gilded age through wwi
TRANSCRIPT
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Gilded Age
A period in American history from 1877 to 1900; US
looked prosperous however only a few actually got
rich.
(1870-1900) The U.S. is politically corrupt internally.
Term coined by Mark Twain. As business boomed,
strong North-South divisions remained. Corruption in
both business and politics was common
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Tweed Ring
The Tweed Ring or "Tammany Hall" was group of
people in New York City who worked with and for
"Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money-
maker. The ring supported all of his deeds. The NewYork Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed.
Without Tweed, the ring did not last. These people, the
"Bosses" of the political machines, were very common
in America for that time.
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Thomas Nast
Thomas Nast was a cartoonist for the
Harper's Weekly and drew many famous
political cartoons, including many of BossTweed and Tammany Hall. The cartoon
showed condemning evidence of the
corrupt ringleader and he was jailed
shortly afterwards.
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Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
Passed in response to Garfield's
assassination, it's called the Magna Carta
of civil-service reform. It created a merit
system of making appointments to
government jobs on the basis of aptitude
rather than who-you-know, or the spoilssystem.
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"Jim Crow"
(beginning in 1881)
Laws intended to segregateblacks in public facilities such as
schools, railroad cars,
restaurants, and so forth.
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Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
The case involved a dispute over the legality of
segregated railroad cars in Louisiana. The Supreme
Court upheld segregation by approving "separate but
equal" accommodations for African Americans. The
"separate but equal" doctrine was finally reversed in
the 1954 landmark decision Brown v. Board of
Education.
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W.E.B. DuBois
The first African-American to graduate from Harvard,he opposed Washington and demanded immediate
social and political equality for blacks. His opposition to
Washington as well as other blacks led to the formation
of the Niagara Movement (1905-1909). He wanted an
immediate end to segregation and believed that the
"talented tenth" of the black community should be
given full and immediate access to the mainstream ofAmerican life. His Niagara Movement laid the
groundwork for creation of the NAACP.
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The Age of Industry
The U.S. became the world's most
powerful economy by the 1890s. The "2nd
Industrial Revolution in America was basedon R.O.S.E. - railroads, oil, steel, and
electricity.
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Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
Railroad completed on May 10, 1869 when the UnionPacific and Central Pacific linked up at Promontory
Point, Utah. An engineering marvel of its time, it was
built using thousands of Chinese and Irish immigrants
as workers. It linked the entire continent via railroad
and by telegraph and paved the way for the incredible
growth of the Great West and facilitated a burgeoning
trade with the Orient. It was seen at the time as amonumental achievement on par with the Declaration
of Independence and the freeing of the slaves.
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Andrew Carnegie, Vertical Integration
The technique of controlling every aspect
of the production process. Pioneered by
Andrew Carnegie in the steel industry, the
goal is to improve efficiency by making
supplies more reliable, controlling quality
of the product at all stages of production,and eliminate middlemen's fees.
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John D. Rockefeller, Horizontal Integration
Consolidating with competitors to
monopolize a given market. John D.
Rockefeller pioneered the "trust" in 1882
to control his competition. In these
arrangements, stockholders in various
smaller oil companies sold their stock andauthority to the board of directors of
Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.
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Trusts
Firms or corporations that combine for the
purpose of reducing competition and
controlling prices (establishing amonopoly). There are now anti-trust laws
to prevent these monopolies.
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Social Darwinism
This philosophy sought to justify the
extraordinary wealth and power of
industrialists through the natural laws of"survival of the fittest." It was popularized
by Yale Professor William Graham Sumner.
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Gospel of Wealth
In this book, Andrew Carnegie admonished fellow
tycoons to give most of their wealth back to their
communities. Carnegie himself spent the last years of
his life giving away most of his fortune, over $350million (over $8 billion in today's money), and built
over 3,000 public libraries.
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Robber barons
A robber baron was a person who made enormous
amounts of money in business. An insulting term, it
implied that a person used unfair business practices
and showed little sensitivity to the common worker.The term "Captains of Industry" was a more positive
term applied to the same group.
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Interstate Commerce Act
This 1887 law was perhaps the first ever passed by
Congress to regulate big business. This act established a
commission to oversee fair and just railway acts,
prohibit rebates, end discriminatory practices, andrequire annual reports and financial statements. The
Supreme Court, however, remained friendly to special
interests and often undermined the work of the I.C.C.
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Sherman Anti-trust Act
Created in response to public demand for curbing
excesses of trusts, it prohibited combinations in
restraint of trade. It was largely ineffective as it had no
significant enforcement mechanism. Ironically, it wasused by corporations to curb labor union as they were
deemed to be "restraining trade."
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Industrial Age and women
Probably no single group was more profoundly affected
by industrialization than women. New invention, such
as the typewriter and the telephone switchboard,
afforded millions of women with new economic andsocial opportunities.
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Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882
Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S.
and forbid further immigration of Chinese.
Supported by American workers, especiallythe Irish Kearnyites, who worried about
losing their jobs to Chinese immigrants
("coolies") who would work for less pay.
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Jacob A. Riis -- How the Other
Half Lives (1890)
Photo-journalist who exposed the dirt,
disease, vice and misery of rat-infested
New York slums.
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Homestead Strike
1892 - Iron and steel workers went on strike in
Pennsylvania against the Carnegie Steel Co. to protest
salary reductions. Carnegie employed strike-breaking
Pinkerton security guards. Management-labor warfareled to a number of deaths on both sides.
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Pullman Strike
1894- Eugene Debs' American Railway Union struck the
Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago over wage cuts
and job losses. President Cleveland broke the violent
strike with federal troops. Popular opinion deploredviolence and militant labor tactics. It was also the first
time that the government used an injunction (a court
order) to stop a strike.
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Populist Party
Officially named the People's Party, but commonly known as thePopulist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. This
third party won 22 electoral votes in 1892 and elected several
candidates to Congress. it represented a crusading form of
agrarianism and hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally.Populist wanted to expand the monetary supply and create
inflation (and thus higher prices for farm goods) by supporting
"free silver." It sometimes formed coalitions with labor unions,
and in 1896 endorsed the Democratic presidential nominee,
William Jennings Bryan. After Bryan's defeat the Populist Party
went into decline.
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free enterprise
a business that is free
from government
involvement
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laissez-fairethe term that means the government is
"hands-off" when messing with the
economy
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Frances Willardbecame leader of the WCTU. She worked
to educate people about the evils of
alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of
liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as
step towards strengthening democracy.
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Homestead ActProvided ways for settlers to
acquire western land
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Dawes Act
Assimilated Indians by allowingthem to be farmers
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Transcontinental Railroad
Major railroad that went all the way from
Chicago to San Francisco.
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William McKinleyWas the U.S. president during
the Spanish-American War
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Theodore Roosevelt
military leader during Spanish-American
War and led the Rough Riders at the battle
of San Jaun Hill. He later becamepresident.
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Buffalo Soldiers
African- American soldiers who fought in
Spanish-American War and in the Indian
Wars
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Spanish-American War
When the U.S.S. Maine ship exploded in
Cuba, newspapers and our government
wanted the American people to believe itwas an act of war by the Spanish, The
headline, Remember the Maine inflamed
readers and made it easier to declare waron Spain. Thus beginning of the war.
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Yellow Journalism
is when newspapers make stories that
sound more sensational than they really
are.
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Progressive Movement
reform effort, generally centered in urban
areas and begun in the early 1900s, whoseaims included returning control of the
government to the people, restoring
economic opportunities, and correcting
injustices in American life.
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Four main goals of Progressive Era
1. Protect social welfare - correct injustices
2. Promoting moral movement
3. Create Economic reform - control big
business
4. Foster efficiency
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Ida M. Tarbell
criticized companies' cutthroat
competition, exposed the Standard Oil
Company and its ruthlessness, called thecompany the "mother of all trusts"
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Henry Ford
Reduced workday to eight hours and paid
five dollars a day
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Meat Inspection Act
Law that authorized the Secretary of
Agriculture to order meat inspections and
condemn any meat product found unfit forhuman consumption.
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Pure Food and Drug Act
the act that prohibited the manufacture,
sale, or shipment of impure of falsely
labeled food and drugs
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Susan B. Anthony
social reformer who campaigned for
womens rights, the temperance, and was
an abolitionist, helped form the NationalWoman Suffrage Association
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Hepburn Act
This 1906 law used the Interstate
Commerce Commission to regulate the
maximum charge that railroads to place onshipping goods.
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Federal Reserve Act
a 1913 law that set up a system of federal
banks and gave government the power to
control the money supply
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Social Gospel Movement
a social reform movement that developed
within religious institutions and sought to
apply the teachings of Jesus directly tosociety
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16th income taxes (the purpose
was to raise revenue for government
programs and reduce reliance on tariffs)
17th direct election ofSenators
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18th prohibition
19th womens suffrage
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Initiative (a) the power or rightof citizens to introduce a new legislativemeasure and
(b) the right and procedure by which
citizens can propose a law by petition and
ensure its submission to the electorate.
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Referendum the submission
of a proposed public measure or actual
statute to a direct popular vote; this allows
the people to have more influence on the
decision-making process.
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Recall the procedure by which a
public official may be removed from office
by popular vote; with the right to employ
this procedure, the people can hold their
elected leaders accountable for their
actions.
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During the Progressive era,
political reforms were initiated
which gave the people more say
in how their government was
run and operated, resulting in a
more participatory and
democratic government.
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Upton Sinclair author;
wrote The Jungle which exposed the
conditions in the U.S. meat packing
industry, causing a public uproar and
leading to the passage of the Pure Food
and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act.
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Susan B. Anthony American
reformer and leader of the womens
suffrage movement.
Ida B. Wells American reformer and
leader in the anti-lynching crusade and
womens suffrage movement.
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W.E.B. DuBois helped
found the NAACP (National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People). He
encouraged a liberal arts education for
African American civil rights leaders.
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Muckrakers popularauthors and reformers, such as
Upton Sinclair and Ida B. Wells(published truthful reports
involving social issues).
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Third parties often focus on issues the main partiesignore.
Populist Party established in 1890s;
comprised of poor farmers from the south;generally opposed to banks, railroads, and
upper class; William Jennings Bryan most
popular candidate.
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Third-party candidates can split the major party with
which they are most similar, leading to the other major
party's victory,
Progressive Party formed in 1912
as a result of a split in the RepublicanParty; also known as the Bull Moose
Party; Theodore Roosevelt most popular
candidate.
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Immigration
Cause immigrants sought a better life in
the United States; escape poverty,
religious discrimination, etc.
Effect increased population; cities over-
crowded; labor force for factories, etc.
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Social Darwinism (belief that all
personal and social problems are
inherited/genetic)
Cause a desire to maintain the economic and social
divisions in society (from the point of view of the
wealthy, the rich get richer).
Effect increased the popularity of the eugenics
movement
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Eugenics (study of human
improvement by genetic means)
Cause an attempt to better society and
the human race.
Effect discrimination towards those who
did not fit the perfect human mold.
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Race relationsCause increase of immigration
(especially Asian immigrants)
Effect discrimination, Ku Klux Klan
flourished.
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Nativism
Causeincrease of immigration, natives
worried the immigrants would take their
jobs.
Effect discrimination, Ku Klux Klan
flourished.
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Red Scare
Cause the Red Scare was a reaction not
only to the communist revolution in
Russia, but to the influx of immigrants into
the United States in the years leading up to
World War I.
Effect deportation of many communistsand socialists.
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Prohibition
Cause the belief that alcohol was
leading to the decline of society, alcohol
was blamed for many of society's ills,
among them severe health problems,
destitution, and crime
Effect passage of the 18th Amendment
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Changing role of womenCause due to industrialization, many women
changed from homebound producers to wage-earning
consumers, and women gained the right to vote.
Effect women became social and even political
reformers; worked outside of the home; affected the
economy; with suffrage, women had a voice in politics
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John Muirhelped persuade
Theodore Roosevelt to set aside 148
million acres of forest reserves and over 50
wildlife sanctuaries and several national
parks. The National Park Service is a U.S.
federal agency that manages all national
monuments and parks
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Costs and benefits:
Anti-trust Acts the Federal lawsforbidding businesses from monopolizing a
market or restraining free trade.(e.g.,
Sherman Anti-Trust Act)
Interstate Commerce Commission was
governments first large-scale attempt to
regulate business in the interest of society
at large
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Effects Spawned a series of regulatory
commissions in the 1900s to whether theywere good or bad trusts. Not very
effective. 1914 changes made Act stronger;
Effect Act served notice that private
greed must be subordinated to public
good.
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Pure Food and Drug Act for
preventing the manufacture, sale, or
transportation of adulterated or
misbranded or poisonous or deleterious
foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and
for regulating traffic therein, and for other
purposes.
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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
the first major law restricting immigration
to the United States. It was enacted in
response to economic fears, especially on
the West Coast, where native-born
Americans attributed unemployment and
declining wages to Chinese workers, whomthey also viewed as racially inferior.
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Open Door Policy Secretary of
State John Hay's economic policy in China
giving the imperial powers equal trading
rights in the country (1899-1900); Boxer
Rebellion, U.S. forces suppressed the
uprising.
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Dollar Diplomacy Taft encouraged
investment by U.S. banks/businesses in
Latin America and Far East; promised
military protection to those who invested
abroad; WWI reoriented the priorities of
the emerging world power and U.S. foreign
policy makers returned to a goal ofisolationism.
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Immigration quotas concerns
over immigration rose in the 1880s. As a
result of World War I, Congress passed the
National Origins Quota Act in 1921. This
law set the quota of legal immigrants to
3% of their current ethnic makeup in the
United States. This quota was changedthree years later.
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The Federal Reserve Act
created the central banking
system in the United States and
granted legal authority to issue
legal tender. The Federal
Reserve now acts to regulate
U.S. monetary policy.
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Teapot Dome scandal
concerning the secret lease of
oil rights to private companiesfrom government-owned land
in Wyoming during the Harding
administration.
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Tin Pan Alley known
for an era of songwriting when
many musical ideas mixedtogether to form American
Popular Music (started in late
1800s in New York City).
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Jane Addams co-founder of
Hull House which helped new
immigrant women with job
skills, educational, and artistic
programs to become successful
and productive citizens.
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Frances Willard
suffragette and member of the
WCTU (Womens ChristianTemperance Union)
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Impact on the nature of work
Innovations in technology contributed to longerworkdays and higher levels of production (e.g.,
assembly line manufacturing).
Light bulbs enabled factories to remain open at night.
Innovations in manufacturing and machinery
(robotics) led to more output and higher numbers of
unskilled laborers.
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Impact on business
Patents gave individuals and companiesexclusive rights over inventions.
Allowed businesses to reduce cost,
become more flexible, and better meetconsumer demands.
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Expansionism
Acquisitions of land (Guam,
Hawaii, Philippines, and PuertoRico) as a result of the Spanish
American War
Latin America Panama Canal
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World War I 1914-1918 Woodrow Wilson,
League of Nations, total war,
technological advances
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1898 Spanish-American War
*U.S. enters the world stage
and is no longer an isolationist
*Expansion (territories)
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Spanish-American War officially awar to protect the rights of Cubans who were being
tormented by their Spanish rulers. The controversial
sinking of the battleship USS Maine brings America into
a war with Spain. The U.S. attacks both Cuban and
Spanish possessions (The Philippines) in the Pacific.
After a U.S. victory, Cuba is liberated and thePhilippines become a U.S. territory. The U.S. was able
to prove its military power.
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U.S. Expansionism Hawaii and
other Pacific islands; United States
economic influence spreads through the
Pacific. As industrial might matures, the
U.S. looked to new markets in foreign
lands; U.S.s sense of destiny to spread
democracy throughout the world.
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Henry Cabot Lodge supported American expansion
as a way to increase nationalpride, spread civilization, and
gain world power.
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Alfred Thayer
Mahan historian and
author of a book on the
importance of the navy to a
countrys power.
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Theodore Roosevelt Rough
Rider during the Spanish
American War; expansionist
policies as President increased
the U.S. role in Latin America
and the world; reasserted theMonroe Doctrine.
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Sanford B. Dole firstpresident of Republic of Hawaii
and helped Hawaii becomeannexed to the United States.
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Missionaries manymissionaries were in China and
Hawaii; their work helped linkthe United States with Asia
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United States economic influencespreads
through the Pacific. As the U.S.s industrial might
matures, the country looked to new markets in foreign
lands; U.S. had a sense of destiny to spread democracy
throughout the world.
Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico became U.S.territories after the Spanish American War.
Hawaii U.S. places naval stations in Hawaii to protect
world trade.
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German Proclamation (1915)
said the waters around the British Isles
were to be considered an official war zone,
and Germany would attempt to sink any
ship that entered this area. (unrestricted
submarine warfare)
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Sussex Pledge Germany makes a pledge not to
sink merchant ships withoutwarning (did not uphold their
pledge)
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German submarine torpedoed British
ocean liner Lusitania off southerncoast of Ireland, resulting in deaths of
128 Americans.
Diplomacy failed to call off
unrestricted submarine warfare.
Germany resumes U-boat attacks onU.S. ships.
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Ties to Great Britain- the U.S. conducted a
significant amount of trade with GreatBritain which would be affected if
Germany won the war
British intelligence intercepted theZimmerman telegram which revealed
Germanys plan to approach the
Mexican government for military alliance.
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American Expeditionary Forces
the U.S. forces sent to the Western Front
(France predominately); fought alongside
British and French allied forces the last
year of World War I
Gen. John J. Pershing
commander of the American ExpeditionaryForces
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Machine guns relativelynew technology at the beginning of the
war; many difficulties with keeping
machine cool, but application had theeffect of making it difficult or nearly
impossible to cross defended ground; later
in the war used on tanks and airplanes
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Airplanes early in thewar used as spotters; planes
were unarmed but pilots wouldcarry handheld weapons; later,
larger planes were created and
were able to bomb the enemy
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Tanks developed out ofthe need to end the stalemate
on the western front; early
tanks were not reliable, but
effective in ending trench
warfare
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Poison gas chlorine gasand mustard gas used;
sometimes used to create a
smoke screen to hide attacking
soldiers; also used to force
evacuation of enemy trenches
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Trench warfare that resulted in the
stalemate on the western front form ofwarfare in which combatants occupy
fighting lines, comprised of trenches. While
in the trenches, there is little risk of small
arms fire, and troops are protected from
artillery. The area between opposing
trench lines was known as no mans
land.
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Isolation v. Internationalism,
Self-determination of all peoples,
FOURTEEN POINTS PLAN
League of Nations and its defeat in US
and how that defines our international
position (failure of Fourteen Points)
Fear of entangling alliances
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TREATY OF VERSAILLES
Unjust treatment of Germans in Treaty ofVersailles, including the reparation
payments
Established new political boundaries in
Europe
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Battle of Argonne Forest a part
of the final Allied offensive of World War Ithat stretched along the entire western
front, the objective was the capture of an
important railroad/train station which
would break the railroad net supporting
the German Army in France. An Allied
victory, the battle is credited for leading to
the Armistice
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Panama Canal
Human factors United States supported a
revolution in Panama in the early 1900s. The U.S.
was permitted to build the canal and control a zone
of 5 miles on each side of the canal (known as theCanal Zone). The division of the country into two
parts by the U.S. territory caused tension
throughout the 20th Century. tip of South America(Cape Horn).
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Panama CanalPhysical factors the 48-mile
international waterway allows ships to
pass between the Atlantic Ocean andPacific Ocean, saving about 8,000
miles from a journey around the
southern tip of South America (Cape
Horn).
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Rise of world power
Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Ricobecome U.S. territories after the Spanish
American War
Hawaii U.S. places naval stations there
to protect world trade
Treaty of Versailles established new
political boundaries in Europe
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As the U.S. takes over territory, it
expands its markets and finds moreresources for its use.
Wars fueled the economy, and in the case
of the Spanish-American War, led toAmerica becoming a world power.
WW I led to great levels of
industrialization in the U.S., increased
exports, increased agricultural production
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WW I soon after declaring war on
Germany and its allies in 1917, Congressruled that the U.S. mail could not be used
for sending any material urging "treason,
insurrection or forcible resistance to any
law." It punished offenders with a fine of
up to $5,000 and a five-year prison term.
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Pros
Influence international policyProtect American interest
Protect American security
Assist other countriesCons
Potential loss of American sovereignty
Potential loss of American security
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Alvin York (World War I) was
the most decorated American soldier inWorld War I. He was awarded the Medal
of Honor for leading an attack on a
German machine gun nest, taking 32
machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers
and capturing 132 others. This action
occurred during the U.S.-led portion of the
Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France
SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL
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SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATIONS IN AGRICULTRE, THE MILITARY, AND
MEDICINE IncAgricultureRefrigeration
Military
M hi G
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Machine guns
Airplanes/air combat
Submarines
Mines (sea and land)
Gas
Tanks
Radar
Nuclear weapons