gigantism and the island rule tim schmidt. questions what caused the extinction of gigantism...
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Gigantism and the Island Rule
Tim Schmidt
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Questions
What caused the extinction of gigantism (Pleistocene megafauna)?
What are the causes behind the island rule?
Is there a link between the extinction of gigantism in animals and the “island rule”?
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Gigantism (Pleistocene megafauna)
Mega Fauna = Big animal
Pleistocene era ended around 12,000 years ago with recession of last continental glacier
Environmental Changes
Overhunting
journal.davidbyrne.com
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Megafauna vs. Humans
(Barnosky, 2008)
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Irish Elk
http://tembotime.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/irish-elk.gif
• Known for large antlers•Used for fighting (Only in males)•Antlers could reach 3.6 m and weigh almost 40 kg•Change of environment led to lack of nutrients (Calcium)•Could no longer afford antlers energetically•Human hunting•http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2222/2146772919_f9461a59d8.jpg
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Moose vs. Irish Elk
(Moen, Pastor, & Cohen, 1999)
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Island Rule
http://online-show.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/tropical_island_screensaver1.jpg
•Small vertebrates - Gigantism•Competitive Release
•Large vertebrates - Dwarfism•Lack of nutrition•Increased competition•New predators
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Case Study (Lomolino, 2005)
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Conclusion
Similarities between Extinction of Megafauna and Island Ruleo Both have nutritional constraintso New predator relationshipso Increased competition
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Works Cited Barnosky, A, D. (2008). Megafauna biomass tradeoff as a driver of quaternary and future extinctions. PNAS,
105(1), 11543–11548.
Lomolino, M.V. (1985). Body size of mammals on islands: the island rule reexamined. The American Naturalist, 125(2), 310-316.
Lomolino, M.V. (2005). Body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 1683-1699.
McClain, C.R., Boyer, A.G., & Rosenberg, G. (2006). The island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1578-1584
Meiri, S., Dayan, T., & Simberloff, D. (2004). Body size of insular carnivores: little support for the island rule. The American Naturalist, 163(3), 469-479.
Millien, V., & Damuth, J. (2004). Climate change and size evolution in an island rodent species: new perspectives on the island rule. Evolution, 58(6), 1353-1360.
Moen, R.A., Pastor, J., & Cohen, Y. (1999). Antler growth and extinction of irish elk. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 1, 235-249.
Raia, P., & Meiri, S. (2006). The island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology. Evolution, 60(8), 1731-1742.
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Questions?
http://www.anaspides.net/images/anaspides_net/earth_life_sciences/megafauna_extinction/m_prisca_and_friend.jpg