIS over traditional methods are:

Effective storage and analysis system for spatial and temporal databases such as

maps on geology, geomorphology, soils, land uses and attributes on meteorology,

population, water quality etc.,

Spatial analysis on depicting the source-pollutant relationship,

Graphical presentations, visual impacts and spatial distribution of graphical

outputs on water quality changes, pollution load and relationship with sources and Management of river basins by generating buffer zones on the basis of water

quality criteria.

Source Identification

GIS was used to organize both spatially and temporally and presenting graphically the

pollution load data for each sub watershed over the period 1984 to 1997. For each

pollutant the load data for four years was presented which included years of minimum

and maximum pollution loads and the pollution loads of starting and ending years. One

such case for 'Mg' is shown in figure 3 a,b,c,d.

fig. 3a fig 3b


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fig 3c fig 3d

The spatial variation of all the pollutants showed a steady increase in the load towards

the downstream direction. This is due to two reasons - (i) the flow rate (cumecs) of river

increased in the downstream direction and (ii) the increase in concentration of water

quality parameters, though inconsistent, downstream due to addition of wastes from

upstream and additional streams.

The spatial relationship between the pollutants (BOD & COD) and the population growth

was correlated using three estimators contingency coefficient, Tschuprow's T and

Cramer's V. The estimators showed good relationships (V=0.67, T=0.56, Contingency

Coefficient=0.56) between BOD and population growth and COD and population

growth. Therefore, using the overlay techniques the composites BOD - population growth

and COD-population growth were produced. The results in composite were classified into

good, bad, very bad and worst (see figures 4 & 5).


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fig 4 and fig 5

For example, good regions have low population growth and low BOD. In a similar way

the relationships between the rate of fertilizer consumption with BOD and COD were

estimated. The estimators showed again good relationship. These analyses supported the

fact that the population rise is a dominant factor to increasing pollution load due to

domestic and agricultural sources in the downstream direction.

Pollutant Balance

Industrial and domestic wastes contribute to the major rise in BOD and COD

concentrations. The total estimated pollution load for Satara and Sangli from agricultural,

domestic and industrial (sugar and others) sources are shown in the table 4. The waste

disposals from sugar and distillery factories are the prime sources of BOD and COD

loads.

Suggestion on River Water Quality Restoration Through Zonation

Buffer zones are used in proximity analysis where the distance from either side of river

bank is an important criterion in determining suitability or risk. Buffer strips made of

uneven vegetation (grasses, shrubs, trees) attenuate runoff pollutants that would

otherwise reach the body of water. The methods of creating buffer zones on both sides of

riverbank, also known as corridors, are called as river zonation. The present study

suggests over an existing river zonation method.


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Conclusions

GIS has been utilized in the storage and retrieval of attribute data such as water quality

parameters (pollution loads), population density and fertilizer consumption over the

spatial database (map) of Satara-Sangli stretch in the Krishna basin. This database was

useful in motoring the trend of pollution load and population growth in the entire

watershed between, 1984 to 1997. With the aid of map comparison utility in GIS

pollution map could be compared with the population, fertilizer and industry location

maps.


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gis n its aplication

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