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Bailes BrownAm History Full Notes

2nd Semester Exam 5/7/23

of 75

Bailes Brown

American History Notes

Dr. HendrickGSSM

2002



of 75

Gilded Age1876-1896

The Term “Guilded Age” was coined by Mark Twain. It refers to the condition of American society that was shiny gold on the outside (Such as in opportunity and riches of people like J.P. Morgan) while rusty on the inside (labor conditions, bad politics, etc). It is the period where American violence escalates. For example, there is violence against Indians, blacks, industry/farm/labor, assassinations, etc.

1. The South and its effects on Blacksa. Economic

i. Land vs. Labor1. 13th amendment freed slaves2. The effects of the War caused poverty in the south3. There was plenty of land/crops, but all the labor was shifted

and needed to be reorganizedii. Sharecrop System (colorblind)

1. People with land shared crop for labor2. The ration depended on situation3. Reunited Land and Labor

iii. Crop Lein (Mortgage) System1. Poor farmers would mortgage crops for necessary supplies at

stores2. Was only valid for Cotton3. Drought, Bad season, bad luck Debt4. Debt tied farmers to the land5. This diminishes freedom

iv. One Crop Dependency1. The south only produced cotton until Panic of 93 because it

was dependable and profitable2. Later Tobacco took cottons place when cotton prices fell

b. Sociali. 14th Ammendment – no state can deny person equal protection of the

lawii. Jim Crow Laws – enabled Racial Segregation



of 75iii. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – The Supreme court upholds segregation.

Coins the phrase “Separate but Equal”1. Actual trial was about railroad segregation

iv. Atlanta Compromise1. Booker T. Washington gave speech at Atlanta Convention2. Gave black people three messages

a. 1st Get an educationb. 2nd Make Moneyc. 3rd Let Whites control government until we are stronger

c. Politicali. 15th Amendment – Black suffrage

ii. Whites denied votes to blacks in many ways1. Grandfather Clause – if Grandfather could vote, you can2. 8 Box Law – each ballot in separate box…requires ability to

read3. Poll Tax – hurt poor blacks/whites alike4. Residency Requirement5. KKK - VIOLENCE

a. Developed after War by confederate officers who wanted to preserve southern values

b. Later fell into crime and violence against blacks6. Crime Ineligibility

a. If one was convicted of crimes such as arson they could not vote

b. These were crimes which white juries would convict black men

7. Literacy Testa. You had to be able to read, write, and understand

(biased)2. Frontier – place where population ceases

a. Extra stuffi. Was the trans-Mississippi west

ii. Legends of cowboys and Indiansiii. World viewed all Americans as gruff frontiersmeniv. Frontier exemplified democracy and equality

b. Indiansi. By this point they had become nomads seeking buffalo

ii. When buffalo populations decreased, they took to wariii. East saw the Indians as noble, the west saw them as a threativ. We dealt with them as both foreigners (Dept. of State) and Insiders

(Dept. of the Interior)v. Indian Wars - VIOLENCE

1. Col. Chivington killed Indians at San Creek2. Custer’s Stand



of 753. Ended mainly in 1886 with Geronimo’s surrender

vi. After subdued1. Indians were exploited, subdued, given bad conditions2. H. H. Jackson wrote A Century of Dishonor, which had the

same effect Uncle Tom’s Cabin had for Blacks3. Led to Dawes Act, which gave the Indians individual plots of

land and attempted to “Americanize them”vii. Other things throughout history

1. 1924 – Indians get citizenship2. 1960’s – Indians are granted greater control of their practices

c. Miningi. Background

1. Began with 49ers2. Stopped during the War3. Picked up again after War

ii. The New Rushes1. Colorado – Pikes Peak2. Nevada – Comstock3. Montana – Anaconda Copper Company4. Deadwood, Dakota’s Silver strike5. Tombstone, Arizona, which had “boot hill”6. Death Valley compounds7. Legend of Death Valley Scottie, who had secret gold mine that

made him richiii. Influences

1. Rise of Boom towns and relic “Ghost” towns2. New specie to back currency3. Raised currency controversy – election of 18964. Clash with Indians led to Indian Wars5. Effects of Big Business

a. 1st The west epitomized the American dream, individualism

b. Later is taken over by big businessd. Cattle

i. Legends1. Legends of Trials like Goodnight and Scion2. Cowboys and Indians

ii. Effects of Cows1. Ate “public” grass, was stealing from government

iii. Big Business1. Joseph McCoy – combined railroad and cattle to transport to

Chicagoiv. Towns

1. Abelene – cattle town



of 752. Always had “wrong side of tracks” where brothels, etc were

v. Individual cattle trade ends in 1886e. Sheep

i. Rivalry between Cowboys and shepherds for grazing landii. Violence

1. Tonti Basin Warf. Farming

i. Farmers helped end the frontierii. Fences

1. Fences were needed to define property lines and separate crops, as well as protect from cows

2. First Sod fences were used3. Later, Barbed wire (invented by Glidden) was introduced

iii. Cowboys clashed with farmers over grazing rightsiv. Acts that helped Farming

1. Homestead Act2. Desert Land Act – more land if irrigate3. Timber Culture Act – more land if plant trees4. All of these were corrupted by big business

g. Literaturei. Ned Buntline – dime novalist of 6-gun heroes

ii. Characters include1. Wokine Marijuita2. James Butler Hitcock3. Calamity Jane4. Bell Star5. Dock Holiday6. Billy the Kid

iii. Fredrick Jackson Turner1. Historian that introduced idea of the frontier shaping American

history2. Turner noticed the end of the frontier in 1900 through the

census3. Wrote the book The Significance of the Frontier in American

History4. Turner’s Thesis

a. The Existence of an area of free land and continuous expansion westward explains American development

b. He disagreed that America was a rehash of solely European ideas

c. Instead, he said that Democracy came from the Frontier5. Some supported, some disagreed, but he led to a revolution in

historic thinking



of 753. Railroad

a. Philosophy of Laissez-Fairei. Background

1. This is the Second economic philosophy during American history

2. Its origin belongs to Adam Smith (English) who wrote Wealth of Nations

ii. 3 points of Laissez-Faire1. Government has no role in Economics2. Natural Laws govern Economics

a. Supply and Demandb. Competition

i. Leads to monopoliesc. Has bad effect on workers

i. An invisible hand will take care of workerd3. Social Darwinism justifies it

iii. Paradox of Laissez-Faire1. The only way to maintain competition is government control2. Therefore, government has a role in economics

b. Constructioni. Background

1. Destruction caused by Civil War2. Start of the Transcontinental Line

a. Government gave two charters to companiesi. Union Pacific would build from Omaha,

Nebraska to the border of Californiaii. Central Pacific would build from coast to border

of Californiaiii. The two would meet

1. Ended up meeting at Promontory Point in Ogden on

b. This violated Laissez-Fairei. Government participation helped public interest

ii. 4 Ways the government helped railroads1. Gave railroads 400 foot right of way2. Gave them any construction materials on right of way for free3. Paid them for mileage complete

a. $16,000/mile for levelb. $32,000/mile for roughc. 48,000/mile for mountain

4. Gave 12,800 acres per mile in alternate sectionsiii. Problems

1. Indiansa. Called it “Iron Horse”



of 75b. Hurt buffalo

2. Difficult Terrain3. Cost4. Labor

a. Immigrants on bottom of Totem Poleb. Imported Chinese Yellow Peril

iv. Results1. Opens up national, common market2. Stimulates trade with orient

a. Now could land in CA and take railroad3. Increased number of railroads

a. Led to new systems and feeder lines4. Stimulated Western expansion

Note: railroads make money by commodity, not people traveling, and the railroads are private property

v. Technology changes1. Railroad ties change2. Rails improved to steel3. Development of new cars

a. Pullman’s sleeping car4. George Westinghouse’s air brake5. Standard Gage – width of railroad track standardized at 4’ 8

1/2”c. Consolidation

i. Cornelius Vanderbuilt1. Consolidated NY and built Grand Central Station, then

connected to Chicagoii. Creation of railroad monopolies

1. People buy out competition2. Slash rates to defeat them3. Form “Gentlemen’s agreements” to unite

iii. Northern securities Company1. EH Harreman and J.J. Hill were competing to gain CB & Q

(Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad) in order to get into Chicago

2. J.P. Morgan sides with Hill, but still not successful3. Finally, the Three join together to form Northern Securities

Company4. They act as monopoly while giving the appearance of being

separateiv. Abuse of railroads

1. railroad monopolies start to rip off public



of 752. Leads to government regulation of railroad

a. Violates Laissez-Faire3. 5 abuses

a. Higher Ratesb. Rebates to big shippers

i. Rich paid less (got money back)c. Free Passes

i. Rich, powerful, or government officials traveled for free

d. Drawbacks – rebates on competitorse. Long Haul/Short Haul Difference

i. Cost more to go shorter distance if less demand or monopoly

4. Responsea. Farmers form the Grange to counter railroad

monopoliesi. Economic weapons didn’t work

ii. Political weapons did because the farmers had more votes

1. This brought government back to peopleb. Grange Laws

i. Began in Illinois when many officials gained office based on stance of railroad regulation

ii. Grange Laws – state laws that regulated railroads

c. Railroad’s court responsei. Munn v. Illinois (1876)

1. Private Property that operates in the interest of the Public must submit to public control

ii. Railroads argued that 14th amendment gave them protection…failed

iii. Wabash v. Illinois (1886)1. Upheld government’s right to regulate2. Declared railroad interstate commerce

a. This made state laws voidiv. Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

1. Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

2. Provided that railroad rates must be reasonable and just

3. This was deliberately vague so that it could be avoided

4. ICC helped a little, but only a little



of 754. Big Business

a. Informationi. Was mainly in the N.E. Quadrant of the country

b. Six Factors that Favor Growthi. Available Resources

1. All are within the nation, we are self-sufficientii. Self-contained Market

iii. European Technology1. We could just steal Europe’s innovations

iv. Investment Capitalv. Social Mobility

1. Unlike Europe, Americans could change classes easily2. This was somewhat of a myth, because we still had a somewhat

defined class system3. However, we still believed in social mobility and therefore we

were willing to take more risks and had greater confidence of our success

vi. Favorable Stance of the government1. Supports Immigration for labor2. Land/Transport Regulations3. Banking Regulations4. Tariff – major way government supported business5. Rarely regulated Big Business6. Didn’t aid Labor7. Committed to Laissez-Faire

c. Industryi. We had large industrial force that was propelling the nation

ii. Contained Entrepreneurs1. Edison GE2. Westinghouse Electric3. Carnegie U.S. Steel4. Rockefeller Standard Oil5. Remington – typewriter company6. Duke – Tobacco7. Swift – meat packing

iii. 3 Technologies that helped Consumer goods1. Assembly Line2. Interchangeable parts3. Mass Production

d. Monopoliesi. Trust – way to enforce a monopoly

1. Generic word for Monopoly2. Specific form of monopoly formed by Rockefeller and

Standard Oil



of 75a. Six companies combined under board of trustees to act

as a single bodyii. Finance Capitalists

1. Used money to make money (Investing)2. Weren’t interested in product, only profit3. Inhibits Technological advances4. Example – JP Morgan5. Leads to Public Debates

a. Pro-Monopoliesi. Said serves Public Interest by reducing

waste/duplicationii. Could better respond to Supply and Demand

iii. Prevent Depressionsiv. Justified by Social Darwinism

b. Con-Monopoliesi. Says Supply/Demand doesn’t impact company

ii. Monopolies put profit above consumer needsiii. Didn’t help depressions, stability

c. Resulti. Sherman Anti-Trust Ac (1890)

1. Designed to be ineffectivea. Said “Combinations and

Conspiracies in restraint of trade are illegal”

b. This actually hurt labor unions, not monopolies

2. U.S. v. E.C. Knighta. Dealt with sugar trustb. Upheld Sugar Trust despite the

fact that they controlled 98% of the market

3. McKinley Act (1890)a. Raised tariffs even higher

5. Labora. Conditions

i. Problems1. Atrocious, Bad, corrupt…alphabet goes on2. Low wages, long hours3. Dangerous machines4. Laborer didn’t own tools he became interchangeable part5. Previous benevolent boss is replaced by strict manager who

watches profit6. Workers couldn’t control their lives7. Divisions of Labor



of 75a. Were divided by Age, Gender, race, and ethnicity

(immigrants)b. No one would admit to being working class…

everybody was “moving up”ii. Immigrants

1. Divisions of Immigrantsa. Old Immigrants (17-18th Centuries)

i. Came from Western Europe (Eng, Gr, Fr)ii. Similar languages and customs

iii. Protestantb. New Immigrants

i. Came from Easter Europe ii. Different languages and cultures

iii. Catholic2. Response to immigrants

a. Creation of APA (1886)i. The American Protective Association was

designed to protect “WASP’s”b. Ghettoes

i. Groups with common ethnicity combined to live in the urban developments

c. California’s Responsei. Tried to outlaw Chinese immigration

ii. U.S. stopped that but signed treaty with China to prevent immigration

iii. Prohibited Contract Laboriv. Henry Cabot Lodge wanted Literacy Test

d. 1924 Quota Acti. Defined quota for immigrants coming in

1. Total = 250,0002. Discriminated against “new” immigrants

through quotas.b. Consolidation

i. Unions1. Public opinion

a. “Foreign” and “Unamerican”b. Violent

2. Workers opposed unions becausea. Foreignb. Social Mobility

3. National Labor Uniona. First union, radical, failed

4. Molly Maguiresa. Formed by Irish coal miners in PA



of 75b. Were secret, but problem with secret vs. actionc. Secret Agent Jamey McParlen found and reported the

secret members, ended the union5. Knights of Labor

a. First successful unionb. Formed by

i. Terrance Powderlyii. Uniah Stevens

c. Successful becausei. Secret

ii. Added bonus of cool stuff like secret knocks and handshakes

iii. Eventually grew to .7 million and then became not secret

iv. Open Membership to “all who toil”v. Diverse member ship

d. Goals were radical, included things like prohibition and full equality

e. Haymarket Square Riot (May 1886)i. Rally against McCormick factory

ii. Someone threw a bomb Violenceiii. Although KoL didn’t do it, they are blamed and

lose immediate popularityiv. Police arrested some anarchists to hang

someonev. Governor Paltgeld later pardoned them

6. ILGWU – International Ladies Garment Workers Union7. AFL

a. Founded by Samuel Gompersb. AFL was a Federation, therefore it really combined

Craft Unions that each had sets of members in to a federation of unions

c. Unlike KoLi. Membership was limited to Skilled workers

ii. Bread and Butter Union1. This means they were only concerned

with wages and hours2. Was Conservative

d. Like all successful unions, they used strikes8. Industries reaction to unions

a. Black list – kept union workers from getting work anywhere

b. Lockout – kept strikers outside, unable to work



of 75c. Yellow Dog Contract – forbid unions prior to

employmentd. Private Troops Violencee. Court – most effective, discussed later

9. IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) – radical labor uniona. President – De leonb. American leaders

i. Big Bill Heyward – united mine workersii. Eugene Debs

10. Pullman Strike (1894)a. Pullman ran factory like sharecroppers with company

store/housing, etcb. Eugene Debs gets railroad men to refuse to use Pullman

carsc. Government stops it, Debs is imprisoned (Where he

becomes a socialist)

c. Government responses i. Background

1. Gave Aid2. Regulation

ii. Created Beaureau of Labor (later became a dept.)1. Established Government 8 hour day2. outlawed child labor3. Safety codes

iii. Hurt Labor by 14th amendment and Sherman Act1. Supreme court threw out laws to protect women2. Supreme Court found labor unions to be conspirating in

restraint of trade3. Later the Clayton A-T Act excluded unions

6. Farminga. Background

i. Always at bottom of economic ladder1. Southern farmer is worst

ii. Not helped by economic wealth of the countryiii. Jefferson’s ideal farming America is gone

b. Conditionsi. Technological changes

1. John Deere invents steel faced plow2. McCormick Reaper3. Many expensive machines

ii. Big Business-ed1. Need for capital to buy machines2. Farm laborers become hired hands



of 75iii. Government

1. Morrill Act – agriculture colleges2. Department of Agriculture

iv. Problems1. Farmers are at the mercy of other factors

a. Big Businessb. Railroadc. Grain elevatorsd. Price changes

2. Disastersa. Firesb. Dust stormsc. Heat/cold/climated. Grasshoppers

3. Loss of Agrarian Independencec. Consolidation

i. Grange1. National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry2. Founded by Oliver Kelly in 18673. Originally made to be educational, camaraderie4. Grange Moves politically laws and lawsuits

a. Necessary because they could not respond economically

b. Proves that gov’t is the only thing that can protect government from big business

5. Changesa. Eventually becomes the North and South Alliancesb. Finally the movement results in the Populist party

7. Politicsa. Stereotype party members

i. Republicans1. Big Business2. Rich3. North (Sectional)4. Veterans (GAR is part of GOP)5. Blacks6. Protestant

ii. Democrats1. Farmers/working class2. poor3. Southern 4. Immigrants5. Urban6. Catholic



of 757. Were somewhat national because they drew from south and

northern urban areasb. NYC

i. NYC important because it usually decides national electionsii. Tammany Hall – Democratic political machine in NYC

iii. Thomas Nast – cartoonist who satired Tammany Halliv. Nast is responsible for the Republican elephant and the Democrat

donkeyc. Issues that Divide

i. Tariff1. Republicans want more, Democrats want less

ii. Currency1. R want Gold, D want Silver

iii. Government Regulation1. R opposes, D favor

iv. Imperialism1. R favors, D opposes

d. Electionsi. l876

1. R Hayes dfts D Tilden 2. Was the disputed election that led to compromise of 18773. Administration

a. Hayes wife was “Lemonade Lucy” Hayes, and was a member of

i. WCTU – Women’s Christian Temperance Union

b. Hayes ended Reconstruction and held up compromise of 1877

ii. 18801. R Garfield/Arthur dfts D Winfield Scott Hancock 2. Republicans were divided into three factions, Stalwarts,

Halfbreeds and Mugwampsa. Garfield was halfbreed and Arthur was Mugwamp

3. Administrationa. Question of Patronage (spoils system)b. Guiteau shot Garfield after he refused to give Guiteau a

jobc. Arthur became presidentd. He adopted Pendleton Act

i. Civil Service Reform Actii. Required 3 things

1. That certain jobs be classified as civil service

2. These jobs were permanent



of 753. Created 3 man bipartisan Civil Service

commissioniii. However, each time a party lost office, they

expanded the number of positions classified to “lock in” their guys

iii. 18841. D Grover Cleveland dfts R James G. Blaine (Halfbreed)2. Decided on character

a. Clevelandi. Had good character

ii. Accused of illegitimate childiii. A committee was formed to find out if he was

involvedb. Blaine

i. Politically corruptii. Mulligan Letters showed that he had been

involved in some scandals3. Blaine’s NY speech

a. Blaine called the democrats Rum, Romantisism, and Rebellious catholics

b. This lost the NYC vote and thus the election4. Cleveland’s Administration

a. Interstate Commerce Commissioniv. 1888

1. R Benjamin Harrison dfts D Cleveland2. Was most corrupt campaign in American history3. Democrats had won popular vote4. Administration

a. Harrison blew the surplus that Cleveland had managed to amass

b. Passed many Actsi. Sherman Anti-trust act

ii. McKinley Actiii. Silver legislation

v. 18921. D Cleveland dfts R Harrison and Populist Weaver2. Administration

a. Saw the Panic of 1893b. Coxey’s army

i. Coxey led a group of unemployed veterans to march to Washington in protest

ii. Cleveland sent army outc. Broke the Pullman Strike with government interventiond. Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act



of 75e. “Sell out to Wall Street”

i. Cleveland made a deal with J.P. Morgan that he would sell American bonds, and at least half of them would be sold in Europe

f. These things hurt his public opiniong. Marrying

i. Cleveland married Francis ____ii. They were the first couple married in white

houseiii. Had Baby Ruth

vi. 18961. R McKinley (gold) dfts D Bryan (Silver) and Pop. Bryan with

Tom Watson as Vice President nomineea. Populists expected both D and R to go Gold and they

were going to go silver. This was spoiled by Bryan’s stance on silver. This marks the end of the populist party

b. Republics were led by Mark Hanne and led “Front Porch” campaign

c. Democrats were in disarray because of Cleveland, and Tillman They finally decide to nominate Bryan

2. McKinley’s Administrationa. Dingley Act – new highest tariffb. Gold Standard Act – eliminates silver currencyc. Ends the Gilded Age

8. Interludes (insert in politics discussion)a. Currency

i. Greenbacks1. During Civil War, both the union and the confederacy had

made greenbacks that were not backed with gold2. The poor wanted “cheap currency” that was more accessible,

while the debt collectors wanted gold backed money3. Eventually, the greenbacks were backed with gold

ii. Silver1. Government eventually demonetized silver (Crime of ’73)2. Because the economy fell soon after, the public blamed the

lack of silver and passed several acts3. Acts

a. Bland-Allison Silver Purchase (1876)



of 75i. Required Federal government to buy 2-4 million

dollars worth of silver and then coin it ii. Had little effect because government always

took the minimumb. Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

i. Required government to buy and coin 4.5 million ounces of silver a month

b. Populist Partyi. Started with Agrarian Protest

ii. Was a reform program that suggested:1. income tax2. free silver coinage (16 silver to 1 gold)3. national railroad 4. Immigrant restriction5. veteran benefits6. A single term president

iii. Leaders1. Ignatius Donnelly2. Mary Elizabeth Lease3. Sockless Jerry Simpson



of 75

Turn of Century - WWI

Turn of Century1. Several different dates

a. 1896 – transition from Gilded Age to rise of powerb. 1898 – introduction in foreign affairsc. 1900 – peoples turnd. 1901 – “technical” turn of centurye. After WWI – maybe a little but too late

2. 7 Major Characteristicsa. End of Civil war as an issue

i. Ends bloody shirt, Southern Povertyii. Veterans meet together, common experience

b. End of Frontieri. Omnibus states – Washington, Oregon, etc

ii. Remember Turner’s thesis at about this timec. End of Laissez-Faire

i. Government Aid1. Tariff, railroads

ii. Regulation1. Interstate Commerce Act, Sherman A-T Act

d. Prosperityi. “Good old days”

e. Optimismi. Technology, railroad, money, prosperity, and peace

ii. Something magical about 20th centuryf. Change in society

i. Rural Urbanii. Agriculture Industry

iii. Finally industry produces the bulk of American revenueiv. Cities define America

g. Standardization of Societyi. Sears/Roebuck catalogs make same items available internationally

ii. Blends society and rich/pooriii. Mass market

3. Culturea. Education



of 75i. Primary/Secondary school reform – John Dewey “Father of

Progressive Education”, said learn English and math before latin and philosophy

ii. School teacher’s pay increaseiii. Charles Eliot – Harvard President, reformed college education and

introduced electivesiv. John Hopkins University improved Graduate education

b. Philosophyi. Pragmatism

1. William James2. Says there are no absolute truths, only relative truths

c. Sciencei. Albert Michelson discovers speed of light

ii. Growth of Darwinism that challenged theologyd. Church

i. Higher Criticism1. German philosophy2. Said that because bible was translated so many times that it

accumulated errors3. Moved for direct translation

ii. New Groups1. Mary Baker Eddy founds Christian Scientists2. General Booth founds salvation army3. Revarum Novarum by Pope urges helping the poor survive and

then preaching on salvationiii. Revivalism

1. Dwight L. Moody with Ira Sankey, his song leader2. Billy Sunday in South

e. Pressi. Joseph Pulitzer and William R. Hearst big business-ize press

ii. Press unites1. Assosciated press (AP)2. United Press International (UPI)3. These help bring distance events to almost every newspaper

iii. Period of Yellow Journalism1. Term comes from comic strips that appeared on separate

yellow paper2. Gave more lively or gruesome accounts of stories, less upper

class oriented3. Examples

a. Lizzy Boredan accused of killing her stepmom and dad, eventually acquitted

b. Oscer Wylie’s London trial4. Stanley sent to find Dr. Livingston



of 75iv. Magazines

1. increased2. Examples

a. Ladies Home Journalb. Harpers

f. Literaturei. No new movement like Romanticism or Realism

ii. People1. Lou Wallis – Ben Hur2. Little Lord FontRoy stories give image of little boys3. Horation Alger writes many books (including Ragged Dick)

that describe the American dream and give evidences of American success

g. Fine Artsi. Painting

1. James Whistler – Whistler’s mother2. John Sergent – painted the rich3. W. Homer – painted the coast, sailboats

ii. Sculpture1. War hero statues, not much else

iii. Architecture1. Victorian2. Skyscrappers

a. Defined America as a symbol of urban life4. Side note, Groups such as Women and Blacks were still at bottom, but change would

come in the not so distance future



of 75

Rise To World Power

1. Imperialism – extension of control of one country to anothera. Old vs. New

Old Imperialism Category New Imperialism17-18th Centuries Time 19th centuriesEng, Fr, Sp, Port, Others Countries Eng, Fr, Am, Rush, Gr, Jap

North America, South America, and India

Place that is Object

China, Pacific, and Africa

Territorial control Technique Economic control and expansion

b. Writersi. Admiral Alfred Mahan

1. Wrote Influence of Sea Power on History2. Was a social Darwinist3. Believed in importance of naval strength

ii. Reverend Josiah Strong1. Wrote Our Country2. Said that we needed to carry our “blessings” as white,

democratic Christians to our yellow, red, black, and brown brothers

c. Territoriesi. Samoa islands – in Pacific

1. Am, Gr, and Eng all had a 1/3 of it2. Gr and Eng annexed their parts3. We had to annex ours

ii. Hawaii1. Many missionaries to China stopped in Hawaii

a. Strong mission program2. Discovered Sugar and fruits

a. Strong Business interest3. 1890 McKinley Tariff

a. Business people overthrown queen Liluikalani, ask to annex the territory

iii. Generalizations1. Oppose

a. Democrats, led by Bryan



of 75b. Violation of Traditionc. Threatens democracy by colonization/imperializationd. Plot of special interests Rich

2. Favora. Republicans, led by BBb. Mahan’s Navy necessityc. Argument of Nationalismd. Once we got territory, we refused to give it back

2. Spanish-American Wara. Background

i. Ostend Manifesto Cubaii. 1890’s Cuban Revolution against spain

iii. Somewhat like us vs. Britainb. Seven Causes

i. Humanitarianism1. Freedom from Tyranny2. Bad Conditions

ii. Yellow Press1. Sensation Journalism2. Hearst sends entire ship of journalist to cover the conditions

iii. Traditional animosity toward Spainiv. BB

1. Business wants to trade with Cuba (closed by Spain)2. Dumping ground/raw materials

v. Strategic significance 1. Spain can’t control Cuba, but German might

vi. Nostalgia for Civil War1. Generation that wants its own war in order to be brave

vii. Provides divergence from domestic issuesc. Incidents

i. De Lome Letter1. Spanish Ambassador wrote bad things about McKinley2. Press got it and Public was insulted

ii. Maine 1. American Battleship that was blown up2. We blamed Spain3. Today, we still don’t know who did it

d. Wari. McKinley asks Congress to declare war on Spain to end war against

Cubaii. We pass Teller Amendment which says that the U.S. will not annex

Cuba, we are only fighting for Cuban independenceiii. Declared War in April, it was over quicklyiv. Bad organization



of 75v. We won easily

vi. Heroes1. Rough Riders – TR2. Fighting Joe Wheeler

vii. Side effects1. Philippines

a. We chase Spanish to Philippines b. Comm. George Dewey wins at Manilla Bay against

Emilia Aquinaldo, the leader of Filipino movemente. Results

i. Treaty of Paris 18981. Independence of Cuba2. We Take Puerto Rice and Guam3. We pay $20 million for Philippines

ii. We annex Hawaiiiii. We are now “Part of the World:

3. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 1901-1914

a. 5 Characteristics – GROUPi. Prosperity

1. The good old days… moneyii. Optimism

1. All things seemed possibleiii. Reform**

1. Fixing the Flaws of the countryiv. Urban

1. Reform focused on urban areasv. Government Agent of Reform

1. People organized and used the Government to attack problemsb. Aims and Accomplishments of the progressive era

i. Political – Power to the People1. Seven Major Political Aims

a. Direct Primaryi. People directly select the candidates of the

political partiesii. State level

b. Direct Election of United States Senatorsi. 17th Amendment to the Constitution

c. Secret Ballot



of 75i. Australian Ballot

ii. Sneaky Foreignersiii. Ballots are secret and covers lots of problems

like Bribery and Intimidationiv. It keeps the sanctity of the ballotv. State Level

d. Women’s Suffragesi. Issue since the 19th Century

ii. Eager to promote the vote for womeniii. In Wyoming, they let people vote for School

boardsiv. Marches of Sufragetts.v. WWI brings the vote to women. When the men

were drafted to war, the women took their jobs. So now women were given the right to vote.

vi. 19th Amendment vii. No Support for Blacks***

viii. Not only does the progressive era not choose to acknowledge them, they rationalized it by saying that if nothing is done for them it is the most progressive thing to do.

e. Corrupt Practicei. State

1. No alcohol is sold while voting poles are open

f. Initiative, referendum, recall1. People can initiate legislation2. People can vote directly on issue

(referendum)3. Process that allows people to remove

people from their office before their term is up (Recall).

g. Urban Reforms1. Local or State2. City Manager

a. Professionalism the administration of the city government.

3. Short Ballota. Less public elections.b. Governor should appoint people

to new officesc. **Restructuring state legislature

to break rural control.



of 754. Urban Leaders

a. Tom Johnsom**b. JP Altgell c. Robert La Fallette

2. Economicsa. Used Political solutions to solve economic problemsb. 7 Ways

i. Better Monopoly Regulation1. Clayton A-T Act

a. Fixed the problems of the Sherman A-T Act

b. “Magna Carta of Labor”ii. Regulated Railroads

1. Hepburn Act2. Elkins Act3. Mann-Elkins Act

iii. Tariff reform1. Reform means lower tariff2. Progressive is not partisan3. Underwood Tariff – lowered tariffs

iv. Conservation1. Prior to now, We used Slash/burn

farming, and other wasteful practices2. 1890’s Turner’s Thesis led to more

conservation of resources3. Newlands Act

v. Pure Food/Drug Act1. Result of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

vi. Income Tax1. Previously only paid Property Tax

a. This meant that rich would pay little or no tax

2. Gap between rich and poor grew wider3. Led to 16th Amendment which legalized

income taxes4. What kind of Rate?

a. Flat rate charges everybody the same percent

b. Progressive rate charges a larger percent as total income increases

c. We used Progressivevii. Prohibition

1. Temperance Movement2. Needed to be sober to make good reform



of 753. Roots

a. Anti-Saloon league, led by women

4. Leadersa. Carrie A. Nation

5. WWI was high mark of Progressive Era, and it also brought about Prohibition

6. Recap of Amendmentsa. 13 – 15 Reconstruction

Amendmentsi. 13 – Freedom

ii. 14 – Citizenshipiii. 15 – Suffrage

b. 16-19 – Progressive Amendments

i. 16 – Income Taxc. 17 – Direct Election of Senatorsd. 18 – Prohibitione. 19 – Women’s Suffrage

viii. Labor1. Results

a. Wage increasesb. 8-Hour work weekc. Safety codes/inspectorsd. Child labore. Clayton A-T – “Magna Carta of

Labor”, said unions not prosecuted under any A-T Act.

3. Leadersa. Populistsb. Writers – many

i. Henry George – “Progress and Poverty1. Single Tax2. Belief that a single tax on unearned

increment in value of land3. Socialist idea that labor creates value4. Therefore, we shouldn’t tax labor

ii. Edward Bellamy – “Looking Backward”1. Socialist2. Describes perfect socialist world

iii. Upton Sinclair – The Jungle1. Socialist2. Describes horrible capitalist world



of 753. Leads to Pure Food and Drug Act and

FDAc. Muckrakers

i. Pilgrams Progress described a man digging in dirt as a muckraker

ii. TR used this term to describe a group of journalists

iii. Refers to:1. Journalists2. Wrote sensational exposes 3. Were accurate

iv. Leaders1. Ida Tarbell – McClure’s Magazine

a. “History of Standard Oil Corporation”

2. Lincoln Steffens – urban problems3. Lewis Brandise – Banking and financing

d. Political Leadersi. TR

ii. Taftiii. WW

c. Presidentsi. TR

1. Background Informationa. Born in 1855, first post war presidentb. Combined N and S because dad was N and mom was

from GAc. Harvardd. Married Alice Leee. Republicanf. NY Legislatureg. Wife and Mother diedh. Fought a duel over honori. Goes west…has 3 results

i. Rough Ridersii. Conservation

iii. Publication of Book “Winning of the West”j. Eventually governor of NYk. Election of 1900

i. R McKinley/TR defeat D Bryanii. McKinley is soon assassinated

l. Election of 1904i. R TR defeats D Alton B. Parker Note TR

only elected once



of 752. Characteristics

a. Modern Presidenti. National, not N/S

ii. Activistiii. Manipulates pressiv. Slogan – “Square Deal”v. Broad view of Constitution

3. Domestica. Trust Buster

i. Attacked Northern Securities Companyii. TR doesn’t actually break up that many, instead

he breaks up “Bad ones”iii. Similar to Supreme Court Rule of Reason – size

isn’t enoughb. Tariff

i. Doesn’t do anythingc. Regulating railroads

i. Hepburn and Elkins Acts1. Both Broaden the ICC’s authority

a. Max Ratesb. Adherence to Public rates

i. No rebates/drawbacksc. Given power to control pipelines

d. Conservation – came from TR in westi. Gifford Pinchot – chief forester

ii. Newlands Act1. Removes some land for preservation2. Sets aside raw materials for public use

iii. Teapot Dome Scandaliv. Navy needed oil, so some oil became

government controllede. Pure Food and Drug Act FDAf. Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902

i. United Mine Workers led by John Mitchellii. Opposed by Owner Baer

iii. TR invites both sides to White Houseiv. Arbitrating committee decides the casev. TR appears as a president of the people

g. Bankers Panic of 1907i. Henry Clay Frick, pres. of U.S. Steel goes to TR

ii. He says that if TR promises not to take A-T action, then this will overt the panic

iii. It doesh. Miscellaneous



of 75i. Muckrakers

ii. Teddy Bearsiii. Phonetic Spellingiv. Nature Fakers

1. Argues with children’s book writer over “faking nature”

i. Black Americansi. Brownsville Incident

1. Military was segregated2. A black man in army killed someone

while drunk, and they didn’t know who it was, so TR dishonorably discharged everyone

ii. Booker T. Washington1. TR invited BTW to has despite

congressional disapproval4. Foreign Policy – Big Stick Diplomacy

a. Caribbean – Canal Diplomacyi. Platt Amendment

1. Gives U.S. Veto power over Cuban foreign policy

2. Gives us a naval base at Guantanamo Bay

ii. “Insular Cases” 1. Puerto Rico2. Does constitution follow the flag?…No,

we said3. territories are only governed, they don’t

get citizen rightsiii. Panama Canal

1. 1850 Clayton-Bulwar Treaty a. Am-Brb. Says that if there is gonna be a

canal, we will both build it2. France beat us to it, but never finished3. John Hay

a. Hay Paunceforte Treaty nullifies Clayton-Bulwar treaty

b. We choose Panama over Nicuragua for canal because of Nicuraugan stamps showing volcano



of 75c. Hay-Herran Treaty gives us the

right to build. We accept it but Colombia denies it

4. Panama revolutiona. They revolt and we support so

Panama becomes a countryb. Hay Burneau-Vanilla Treaty

gives us a stretch of land 10x10 miles long

5. This overthrow of Colombia leads to hostility towards Americans and the phrase “Colossus of the North”

iv. Roosevelt Correlary to Monroe Doctrine1. Caused by Venezuelan debt to Britain

and Germany…we didn’t want them coming over here to collect it

2. Says we have “policing” rightb. Pacific – Balance of Power

i. Russio-Japanese War1. If either wins, balance is disrupted2. TR offers to mediate the war, and invites

them to Portsmouth, NH.3. Rus and Jap agree4. Treaty of Portsmouth5. TR gets Nobel Peace Prize

ii. Philippines1. TR announces policy of eventual

independence2. We keep control until they are ready

iii. Great White Fleet1. TR sends white fleet of ships around

world on peace tour2. Congress opposed it because

a. Threateningb. Old Ships

3. Is successfuliv. Open Door Policy – John Hay

1. American foreign policy with China in progressive era

2. We are concerned about Philippines3. John Hay’s Open door letters

a. Respect China’s territorial integrity



of 75b. Respect mutual economic

spheres of interest4. End Result:

a. Everyone signs as part of diplomacy

5. Boxer Rebelliona. Chinese nationalists launch

revolution, but lose6. Open Door remains the world policy

until China overthrows its dynastyc. Europe

i. If Europe fights, it endangers our coloniesii. Algeceras Congress – in Spain

1. Settles French/German territorial dispute in Africa

2. We attend American presenceiii. Alaskan Border – “Seward’s Ice Box”

1. 1898, gold is discovered2. Boundary finally determined by 3 man

committee of Br, Am, and Can3. Br sides with us and we get favorable

boundaryd. Conclusion

i. TR places unique stamp on Foreign Policyii. Power, Navy, and American presence

ii. Taft’s Administration1. Background

a. Election of 1908i. R Taft defeats D Bryan

2. Characteristicsa. Narrow view of constitution

i. Was more legally mindedb. No political experiencec. No pressd. Sandwiched in between TR and WW

3. Domestic Policy – no slogana. Insurgents Revolt

i. Insurgents are new progressives in Congressii. They revolt against Speaker of House Joe

Cannon because he had to much poweriii. They are successful in restructuring the power

of the houseiv. Taft does nothing

b. Payne – Aldrich Act



of 75i. Tariff “reform”

ii. Payne passes reform tariff through Houseiii. Aldrich in Senate amends the bill to even raise

tariffsiv. Taft describes it as “the finest tariff in American

History” Badc. Trusts

i. Breaks up many trustsii. Tries to break up U.S. and Tennessee Coal and

mining company, which TR had promised to allow

d. Ballinger – Pinchot controversyi. Ballinger sells mining reserves to companies,

Pinchot is upset and has Congress investigateii. They find nothing

iii. Taft fires Pinchot because he continues to push the issue

iv. Pinchot complains to TR…e. Miscellaneous

i. Mann Elkins Actii. Pensions for GAR

iii. 16 and 17th amendmentsiv. New Mexico and Arizona enter as states

f. In conclusion, Taft has alienated progressives and TR4. Foreign Policy – no real slogan, but “Dollar Diplomacy”

a. Philippine Independencesb. Lodge Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

i. Says no country can have a port in the Americas5. Conclusion

a. Taft thinks he is a progressive, but others don’t see him that way

iii. Woodrow Wilson1. Background

a. Election of 1912i. D WW defeats R Taft and Prog TR

b. New Nationalism i. TR’s campaign

1. TR’s confession of Faith speechii. Points

1. Expands Government2. Welfare3. National Planning

c. New Freedomi. WW



of 75ii. Points

1. More State power2. Use government to limit private interests

2. Characteristicsa. Born in VA, raised in SC Southernb. Presbyterianc. Demanded loyaltyd. Quickly moved through ranks from Gov. of NJ to

presidente. President of Princeton

3. Domestic Policy – New Freedoma. Background

i. WW plays a very short part of the progressive era because of WWI

ii. WW marks the high point of the progressive erab. State of Union Address

i. Starts to make public speechc. Underwood Act

i. Tariff Reformii. 1st ever reduced

iii. WW had personal involvement to defeat Aldrichiv. All Democrats and Progressives wanted a lower

tariffd. Clayton A-T act

i. Reforms Sherman A-Tii. Magna Carta of Labor

iii. Federal Trade Commission – FTCiv. Prohibits unfair business practices

e. Federal Reserve Acti. Divides Nation into 12 Federal reserve districts

1. Forces Decentralization of moneyii. 7 man Federal Reserves Board – reports to

presidentiii. Regulates interests rates

f. No Black Legislationg. Miscellaneous

i. Appointment of Louis Brandeis to the Supreme Court

ii. 18th and 19th Amendmentsiii. Labor Reform

4. Foreign Policy – “Missionary Diplomacy”a. Caribbean

i. Virgin Islands acquiredii. Mexico – “Watchful Waiting”



of 751. We don’t want to mess with them unless

there is a problem2. 2 Events:

a. Tampico – Naval port in gulfi. Some U.S. soldiers

caused some problems on shore, led to diplomatic problems.

ii. Way too extreme for just an accident

iii. ABC powers arbitrate – Argentina, Brazil, and Chile

b. Pauncho Villa i. Villa takes a group of

marauders and attacks in Texas and Arizona

ii. JJ Pershing chases after him and defeats him

b. Pacifici. Philippine Independence

ii. Recognize the China Republic1. Begins shift form Japan to China

iii. Supports Big Navyc. Europe

i. Bryan is Secretary of State ii. He signs “Cooling off” treaties with Europe that

say that they won’t start a war until having time to cool off



of 75

World War I

1. Causes (In Europe)a. 5 Long Range Causes

i. Imperialismii. Nationalism

1. Italy, Austria, and Germany all recently formediii. Militarismiv. Propagandav. Diplomatic system

1. Bismarck had created the Triple Alliance with Gr, A-H, and It (Was DEFENSIVE ALLIANCE)

b. Immediate Causesi. The assassination of the Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand by Gavrilo

Princip of the Black Hand

c. Other mentioned thingsi. Kaiser Wilhelm was born without a left arm and hated English because

of itii. 1907 Drednot brought Br and Gr naval strengths about equal

iii. Alliances switch during war1. It becomes allied and Jap and U.S. join2. Turkey joins Central Powers

2. American Causesa. Background

i. Initially, WW had said America was “Neutral in thought as well as in deed” but several things changed us to ally with the British

ii. WW sends Colonel House to mediate the war, calling for “peace without victory”, but Gr and Br both refuse to quit

iii. Election of 19161. D WW dfts R Charles E. Hughes

b. Long Term Causesi. Propaganda

1. Both Br and Gr used propagandaa. English want us to join with them, Germany just wants

neutrality2. British have advantage

a. Similar language and kinshipb. Recent ties (marriages)c. Lords write us



of 75d. German atrocity storiese. Sabotage, etc

3. Germany tried to educate us instead of playing Br as the bad guy

4. Professor Albert – head of German spies in Americaa. He left behind his briefcase with spy info that we later

foundii. Economic

1. Financially we can’t afford to have Britain lose the wara. We have a lot of trade, especially with the warb. We loan money we might not get back if Britain loses

iii. Neutral Rights on the High Seas1. Both Britain and Germany violate NR

a. Britain tries continental blockadeb. German U-boats

2. Lusitania (1915) British ship that went from NY-Londona. Germans sunk itb. It carried American passengers that diedc. WW writes ugly letter (Bryan resigns as Secretary of

State and Lansing is appointed)3. Sussex – French Ship

a. Also sunk, Americans dieb. Germany fears U.S. entering and thus signs the Sussex

Pledgec. Sussex Pledge says that Gr promises to “leash” their

subs in order to keep us from enteringc. Short Term Causes

i. Repeal Sussex Pledge1. On February 1, 1917, Germans repeal the Sussex Pledge2. This was a gamble that Germany could starve England before

America could mobilizeii. Zimmerman telegram

1. Gr letter to Mexico that says if U.S. fights and German wins with Mexican help, then Mex. Would get back territory (Tx and CA)

iii. Russian Revolution ends Russian participationiv. WW calls for War, using good rhetoric

1. War to End all Wars2. Make the World Safe for Democracy

3. Mobilizationa. Draft (conscription

i. Selective Service Actii. Many Americans were idealistic about joining the war

iii. We noticed many problems while drafting:



of 751. illiteracy2. poor nourishment

iv. This led to Education and Health reform after warb. Labor – for those who remained at home

i. We needed more people to produceii. Blacks and Women got more/better jobs

iii. AFL1. Gompers of AFL offers a no-strike policy2. Gov’t gives Labor the right to strike

iv. War Labor Conference Board – arbitrates between management and labor

v. 8 hour daysc. Business

i. WIB – War Industry Board – Bernard Baruch1. Was responsible to president2. Planned Economy

a. Standardizationb. Fixed pricesc. Allocated materialsd. Controlled gov’t purchases, etc

ii. Dollar a year men – rich men worked for free, practicallyd. Finance

i. 16th amendment – income taxii. Borrowing

1. 4 Liberty Bonds2. 1 Victory Bond

iii. Average American discovers the benefits of investment and this leads to normal people in the stock market

e. Propagandai. CPI – Committee on Public Information

ii. Espionage Act and Sedition Act restrict public speaking against the government

iii. A. Mitchell Palmer rounds up foreigners and causes problemsf. Miscellaneous

i. Shippingii. Food – Herbert Hoover “Wheatless Mondays”

iii. Temperance – save grain for wariv. Railroad – William McAdoo heads gov’t regulation



of 75

WWI - WWII

World War I

4. Causes (In Europe)a. 5 Long Range Causes

i. Imperialismii. Nationalism

1. Italy, Austria, and Germany all recently formediii. Militarismiv. Propagandav. Diplomatic system

1. Bismarck had created the Triple Alliance with Gr, A-H, and It (Was DEFENSIVE ALLIANCE)

b. Immediate Causesi. The assassination of the Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand by Gavrilo

Princip of the Black Hand

c. Other mentioned thingsi. Kaiser Wilhelm was born without a left arm and hated English because

of itii. 1907 Drednot brought Br and Gr naval strengths about equal

iii. Alliances switch during war1. It becomes allied and Jap and U.S. join2. Turkey joins Central Powers

5. American Causesa. Background

i. Initially, WW had said America was “Neutral in thought as well as in deed” but several things changed us to ally with the British

ii. WW sends Colonel House to mediate the war, calling for “peace without victory”, but Gr and Br both refuse to quit

iii. Election of 19161. D WW dfts R Charles E. Hughes

b. Long Term Causes



of 75i. Propaganda

1. Both Br and Gr used propagandaa. English want us to join with them, Germany just wants

neutrality2. British have advantage

a. Similar language and kinshipb. Recent ties (marriages)c. Lords write usd. German atrocity storiese. Sabotage, etc

3. Germany tried to educate us instead of playing Br as the bad guy

4. Professor Albert – head of German spies in Americaa. He left behind his briefcase with spy info that we later

foundii. Economic

1. Financially we can’t afford to have Britain lose the wara. We have a lot of trade, especially with the warb. We loan money we might not get back if Britain loses

iii. Neutral Rights on the High Seas1. Both Britain and Germany violate NR

a. Britain tries continental blockadeb. German U-boats

2. Lusitania (1915) British ship that went from NY-Londona. Germans sunk itb. It carried American passengers that diedc. WW writes ugly letter (Bryan resigns as Secretary of

State and Lansing is appointed)3. Sussex – French Ship

a. Also sunk, Americans dieb. Germany fears U.S. entering and thus signs the Sussex

Pledgec. Sussex Pledge says that Gr promises to “leash” their

subs in order to keep us from enteringc. Short Term Causes

i. Repeal Sussex Pledge1. On February 1, 1917, Germans repeal the Sussex Pledge2. This was a gamble that Germany could starve England before

America could mobilizeii. Zimmerman telegram

1. Gr letter to Mexico that says if U.S. fights and German wins with Mexican help, then Mex. Would get back territory (Tx and CA)

iii. Russian Revolution ends Russian participation



of 75iv. WW calls for War, using good rhetoric

1. War to End all Wars2. Make the World Safe for Democracy

6. Mobilizationa. Draft (conscription

i. Selective Service Actii. Many Americans were idealistic about joining the war

iii. We noticed many problems while drafting:1. illiteracy2. poor nourishment

iv. This led to Education and Health reform after warb. Labor – for those who remained at home

i. We needed more people to produceii. Blacks and Women got more/better jobs

iii. AFL1. Gompers of AFL offers a no-strike policy2. Gov’t gives Labor the right to strike

iv. War Labor Conference Board – arbitrates between management and labor

v. 8 hour daysc. Business

i. WIB – War Industry Board – Bernard Baruch1. Was responsible to president2. Planned Economy

a. Standardizationb. Fixed pricesc. Allocated materialsd. Controlled gov’t purchases, etc

ii. Dollar a year men – rich men worked for free, practicallyd. Finance

i. 16th amendment – income taxii. Borrowing

1. 4 Liberty Bonds2. 1 Victory Bond

iii. Average American discovers the benefits of investment and this leads to normal people in the stock market

e. Propagandai. CPI – Committee on Public Information

ii. Espionage Act and Sedition Act restrict public speaking against the government

iii. A. Mitchell Palmer rounds up foreigners and causes problemsf. Miscellaneous

i. Shippingii. Food – Herbert Hoover “Wheatless Mondays”



of 75iii. Temperance – save grain for wariv. Railroad – William McAdoo heads gov’t regulation

7. Wara. Navy

i. Convoy1. Navel vessels accompany transport ships to keep them safe

b. Armyi. AEF – American Expeditionary Force

1. Led by JJ Pershing2. Notice that we fight as a nation with Br and Fr, not as an allied

force togetherii. We arrive saying “La Fayette, we are here”

c. Russiai. Kerensky’s government falls to the Communist revolution under Lenin

ii. They sign a separate peace with Germanyd. Germany’s final thrust failse. November 11, 1918 the Armistice is signed

i. Armistice means no more fightingii. Germany thought that with WW 14 Points that they would be treated

ok after the war..wrong



of 75

Peace after the War

1. WW and the peace negations before the treatya. WW

i. He is convinced that he gets part of the peaceii. 14 Points – WW vision of a peaceful world

b. Errors in conferencei. Paris – not a neutral site

ii. Held too sooniii. Everyone is invited (winners)iv. Losers (Gr) is not invited

c. American Problemsi. WW went, first president to ever leave

ii. Takes no Republicansiii. Takes no Senators

d. Conference of 10 (each major country had 2 delegatesi. Br – David Lloyd George

1. Naval Supremecy2. Revenge – Khakis election – “squeeze germany”3. Reparation

ii. U.S. – WW1. Self Determination – “World safe for Democracy”

a. Each ethnic group needs to have its own governmentb. Especially Austria Hungary should be split

2. League of Nations – “War to end all wars”iii. Fr – Clemenceau – “Little Tiger”

1. Revenge2. Security3. Return of Alsace-Lorraine

iv. It – Orlando1. Money2. Irredentia – Italian areas that weren’t part of Italy

v. Jap2. Treaty of Versailles

a. Territoryi. Self Determination

ii. Alsace Lorraineiii. Cause problems

1. Ethnic minorities



of 752. Polish corridor – gave Poland the Dansig in order to have a

seaport, Thus splitting Germany into two partsb. Colonies

i. Mandates – gave the colonies to the league of Nations which gave them back to the winning powers

c. Militaryi. WW wanted disarmament

ii. Germany only was demilitarized, no more than 100,000 in the armyiii. Demilitarized the German side of the Rhineiv. Kaiser Wilhelm declared a war criminal

d. #231 and #232i. 231

1. Germany is Totally responsible for causing the warii. 232

1. B/c Germany caused the war, they must pay the total cost of the war

2. Reparations was coined to refer to this paymente. League of Nations

i. WW sacrifices many things to put the LoN in the treaty3. Treaty in America

a. 3 Factionsi. Democrats – for the treaty

ii. Bitter Enders – opposed the treaty, led by William Borahiii. Reservationalists – wanted amendments, led by H.C. Lodge

b. Debate focuses mainly on the League of Nationsc. WW goes on tour, has stroke, and never really recovers. In a sense, he gave

his life to the League of Nationsd. We never sign the Treaty of Versailles



of 75

Age of Normalcy

1. 10 Major Characteristicsa. Disillusionment

i. By Progressive reform that fixed everything and yet nothingii. About War, because we went to war to end wars, and now we have

bickering and red scareb. Isolationism

i. Including refusal to join LoNc. Prosperity

i. “Republican’s Prosperityii. Farmers still excluded

d. Republican controli. Big Business and Laissez-Faire

1. Bruce Barton – “The man who nobody knows” – portrayed Jesus as a businessman

2. High Tariff3. “Profiteering” – the money BB got from the war effort

ii. Anti-Labor1. Boston Police Strike

a. CC sends telegram to Gompers saying they have “no right to strike against the public interest anytime, anyplace”

iii. Anti-Foreign1. Rise of nativism2. WASP’s3. Quota System4. Red Scare

a. Result of Russian Revolutionb. A. Mitchell Palmer’s Raids

5. Sacco-Vanzetti casea. Two Italian atheist, pacifist, anarchists were accused of

robbing a man near Boston. b. Judge Webster Thayer was prejudiced against themc. They were executedd. Was a big deal, miscarriage of justice

6. KKKa. Anti-blackb. Anti-foreignc. “Upheld Moral Code” of America



of 75e. Prohibition

i. Background1. 18th Amendment2. Noble Experiment3. Outlawed the manufacturing, sale, or consumption of alcohol

ii. Evading law1. Speakeasies replaced saloons (called Blind Tigers in

Charleston)2. Izzy and Moe (Federal Agents) were sent to find the

speakeasies iii. Degradation of Legal system

1. Evading law2. People would vote for it and still didn’t obey

iv. Bootleggers, usually Big Business, smuggled the alcoholf. Crime

i. Rise of Gang Warsii. Al Capone

iii. Provided other things, drugs, prostitution, etcg. Automobile

i. Henry Ford’s Model T made it possible for everyone to get a carii. Governmental changes

1. Need for Highways, infrastructure 2. Need for Laws and rules

iii. Economic changes1. Stimulated industry – rubber, steel, petroleum2. Service stations3. Car industry

iv. Social changes1. Suburbs

a. Cities became more democrat, poorb. Suburbs republican, rich

2. People moved more3. Courting

a. Dating replaced coming to call4. Sunday Drive5. Movement of institutions farther away, especially churches

h. New Womani. 19th amendment – vote

ii. ERA – Equal Rights Amendment – didn’t passiii. War helps Blacks and Women

1. Women consolidate their gains, blacks lose itiv. Still some discrimination, but lessv. Change in appearance

1. Bobbed hair – comes from word barbor



of 752. Flappers3. High skirts

i. Cultural Renaissancei. Literary – America emerges on world stage

1. Writersa. F Scott Fitzgerald – Great Gatsby, TSOPb. Earnest Hemmingway – Farewell to Arms, For Whom

the Bell Tollsc. Sinclair Lewis – Mainstreet, Babbitd. John Steinbeck – Grapes of Wrath

2. Southern Writersa. Thomas Wolfe – Look Homeward Angelb. William Faulkner – Sound and Furyc. Margaret Mitchell – Gone with the Windd. Earson Caldwell – Tobacco Road

3. Poetsa. Robert Frost – Wall, Road diverged in the woodsb. Carl Sandburg – Chicagoc. T.S. Elliot – Old Possums book of Practical Cats

4. Harlem Renaissancea. Langston Hughes – poems, Raisin in the Sun

5. Playsa. Eugene O’Neil

6. H.L. Mencken – Literary Critic and Newspaperman (??)ii. Fine Arts

1. Gutson Berghum – sculptor, carved Mt. Rushmore2. Jazz – “The sound heard round the world”

a. Louis Armstrongj. Conformity of the Mind – Example: Scopes Monkey Trial

i. Defense1. John T. Scopes, a Bio teacher in Tennessee2. Darrow – Defense Lawyer3. scientists from U of Chicago

ii. Prosecution1. William Jennings Bryan as lawyer2. Bishop Usher, calculated the world was created about 4004 BC

iii. Judge threw out many of Darrow’s witnesses, Darrow crossed Bryan, who died 2 days after trial

iv. Verdict: Guilty2. Foreign Policy (ESSAYS: Foreign Policy Between the Wars or F.P. in Decade of

Normalcy. Between the wars includes FDR)a. Umbrella of Isolationism – LoN flag on top…on top because we didn’t join,

and not isolationistb. 4 Exceptions to Isolationism



of 75i. Disarmament – WW idealism

1. Public thinkinga. For: Moral virtue and Economic burden of armyb. Con: Preparedness, ability to defend, spending helps

econ., National security2. Acts and Treaties

a. Many meetings between 1919-35b. Washington Conference of 1921 – NAVAL

i. Pushed by Charles Evans Hughesii. Treaty Points

1. Places limit on big ships2. Established the ration of 5:5:3 (Br, U.S.,

Jap) Other nations got 1.75iii. 10 Year naval holidayiv. All the Number Power Treaties (4 Power, etc)

c. London Treatyi. Extended Naval holiday for 5 years

ii. Said if any nation cheated, the others could build up in retaliation

d. Geneva Conferencei. HH suggests that everyone should reduce their

military by 1/3ii. Big Powers oppose it

ii. War Debts / Reparations1. War Debts

a. They are what the allies owe us for loaning them moneyb. Allies didn’t want to pay us b/c they thought that we

were an ally, and therefore our money was our contribution to the war effort. Obviously, we thought it was a loan

2. Reparations a. They are what Gr owes the allies for the warb. Germany is almost backrupt

3. Actsa. Dawes Plan

i. We loan Germany money (we get a mortgage on the railroad)

ii. Forms a nice little circle, where we pay Gr, Gr pays allies, and allies pay us

b. Young Plan (1929)i. Said if U.S. reduced the War Debts then Allies

would reduce the Reparationsii. Finally sets the price of reparations

c. Hoover Moratorium



of 75i. Provides one year suspension for debts, in

response to the Great Depressioniii. Kellogg-Briand Pact (Paris Peace Pact)

1. 62 nations renounce war as an instrument of national policy – makes war “illegal”

iv. Stimson Doctrine1. In response to Japanese invasion of Manchuria2. Said U.S. will not recognize territory seized by force

v. FDR (before 35) [Ends the essay of Normalcy, but is included in other essays]

1. Good Neighbor Policya. Reverses the TR corollaryb. Says we well help in South America, but only to

intervene when asked too2. Recognizes USSR

a. Only diplomatic step, not improvement of communismb. Lets us open trade

3. Tydings-McDuffie Act – Provides Philippine Independence in 10 years

a. Really happens in 46, because of WWII3. Domestic Policy in the Decade of Normalcy

a. Hardingi. Background

1. Election of 1920a. R Warren Harding with CC as VP dfts D Cox/FDR and

Soc. Debs2. Normalcy coined by Harding, was an error

ii. Characteristics1. Mediocre2. Professional Republican3. Scandals

a. Mixed Blood Rumorsb. Nan Harding – “The Presidents Daughter”

4. Bad Grammariii. Foreign Policy

1. Washington Conference2. Unknown Soldier3. Apologized to Colombia for Panama

iv. Domestic Policy1. Budget Bill – headed by Dawes2. Quota Act3. Vetoes Bonus bill (WWI Veterans benefits in 10 years) which

passes over him4. Fordney McCumber Act – Raises Tariff



of 755. Scandals

a. Ohio Gangb. Veterans Bureauc. Treasury – Prohibition, bootleggingd. Teapot Dome – oil reserve that Pinchot set aside that

was given to the Dept. of the Interior and then passed to oil companies

e. Elkhill, similar to Teapot Domef. Harding died before the scandals came out

b. Calvin Coolidge i. Background

1. Became president after Harding2. Election of 1924

a. R CC/Dawes dfts D John Davis/Charlie Bryan and CPPA La Follette

i. CPPA is Committee for Progressive Political Action

ii. Democratic Primary was deadlocked between Al Smith (N, Cath) and William McAdoo (S, Prot)

ii. Characteristics1. Indian Blood2. Governor Mass.3. Boston Police strike4. Not Corrupt5. Quiet – “Silent Cow”

iii. Foreign Policy1. War Debts Dawes Act and Young Act2. Kellogg-Briand Pact

iv. Domestic Policy1. No Important Measures Passed2. Vetoed:

a. McNary – Haugen Bill Later AAAi. Farm Support Bill, Federally subsidized farmers

b. Mussel – Shoals Bill Later TVAi. Would have built dams to make Mussel-Shoals

in TN navigatable c. Herbert Hoover

i. Background1. Election of 1928

a. R HH dfts D Al Smithb. Radio is usedc. South Breaks with the Democrats, votes republican

ii. Characteristics



of 751. Orphan2. Did the Food thing during WWI3. Organizational ability4. Never Previously elected5. Quaker

iii. Foreign Policy1. Stimson Act2. Hoover Moratorium

iv. Domestic Policy [Before The Great Depression]1. Harley-Smoot Tariff – Highest tariff ever even to present day



of 75

The Great Depression

1. Causesa. Long Range

i. Bad Distribution of Income1. 5% owned 1/3

ii. Technological Unemployment1. Caused by machines replacing man-labor

iii. Corporate Structure1. Stock manipulation gave false information

iv. No Government Regulationv. International Trade

1. G.D. was not unique to us, it was a world-wide depressionb. Immediate

i. Collapse of the Stock Market in 19291. Kinds of people affected

a. Some companies were just made of airb. Even sturdy companies fellc. The stock market was encouraged by the war bonds

2. Margin – buying on credit3. Way it crashed

a. People buying on margins could payb. Brokers couldn’t collectc. Banks couldn’t collectd. Savers couldn’t collecte. Less Purchases Econ down Unemploymentf. Was a vicious cycle

2. Hoovers Responsea. Voluntary Responseb. BEF – Bonus Expeditionary Force – veterans want their benefits, McArther

puts them downc. RFC – Reconstruction Finance Corporation – gives aid to business and banksd. Difference in theories between FDR and Hoover

i. Drip Theory (Hoover) – He wanted to give BB money that would drip to the people through investment and employment

ii. Peculator Theory (FDR) – He wanted to give money to the people who would spend it, thus business would pick up, etc

iii. Pump-Priming Concept – They would put “Primer” into the economy which would result in pump flow

e. Election of 1932



of 75i. D FDR/John Garner dfts R HH



of 75

FDR and The New Deal

1. Backgrounda. Election of 1932

i. D FDR/John Garner dfts R HHb. Election of 1936

i. D FDR/Garner dfts R Alf Landonii. First ever poll

iii. FDR shifts toward the left2. Politics – New Democratic Coalition

a. Was a switch from the Republican control from 1860-1932 to the Democratic control until the more or less present day

b. Contained many different groups:i. Rural South

ii. Urban Northiii. Elite – “Brain Trust”iv. Farmersv. Black Americans

1. Switched as FDR had a more colorblind administration and black leaders in politics. Also, his action with Marian Anderson, a operatic soprano

vi. Unions1. AFL – led by William Green

a. Still craft union2. UMW – John Lewis

a. Favored industry-wide unionismb. Unskilled workers

3. CIO – Congress of Industrial Organizations – John Lewis, again

4. Achievements: 44hour work week, $.25 minimum wage, and child labor legislation

c. His cabinet reflected all of these groupsi. Cordell Hull – Secretary of State, from TN

ii. Tim Farley – Postmaster Generaliii. Francis Perkins – Secretary of Laboriv. Henry Wallace – Secretary of Agriculture

d. 2 Political errors i. Court Packing Bill



of 751. Because the Supreme Court killed many of his bills, he

proposed a plan that said if a justice was over 70, he could put others in to help them do their duty

ii. Midterm Elections of 19381. FDR goes into states and supports certain democrats2. Ex. SC’s Cotton Ed Smith

e. 3 Ways of Looking at New Deali. Revolution

1. That the New Deal was the 3rd American revolutiona. The 1st was in 1776 and the 2nd was the Civil War

2. Expanded government, federal authority, and understanding of being an American

ii. Evolutionary1. Every proposal had previous roots in politics

iii. John Maynand Keynes1. British Economist2. Introduced Keynesian economics, the 3rd (and last) economic

style of American history3. 3 Points:

a. Government is responsible for economic stabilityb. During a Depression, the government should “spend

into prosperity”, or use deficit spending, or pump priming

c. Manipulate interest ratesf. Administration characteristics

i. 3 R’s – Relief, Recovery, and Reformii. 100 Days – the first 100 days of FDR’s administration where a lot of

legislation was passed…plays off of Napoleon’s hundred daysiii.

3. Characteristicsa. Wealthy NY, became NY Governorb. Married Eleanor, a distant cousinc. Ran with Cox in ‘20d. Polio

4. 1st New Deal (100 Days) a. Early Amendments

i. 20th – “Lame Duck amendment” - Changes inauguration date to January instead of March

ii. 21st – End Prohibitionb. Banking Legislation

i. Declares Bank Holidayii. FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

1. Federal Gov’t guaranteed safety of banks2. Revolutionary b/c it was gov’t in business



of 753. Evolutionary b/c gov’t should do it

iii. SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission1. Regulates stock market2. guarantees information about stock market3. regulates margins

iv. RFC – Reconstruction Finance Corporation1. Held over from HH – Evolutionary

c. CCC – Civilian Conservation Corpsi. Put young men from cities to do rural conservation work if they sent

half of their money back homeii. Most uncontroversial of all legislation

iii. E/R1. Rev.2. Evo. – Newlands act

d. AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Acti. 1st Domestic Allotment program

ii. Limited the production of certain products in order to raise prices for farmers

iii. Guaranteed price supportsiv. Also happened with livestockv. Declared unconstitutional in U.S. v. Butler

1. “Similarity at local conditions doesn’t justify breaking states rights”

vi. Later, the second AAA passede. NIRA (NRA) – National (Industrial) Recovery Act

i. Provided aid to BB, provided cooperation not competition – un-L-Fii. Codes

1. Manufactures had business codes that encouraged cooperation2. Participants got to show Blue Eagle

iii. Section 7A1. Guaranteed labor the right to bargain collectively2. Guaranteed wage/hour limits

iv. Schecter case declared it unconstitutional1. Sick Chicken case ruled not under interstate commerce2. The act was not later passed again, however the Wagner act

replaced Section 7Av. Rev/Evo

1. Rev – SupC threw it out2. Evo – WIB

f. TVA – Tennessee Valley Authorityi. Builds dams on the TN river to provide

1. Electricity2. Navigation3. Flood Control



of 754. Conservation5. Recreation

ii. Providedd the “yard stick” by which private companies rates could be measured for “reasonable” rates

iii. Was government competing against private companiesiv. Rev/Evo

1. Rev – almost socialistic2. Evo – everything besides power is just internal improvements

5. Thunder on the Left – 3 Men that challenged FDR to shift lefta. Francis Townsend

i. The Townsend Plan1. Would give old people 200 each month as long as they spent it

within that monthii. Affected both old people and their children

b. Huey Long – LA “Kingfish”i. Wanted to make every man a king by a new tax program

ii. It would “soak the rich” and distribute it to the people – robin hood motif

iii. Assassinated in 1935c. Father Caughlin – Catholic priest, new-populist

i. Wanted populist reform6. 2nd New Deal (leftward)

a. Social Securityi. Old age pensions

1. Dole money was almost pity money from government2. SS is tied to work, not Dole, so it is not charity

ii. Aid to children/disablediii. Provided unemployment insurance

1. If you lose your job by no fault of your own, the gov’t guarantees money for a limited period

iv. R/E1. Rev 2. Evo – life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

b. WPAi. Program of work relief

1. Employment of last resort2. Bulk of money went into salaries3. Criticized for boon doggling, just doing busy work

ii. Arts program – employs artists, actors, writers1. writers did states history2. artists painted walls everywhere

iii. NYA – National youth Administration1. provided jobs for kinds in college for tuition

c. New Deal ends in 1938 as WWII leads to a more Conservative swing



of 75

1. FDR’s Foreign Policy before the Wara. Good Neighbor Policy

i. Recognized USSRii. Tyding-McDuffey Act

b. Isolationismi. Nye Committee – investigated the causes of WWI, concluded that the

cause of it was munitions manufactures and BBii. Neutrality legislation

1. No loans without WWI debts paidNo munitions unless cash/carry (Pay with cash, not loans, and get it yourse



of 75

WWIILeading up to WWII

2. FDR’s Foreign Policy before the Wara. Good Neighbor Policy

i. Recognized USSRii. Tyding-McDuffey Act

b. Isolationismi. Nye Committee – investigated the causes of WWI, concluded that the

cause of -it was munitions manufactures and BBii. Neutrality legislation

1. No loans without WWI debts paid2. No munitions unless cash/carry (Pay with cash, not loans, and

get it yourself)3. Causes of WWII (Europe

a. Long Termi. Economic Problems – reparations and the depression

ii. Failure of League of Nationsiii. Failure of Disarmamentiv. Failure to revise the Treaty of Versaillesv. Ethnic Minorities

vi. Rise of Nationalism4. Rise of Ism’s

a. Typesi. Communism-0+9

1. Appealed to poor2. Revolution3. Equality4. State Ownership5. Internationalism

ii. Fascism1. Appealed to Rich2. Legitimate3. Elite4. State Capitalism5. Nationalism

iii. Both result in a police stateb. In Countries

i. Russia – Communist under Stalin1. Revolution led by Lenin, later Stalin became the leader2. 5 year plans, purges, etc

ii. Italy – Fascism under Mussolini1. Fascism was in response to Communism by bourgeoisie



of 752. March on Rome: when Mussolini takes gov’t (or king gives it,

not violent) 3. Mussolini made the trains on time, fixed drainage, and

reconciled with the Popeiii. Germany – Nazis under Hitler

1. Came up through legitimate election2. Wanted 3rd Reich

a. 1st was Charlemagne and HREb. 2nd was Bismarck before WWI

3. Hitler added ethnic superiorityiv. Japanese – Fascists under Tojo (?)

1. Ethnic superioritya. Wanted to create Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity

Sphere2. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, leads to U.S. Stimson

Doctrinec. Formation of Axis and Allies

i. Axis – Italy, Japan, Germanyii. Allies – Russia, Britain, France, and the U.S.

d. Spanish Civil Wari. Overthrew Alfonzo the XIII

ii. Spanish Republic (new gov’t) redistributed the land/wealth, alienating the rich (clergy, nobility, and military)

iii. Franco leads the Nationalists (old gov’t??, rich?)iv. We form the NIC – Non-intervention Committeev. Gr and It help Franco, Rus helps Republic

vi. U.S. responds with Neutrality5. Hitler-Steps to War

a. Rearms Gri. Army and Navy

ii. Violates Treaty of Versaillesiii. We (meaning mainly Fr and Br) don’t act because:

1. Depression2. We realize that the Treaty may have been unfair and

understand why Germany might do these things3. Alternative was War

iv. Appeasement Policy1. Every time Hitler did something “bad” we just disapproved but

did not stand upb. Remilitarized the Rhinec. Anschluss (Union with Austria)

i. Germany wanted to annex Austria because they were ethnically Grii. Gr sends in troops, has vote, and, surprise, Austria wants to join

Germany, so they are annex



of 75iii. Also violates Treaty

d. Sudetenlandi. Munich Conference appeasement

1. Chamberlain, Mussolini, Hitler, Fr PM, but not Czeche. Poland (Polish Corridor)f. Hitler and Stalin signed non-intervention treaty

i. Ends communist push in Americag. Sept. 1939 Hitler invades Poland

i. He takes it quickly, USSR takes some land tooh. Br and Fr declare war

6. WWII Before the U.S.a. Period of Phony War

i. Fr hide behind Maginot lineb. Hitler attacks France by going around Maginot line, takes it in 6 weeks

i. Dunkirk Evacuation: Br saved Fr and Br armyii. Vichy government takes over in lower France, they collaborate

c. Japani. Taking China

ii. Blows up a U.S. shipiii. We freeze Japanese assets

7. American Response to Wara. Hemispheric solidarity – Policy of North America and South America sticking

togetherb. Effort at Neutrality: legislation

i. Cash/Carryii. No loans

c. Isolationismi. FDR’s quarantine speech

1. suggests quarantining aggressor nationsii. America First Committee

1. Responded to by Committee to Save America by Aiding the Allies

d. Election of 1940: D FDR/Henry Wallace dfts R Wendell Wilkie (Me Too Republican)

8. Measures Short of Wara. Exchange of Battleship for naval bases in Greenlandb. Peacetime Draft (1st ever)c. Lend/Lease Program

i. FDR proposes that U.S. sell/loan/provide material for anti-axis-forcesii. We become “arsenal for the allies”

d. Atlantic Charteri. Churchill/FDR

ii. Proposal for postwar world9. We enter the War



of 75a. December 7, 1941: Pearl Harborb. Political decision says that our priority is in Europe, despite Pearl Harbor

i. By this time, Hitler has invaded Russian and they are our alliesii. Unlike WWI, there is an allied supreme command, headed by

Eisenhoweriii. We are only one to really fight Japan

10. WWII with Americaa. Background

i. Can be divided up into two periods: Axis victory (1939-1942) and Allied Victory (1942-)

b. Pacifici. Axis Victory

1. Pearl Harbor2. Phillipines attacked, we lose it3. Doolittle Raid4. Battle of Midway – turns the tide of the war, we destroyed their

carrier fleet and broke several codes5. Guadalcanal – 1st American offensive

ii. Ally Victory1. Leaders

a. Nimitz and Halsey – admiralsb. McArther –General

2. Liberate Philippines3. Attack Japan

a. Iwo Jima – island, 1st attack on traditional Japanese territory

i. We bomb, eventually land and raise the flag on the mountain

b. Okinawa – enormous casualties4. Nuclear Bombing

a. The bombi. Manhattan project was the Nuke project

ii. Oak Ridge – place A-bomb was developediii. Trinity – place A-bomb tested

b. Truman decides to do it because:i. Waning American support for war

ii. Casualtiesiii. Soviet Union had promised to help us in Pacific:

we don’t want them “polluting” any more countries

c. Europe: Western Fronti. Axis Victory

1. Fall of France2. Hitler attacks London, doesn’t work



of 75a. RAF – Royal Air Force

ii. Ally Victory1. Invasion of Italy – 2nd Invasion

a. Choosing the site: Sicily or Sardeniai. “Man who never was” disguised as a chief agent

ii. We strike in Sicilyb. Emmanual kicks out Mussolini, but Mussolini still

leads in the north2. Invasion of France: 3rd Invasion, D-Day

a. Operation Overload or the invasion of Normandyb. Again Gr guesses wrongc. We liberate Paris and push them back

3. Defeat of Germanya. Battle of the Bulge- Gr fails to break a line into the seab. Russians take Berlin firstc. V-E Day – Early May

d. Europe: Eastern Fronti. Axis Victory

1. Attack of Russia2. Siege of Stalingrad: 4 million casualties

a. Failure to take marks some end in Eastern frontii. Ally Victory

1. Russians start pushing Gr back 2. Guerrillas attack Nazis supported by Russia leads to conflict

after the ware. North Africa

i. Axis Victory1. Gr attacks Fr and Br2. Rommel leads Afrika Korps against Montgomery3. Battle of El Alimaine, Br hold them

ii. Ally Victory1. Operation Torch, the 1st invasion – led by Eisenhower2. Practically no resistance in desert

11. Home Fronta. Mobilization

i. Draft and Recruitment1. GI Bill – vets, opportunity and free education, speciall loans

for home/businesses2. WACS – Women’s Auxilary Corps3. Blacks

ii. Business1. WPB – War Production Board2. Labor: no strike policy

iii. OPA – Office of Price Administration



of 751. freezes wages/prices2. system of rationing gas/tires/food3. Black markets develop4. Encourages Victory Gardens

iv. Technology1. development of synthetic rubber, nylon, and margarine2. Medical advancements

v. OCP – Office of Civil Defense1. Practice drills if we were to be attacked2. air raid sirens

vi. Propaganda 1. Disney2. Movies

vii. Question of Civil Liberties1. Relocation of Jap-Am, especially in California2. redressed later by SupC

12. Mobilization for Peacea. Background

i. Big Four (Three) – FDR, Churchill, Stalin and (Chiang Kia-sheck) b. Atlanta Charter – FDR and Churchillc. Casa Blanca

i. Program of Unconditional Surrenderii. Churchill-FDR

d. Yalta Conferencei. Partition of Gr

ii. Controversial b/c of concessions to Staline. Potsdam – in between V-E and V-J

i. Truman – Atlee (U.S. – Br)f. San Francisco Conference of 1945

i. UN



of 75

After WWII

1. Backgrounda. El

2. Foreign Policya. Background

i. Truman and Eisenhower were the presidentsb. Truman

i. Containment1. Contain communism2. This was passive, not active because it prevented expansion

ii. U.N.iii. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1. Mutual Defense2. USSR countered with Warsaw Pact

iv. MP – Marshall Plan1. Provided that America would give money to any country to

rebuild after the war2. This contrasted to the war debts and Dawes’ loans

v. Truman Doctrine1. Economic and Military aid to Greece and Turkey to fight

communismvi. Truman’s Point 4

1. Gives aid to 3rd World countries to fight communismvii. Miscellaneous

1. Division of Germany into 3rd US, Br, and USSR) and then Br and US give Fr a share, too

2. Occupation of Japan by US onlya. Demilitarizationb. McArthur c. We provide the military for Japand. We don’t sign peace treaty until 1951

3. Philippine Independence4. Russians get A-bomb and end our nuclear monopoly5. Chinese Revolution

a. Nationalist Chiang Kiasheck loses war to Mao Tseng and flees to China

b. We refuse to recognize Mao as the leader6. Israel7. Nuremberg War Criminal Trials

a. Grew out of Holocaust



of 75b. At what level can you blame people?

viii. Berlin Crisis - 19481. West Berlin was a “Window on the West”2. Berlin Blockade – closed railroads and Highways

a. If we do nothing, we look badb. Europe is also afraid that we will respond excessively

3. Berlin Airlift – every 3 minutes a plane lands giving food, clothing, etc to the people

4. Allies make united West Germany with a capital at Bonn5. This solidifies our position with the Allies

ix. Korean War 1. North and South Korea were divided at the 38th parallel

a. N was communistb. S was not

2. 25th June, 1950 Korean war began (VN was gradual)3. Again, the communists assumed that the U.S. wouldn’t fight4. Truman presented it to the U.N and a joint force (unlike VN)

declared North Korea an aggressor nation and had U.N peace keeping force sent

5. US sends the most troops, and McArthur leads it6. Limited War

a. Purpose Limited: only push communists out of SK, not surrender

b. Power Limited: we can’t nuke them7. McArthur wanted Chinese invasion, Truman fires him8. China comes into NK, we pump more in, have a war, etc

c. Eisenhoweri. Background

1. John Foster Dulles – Secretary of Statea. “brinkmanship” – brink of nuclear war to keep peaceb. Theory of Massive Retaliation

ii. End of Korean Wariii. Creation of SEATO

1. South East Asia Treaty Organization2. This included Indo-China (VN) and Formosa (Taiwan)

iv. Eisenhower Doctrine1. Promises aid to middle east to fight communism

v. Death of Stalin1. Replaced by Krushchev, leads to a “thaw” in the Cold War2. “Spirit of Geneva” – hopeful period

vi. Hungarian Revolution1. We didn’t support the anti-communist revolution, because it

was in already communist areasvii. Sputnik



of 751. Led to education reform2. Race for Space

viii. Cuba1. Rise of Fidel Castro who turned out to be Red2. Limits of Power3. Our policy really didn’t fit into Containment b/c Cuba was

having an internal revolution, not inspired by Russiaix. U-2

1. A spy play shot down by the Russians2. Francis Gary Powers – pilot3. Russia cancels the summit

3. Domestic Policya. Background

i. Elections1. El 1944

a. D FDR/Truman dfts R Tom Deweyb. FDR dies soon

2. El 1948a. D Truman dfts R Tom Dewey/Warren, Dixiecrat

Thurmond, and Progressive Henry Wallaceb. Dixiecrats and Progressives split from Democratsc. Was an extremely close election

3. El 1952a. R Ike/Nixon dfts D Stevenson

4. El 1956a. R Ike/Nixon dfts D Stevenson (déjà vu)

ii. Amendments1. 13 – 15: Reconstruction2. 16-19: Progressive3. 20-22: New Deal, just kinda random4. 23rd – DC electors equal to that of the smallest state5. 24th – Poll tax eliminated6. 25th – Presidential Succession

a. Designed to provide what would happen if a president or Vice President were to die

b. Had 2 points:i. President can appoint a Vice President with the

consent of Congressii. If the President is unable to function (declared

by himself or a special committee) then the Vice President takes over until he is able to function

7. 26th – 18 to vote, response to VN8. 27th – payment for Congress

b. Truman’s Policy – Fair Deal



of 75i. 1st Term

1. Republican congress doesn’t pass any Fair Deal legislation2. Taft-Hartley Act – “Slave labor act”

a. Says that all labor unions must be anti-communist and they cannot contribute to political campaigns or parties

b. Declares unfair labor practicesc. Section 14B – “lets states have right-to-work laws”

i. These laws meant not having to join a union to gain employment

ii. 2nd Term1. Fair Deal continues2. Red Scare!!

a. McCarthy and McCarthyismi. Condemned without evidence

ii. Guilt by Associationb. Acknowledged espionagec. People

i. Alger Hiss – accusedii. Rosenbergs – Russian spies

3. Civil Rights Legislation – philibustered by Thurmond4. Scandals5. HH commission reorganizes branches of the government

c. Eisenhower’s Domestic Policyi. Background

1. Military Industrial Complex warning2. Middle of the Road Republican – (kind of Me Too

Republicanism)ii. Alaska and Hawaii enter as states

iii. Civil Liberties1. McCarthyism

a. HUAN – House of Un-American activities committeeb. McCarthy vs. the Army – ends McCarthyism

iv. Civil Rights1. Desegregated the Army (really under Truman)2. Jackie Robinson3. Adam Clayton Powell Jr – public letter by Black republican

criticizing DC’s segregation4. Brown v. Topeka, Kansas Board of Education

a. NAACP ran itb. Earl Warren is the judgec. Says that Separate is inherently unequal: eliminates

segregation, and calls for it to happen with all deliberate speed

d. Response: white citizens councils try to evade the court



of 75e. Briggs v. Elliot is SC case that is incorporated into

Topeka case5. Orval Faubes

a. Defies courts desegregation orderb. Ike sends in federal troops (1st time since Whiskey

Rebellion)6. Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott

a. Rise of MLK Jr. and SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference

b. Civil Disobediencec. Brought National attention to the south



of 75

Sixties and Onward

1. Backgrounda. El 1960

i. D JFK/LBJ dfts R Nixonb. El 1964

i. D LBJ/Humphrey dfts R Goldwater (AuH2O)c. El 1968

i. R Nixon/Agnew dfts Humphrey and Am George Wallace “Dimes worth of difference”

ii. Eugene McCarthy challenges LBJ on peace issue, and his success makes LBJ pull out, then RFK assassinated

iii. Chicago police at Dem. Conventiond. El 1972

i. R Nixon/Agnew dfts D George McGovern (peace in VN campaign/ (xEagleton) Shriver

ii. Watergate electione. El 1976

i. D Jimmy Carter dfts R Fordf. El 1980

i. R Reagan dfts D Carter and I Andersong. El 1984

i. R Reagan dfts D Mondale/Ferraro (1st woman on National ticket)h. El 1988

i. R Bush dfts D Dukakisi. El 1992

i. D Clinton dfts R Bush and I Perotj. El 1996

i. D Clinton dfts R Dolek. El 2000

i. R Bush Jr dfts D Gore2. Domestic Policy

a. JFK – “New Frontier”i. Space race

ii. Laboriii. Civil Rights

1. MLK’s march on Washington and “I have a Dream”b. LBJ – “Great Society”

i. 1st Term: Civil Rights Act of 1964: first Civil Rights since Reconstruction



of 75ii. War on Poverty

1. HEW – House Education and Welfare2. HUD – Housing and Urban Development3. Medicare – through Social Security, medical care for old

people4. Medicaid – medical care for poor

iii. Civil Rights1. CR Act of 1965 – “Voting Rights Act”

a. In any state where less than 50% of eligible voters don’t vote, we assume that it is because they are discriminated against

b. Federal intervention, can’t be changed2. MLK Jr. Assassinated

a. Violence3. Watts Riot

a. Violenceb. Black Violence against Black Propertyc. Caused by “rising expectations” that things would get

better, but they didn’t for the average persond. Leads to “Long Hot Summer”

c. Nixon – “Imperial Presidency”, “Law and Order”i. Court Decisions of Earl Warren

1. Civil Rightsa. Brown v. TB of Edu

2. Civil Libertiesa. Giddeon v. Wainwright – 6th Am - says you have the

right to a lawyer, to know that right, and state providing a lawyer

b. Miranda v. Arizona – 5th Am – no person can be forced to testify against themselves “Right to remain silent” and that you cannot be penalized for it

3. 1 man, 1 vote casesa. Baker v. Carr

i. The State House of Representatives must represent approximately equal populations

b. Reynalds v. Simmsi. Same thing, Senate

c. These increase Black and Urban Representationii. Watergate

1. Incident involving break-in at Dem. Convention2. Bernstein and Woodward pursued the story3. CREEP – Committee to RE-Elect the President, Att Gen was

chairman4. Pentagon Papers – commentary on VN that were given to press



of 755. Spearo Agnew –accused of taking bribes, resigns6. Gerald Ford Vice President7. Nixon resigns, Ford President

d. Fordi. Presidential Pardon for Nixon

ii. Chooses Nelson Rockefeller as Vice Presidentiii. WIN – effort to fight stagflation

e. Carteri. OPEC oil crisis

1. High prices2. Limits of Power

ii. Economy1. High Inflation

f. Reagan – “New Federalism”i. Economic

1. Reaganomics – supply side econ or “trickle down” theory with a “safety net” at the bottom

2. Cut taxes business invests trickles down safety net supports people from falling through the cracks

3. Helped eliminate inflation, but increased Federal defecitii. Immigration

iii. AIDSiv. Family Emphasisv. Moral Majority

vi. Attempted assassinationg. Bush Sr.

i. Read my lips, no new taxesh. Clinton

i. Medical reformii. It’s the economy, stupid

3. Foreign Policya. JFK

i. Space Race (military)ii. Peace Corps

iii. OAS – Organization of American Statesiv. Cuba

1. Bay of Pigsa. Makes U.S. look bad internationallyb. “Colossus of the North”

2. Cuban Missile Crisisa. Confrontation with Major Powersb. Blockade of Cubac. “Hotline” between President and USSR

v. Berlin



of 751. Berlin Wall was erected2. Limits of Power

b. LBJi. VN

1. Began in 1954 under Ikea. Indochina divided

2. Differences with Koreaa. No specific start or eventb. Guerilla campaignsc. Not a “war” but a civil struggled. Only U.S., not U.N.

3. Trauma and dissentiona. Favored

i. Containment1. Domino Theory

ii. Patriotismb. Opposed

i. Civil War not real warii. Cost of Victory too high

iii. Politicians and military are lying to usiv. Change country when it is wrong is patrioticv. Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight

vi. Humanity/War crimes4. TV – showed killings in “living color”

c. Nixoni. Visits Red China and recognizes it

ii. Has “Secret Plan” to end ward. Ford

i. VN – gets to be a smaller problem, Vietnamizationii. Kissinger – Secretary of State, Policy of Détente – moving to a relaxed

state in the Cold wariii. Middle East

e. Carter i. Human Rights

ii. SALT IIiii. Returns the Panama Canaliv. Camp David accords – Israel and Egyptv. Iranian Hostages

f. Reagani. Grenada Invasion

1. Off coast of South America2. Makes Latin America uneasy

ii. Nicuragua1. Contra-Sandinista conflict



of 75iii. Iran Hostages released on Reagan’s inaugurationiv. Star Wars defense systemv. Gorbechev and the fall of the Soviet Union

1. Communism mixed2. more freedom

vi. Lebanong. Bush Sr.

i. Berlin wallii. Panama – Noreiga

iii. Desert Storm in Middle easth. Clinton

i. Bosnia



of 75

Themes of the 60’s and 70’s

1. Civil Libertiesa. McCartyismb. Protestsc. Police – anything they do is “right” (or wrong)

2. Civil Rightsa. Dem. Convention of 1948b. Population shift (Blacks move north)c. Legislationd. Violencee. MLK Jr.

3. Violencea. CRb. Black Demonstrationsc. Wh – Bl and Bl – Bld. VNe. Assassinations – RFK, JFK, MLK

4. TVa. Army v. McCarthyb. El 1960 Debatesc. MLK’s march on Washingtond. Violence and VN

5. VN6. Generation Gap

a. Patriotism in VN – Canada and Draft card burningb. Protestsc. Parents remembered depressiond. Hippies – marijuanae. Sexual Revolution

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