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M u : Gii thiu ti liuC l bn c tng nghe n tn h iu hnh ngun m Linux thng qua cc phng tin truyn thng i chng. Vo thng 3-2004 ti H Ni, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh s cng CICC (Trung tm Hp tc Quc t v Tin hc ho, Nht Bn) t chc Din n Chu ln th 3 v phn mm ngun m (OSS). Nm 2000 v 2002 hi ngh ton quc v Linux cng hp ti H Ni. Nm 2003, mt s quc gia nh Trung Quc, Nht Bn v Hn Quc quyt nh a vic bn a ho Linux vo k hoch pht trin cng ngh phn mm ca mnh. Cn Vit Nam cng c khong hai d n vi nh nh th. Cha trn 10 tui, Linux m rng ra ngoi phm vi nghin cu i hc phc v cho mc ch thng mi v hnh chnh, hoc dng lm h iu hnh cho cc mng my tnh. Qu tht Linux tin trin v hon thin lin tc vi nhng phin bn mi, thm ch nm 2003 cc dng Linux ManDrake v RedHat v.v. u c n bn 9.0. Mt khc Linux cng ngy cng c thm nhiu ngi s dng v v vy m ti liu trong tay bn ra i.

Ti liu ny dnh cho ai?Ngoi chng 1 dnh cho cc nh qun l d n cng ngh thng tin (CNTT), bt c ai quan tm su hn n Linux u c th s dng ti liu ny tm hiu vic ci t, thit lp cu hnh v s dng n, c bit trong mi trng mng. Cc chng trong ti liu ny ch yu s hng dn cch ci t v s dng dng sn phm RedHat v c l l dng Linux ph bin nht v cng d ci t nht t trc n nay. Ring chng 4 dnh cho dng sn phm Caldera. Ngoi ra, ti liu cn cung cp nhng hiu bit khc, th d cp nht v nng cp cc phn mm tng hp vi Linux, hoc in n, h tr an ninh v qun tr h thng mt cch thun tin. i vi nhng ai bit h iu hnh UNIX th vic nm bt Linux s rt n gin. Ngc li, mc d Linux khng phi l UNIX nhng nhiu thao tc v tin trnh cn thit chy Linux cng ging nh trong UNIX. Do khi bit s dng Linux th bn cng c th nm c cc h iu hnh kiu UNIX. Ti liu ny cng ph hp cho nhng ngi mun bit thm v Linux v UNIX m cha c dp s dng hai h iu hnh y. Thm ch, ti liu s c ch vi nhng ngi tuy bit cch ci t Linux v s dng UNIX, nhng cha c dp thc hin cc cng vic qun tr h thng bao gi. Ti liu s gii thch chi tit v cch qun tr v duy tr h thng Linux/UNIX. Mt ngi s dng UNIX bnh thng kh c quyn lm qun tr h thng, song vi Linux th c th tr thnh ch nhn ca ton b h thng. Linux dn xut t UNIX nn cng l mt h iu hnh a ngi dng v a nhim (phc v nhiu ngi v thc hin nhiu vic cng lc). N c th chy trn nhiu b vi x l (c bit trn h Intel t i 386 tr li y) v tng thch vi chun m POSIX. POSIX l mt tiu chun quc t cho cc h iu hnh v phn mm kh chuyn vi nhng thnh phn c th s dng chung, m bo tnh m ca chng.S dng Linux i

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Nhng phn cng tng thchPhn ln Linux c son tho qua Internet bi nhng ng i ca Torvald, do nhng phn cng ca h l tng thch nht vi h iu hnh ny. May sao, nhiu hng sn xut phn cng coi Linux nh mt th trng c tng lai, h cung cp cc thng tin chi tit v sn phm ca mnh to iu kin cho cc nh pht trin phn mm vit trnh iu khin (driver) gip cho phn cng ny chy c trn Linux. Thm ch c cc cng ty t hng cho nhng nh pht trin vit cc driver tng thch Linux, sau ph bin cho mi ngi bit v cng hng quyn li theo giy php GPL, trong khi mt s cng ty khc cn giu thng tin v l do bn quyn v cnh tranh. C th tham kho trn Internet cc trang Web v "Linux Hardware Compatibility" bit chnh xc nhng phn cng no tng thch vi Linux. Cc my tnh Unix thng l chuyn dng v ch lm vic c vi rt t phn cng do chnh cc hng sn xut quy nh (Sun, IBM, HP, Intergraph v.v.). Trong trng hp ph bin nht, ta c th chy Linux mt cch d dng trn rt nhiu my tnh tng hp IBM-PC m khng cn dng n h iu hnh DOS hoc Windows; hn na, Linux cn thay th c hai chng trnh y. Nn phn vng li a cng c ch ci t mt bn Linux ring, mc d cng c phin bn chy ngay trn DOS hoc Windows. Linux l mt chng trnh lun tin trin, cho nn khi cp nht phin bn mi bn phi bit rng mnh c th nh mt nhng d liu ang c trong my. ng ci t Linux nu cha sao lu d liu.

Quy c cch c ti liuLinux v UNIX phn bit ch hoa v ch thng. Khi ti liu ny yu cu bn nhp (g) cc ch ti dng lnh t sau du nhc shell th bn phi nhp chnh xc nhng g c ghi trong ti liu, tc l ch hoa nhp khc ch thng. Kiu ch Courier thng c s dng cho cu lnh phn bit vi cu m t. Cn trong cu m t nu c ch no cn nhn mnh th ch y s c in m. i khi ti liu yu cu bn phi bm vi phm. Th d cc phm c thc hin bng cch bm v gi phm , ri bm phm , sau nh c hai phm ra. Ghi ch: Nhm trnh tnh trng nhm ln ch in hoa hoc in thng mi trng Linux v UNIX, ti liu ny s dng ch in thng i vi phm cn phi bm. Th d, trong ti liu s in l thay v (nu in theo cch th hai, bn c s phn vn khng hiu liu mnh c nn bm nt ri sau phi bm c v c ch C in hoa hay khng. Cc th d cng thng c in bng kiu ch Courier. Th d di y s minh ho phn ng (hi p) ca Linux trn mn hnh hin th sau khi bn nhp vo mt cu lnh. Nhng th d y thng m u bng du nhc shell c hin th nh du dollar ($). Sau du l cu lnh m bn cn nhp vo, v vy bn ng nhp du nhc na.$ lp report.txt & 3146 $ S dng Linux ii

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Trong th d trn bn ch cn nhp nhng g sau du $ dng th nht (ngha l ch nhp chui k t lp report.txt & v bm phm ). Nhng g c hin th cc dng sau chnh l hi p ca Linux i vi cu lnh va nhp vo. Khi trnh by c php ca mt lnh Linux, ti liu ny thng s dng kiu ch in nghing phn bit gia phn phi c v phn bin thin. Hy xem th d sau:lp filename

y phn filename ca cu lnh l mt bin, ngha l n s thay i tu theo bn mun lnh lp lm vic vi ci g. Phn lp l phi c bi v l tn cu lnh. Thng tin v bin c in di dng nghing nhng phi nh rng khi nhp vo th khng nn nhp dng ch nghing. Trong vi trng hp, thng tin cu lnh li mang tnh tu chn, c hay khng c cng c, ngha l cu lnh vn chy m khng cn n thng tin y. Phn tu chn c quy c ng trong cc ngoc vung ([]). Xem th d sau:lp filename [device1] [abc]

y, lp l tn cu lnh, khng phi tu chn hoc bin. Thng s device1 va l bin thin va l tu chn (c in ch nghing v nm trong ngoc vung). Ni r hn, bn c th nhp bt k tn thit b no vo v tr ca device1 (nhng khng nhp ngoc vung), hoc bn khng nht thit phi nhp thng s no vo c. Thng s abc l tu chn (nu bn khng thch s dng th ng nhp vo), song li khng phi l bin. Nu s dng n, bn phi nhp vo ng y nh l in trn ti liu (v, nhc li ln na, khng nn nhp ngoc vung vo). Cc t Ghi ch, Cn thn v Lu trong ti liu ny s c in bng ch nghing m d nhn thy. Cc phn b sung di hn v tch ra khi chnh trong on vn s c t trong mt khung ca s mang tiu ring. Ti liu cng dng cc ch dn tr n chng, mc, bng, danh sch tham kho trong hoc ngoi gio trnh ny. Mi tham kho cho s c dng in nghing gia dng nh sau: Xem "S dng X Window" Nhng thng tin t quan trng hn c th c in bng ch nh tit kim giy

Tm tt ni dung ti liuTi liu ny ngoi phn m u cn c 4 phn, mi phn li bao gm nhiu chng. Phn I: Ci t Linux Phn ny gm c 6 chng, cung cp mt ci nhn chung v h iu hnh Linux cng nh cc ch dn nhanh chng ci t c Linux. Chng 1, "Tng quan v Linux", gii thiu h iu hnh Linux v tng quan v cc yu t hp thnh h Linux. Chng 2, "Chun b ci t Linux", ngoi cch ci t tng qut cn bn thm v cc loi phn cng thch hp, cng vi nhng vn tim tng v gii php.S dng Linux iii

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Chng 3, "Ci t RedHat Linux", hng dn cch ci t bn pht hnh RedHat. Chng 4, "Ci t Caldera OpenLinux", hng dn cch ci t bn pht hnh Caldera. Chng 5, "Bt u s dng Linux", gii thiu s dng mt s ng dng c bn trn h Linux sau khi ci t xong. Chng 6, "Nng cp v ci t phn mm vi RPM", cung cp thng tin cn thit ci t nhng phn mm mi bng cch s dng RedHat Package Management (RPM). Ngoi ra chng 6 cn gip tm hiu vic ci t phn mm t Internet v cp nht cc chng trnh hin c. Phn II: Qun tr h thng Phn ny gm c 7 chng, cung cp cc thng tin dng thit lp cu hnh v qun l mt h Linux tiu biu. Chng 7, "Qun tr h thng Linux", cung cp kin thc ngn gn v cc tin trnh cn thit cu hnh v duy tr mt h iu hnh Linux. Chng 8, "Trnh son tho vn bn vi", gip bn bit s dng cng c son tho vn bn ph bin nht trong cc h Linux/UNIX. Chng 9. "Khi ng v ng tt", gii thiu nhng g din ra khi khi ng hoc ng tt h iu hnh Linux, sau s gii thch ti sao khng th tt my bng cch ngt ngun in. Chng ny cng m t nhng tp m Linux s s dng khi ng my. Chng 10, "Qun l trng khon", cho bit cch thm vo, g b v qun l trng khon ca ngi s dng trn h thng Linux. Chng 11, "Sao lu d liu", gii thch s cn thit phi sao lu d liu v cch thc ct gi mt h thng chy Linux. Chng 12, "An ninh h thng", cung cp mt ci nhn tng th v an ninh d liu trn h Linux, sau gii thch nhng thao tc cn thit nhm duy tr h thng an ton mt cch hp l. Chng 13, "Thit lp cu hnh li Linux", minh ho cch thc thit lp cu hnh ca mt li (kernel) Linux trn phn cng, p dng cho bt k bn pht hnh no. Phn III: H thng tp v th mc Phn III gm c 4 chng, gip bn tn dng khai thc cc li im ca Linux. Tt c kin thc c c t bn chng sau y cng s d dng p dng cho cc h iu hnh thuc h UNIX: Chng 14, "Qun l h thng tp", cho bit cch to ra cc tp, thao tc v s dng h thng tp trn Linux. Chng 15, "S dng Samba", trnh by cch cu hnh cho Linux s dng c Samba vi nhng h thng tp khc. Chng 16, "H thng tp Linux", gii thch v cc quyn hn ca tp i vi ngi s dng h thng Linux v cc loi tp.S dng Linux iv

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Chng 17, "Qun l tp v th mc", gii thiu chi tit v t chc v c cu ca h thng tp trn Linux, quy c cch t tn tp, cng vi cc th bc ca th mc. Phn IV: Lm vic vi Linux Phn IV gm c 4 chng, b sung k nng thao tc trn cc cng c dng lnh v nhng tin ch khc. Chng 18, "Cc shell ca Linux", gii thiu v shell script v cc dng shell thng thy nhng phin bn khc nhau ca Linux. Chng 19, "Qun l a tin trnh", khm ph cc kh nng ca Linux khi chy cng lc nhiu tin trnh khc nhau. Ta s hc cch khi ng a tin trnh, cch qun l, kim sot v ngng tin trnh. Chng 20, "In n", lc gii qu trnh in, t cc hiu bit c bn v in n cho n vic ra lnh in, kim tra hin trng my in ngng tin trnh in, v gii quyt nhng vn ph qut lin quan n in n. Chng 21, "S dng X Window", cung cp thng tin cn thit chy X Window trn Linux.

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Chng 1. Tng quan v Linux

Chng ny ch yu dnh cho cc nh qun l d n cng ngh thng tin. Tuy khng tht cn thit cho vic ci t v s dng Linux, nhng ni dung ca n cng c th b ch cho bt k ai mun tm hiu v nhng ch sau y:-Linux l g? -Ti sao Linux pht trin? -Cc bn pht hnh Linux -Li ch ca Linux -Ai pht trin Linux? -Linux cng sinh vi Windows -Thng mi ha Linux -UNIX v Linux -Tc quyn v bn quyn Linux

1.1 Linux l g?Linux xut hin nh mt sn phm ngun m min ph v n nay c th snh vai vi cc h iu hnh thng phm nh MS Windows, Sun Solaris v.v. Linux ra i t mt d n hi u nhng nm 1990 c mc ch to ra mt h iu hnh kiu UNIX ci t trn my tnh c nhn chy vi b vi x l Intel, tng hp h my tnh IBMPC (cn gi tt l PC). T lu, UNIX ni ting l mt h iu hnh mnh, tin cy v linh hot, nhng v kh t nn ch yu ch dng cho cc trm tnh ton hoc my ch cao cp. Ngy nay Linux c th ci t trn nhiu h my tnh khc nhau, khng ch ring cho h PC. Qua Internet, Linux c hng nghn nh lp trnh khp trn th gii tham gia thit k, xy dng v pht trin, vi mc tiu khng l thuc vo bt k thng phm no v cho mi ngi u c th s dng thoi mi. Khi thu, Linux xut pht t tng ca Linus Torvalds, khi chng sinh vin i hc Helsinki Phn Lan mun thay th Minix, mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX. V c bn, Linux bt chc UNIX cho nn cng c nhiu u im ca UNIX. Tnh a nhim thc s ca Linux cho php chy nhiu chng trnh cng lc. Vi Linux, bn c th ng thi thc hin mt s thao tc, th d chuyn tp, in n, sao tp, nghe nhc, chi game v.v. Linux l h iu hnh a ngi dng, ngha l nhiu ngi c th ng nhp v cng lc s dng mt h thng. u im ny c v khng pht huy my trn my PC nh, song trong cng ty hoc trng hc th n gip cho vic dng chung ti nguyn, t gim thiu chi ph u t vo my mc. Ngay c khi nh, bn cng c th ng nhp vo Linux vi nhiu trng khon (account) khc nhau qua cc terminal o v t chc dch v trn mng ring cho mnh bng cch s dng Linux vi nhiu modem (xem chng 10).

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C th k tn cc h iu hnh min ph khc nh FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD v.v. Cng phi k n nh hng ln cng ty Sun (ch nhn ca ngn ng Java) v Sun mun cung cp h iu hnh Solaris dng min ph trn my PC. Phin bn Solaris chy trn chip Intel s tr nn mt i th ng gm ca Linux vi m ngun m v nh danh ting l h iu hnh rt n nh v tng thch vi h Solaris chy trn chip Sun SPARC. Bn thn vic c lp vi nhng cng ty ln cng tim tng mt im yu ca Linux. Khi cha c mt mng li ring cung cp dch v bo tr th tt nhin ngi ta s ngi s dng Linux. Tuy th, vi s pht trin ca Internet, cc t chc h tr ngi dng Linux to nn cc Website v forum tho g cho bn nhiu vn kh khn. Hn na Linux c th khng chy tt vi mt s phn cng t ph bin, thm ch vic hng hc hoc xo mt d liu i khi cng xy ra, bi v Linux lun thay i v kh c th nghim y trc khi a ln Internet. Linux khng phi l chi sn c, n c thit k nhm mang n cho ngi s dng cm gic cng tham gia vo mt d n mi. Tuy nhin thc t cho thy Linux chy tng i n nh v cho bn mt c may khng tn km hc v s dng UNIX, mt h h iu hnh chuyn nghip hin nay ang c rt nhiu ngi dng trn cc my ch v trm tnh ton cao cp.

1.2 Ti sao Linux pht trin?Trc ht, Linux pht trin v l mt trong nhng h iu hnh min ph v c kh nng a nhim cho nhiu ngi s dng cng lc trn cc my tnh tng thch vi PC. So vi nhng h iu hnh thng phm, Linux gip bn t phi nng cp v li khng cn tr tin, cng nh phn ln cc phn mm ng dng cho n. Hn na, Linux v nhng ng dng c cung cp vi c m ngun min ph m bn c th ly v t Internet, sau chnh sa v m rng chc nng ca chng theo nhu cu ring. Linux c kh nng thay th mt s h iu hnh thuc h UNIX t tin. Nu ti ni lm vic m bn s dng UNIX th nh bn cng thch s dng mt h no ging nh th nhng r tin. Linux gip bn d dng truy cp, lt qua cc Website v gi nhn thng tin trn mng Internet. Nu bn l mt qun tr vin UNIX th v nh bn cng c th s dng Linux thc hin mi cng vic qun tr h thng. Mt nguyn nhn khc lm cho Linux d n vi ngi dng l n cung cp m ngun m cho mi ngi. Chnh iu ny khin mt s t chc, c nhn hay quc gia u t vo Linux nhm m rng s la chn ra ngoi cc phn mm ng kn m ngun. H cho rng, mc d c dch v hu mi nhng khng g m bo c rng khi dng cc sn phm ng kn ny trn Internet, cc thng tin c nhn hay quc gia ca h c b gi v mt t chc hay mt quc gia no khc hay khng. Th d Trung Quc pht trin h iu hnh Hng K t kernel ca Linux khng b l thuc Microsoft Windows, cng nh h ang t nghin cu b vi x l Hng Tm thay th cho h chip Intel.

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Ti Vit Nam, vic nghin cu xy dng mt h iu hnh t kernel Linux thu c mt s thnh cng nht nh. Chc bn cng bit n Vietkey Linux v CMC RedHat Linux (phin bn ting Vit ca RedHat Linux 6.2). Gn y, cc cng ty ni ting nh IBM, Sun, Intel, Oracle cng bt u nghin cu Linux v xy dng cc phn mm ng dng cho n.

1.3 Cc bn pht hnh LinuxNhiu ngi bit n cc nh sn xut phn mm RedHat, ManDrake, SuSE, Corel v Caldera. C th chnh bn cng tng nghe n tn cc phin bn Linux nh Slackware, Debian, TurboLinux v VA Linux, v.v. Qu tht, Linux c pht hnh bi nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau, mi bn pht hnh l mt b chng trnh chy trn nhm tp li (kernel) ca Linus Tordvalds. Mi bn nh vy u da trn mt kernel no , th d bn RedHat Linux 6.2 s dng phin bn kernel 2.2.4. Hng RedHat lm ra chng trnh qun l ng gi RPM (RedHat Package Manager), mt cng c min ph gip cho bt c ai cng c th t ng gi v pht hnh mt phin bn Linux ca chnh mnh. Th d bn OpenLinux ca Caldera cng c to ra nh th.

1.4 Li th ca LinuxTi sao c th chn Linux thay v chn mt trong nhng h iu hnh khc chy trn PC nh DOS, Windows 95/98, Windows NT, hoc Windows 2000 ? Linux cung cp cho bn mt mi trng hc lp trnh m hin nay cha c h no snh c. Vi Linux, bn c y c m ngun, trong khi cc sn phm mang tnh thng mi thng khng bao gi tit l m ngun. Cui cng, Linux mang n cho bn c hi sng li bu khng kh ca cuc cch mng vi tnh trc kia. Cho n gia thp nin 1970, my tnh in t cn l sn chi ring ca cc t chc ln, chng hn nh chnh quyn, tp on doanh nghip v trng i hc. Ngi dn thng khng th s dng nhng thnh tu k diu ca cng ngh thng tin. Song vi s xut hin ca b vi x l u tin (1971) ri my tnh c nhn (1975), mi vic thay i. Thot tin, l t dng v ca cc tay hacker say m vi tnh. H thm ch c th t lm ra nhng my tnh c nhn v h iu hnh n gin, nhng cc h ny cha lm g c nhiu gc hiu nng. Vi kinh nghim tch lu dn theo nm thng, mt s hacker tr thnh nh doanh nghip, ri cng vi kh nng tch hp ngy cng cao ca cc vi mch, PC tr thnh ph bin (rt tic hin nay x hi thng ngh xu v ch "hacker", xin mi bn xem thm mc "Ai pht trin Linux?" cui chng ny phn bit r hn hacker v cracker l nhng ai). Ngy nay Linux ang lm mt cuc cch mng lnh vc phn mm h thng. Linux l l c tp hp nhng con ngi khng mun b kim st bi cc hng khng l nhn danh kinh t th trng lm x cng c sng to v ci tin. Vi Linux bn s khai thc c nhiu th mnh ca UNIX. Trong s nhng h iu hnh thng dng hin nay, Linux l h iu hnh min ph c nhiu ngi s dngS dng Linux 3

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rng ri nht. Bn thn Linux h tr sn sng b giao thc mng TCP/IP, gip bn d dng kt ni Internet v gi th in t. Linux thng i km XFree86 l mt giao din ho cho ngi s dng (GUI) v cng c pht hnh min ph. XFree86 cung cp cho bn cc chc nng ph bin mt s thng phm khc, chng hn nh Windows. Tnh kh chuyn ca mt h iu hnh gip bn chuyn n t mt nn ny sang nn khc m vn hot ng tt. Th d UNIX l mt h c tnh kh chuyn cao. Ban u UNIX ch hot ng trn mt nn duy nht, l my tnh mini DEC PDP-7. Hin nay UNIX v Linux c kh nng chy trn bt k nn no, t my xch tay cho n my tnh ln. Nh tnh kh chuyn, cc my tnh chy UNIX v Linux trn nhiu nn khc nhau c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch chnh xc v hu hiu. Nhng h ny c th hot ng m khng cn phi b sung thm bt k giao din lin lc t tin no, m thng thng bn phi mua thm sau khi mua nhng h iu hnh khc. Linux c hng ngn ng dng, t cc chng trnh bng tnh in t, qun tr c s d liu, x l vn bn n cc chng trnh pht trin phn mm cho nhiu ngn ng, cha k nhiu phn mm vin thng trn gi. Ngoi ra Linux cng c hng lot tr chi gii tr trn nn k t hoc ho. Phn ln nhng chng trnh tin ch v ng dng c sn cho Linux li khng mt tin mua. Cc bn ch phi tr chi ph cho vic ti chng t Internet xung hoc tr cc ph bu in. n vi Linux, gii lp trnh s c mt lot cc cng c pht trin chng trnh, bao gm cc b bin dch cho nhiu ngn ng lp trnh hng u hin nay, chng hn nh C, C++. Bn cng c th dng ngn ng Pascal thng qua trnh bin dch FreePascal. Nu bn khng thch s dng nhng ngn ng va k, Linux c sn cc cng c nh Flex v Bison bn xy dng ngn ng ring cho mnh. Hai khi nim hin nay c cp rt nhiu l h thng m (open system) v tnh lin tc (interoperability) u gn vi kh nng ca nhng h iu hnh c th lin lc vi nhau. Phn ln cc h m i hi phi tho mn tng thch tiu chun IEEE POSIX (giao din h iu hnh kh chuyn). Linux p ng nhng tiu chun y v c lu hnh vi m ngun m.

1.5 Ai pht trin Linux?Ni chung, Linux l mt h thng c xy dng bi cc hacker v cho cc hacker. Mc d hin nay trong x hi t hacker thng c hm tiu cc, song nu theo ngha ban u th hacker khng phi l ti phm. Hacker tm hiu nhng g c bn trong mt h thng cho n tng chi tit v c kh nng sa cha nu h thng y b hng hc. a s cc hacker khng xm nhp h thng v tin bc hoc c , mc d sau ny c nhng ngi vt qua gii hn y v b tp th cc hacker gi l cracker (tin tc) hay hacker m en. Gii hacker cm thy b xc phm khi mi ngi xem h nh l ph hoi v gi chung l tin tc. Thc ra, nhng hacker chn chnh, cn gi l hacker m trng, rt c cng trong vic pht hin k h ca cc phn mm, gip mi ngi v ch nhn ca nhng phn mm y cnh gic trc s tn cng ca gii tin tc. Cng nh cng cuc bo v ny mS dng Linux 4

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Linux v cc ng dng Linux (ni rng hn l cc phn mm ngun m) cng ngy cng an ton hn Ngoi i, phn ln nhng ngi s dng UNIX ch c cp cho mt s trng khon vi quyn hn thu hp, do mt ngi bnh thng khng th th nghim y cc cu lnh UNIX. Vi Linux bn c mt phin bn hot ng tng t UNIX nhng cho php qun tr, s dng, vo ra thoi mi khng gii hn, mt iu him gp trong cuc sng. Linux cho bn bit th no l lm hacker, song chng ti hy vng t bn s khng tr thnh cracker.

1.6 Linux cng sinh vi WindowsV nguyn tc, tt c cc phn mm ang chy trn DOS hoc Windows s khng chy trc tip vi Linux, nhng 3 h iu hnh ny c th cng sinh trn cng mt my PC, d nhin mi lc ch chy c mt h iu hnh thi. Bn cng c th ci thm mt chng trnh c bit tn l "VMWARE" phng to mt hay nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau chy ng thi trn cng mt my vi iu kin my ca bn phi c mt cu hnh thch hp v mnh. Ngi ta cn xy dng nhng chng trnh phng to mi trng Windows v DOS trn nn Linux. Cng ty Caldera chuyn WABI (Windows Applications Binary Interface) ca Sun sang Linux., cho php cc ng dng Windows 3.1 chy vi Linux. Caldera bn sn phm va k trn v nhiu ng dng Linux song vn biu khng phin bn RedHat chy cc ng dng do hng bn ra. Caldera cn th chuyn mt phin bn DR DOS sang Linux. Chng trnh WINE cng c s dng nh mt mi trng phng to Windows c th chy cc ng dng Windows trong Linux. Ni chung, Linux c kh nng chy cc ng dng Macintosh, DOS v Windows. Ngc li, cng c nhiu ngi ang son tho nhng chng trnh phng to Linux trn nn Windows nh tng c chng trnh cho php chy cc phn mm Macintosh trn nn Sun v Windows. Bn c th xem cc thng tin lin quan mi nht trn cc Web site v Linux. Mun ci t Linux bn phi phn vng li cng my mnh, mc d khng phi lc no cng nht thit lm nh th. Bn phi xo mt phn cng cha chng trnh v d liu c sn trong . Hin nay, vic ci t Linux m khng phn vng li cng c gii quyt nhng khi chy vn cn chm. Do khi d nh ci t Linux bn nn sao lu cng ra vi ba bn. cng cng cn phi cn ch cho c Linux v nhng h iu hnh khc, bn phi quyt nh ci no gi li v ci no b i. Bn c nhiu la chn phn vng li cng. Chng hn bn c th dnh ch ring cho DOS v Linux, hoc bn chy mt chng trnh phn vng cng m khng phi xo cc tp c sn. Tuy nhin ri ro mt d kin khi ci t vn cn . Khi phn vng li cng, bn s kim st vng a dnh ring cho Linux hu hiu hn, v Linux cng chy tt hn. Dung lng a cng dnh cho Linux s tu vo vic bn mun ci bao nhiu ng dng v l phin bn Linux no. Bn cn c t nht 300 MB trng trn a cng nu mun ci RedHat 7.2, cha k n tt c ccS dng Linux 5

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chng trnh v d liu m bn mun gi li t h iu hnh trc . Nu cng ca bn cn nhiu hn th cng tt. Bn cn phi hc cch qun l h thng Linux tr thnh qun tr vin h thng (system administrator hoc sys admin). Cng vic ca qun tr vin h thng bao gm: thm bt trng khon cho nhng ngi s dng, u n sao lu d liu, ci t thm phn mm mi, thit lp cu hnh h thng, v gii quyt cc hng hc. Linux cng ngy cng ph bin v th ngun ti liu hin nay rt phong ph. Phn ln cc bn pht hnh Linux u km theo hng ngn trang ti liu. C th d dng tm thy nhng thng tin tng t ti th mc /DOCS trn cc CD cha Linux.

1.7 Thng mi ho LinuxCng nh mi phn mm, Linux cha th khc phc ht ngay nhng bt tin v sai st. Nhng r rng cng ngy cng c thm cng ty mi u t cho Linux v a ra cc gii php t nhiu c tnh thng mi vi gi rt r. Xin nu tn hai trong s cc cng ty l RedHat v Caldera. C hai cng ty ny u tr gip k thut qua e-mail, fax v qua mng cho nhng ngi mua cc phin bn Linux v sn phm ca h m khng dnh cho nhng ngi sao chp cc bn min ph. V tnh kinh t, Linux v cc chng trnh km theo thng c chy trn mng ni b ca nhiu doanh nghip, chng hn lm cc dch v Web, tn min (DNS), nh tuyn (routing) v bc tng la. Nhiu nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) cng dng Linux lm h iu hnh chnh. Ngoi vic phn phi RedHat Linux vi RPM, doanh nghip RedHat cn c nhng sn phm khc, th d b ng dng vn phng Applixware, bao gm mt phn mm x l vn bn, mt phn mm bng biu, mt phn mm trnh din, mt cng c th in t cng vi nhiu cng c trin khai lp trnh v giao din ho XFree86... Nhng ch cn tr khong mt na gi bn ca ring Windows XP thi, bn s nhn c mt bn RedHat km cc phn mm ni trn m khng cn phi mua thm MS Office, v.v. Caldera lc u ch pht hnh t mng Internet cc sn phm da trn RedHat v Novell, trc khi c OpenLinux, mt h iu hnh gi r vi kernel 2.x. Sn phm ny bao gm mt giao din ho c kh nng qun l h thng v ti nguyn mng, cng vi cc ng dng mng ch yu. OpenLinux tch hp mt X server thng mi ca MetroLink v mt phin bn trnh duyt ng k y ca Netscape Navigator. Hin nay, Caldera tch ring OpenLinux thnh 2 sn phm khc nhau: mt dng cho my tnh c nhn v mt dng cho my ch. Caldera cng pht hnh bn Corel WordPerfect cho Linux, cng vi mt b ng dng vn phng hng Internet. Ngoi ra Caldera cn pht trin phn mm tng thch cng ngh WABI ca SunSoft, cho php ngi dng cui chy cc ng dng Windows trn nn Linux.

1.8 UNIX v LinuxLch s Linux pht xut t UNIX v c th lin quan n Minix. Minix l mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX, minh ho b sch gio khoa rt ni ting do Tannebaum vit tS dng Linux 6

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gia nhng nm 1980. Minix tng ph bin trn nhiu my tnh mini v PC. Cn Bell Laboratories thuc cng ty AT&T l ni h iu hnh UNIX sinh ra, song chnh cc tp th v c nhn khc ci thin UNIX qua nhiu nm. T nm 1969, Thompson v cc cng s Bell Laboratories pht trin UNIX, mt h iu hnh rt linh ng v ph hp vi nhiu yu cu khc nhau ca gii lp trnh. Khi thu, h iu hnh MULTICS ca Vin MIT gi cho Thompson vit c sn phm ca mnh, nhng sau ny ch c UNIX tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip cho cc h iu hnh a nhim v a ngi dng. Nm 1978, Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) thuc i hc Berkeley ti California pht trin phin bn UNIX u tin ca mnh t nn phin bn UNIX v.7 ca AT&T, vi sao cho UNIX tr nn thn thin hn vi ngi s dng. Mc d khng hon ton tng thch vi UNIX nguyn thu ca AT&T, phin bn BSD UNIX vn t c mc tiu ra nh nhng tin ch mi lm nhiu ngi hi lng. Sau BSD pht hnh FreeBSD, mt phin bn dnh cho h vi x l Intel 386 v phn phi kh hn ch qua Internet hoc CD-ROM, ri cc tc gi cng b bn ny trn tp ch Dr. Dobb's. Hin nay bn thng phm ca FreeBSD tr thnh mt h iu hnh thng dng tng t nh Linux. UNIX System Laboratories (USL) l mt cng ty ra i t AT&T v tng trin khai UNIX System V t u thp nin 1980. Trc khi c Novell mua li hi nm 1993, USL s hu m ngun ca tt c cc phin bn xut x t UNIX System V. Tuy nhin hi y USL cha bn ra c nhng bn sn sng cho ngi tiu dng. Bn pht hnh ng nh nht ca USL l UNIX System V Release 4.2 (SVR4.2). y l ln u tin m USL tham gia vo th trng vi qui m ln. Lc y Novell v USL khai trng mt cng ty lin doanh mang tn Univel sn xut hng lot phin bn SVR4.2 gi l UnixWare. Khi mua li USL, Novell chuyn vai tr trng tm ca USL t nh sn xut m ngun thnh nh pht hnh UnixWare. Cui cng Novell li bn UNIX ca mnh cho cng ty Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). Gn y SCO pht hnh bn SCO UNIX mt ngi dng (single-user), tuy nhin chi ph ln n 19 USD, kh cnh tranh c vi Linux a ngi dng. Hn na SCO khng cng b m ngun h iu hnh ca mnh. T cui thp nin 1970, Microsoft cng tng pht trin phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l XENIX. n nm1981, trong thi k cao im ca cuc cch mng vi tnh, my tnh c nhn IBM-PC ra i vi h iu hnh n nhim mt ngi dng DOS. Kh nng x l ca PC tng dn v bt u snh ngang cc my tnh mini vo cui thp nin 1980, khi s ra i ca b vi x l Intel 386 cho php XENIX c th chy trn PC. Microsoft v AT&T ng nhp XENIX v UNIX vo thnh mt phin bn duy nht gi l System V/386 Release 3.2, c kh nng hot ng hu nh trn mi cu hnh phn cng ca PC 386. Sun Microsystems c ng gp ln lao vo vic m rng th trng UNIX khi sn xut ra cc my ch v my trm chy vi h iu hnh SunOS trn nn UNIX BSD. Cui cng BSD v SVR4 cng hi t v tng thch vi nhau. IBM bc vo th gii ca UNIX bng sn phm mang tn h iu hnh AIX (Advanced Interative Executive). Cc cng ty HP v Apple cng pht trin phin bnS dng Linux 7

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UNIX ca mnh, gi l HP-UX v A/UX. Mc d AIX, HP-UX v A/UX khng ni ting bng vi phin bn UNIX khc, song chng chy rt tt v c mt th phn ng k. Cc cng ty ni trn u gi bn quyn phin bn UNIX ca mnh, trong khi DOS v MS Windows thuc v Microsoft. Vy ai l ch s hu ca Linux?

1.9 Tc quyn v bn quyn LinuxNi chung, Linux khng phi l phn mm cng cng, bi v cc thnh t ca n c nhiu ngi khc ng k tc quyn. Linus Torvalds gi tc quyn v kernel Linux. Cng ty RedHat l ch ca phin bn RedHat Linux, v Patrick Voldkerding gi tc quyn bn Slackware Linux v.v. Nhng nhiu tin ch Linux li c giy php cng cng GPL (GNU General Public License). Qu thc, Torvalds cng nhiu ngi ng gp cho Linux t cng trnh ca mnh di s bo v ca GPL. Bn c th xem ton vn GPL trn Internet hoc trong tp mang tn "copying" ca mi bn pht hnh Linux. Bn quyn y i khi c gi d dm l Copyleft i lp ch Copyright. GPL p dng cho phn mm thuc phong tro GNU (cng chi ch: GNU's Not UNIX) v FSF (Free Software Foundation), cho php to ra phn mm t do cho tt c mi ngi. T do hiu l mi ngi u c quyn s dng phn mm GPL v ty thch chnh sa n theo nhu cu ring ca mnh nhng phi nh rng khng c gi ring bn chnh sa y m phi ph bin rng ri cho ngi khc cng s dng v tip tc thay i theo h. GPL cho php tc gi chng trnh c gi tc quyn php l; song tc gi phi cho ngi khc thao tc, thay i, v thm ch bn chng trnh mi c vit li. Tuy nhin mt khi bn i ri th ngi bn khng c cm ngi mua thay i chng trnh v phi cung cp m ngun. l l do ti sao Linux n vi bn cng ton b m ngun y v m.

S dng Linux

8

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Chng 2. Chun b ci t LinuxBn s tm thy sau y cc thng tin cn thit trc khi ci t bt c bn pht hnh Linux no trn PC. Xin nh rng Linux khng phi l mt thng phm, do cn phi chun b i ph cc trc trc nu c. Bn c th c thm cc HOW-TO, ngoi nhng mc hng dn kh y trong chng ny nh:-Chn cu hnh phn cng -Dung lng a v b nh -Nhng cch ci t Linux -Phn vng a cng

Ghi ch: Ti liu ny gi nh rng bn c kin thc v DOS v nhng thao tc nh to khun dng (format) a cng, lp bng phn vng (partition) v kch c ca cung a (sector). Nu bn cn cha r nhng thut ng ny th hy tm c mt ti liu v s dng DOS 6.2 hoc nh s gip ca mt ngi hiu bit my PC. Lu : Ci t h iu hnh c ngha l thay i c h thng qun l my tnh, v vy hy cn thn v chun b sn giy bt ghi chp cc thng tin cn thit.

2.1 Chn cu hnh phn cngiu kin ci t Linux thnh cng l c cc phn cng ph hp. Mun chn cu hnh cho tng xng, bn phi bit trc bao nhiu ngi s s dng h thng v s chy nhng ng dng no. T bn tnh ra cc yu cu v b nh, dung lng a cng, chng loi thit b u cui, v.v. Ngy nay, a s cc my tnh c ci t Linux u l PC v thng cng ch ci t phin bn cho mt ngi s dng, mc d cc my y c th lin kt vi nhiu h thng Linux v UNIX ln hn. Nu bn ci t phin bn Linux cho mt ngi dng (trng hp hay gp nht) th bn cng l qun tr vin ca h thng. Bn c trch nhim hiu r h thng thc hin chc nng qun tr, sao cho h thng chy ti u. Bn phi bo m dung lng ti thiu trn a cng, sao lu u n, cc thit b kt ni vi h u c trnh iu khin (driver) v cc phn mm ci t thch hp, v.v.. Bn nn chn la cc loi phn cng m chnh a s nhng ngi to ra Linux s dng. Cc cng ty pht trin phn mm thng phm thng chy th sn phm ca h trn nhiu phn cng khc nhau, cn cng ng tnh nguyn trin khai Linux ch c my tnh ca chnh mnh. Cng may l cng ng Linux kh ng o cho nn hu ht nhng phn cng tiu chun ca PC u c Linux chp nhn. Lu : Linux l mt h thng tin ho v thnh thong li c thng tin cp nht. Bn pht hnh RedHat s dng trong ti liu ny chy kh n nh, tuy nhin thc t c nhng phn cng thay i m cha c Linux bit n. Mc d nhiu phn cng cS dng Linux 9

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th thay i bng cc linh kin nhi hoc tng thch Intel, song khng phi tt c nhng phn cng y u chy c vi Linux. 2.1.1 B x l H thng phn cng ph hp Linux thng l mt PC c b x l Intel 386 hoc hin i hn, chng hn nh 486, 586 hoc Pentium. Nhng b x l nhi Intel nh ca Cyrix hoc AMD cng u chp nhn Linux. Mt s PC khng c b ng x l ton hc, nhng Linux khng nht thit cn n b phn ny v c th phng to n bng cch s dng cc chng trnh con, d rng nh th s gim tc thi hnh. Kernel Linux cng c pht trin cho mt s b x l khc, chng hn nh DEC Alpha, IBM PowerPC v Sun Sparc, thm ch cho c cc b x l dng trong h thng nhng (embedded) nh Network PC ca Caldera. 2.1.2 Bus h thng Linux thng chy vi cc loi bus nh ISA, EISA v PCI. Cc kernel mi ca Linux (t 2.2 tr i) c th chy vi bus AGP. Vi bus MCA trn my tnh PS/2 ca IBM, ch cc bn kernel t 2.0.7 l chy c. Mt s h thng s dng loi bus cc b, gi l VLB, truy cp a cng v hin th mn hnh nhanh hn cng c Linux chp nhn. 2.1.3 B nh Linux khng i hi nhiu RAM, nht l khi so snh vi cc h iu hnh khc nh Windows 2000, XP hoc Windows NT. Theo kernel v HOW-TO phin bn ngy 11-7-2001, Linux ch cn 2 MB RAM, nhng trong thc t s dng th Linux cn t nht 4 MB RAM. Tht s, cu hnh thp vi 4 MB RAM ch c th chy ch vn bn, khng c giao din ho. T phin bn RedHat v.7.2, bn cn t nht l 64 MB RAM v hin nay 128 MB l yu cu trung bnh. Nu c t hn 4 MB RAM, bn phi chy vi tp hon chuyn (swap file) trn a cng, c dng nh b nh o v do lm chm h thng. Lng RAM cn thit cn ph thuc vo vic bn s dng my lm g. Cng mun c nhiu chc nng bn cng cn thm RAM. Khi bn dng my qun tr mt c s d liu th lng RAM cn thit s tng ln rt nhiu. Vic s dng giao din ho X Window (bng phn mm XFree86) lm tng nhu cu v b nh. Bn cn t nht 8 MB RAM vt l v 8 MB tp hon chuyn, tc l 16 MB RAM o c mt h thng hot ng hiu qu. 2.1.4 a cng Bn c th khi ng Linux t mt a mm. Mc d trn nguyn tc vn c th chy Linux t a mm, song thc t khng ai lm nh th. Nu s dng PC nh, bn cn c mt a mm loi 3.5" (1.44 MB), cho d c th chy thng Linux t CD vi bn demo ca SUSE Linux 7.3 hoc KNOPIX.S dng Linux 10

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h thng chy hiu qu hn bn nn ci t Linux vo a cng c giao din IDE. Linux chp nhn c giao din ESDI, nhng i vi loi a IDE ci tin (tc EIDE) th ch c cc bn kernel Linux t 2.2.x tr ln mi tng thch hon ton. Linux chp nhn giao din SCSI vi ba iu khin ca cc hng Adaptec, Future Domain, Seagate, UltraStore, cng nh vi cc b thch nghi (adapter) trn ba ProAudio Spectrum 16 v Western Digital. Xem SCSI Controller trong cc HOW-TO v Linux2.1.4.1 Dung lng a cng

Sau khi c ba iu khin thch hp cho a ri, bn phi quan tm n cc yu cu v dung lng a. Linux chp nhn mt lc nhiu a cng v c th ci t n khng cng trn mt duy nht. Mun s dng Linux cho c hiu qu, bn phi phn vng li a cng v cp pht dung lng a cho cc tp h thng Linux v cho cc tp d liu ca bn. Phn vng (Partition) l chia nhng vng theo ca ngi s dng khi bt u thit lp thng s cho a cng v trc khi nh dng a cng. Dung lng a cn thit tu thuc vo phn mm bn s ci t v s lng d liu m phn mm y sinh ra. So vi hu ht cc h iu hnh kiu UNIX, Linux i hi dung lng a t hn. Bn c th chy ton b h Linux (khng c phn X Windowtc l ch Text mode) vi ch 80 MB (bn kernel 2.2.4-10). Nu ci t khng st mt th g trong bn pht hnh, bn s cn t 1.8 GB n 3.5 GB tu theo phin bn v nh sn xut. Thng thng lnh DOS fdisk hoc mt vi thng phm khc cho php bn phn chia li a cng v Linux cng c tin ch tng t gi l FIPS. Ch : Nu bn ci t Linux vo mt a cng mi nguyn th khng sao, cn i vi ang dng th phi phn vng v nh dng li. Vic ny s xo sch ton b thng tin trn a cng, do bn phi sao lu cn thn trc khi ci t Linux. Nu a cng c dung lng ln, bn c th phn thnh nhiu vng v sao chp thng tin tr li vo cc vng khai bo.2.1.4.2 Phn vng hon chuyn

Nh ni trn, nu bn c t RAM th phi cn n phn vng hon chuyn (swap partition). Mt s h iu hnh nh Microsoft Windows lu tr tp hon chuyn trn a cng nh bt k tp no khc, trong khi Linux cho php tp hon chuyn c tr trn mt phn vng dnh ring cho n. Khi ci t, nhiu ngi s dng phn vng hon chuyn thay v tp hon chuyn. Bi v c th to ra nhiu phn vng trn cng mt a cng vt l nn bn c th t phn vng hon chuyn trn cng a vi Linux. Tuy nhin nu t phn vng hon chuyn trn a khc, Linux s chy tt hn. Linux cho php bn to ra n 8 phn vng hon chuyn. Nn t kch c phn vng hon chuyn to gp i s lng RAM vt l ca my bn. V d my bn c 8 MB RAM th phn vng hon chuyn nn l 16 MB.S dng Linux 11

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2.1.5 Yu cu v mn hnh i vi cc thit b cui lm vic ch vn bn (ASCII terminal), Linux chp nhn tt c mi loi mn hnh (video monitor) v ba iu khin mn hnh (video adapter) hp cc chun Hercules, CGA, EGA, VGA v SuperVGA. Khi lm vic ch ho, bn cng c th chy c bt k t hp mn hnh v ba iu khin no. tn dng vic Linux c kh nng hin th y cc mu, bn nn s dng mn hnh mu. Nhng phin toi c th sinh ra khi bn chy XFree86 (phin bn giao din ho X Window pht hnh km theo Linux). Mun chy XFree86 bn cn c mt trong cc ba iu khin mn hnh lit k ti bng sau. Ghi ch: B x l ho l mt nhm cc mch tch hp (chip, intergrated circuit) c chc nng ly thng tin u ra t my vi tnh v chuyn chng thnh mt hnh gm nhng im sng hin th trn mn hnh. Mun bit chnh xc ba iu khin dng b x l ho no, cn xem k h s i km vi ba . Mt s nh sn xut ba iu khin mn hnh khng cung cp thng tin cn thit lp trnh trong XFree86, do khi chy phn mm ny c th cc thng tin khng c hin th trn tru. Mt vi hng bng lng cung cp thng tin nhng i hi phi tr phn trm quyn s hu, hoc yu cu bo mt. Ghi ch: Trc y cc ba iu khin mn hnh ca hng Diamond khng chy c vi Linux v nhng l do lin quan n quyn s hu. Hin Diamond bt u lm vic vi nhm XFree86 tm gii php tng thch vi Linux. Xem Video Cards" trong cc HOW-TO v Linux 2.1.6 CD Mun ci t Linux t a CD, my bn phi c CD tng thch vi Linux. a s cc CD trc kia s dng giao din SCSI, do bt k b iu khin SCSI no c lit k mc a cng" ni trn u c Linux chp nhn. Hin nay Linux tng thch vi nhiu CD loi mi, s dng giao din EIDE v ATAPI ang c trn th trng. Nhiu CD c bn theo dng trn gi multimedia c th tng thch hay khng tng thch vi Linux, tu vo vic b iu khin c giao din chun SCSI tht hay ch l b thch nghi theo chun ring. Hu ht cc b thch nghi theo chun ring khng hot ng vi Linux. Tuy nhin Linux li tng thch vi cc CD kiu Creative Labs Soundblaster v cung cp mt cu hnh ci t ring bit cho cc CD ny. Sau y l mt s CD tng thch vi Linux:2.1.6.1 Cc a CD ph qut

Cc a c giao din SCSI (xem ti liu CD HOW-TO): Bt k SCSI CD vi khi (block) 512 hay 2048 bytes u c th lm vic c trong Linux. Cc a c giao din EIDE (ATAPI) CD v IDE CD: Hu nh tt c cc a CD tc 2X, 4X, 6X u c Linux h trS dng Linux 12

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Th d cc a CD ph qut : Mitsumi FX400, Nec-260, Sony 55E v.v.2.1.6.2 Cc a CD c chngAztech CDA268-01A, Orchid CDS-3110, Okano/Wearnes CDD-110 Conrad TXC, CyCDROM CR520ie/CR540ie/CR940ie (AZTCD) Creative Labs CD-200(F) (SBPCD) Funai E2550UA/MK4015 (SBPCD) GoldStar R420 (GSCD) IBM External ISA (SBPCD) Kotobuki (SBPCD) Lasermate CR328A (OPTCD) LMS Philips C MB 206 (CM206) Longshine LCS-7260 (SBPCD) Matsushita/Panasonic CR-521/522/523/562/563/(SBPCD) MicroSolutions Backpack parallel portdrive (BPCD) Mitsumi CR DC LU05S (MCD/MCDX) Mitsumi FX001D/F (MCD/MCDX) Optics Storage Dolphin 8000AT (OPTCD) Sanyo CDR-H94A (SJCD) Sony CDU31A/CDU33A (CDU31A) Sony CDU-510/CDU-515 (SOMYCD535) Sony CDU-535/CDU-531 (SONYCD535) Teac CD-55A SuperQuad (SBPCD)

Xem Nhng loi CD c chp nhn" trong cc HOW-TO v Linux 2.1.7 Truy cp mng Hin nay c th kt ni cc h thng Linux bng nhiu cch, song hai cch ph bin nht v c sn nhiu thit b nht l s dng giao din mng hoc modem. Cc giao din mng bao gm Token Ring, FDDI, ATM v Ethernet. Hu ht cc mng thng thng u s dng giao din Ethernet.2.1.7.1 Truy cp qua Ethernet

Khi thu do Xerox, DEC v Intel ra, Ethernet t lu tr thnh giao din mng ph bin nht. Mc d nh t ai dng my Linux kt ni vo mng Ethernet, song cc c quan, doanh nghip v trng hc th l iu thng thy. Bng sau y lit k nhng ba giao din mng Ethernet c Linux chp nhn:3Com 3c501, 3c503, 3c505, 3c507 3Com 3c509/3c509B (ISA) 3Com 3c579 (EISA) 3Com Etherlink III Vortex Ethercards 3c590, 3c592, 3c595, 3c597 (PCI) S dng Linux 13

T Chuyn mn 3Com Etherlink XL Boomerang 3c900, 3c905 (PCI) 3Com Cyclone 3c905B, 3c980 3Com Fast EtherLink Ethercard 3c515 (ISA) 3Com 3ccfe575 Cyclone Cardbus (3c59x driver, PCMCIA) 3Com 3c575 series Cardbus (3c59x driver, PCMCIA) AMD LANCE 79C960/PCnet (ISA/PCI) AT&T GIS WaveLAN Allied Telesis AT1700 Allied Telesis LA100PCI-T Allied Telesyn AT2400T/BT ("ne" module) Ansel Communications AC3200 (EISA) Apricot Xen-II/82596 Cabletron E21xx Cogent EM110 Crystal Lan CS8920, Cs8900 Danpex EN-9400

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DEC DE425 (EISA) / DE434/DE435 (PCI) / DE450/DE500 (DE4x5 driver) DEC DE450/DE500-XA (dc21x4x) (Tulip driver) DEC DEPCA v EtherWORKS DEC EtherWORKS 3 (DE203, DE204, DE205) DEC QSilver's (Tulip driver) Digi International RightSwitch DLink DE-220P, DE-528CT, DE-530+, DFE-500TX, DFE-530TX Fujitsu FMV-181/182/183/184 HP PCLAN (27245 v 27xxx series) HP PCLAN PLUS (27247B v 27252A) HP 10/100VG PCLAN (J2577, J2573, 27248B, J2585) (ISA/EISA/PCI) ICL EtherTeam 16i/32 (EISA) Intel EtherExpress Intel EtherExpress Pro KTI ET16/P-D2, ET16/P-DC ISA Macromate MN-220P (PnP hoc NE2000 mode) NCR WaveLAN Novell NE2000/NE1000 Netgear FA-310TX (Tulip) New Media Ethernet PureData PDUC8028, PCI8023 SEEQ 8005 SMC Ultra/EtherEZ (ISA) SMC 9000 series S dng Linux 14

T Chuyn mn SMC PCI EtherPower 10/100 (Tulip driver) SMC EtherPower II (epic100.c driver) Sun LANCE adapters (kernel 2.2 v mi hn) Sun Intel adapters (kernel 2.2 v mi hn) Schneider & Koch G16 Western Digital WD80x3 Zenith Z-Note / IBM ThinkPad 300 built-in adapter Znyx 312 EtherArray (Tulip driver)

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Xem Network Interface Cards" trong cc HOW-TO v Linux2.1.7.2 Truy cp qua modem

Khi lm vic nh, bn thng kt ni vi bn ngoi qua modem v mng in thoi bng cc giao thc lin lc ni tip nh SLIP hoc PPP. Ni chung, Linux tng thch vi mi loi modem s dng cng Serial RS-232 ang bn trn th trng. a s cc loi modem ni qua cng USB v modem gn trong (internal modem) cc PC cng chy c di Linux. Trong mt s trng hp, bn khng c trnh iu khin ring cho modem chy vi Linux v s phi s dng trnh iu khin ph qut (generic driver). Nu s dng c mt modem di DOS th bn s khng c kh khn g cho n chy di Linux. Di y l danh sch cc modem tng thch Linux hin nay:3Com 3CXM256/3CCM256 v 3CXM656/3CCM656 PCMCIA AOpen FM56-P v FM56-H AT&T/Lucent winmodem Boca Research 28.8 internal modem (model MV34AI) Boca Research 33.6 internal modem (model MV34) MC2920A-3.3, E6030D 4035-01 v 1721 8011 A Cirrus Logic CL-MD3450D-SC-B Cirrus Logic MD1724-11VC-D Datatronic VLM301-1 Omron G5V-1 AST M628032-20E1 Cirrus Logic CD-MD4450C-SC-A Abracon 23-040-20 Compaq 192PCMCIA modem/serial card HP Fastmodem D4810B IBM Mwave ( Dolphin card Multiwave Innovation CommWare V.34 modem Megahertz XJ/CC2560 PCMCIA New Media Winsurfer PCMCIA modem/serial card S dng Linux 15

T Chuyn mn Rockwell SoftK56 US Robotics WinModem Series Zoltrix 33.6 Win HSP Voice/Speaker Phone modem

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Zoltrix Phantom 56K, model FM-HSP56PCI, b x l PCTel (PCI)

Xem SLIP, PPP v Modems trong cc HOW-TO v Linux 2.1.8 Cc thit b khc Nhng mc sau y s ni v tnh tng thch vi Linux ca cc thit b ngoi vi khc nh chut, bng t, my in. Cc thit b ny gip bn s dng Linux tin li hn, song khng nht thit phi c.2.1.8.1 Chut

Chut my tnh l thit b dng iu khin con chy (cursor) trn mn hnh. Nu ch chy ch vn bn th chng cn n chut, mc d Linux cho php bn dng chut ct nhng on ch t mn hnh ri dn sang dng lnh, trong khi UNIX thng khng lm c nh vy. Mun chy ch ho di giao din X Window th bn phi s dng chut. Linux tng thch vi hu ht cc loi chut ni tip ca nhng hng nh Logitech, Kensington, Mouseman, Microsoft, v.v. Linux cng chp nhn cc loi chut bus ca Microsoft, Logitech, ATIXL v IBM, v.v. Nhing thit b khc dng iu khin con chy nh qu cu (trackball) v mn hnh xc gic (touch screen), m phng cc loi chut va lit k, cng u chy c vi Linux.2.1.8.2 bng t

bng t c dung lng ln nn cho php thoi mi sao lu d liu h thng. Linux tng thch vi nhiu bng t c giao din SCSI c lit k bng di y. Linux cng chp nhn cc bng t r tin nh Colorado Memory Systems loi 120 MB v 250 MB, c cm thng vo giao din iu khin a. Cc bng t cm thng vo cng song song (cng my in) hin cha c Linux chp nhn. Hu ht cc bng t tng thch chun QIC-02 chy c vi Linux. Sau y l mt s bng t tng thch vi Linux: Hng sn xut Exabyte Sanko Tandberg Wangtek Kiu Tt c cc kiu c giao din SCSI CP150SE 3600 552ES, 515ES, 5099EN Xem Magnetic Tape Drives trong cc HOW-TO

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2.1.8.3 My in

Linux tng thch vi ton b cc my in ni qua cng song song. Vi my in song song, th kh khn ln nht c th gp l hiu ng nc thang. Hiu ng nc thang xy ra do cch UNIX v Linux x l khi xung dng v iu khin u in quay v u dng. Vi UNIX, lnh a giy ln thm mt dng (LF: line feed) sau t u in ti v tr u dng mi (CR: carriage return) do mt k t duy nht l LF iu khin, trong khi cc h nh DOS hoc Windows li s dng cp k t CR-LF cho hai lnh trn. Khi bn in mt tp UNIX bng my in c cu hnh cho DOS, bn s b hiu ng nc thang bi v tp ch cha k t LF ch khng cha k t CR. chiu ngc li, cc tp vn bn son trong mi trng DOS/Windows cng cn c chnh l (cp k t CL-LF i thnh LF) khi chuyn sang mi trng Linux hoc UNIX. Vic t cu hnh Linux chy vi my in ni tip thng kh hn. Cc chng trnh ci t Linux v c bn khng c sn cng c h tr my in ni tip. Xem Lp cu hnh my in

2.2 Dung lng a v b nhTu theo cch ci t, m u bn c th cn 2 a mm loi 1.44 MB c nh dng to ra a mi cho Linux. Sau bn phi dnh dung lng a cng; nu ci ht mi th c trn CD th phi cn 3.5 GB, tuy nhin vn c th s dng t hn. Cn tnh xem c bao nhiu trng khon ngi dng. Nu h thng ch c mt trng khon th 80 MB l cho RedHat 6.1, nu khng ci X Window. Tuy nhin, cng ngy yu cu v dung lng a cng tng. Bn RedHat 7.2 ci ti thiu cng cn ti 350 MB a cng. Tip theo bn tnh xem cn bao nhiu cho vng hon chuyn (swap space) m thng l khong 500 MB. Nhng nu bn phi to mt my ch c s d liu (database server) th dung lng ny l khng . c bit vi ORACLE 9i, bn cn vng hon chuyn ln gp 2 hay 3 ln b nh vt l (m b nh vt l ti thiu cho ORACLE 9i l 256 MB). Cui cng bn nn cha t nht 1 GB cho th mc gc (root). y l th mc chnh m t bn truy cp n tt c cc th mc th cp ca Linux. Xem Cc th mc chun ca Linux Cn nhc li l cch ci t Linux ti thiu s ch cn 350 MB (bn RedHat 7.2), trong khi ci t y v dnh ch cho nhiu user s cn khong 5 GB. Ghi ch: Bn c th chy mt phn h thng Linux t CD m khng nht thit phi ci t ton b ln a cng, song nh th khng c c cc CD khc. Nu bn quyt nh dng giao din ho X Window, trc tin nn ghi ra giy xem ba ho ca bn c b x l no iu khin. Nu bn c chut ni tip v modem, cng nn ghi r tn cng ni tip ca chng. Trong qu trnh ci t bn s cn nhng thng s y.

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2.3 Nhng cch ci t LinuxC n 4 cch ci t Linux, l t CD, NFS, FTP, hoc t a cng. a) Cch ph bin nht l ci t Linux t a CD. Mun ci t trc tip t CD, bn phi khi u bng DOS. du nhc DOS, bn g lnh:[ CD]:\dosutils\autoboot

Trong [ CD] l tn CD trn my ca bn. C th bt u bng vic t li cu hnh cho BIOS c th khi ng bng a CD. a s cc BIOS sn xut sau 1997 u h tr vic ny. Khi , bn ch cn tt ngun in v khi ng li vi a CD Linux t sn trong . Nu a cng c sn mt phn vng trng, bn c th ci t Linux vo bn cnh h thng hin hnh khi xo mt nhng thng tin trc . Nh vy nhng g bn cn l mt CD, mt phn vng trng v mt a mi. b) Cch ci t Linux t mng my tnh nh mt my ch NFS (Network h thng tp) yu cu bn trc ht phi lp rp logic (mount) CD vo mt my tnh chp nhn h thng tp ISO-9660 vi phn m rng RockRidge, ri bn cng b h thng tp qua NFS. Bn phi bit ng dn ca h thng tp ny, cng nh a ch IP ca my, hoc tn ca my nu c DNS. c) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) l mt giao thc truyn tp qua mng LAN hoc WAN. Vic ci t qua FTP yu cu phi c a mi v a ph tr. d) Ci t Linux t a cng cng cn a mi v cc a ph tr ni trn. Trc tin phi to ra th mc mang tn Linux, sau sao chp th mc tng ng t CD cng vi tt c cc th mc th cp (subdirectory) vo th mc Linux. Bn c th s dng cc lnh DOS sau y thi hnh vic ci t:cd\Linux xcopy/s e:\Linux

Lnh cd chn th mc lm vic l th mc Linux trn a cng; lnh xcopy sao chp th mc tng ng t a CD t E. Cho d bn s dng phng php ci t no, bn lun cn c a mi. Nhng trc ht bn phi tm mt s thng tin cn thit. 2.3.1 Tm cc thng tin cn thit Trc khi bt u ci t, bn cn tm cc thng tin sau y v my ca bn:-Loi ba iu khin, b x l ha v mn hnh -Cng ni tip ca chut -Cng ni tip ca modem -Thng tin v a ch IP, cng gateway v tn min (nu kt ni vi mng) -Loi a cng, CD v cc b iu khin ca chng -Tn d nh t cho h thngS dng Linux 18

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-Nu kt ni Internet, cn yu cu ISP cung cp cc thng tin lin quan.

Nu bn d nh s dng mt lc vi h iu hnh khc nhau trn cng mt my (chng hn nh Windows95, Windows NT hoc Windows 2000), bn phi to ra cc phn vng ring cho nhng h iu hnh y. Bn cn s dng chng trnh to phn vng ca chnh h iu hnh gc, bi v Linux khng qun l c ht mi loi phn vng ca cc h iu hnh khc. Sau bn nn kim tra xem vo gi cht bn pht hnh Linux c nhng thay i no mi khng bi v Linux thng xuyn c nng cp, g li, hoc b sung cc tin ch. Nu khng ci t trc tip t CD, bn s phi phn vng li a cng dnh ch cho Linux. y c th sinh vn bi v vic phn vng li a cng s xo ton b d liu nm trn cc phn vng b tc ng. Sau khi dnh ch cho Linux, bn phi khi ng h thng Linux to cc phn vng mi v h thng tp cho Linux. Thng thng Linux cn mt phn vng ban u lu tr tp v mt phn vng dnh cho tp hon chuyn, nht l khi b nh my bn ch c t 8 MB tr xung (nu phi ci t trn mt my c cu hnh thp, bn ch nn s dng cc bn RedHat Linux c - t 6.0 tr xung). Ghi ch: h thng tp v c bn l mt phn vng trn a cng hay trn mt thit b lu tr no v c nh dng theo mt chun nht nh. UNIX v c Linux s dng c nhiu loi h thng tp biu t tng nhnh th cp ca cy th mc. iu ny khng ging vi DOS, v DOS t cc th mc th cp ca cy th mc vo cng mt a logic. Xem Tm hiu h thng tp Linux Sau khi to ra cc h thng tp, bn c th ci t h iu hnh Linux, cc tp h tr cng vi vi gi ng dng pht hnh km theo Linux. ci t Linux, u tin bn khi ng mt phin bn stripdown ca h iu hnh. Mun lm c vic ny, bn phi to ra mt a mi (boot) v mt a ph tr (supp) c cha phin bn stripdown. 2.3.2 To ra a mi v a ph tr Bn phi dng chng trnh rawrite, chng trnh ny nm trong th mc th cp /dosutils ca CD Linux. Bn cn chun b hai a mm nh dng, mt a ghi nhn boot v a kia ghi nhn supp. Bn t a mi vo A v g:E:\dosutils>rawrite Enter disk image source file name: e:\images\boot.img Enter target diskett drive: A: Please insert a formatted diskette into drive A: and press ENTER-

Nu khng mun tip tc, bn ch cn bm . Cn i tip m lnh rawrite khng hot ng c th bn th cho vo mt a mm khc nh dng. Nu vn khng tin trin tt, bn phi kim tra li phn cng. Sau khi ghi a mi, bn to ra a ph tr. Bn ch cn g tn tp supp.img nh l tn tp ngun ti dng lnh.

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2.4 Phn vng a cngSau khi sao lu d liu v to ra y cc a mi v a ph tr, hy chun b a cng cho Linux. Lu : y l mt thao tc nguy him nht bi v s xa mt d liu c. Nu cha sao lu h thng, bn hy lm ngay i. Mc d c th s dng chng trnh th nghim FIPS v cc chng trnh thng mi nh Partition Magic phn chia li a cng m khng ph hu d liu, chng ti vn khuyn bn sao lu ton b v y . 2.4.1 Tm hiu v phn vng Khi PC xut hin, phn ln cc h iu hnh, chng trnh v d liu u trn a mm. Khi my PC XT ra i, hng IBM mi c thm a cng 10 MB. Cc h iu hnh s khai nh DOS ch truy cp c mt dung lng rt hn ch trn a cng. Sau cc nh sn xut hng nm u tng dung lng ca a cng khin cho DOS kh theo kp qun l nhng dung lng mi ln hn. DOS trnh n vn bng cch cho php ngi s dng chia a cng thnh nhiu vng logic, gi l phn vng. Cc phn vng ny lu gi c nhng tp chng trnh, cc h iu hnh khc, hoc d liu. DOS thng c khi ng ti mt a cng gi l C. Nu chia ny lm ba th cc phn vng a logic s gi l C, D, E. DOS cho php lp nhiu a ( cng hoc CD), do nu lp thm mt a na, n s c gi l F, v.v. UNIX v Linux khng dng cc ch ci y gi phn vng, m dng cch khc. Ngi s dng Linux c th t nhiu th mc khc nhau trn nhng phn vng khc nhau (ca cng mt a cng) v ngay c trn cc a cng khc. Bn cng c th t cc h iu hnh khc nhau trn cc phn vng khc nhau. Thng tin phn vng c ghi r trn cung u tin ca a cng gi l Master boot record (MBR) v mang tn l bng phn vng. Bng ny c s dng bit xem phi khi ng h iu hnh phn vng no. Chc nng ca MBR l mi (boot), ngha l mc ni vi c ch khi ng h iu hnh. Chng trnh mi LILO ca Linux v cc phn mm qun l mi khc u s dng MBR bit xem nn khi ng h iu hnh no. Bng phn vng ghi r v tr v kch thc ca nhiu phn vng trn a cng. C ba loi phn vng: s cp (Primary), m rng (Extended) v logic (Logical). DOS v vi h iu hnh khc phi khi ng t phn vng s cp. Ch c th to ti a 4 phn vng s cp trn mt a cng. Bn thn mt phn vng m rng khng cha d liu m ch ghi li cch phn vng cho cc phn vng khc trn a cng. S phn vng logic trn mt a cng l khng gii hn. Do gii quyt gii hn ca bn phn vng s cp, bn c th ch nh mt phn vng m rng v khai bo mt s phn vng logic khc bn trong phn vng m rng. DOS v cc phin bn ca OS/2 trc phin bn 2.0 i hi phi c ci t trn mt phn vng s cp, tuy nhin chng c th truy cp cc logic bn trong cc phn vng m rng. Vic ny rt quan trng nu bn mun ci DOS v Linux trn cng a cng. DOS phi nm trn phn vng s cp.

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2.4.2 S dng lnh FDISK Trn PC cc phn vng c to ra, xo i v qun l bi mt chng trnh gi l fdisk. Mi h iu hnh c fdisk ring ca mnh, do trc khi s dng bn phi d li xem c ng phin bn hay cha. Nu ang s dng DOS hoc d nh s dng n, trc tin bn phi phn chia li a cng bng fdisk ca DOS. Sau ny bn s dng fdisk ca Linux to phn vng ca Linux.2.4.2.1 Cc yu cu v phn vng

Trc tin bn phi xc nh mnh cn bao nhiu phn vng. Trong khi DOS cn phn vng s cp th Linux c th c tr trn cc phn vng khc. Nn nh nu bn nn mt phn vng hin hnh ca DOS dnh ch cho Linux, th tt c cc tp ca bn khng th phc hi ht trn phn vng DOS nh hn mi c to. Sau bn quyt nh s phn vng cn thit v mi phn vng nh th cn bao nhiu dung lng a cng. Ghi ch: T Linux, bn c th vo cc phn vng ca DOS v thc hin cc lnh di di, sao lu, chnh sa cc tp DOS, nhng khng th chy cc chng trnh DOS bng Linux. Hai phn mm Linux cho php bn phng to DOS trn Linux v ci t Linux trn DOS. C hai h ny ch yu thch hp cho cc hacker. Mt trong nhng phn mm y, gi l UMSDOS, li khng tng thch vi RedHat Linux. Xem Chy cc chng trnh DOS trn Linux2.4.2.2 Cc yu cu v DOS

Nu bn khi ng bng DOS, my s vo mt phn vng s cp. Mt phin bn mi c (bootable) ca DOS khng i hi nhiu ch trn a cng, ch cn ch cho cc tp h thng COMMAND.COM, CONFIG.SYS v nhng driver cn thit khi ng h thng. Thc t ch cn 5 MB cho phn vng s cp khi ng DOS. Mt khi ti xong v chy DOS, bn c th vo bt c phn vng m rng v phn vng logic no ca h thng. Nhng trong khi Linux c th truy cp cc tp DOS trong mt phn vng DOS th tri li DOS li khng th truy cp cc tp Linux trong phn vng Linux.2.4.2.3 Cc yu cu v Linux

Nh ni, Linux thao tc trn cc h thng tp v chng c th tr trn nhiu phn vng khc nhau, ch yu l phng xa. Linux i hi mt phn vng cho mi h thng tp. Vic tip theo phi quan tm l phn vng hon chuyn. Phn ln cc h iu hnh u cho php to b nh o, Linux cng ly mt phn a cng lm tp hon chuyn hoc phn vng hon chuyn m phng b nh vt l. Kch thc phn vng hon chuyn tu thuc s lng RAM vt l ca h thng my. Mt thng l c chp nhn mc nhin l: phn vng hon chuyn ln gp i lng RAM. Do nu my bn c 8 MB RAM, phn vng hon chuyn phi l 16 MB. Nu c t 4 MB RAM tr xung, bn phi kch hot mt phn vng hon chuyn.S dng Linux 21

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i vi RedHat Linux phin bn 6.x tr ln, tng dung lng dnh cho cc phn vng hon chuyn trn Linux l tu (ti thiu l gp i dung lng b nh vt l), do bn ch cn tnh n cc yu cu ca nhng ng dng s c ci trn my xc nh dung lng cn cho phn vng hon chuyn. V d nh nu bn cn ci thm ORACLE 7.x trn my nh mt my ch c s d liu th t nht phn phn vng hon chuyn phi c dung lng l 500 MB. V th nu ngoi mt phn vng hon chuyn m h thng Linux ca bn li cn hai phn vng khc (mt cho tp h thng v mt cho tp ngi dng) th tng cng bn phi phn 3 vng cho Linux.2.4.2.4 Phn vng li DOS

Trc tin bn phi thi hnh FDISK bng cch g fdisk ti du nhc DOS. Mt menu gm 4 tu chn FDISK s hin ra trn mn hnh. Qua cc tu chn, bn bit phn vng no hin tn ti, bit to phn vng mi v xo phn vng c. Tu vo phin bn DOS m bn ang s dng, mn hnh s hi khc nhau mt cht. Chn Display Partition Information trn menu. Khi mn hnh Display Partition Information xut hin, bn nn chp li cc thng tin. Bn s cn nhng thng tin ny nu quyt nh ngng li qu trnh ci t Linux v phc hi h thng nguyn thu trn my bn. Trong DOS 6.x, nu mun xem tt c cc thng tin v phn vng hin hu, bn cng s dng ty chn Display Partition Information.2.4.2.5 Cch trnh phn vng a cng

Mc d vic phn vng li a cng s gip Linux chy tt hn, song khng nht thit phi thc hin nh trn v e mt d liu. C th dng FIPS phn vng m khng ph hu cc thng tin trn a cng. FIPS (First non-destructive Interactive Partition Splitting) l mt chng trnh pht trin cho Linux. Nh tn gi, FIPS s di chuyn cc phn vng DOS dn ch cho cc phn vng Linux m khng ph hng thng tin. Mun bit thm, hy tham kho tp fips.doc th mc /utils/fips trong CD Linux. FIPS ch c ch khi no a cng trong my bn cn khong trng cn thit ci t Linux, nu khng bn phi xo nhng tp no xt thy khng cn thit. Vi bn pht hnh Slackware Linux, bn c th ci t Linux trn cng phn vng vi DOS (nhng lc ny gi l UMSDOS). UMSDOS l mt d n nhm to iu kin cho Linux hin din trn cc phn vng DOS. Ni cch khc, UMSDOS cho php bn to h thng tp gc ca Linux trong mt th mc DOS c sn. Tuy nhin bn khng th s dng UMSDOS vi RedHat Linux.2.4.2.6 Xo b phn vng

Rt tic l fdisk khng cho php bn t li kch thc ca phn vng mt cch n gin. Trc tin bn phi xo b phn vng y, sau li to ra chnh n nhng vi kch thc mi. T mn hnh tu chn fdisk, chn tu chn 3, Delete Partition hocS dng Linux 22

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Logical DOS Drive xo phn vng c chn. Mn hnh Delete Partition hoc Logical DOS Drive s hin ra. Chn tu chn tng ng vi loi phn vng bn s mun xo, th d phn vng DOS s cp. Chng hn tu chn 1 (Delete Primary DOS Partition) gip bn xo cc phn vng s cp ca DOS. Chn tu chn 1 hin th mn hnh Delete Primary DOS Partition. Mn hnh s hi tn (volume) ca phn vng v i hi xc nhn li ln na trc khi bn quyt nh xo hn phn vng y, cng vi tt c mi thng tin trn .2.4.2.7 Thm phn vng mi

Sau khi xo cc phn vng cn xa, bn phi thm cc phn vng thch hp cho h thng DOS ca bn bng tu chn Create a DOS Partition. Hy chn cc tu chn sau c thy hi p mn hnh cho Create a DOS Partition hoc Logical DOS Drive. Ghi ch: Bn khng th thm phn vng Linux vo bng chng trnh FDISK ca DOS. Vic phn chia li a cng cho Linux s c bn sau mc S dng lnh fdisk ca Linux. Cc hi p mn hnh ca fdisk bao gm thng s khong trng cho phn vng (tnh bng MB) v ch bo v phn vng hin hnh (sng r). Phn vng hin hnh la phn vng c th khi ng c. khi ng DOS, bn phi ch nh phn vng s cp l phn vng hin hnh. Vi s chn la u tin nh trn mn hnh ny, bn nn chn N (no) sau c th n nh dung lng dnh cho phn vng DOS. Nu bn chn no, mn hnh s hin th Specify Disk Space for the Partition Screen. Bn c th chn dung lng dnh cho phn vng DOS bng n v MB hoc bng t l phn trm v bm . Sau bn ch nh y l phn vng hin hnh. T mn hnh menu ca fdisk, bn chn tu chn 2, Set Active Partition, sau lm theo cc hng dn.2.4.2.8 nh dng phn vng

Sau khi phn vng li a cng, bn phi chun b phn vng mi cho DOS v phc hi cc tp thch hp vo phn vng y. Dng a mi to sn trc khi ng li my. Tip theo bn nh dng (format) a cng thch hp v chuyn cc tp h thng ln bng lnh DOS:format c: /s

Khi phn vng c nh dng xong, bn c th phc hi phn sao lu vo mi. Nu do gim kch thc ca phn vng m ht ch phc hi, bn nn chuyn cc tp d tha vo cc DOS hoc phn vng DOS khc.

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Chng 3. Ci t RedHat LinuxChng ny gip bn ci t bn pht hnh RedHat Linux vi nhng thng tin chi tit trong cc ch sau y:-Cc cch ci t -Trnh t ci t -Thit lp cu hnh mng -Cc thit lp khc -To a mm khi ng -Nng cp v g b RedHat -Hi p

3.1 Cc cch ci tNh trnh by trong chng trc, c nhiu cch thc hin vic ci t Linux: qua CD, qua a cng v qua mng (FTP, NFS, SMB). Bng 3.1 sau y tm tt cc im mnh yu ca tng phng php trn. Ci qua CD FTP NFS SMB a cng im mnh Nhanh v n nh im yu Bn pht hnh sm li thi

Tin li cp nht, c th truy cp Khng n nh v chm nu my t mi ni trn th gii ch nm xa my trm Tin li, c bit trong trng hp Chm v i hi phi c mng my bn khng c CD UNIX Tin li trn mng MS Windows Phi qua mng v phi c hiu bit v Samba

Khi tt c cc phng php k i hi nhiu dung lng ph tri trn u khng p dng c Bng 3.1 : Tm tt cc cch ci t Linux

Nu nh ci t c giao din X Window, bn cn chun b trc cc thng tin v loi chipset ca ba iu khin mn hnh, cng nh v cng ni tip cho chut v modem. y chng ta ch bn n vic ci t RedHat, bn pht hnh ph bin nht ca Linux. Mc d bn c th ci t bng nhiu cch khc nhau nh qua NFS, qua FTP, qua nh SMB trn mt a cng dng chung, hoc qua mt a cng khc, song cch ph bin nht l ci t RedHat t CD. Tm li, d chn phng php ci t no, bn vn phi nm trc mt s thng tin cn thit v cu hnh vt l v mc tiu s dng nh c nu sau y:-Loi ba iu khin mn hnh, chipset v mn hnh -Tn cng ni tip ca chut -Tn cng ni tip ca modem -a ch IP, cng gateway v tn min (nu ni my vi mng) -Loi a cng, CD v ba iu khin ca chngS dng Linux 24

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-T chc cc th mc m bn mun c trn my ca mnh -Tn bn nh t cho my ca mnh vi h Linux (hostname).

Nu c kt ni Internet, bn c th yu cu ngi qun tr mng hoc ISP (cng ty cung cp dch v Internet) cho bit cc thng tin k trn. Nu d nh s dng nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau trn cng mt my (chng hn nh Window 95, Windows NT hoc Windows 2000), bn phi to ra phn vng cho mi h iu hnh y. Bn phi s dng chng trnh to phn vng ca chnh h iu hnh , bi v Linux khng qun l c mi loi phn vng ca cc h iu hnh khc. Sau cng, bn nn kim tra xem vo gi cht bn pht hnh RedHat c nhng chnh sa no khng bi v Linux c nng cp thng xuyn, hoc c thm vo nhng tin ch v sa li.

3.2 Trnh t ci tt a boot m bn khi to vo a mm ri khi ng li my. Sau khi h thng kim tra xong phn cng v BIOS, cc thng bo nh sau s hin trn mn hnh, bn cng s nhn c mn hnh ny nu bn a CD RedHat vo v cho my khi ng t CD. Minh ho 3.1 : Mn hnh khi bt u ci t Nu mn hnh c dng nhc, thng thng bn ch cn bm phm tip tc ci t theo cc tham s mc nh. Bng 3.2 sau m t cc phm chc nng c th h tr khi bn gp kh khn. Phm F1 F2 F3 M t Hin th mn hnh khi ng (phm lun hin th mn hnh ny) Hin th mn hnh cung cp thng tin tng qut v tin trnh ci t Hin th mn hnh gii thch ch chuyn gia (expert mode). Thng thng, tin trnh ci t Linux t ng kim tra phn cng v c th lm treo my, khi cn phi vo ch chuyn gia xc nh tng phn cng h thng Hin th mn hnh cung cp thng tin v vic khi to v s dng a cp cu Hin th mn hnh tr gip. T ver. 5.1 tr i, nh tp cu hnh vic ci t khng cn tr gip ny na Hin th mn hnh khi ci t khng sun s v cn phi khai bo thm vi tham s cho kernel khi ng Bng 3.2 : Cc phm chc nng Mn hnh hin th cc thng bo nh sau, ri bt u np h thng:Loading initrd.img... Loading vmlinuz...

F4 F5 F6

Minh ho 3.2 : Mn hnh kim tra h thng

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Ch dng thng bo cui mn hnh trn: Unable to probe. N bo cho bit Linux khng hiu ba iu khin mn hnh v mn hnh ca bn. Bn cn phi cu hnh li bng tay. Sau khi khi ng xong (minh ho trn), h thng ca bn s hin th mn hnh n cho (Welcome) nh minh ho sau. Lu rng nu s dng chut qua cng USB, bn nn di chuyn chut trong khi ch hin ra mn hnh Welcome chng trnh ci t c th pht hin ra loi chut . Minh ho 3.3 : Mn hnh n cho 1 3.2.1 Cu hnh h thng Bm phm tip tc. Minh ho 3.4 : Mn hnh chn ngn ng ci t Mn hnh hi bn chn ngn ng no (Anh, Php v.v. hay Vit ?) trong khi ci t. Ngn ng c chn s l ngn ng mc nh cho h thng ca bn sauu khi ci t. Ghi ch: Bn c th s dng phm di chuyn trong hp thoi nh chng trnh c nhc nh dng cui mn hnh. Mun di chuyn t trng ny sang trng kia, hy bm phm hoc . Dng Spacebar (phm k t trng) chn la danh sch hoc nh du vo la chn. Sau khi chn OK hay Cancel, hy bm phm . Mun di chuyn qua danh sch lit k, hy dng phm mi tn. Hp thoi nh minh ho di yu cu bn chn loi bn phm cho h thng. Sau ny khi mun thay i la chn v loi bn phm, hy dng /usr/sbin/kbdconfig (khi bn ng vai tr l superuser hoc root). Minh ho 3.5 : Mn hnh chn bn phm Hp thoi k tip yu cu bn khai bo loi chut ang dng. T phin bn RedHat 7.x, bn c s h tr cho loi chut dng cng USB v c loi chut dng cng hng ngoi (Infrared), cn gi l loi chut khng dy (wireless). Cn ch kim tra cng kt ni ca chut vi my tnh xem l cng COM (Serial), USB hay PS/2. Hy nh rng cng PS/2 c dng hnh trn, cng USB c dng hnh ch nht v cng COM c dng hnh thang. Nu chut ca bn kt ni bng cng COM, bn phi ch xem n kt ni qua cng s my: COM1 hay COM2. Minh ho 3.6 : Mn hnh chn chut Bn cng cn ngh xem c nn s dng tnh cht phng to chut 3 phm hay khng, nu bn ch c chut 2 phm. Mc nh l khng nhng bn nn chn c, iu ny s h tr cho bn khi chy trong mi trng X Window, khi c th bm cng lc c 2 phm tri-phi ca chut thay cho phm gia, ging nh c chut 3 phm. Mn hnh n cho th hai s hng dn bn thm v trnh t ci t cng nh ng k vi RedHat nhn s gip trc tuyn. Vic ny i hi bn phi mua chng trnh ci t t RedHat, tc l khng dnh cho cc bn ti np min ph. Minh ho 3.7 : Mn hnh n cho 2 Ch rng cc mn hnh ca RedHat lun c phn tr gip nm pha bn tri. Bn c th tt chng bng cch nhp chut vo Hide Help.S dng Linux 26

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3.2.2 Tu chn ci t Minh ho 3.8 : Mn hnh Tu chn ci t Mn hnh Tu chn ci t xc nh vic ci t l my bn s ng vai tr g. Bn c cc tu chn sau y: - Workstation: hy chn vai tr ny khi bn mi lm quen vi Linux, mun s dng my ca bn mt cch c lp ti nh hay xem n ch nh mt trm lm vic (Workstation) trong mt mng c sn. Bn c th gp rc ri nho nh nu ci t trn my c d liu (Windows 9x hay NT, 2000...). - Server: c th chn vai tr ny nu bn mun thc hnh nh mt ngi qun tr mng ang t xy dng my ch (Server). Ch rng vi tu chn ny tt c d liu ang c trn a ca bn s b xo sch. - Laptop: tng t nh Workstation, nhng vai tr ca tu chn ny ch yu l ti u ha cho vic ci t mt my tnh xch tay (laptop). - Custom: c th chn vai tr ci t ny khi bn mun ci th trn my ca mnh. Hy s dng vai tr ny khi bn rt quen thuc Linux v khi bn cn mt s linh ng ti a trong vic cu hnh my theo Linux. - Upgrade: vic nng cp h thng hin hnh s d dng hn khi bn chn vai tr ny. N s gi li d liu v cc ci t c ca bn, ch cp nht cc gi phn mm v kernel ca Linux mt cch nhanh chng v an ton. Cc cch ci t khc khng m bo vic bo lu d liu cho bn. Xem Nng cp cc gi phn mm vi RPM. Ghi ch: Mun xem chng trnh ci t ang thc hin thao tc no, bn bm chuyn sang terminal o. 3.2.3 Phn vng a cng Tip theo bn phi phn vng a cng, hoc ch t cng phi chn la cc phn vng trc bn to ra. Chng trnh ci t s hin th hp thoi Disk Setup nh hnh di. Bn c th s dng chng trnh fdisk hoc chng trnh Disk Druid hoc bn cho Linux t ng phn vng cho bn. Nu s dng fdisk, bn di chuyn n dng c ch fdisk v bm . My s chuyn sang chng trnh fdisk phn vng a cng m bn chn. Mun dng chng trnh Disk Druid th bn b qua dng fdisk n dng Using Disk Druid (S dng Disk Druid). Minh ho 3.9 : Mn hnh Phn vng a Ngoi ra bn cng c th cho chng trnh ci t t phn vng a cng khi chn tu chn u tin.3.2.3.1 S dng fdisk ca Linux

Khi dng chng trnh fdisk nh mt chuyn gia, trc ht bn s phi chn a cn phn vng (my PC thng thng c 1 a cng nh th d minh ho di y).S dng Linux 27

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Lu : Bn nh dng chng trnh fdisk ca chnh Linux v nn cn thn bi v n khc vi nhng fdisk ca cc h iu hnh khc, chng hn nh DOS, Windows 98, OS/2 hoc Windows 2000. Bn khng th s dng ln ln nhng chng trnh , th d khng th dng fdisk ca Linux sp xp mt phn vng do DOS to ra. Minh ho 3.10 : Mn hnh Phn vng bng fdisk Bn c th g lnh m lit k danh sch cc lnh ca chng trnh fdisk : Lnh a c d l m n p q t u v w x Command action (ting Anh) toggle a bootable flag toggle a DOS-compatible flag detete a partition list known types print this menu add a new partition print the partition table quit without saving changes change a partitions system id change display/entry units verify the partition table write table to disk and exit extra functionality (expert only) ngha Bt, tt c bootable (khi ng c) Bt, tt c tng thch DOS Xo mt phn vng Lit k cc kiu phn vng bit Hin th bng ny B sung mt phn vng Hin th bng phn vng Ra khi m khng ghi li s thay i Thay i mt system id ca phn vng Thay i cc n v hin th/nhp Kim tra bng phn vng Ghi bng phn vng vo a v ra khi Chc nng ph (dnh cho chuyn gia)

Bng 3.3: Danh sch cc lnh ca chng trnh fdisk Khi bt u phn vng, bn nn g lnh p (bm ) hin th bng phn vng ca a cng c thc hin trc bng chng trnh fdisk ca DOS. Th d di y cho thy mn hnh sau khi thc hin lnh p hin th g :The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 2482 There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hda: 255 heads, 63 sectors, 2482 cylinders Unit = cylinders of 16065 * 512 bytes Device Boot /dev/hda1 /dev/hda2 /dev/hda3 S dng Linux Start 1 7 160 End 6 159 2482 Blocks 48163+ 1228972+ 18659497+ Id 83 82 83 System Linux Linux swap Linux 28

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Minh ho 3.11.: Mn hnh hng dn ca lnh FDISK Khung trn cho thy cc phn vng c xc nh a no, cng vi v tr khi u v kt thc ca phn vng, kch c ca cc block v cc loi phn vng. Bng 3.4 sau y tm tt nhng loi phn vng quen bit ca Linux: Loi phn vng Empty DOS 12-bit FAT XENIX root XENIX usr DOS 16-bit =32 OS/2 HPFS AIX AIX bootable OS/2 Boot Manager Win95 FAT32 Win95 FAT32(LBA) Win95 FAT16(LBA) Win95 Extended (LBA) Venix 80286 Novell Microport GNU HURD Novell Netware 286 Gi tr 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0e 0f 40 51 52 63 64 Loi phn vng Novell Netware 386 PIC/IX Old MINIX Linux/MINUX Linux swap Linux native Linux extended Amoeba Amoeba BBT BSD/386 Open BSD NEXTSTEP BSDI fs BSDI swap Syrinx CP/M DOS access DOS R/O DOS secondary BBT Gi tr 65 75 80 81 82 83 85 93 94 a5 a6 a7 b7 b8 c7 db e1 e3 f2 ff

Bng 3.4 : Cc loi phn vng bit ca Linux Bng trn trnh by tt c cc loi phn vng c th nh ngha bng chng trnh fdisk ca Linux, trong nhng loi phn vng s cp thng dng l Linux Native v Linux Swap. Nu dng lnh l ca fdisk th bn cng s thy kt qu tng t nh th. V khng cn phn vng li a cng cho DOS cho nn bn khng phi xo b bt k phn vng no ca Linux. Bn ch phi thm phn vng vo. Trong th d sau, chng ta cng to li phn vng nh kt qu trn. Gi s a cng ca bn to c phn vng th 1 (hda1), bn to thm phn vng 2 mi bng cch g lnh n nh sau:Command Action : n e extended S dng Linux 29

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Bm , fdisk s hi bn s phn vng. Bn g vo theo mnh v bm . Nu bn cho mt s phn vng c dng, fdisk s thng bo vic ny v hi bn xem c xo phn vng y khng, trc khi th thm n vo bng phn vng. Vi th d ny, bn nhp s 2 thm vo mt phn vng s cp th hai, mang dng tham kho l /dev/hda2.Partition number (1-4):2 First cylinder (7-2482, default 7): Using default value 7 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (7-2482, default 2482): 159

Tip theo, my s hi v tr ca cylinder (tr a) u tin l g. Thng thng l cylinder u tin c sn. Trn thc t fdisk hin th mt gi tr mc nh cho bn chn, trong th d sau gi tr mc nh l 7:First cylinder (7-2482, default 7):

Bn thy rng phn vng u tin kt thc cylinder 6 v a c cylinder cui cng l 2482.V th khong trng do fdisk cung cp cho php bn khi u phn vng k tip bt k im no trong tm 7-2482. Vic khng t phn vng bt k ch no trong a cng l mt hay. Bn nn chn im k tip no cn trng. Trong trng hp ny l cylinder 7. G 7 v bm . Ghi ch: Nu khi ng Linux t cc phn vng khi u cc cylinder cao hn 1024 th c th b rc ri. Trong trng hp bt c d phi to phn vng nhng v tr cao hn cylinder 1024, c th bn phi khi ng Linux t a mm. Cui chng ny s c hng dn bn to a mm khi ng. Khi ng Linux t a mm s lu hn khi ng t a cng. n y fdisk mun bn ch nh dung lng cho phn vng mi. Bn c th ch nh kch thc (size) bng s cylinder hoc bng s byte (+size), s kilobyte (+sizeK), hoc megabyte (+sizeM). Bi v bn bit kch thc gn ng ca tp hon chuyn, cho nn bn hy ch nh phn vng ny trc, sau cha phn cn li ca a cng cho cc phn vng chng trnh Linux. th d ny, my ca bn c 8 MB RAM, do bn ch nh phn vng 16 MB bng cch tr li nh sau:Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (42-1023): 159

Sau bn dng lnh p xem bng phn vng m bn va ch nh. th d ny, bng phn vng mi s c dng nh sau:root@mail linux-2.2.12]#/sbin/fdisk/dev/hda The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 2482. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., LILO) 2) booting and Partitioning software from other OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Command (m for help): p S dng Linux 30

T Chuyn mn Disk /dev/hda: 255 heads, 63 sectors, 2482 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065*512 bytes Device Boot /dev/hda1 /dev/hda2 Start 1 7 End 6 2482 Blocks 48163+ 1228972+ Id 83 83

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System Linux Linux

Theo mc nh, fdisk s nh dng phn vng mi nh l loi Linux Native. Mun i n thnh phn vng hon chuyn (swap partition), bn dng lnh t. G t, sau g s phn vng bn mun i (g s 2 trong th d ny). Chng trnh fdisk s yu cu bn g gi tr thp lc phn ca loi phn vng theo bng 2.7 (nu khng c sn bng y, bn ch g 1 v c ngay danh sch m). y, bi v bn mun c mt phn vng hon chuyn nn cn g s 82 ti du nhc.Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-4): 2 Hex code (type L to list codes) : 82 Changed system type of Partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap)

Nh bn thy, fdisk thng bo loi phn vng mi, tuy nhin bn vn c th dng lnh p kim tra li ln na xem gi y phn vng 2 c phi l phn vng hon chuyn ca Linux nay khng. Gi bn c th thm vo cc phn vng Linux ca mnh. th d ny bn ch cn thm vo mt phn vng, song nu mun c nhiu hn th c thm vo. Mun thm, bn bm , ch nh p cho mt phn vng s cp khc v sau ch nh s hiu cho phn vng y (trong th d l 4). trnh tnh trng ri rc nhiu phn vng khp a cng, bn nn khi u phn vng sau cng ti a im m phn vng p cht va kt thc (trong th d l cylinder 160). i vi cylinder cui cng, v bn mun s dng dung lng cn li cho h Linux, cho nn bn c th ch nh cylinder cui thay v phi ni chnh xc l bao nhiu byte. Do bn g 2482 nh sau:Command (m for help) : n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 3 First cylinder (160-2482, default 160): Using default value 160 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (160-2482, default 2482): Using default value 2482

n y bn nn g lnh p kim tra phn vng mi. Nu mun thay i tip th hy thc hin cn thn nh trn. Trong th d v phn vng trn ta thy rng khi khai bo l primary partition, s lng ti a ch l 4. Cn nu khai bo l extended, ta c th c s lng phn vng l tu .

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Khi hi lng vi tng th cc phn vng, bn dng lnh w ghi thng tin bng phn vng vo a cng. Mt khi cha s dng lnh w th nhng thay i s khng c lu tr. V vy trong khi thao tc nu cm thy l thay i iu g khng ng , bn dng lnh q thot ra m khng thay i g trong bng phn vng. Nu g w, Linux s bo cho bn bit rng bng phn vng c i, k tip Linux cp nht cc a cho khp vi bng phn vng mi. Nu lm n y m my b treo, hy khi ng li bng a ci t v a root cho n khi bn gp du nhc # tr li. Cn thn: ng dng chng trnh fdisk ca Linux to ra hoc chnh sa cc phn vng ca nhng h iu hnh khc. iu ny c kh nng lm cho c hai h iu hnh u khng s dng c a cng na. To phn vng hon chuyn: Mt vi bn pht hnh Linux c cho php vic t ng to ra v kch hot tp swap trong tin trnh ci t. Song mt vi bn pht hnh khc, ngi s dng phi to v kch hot tp y trc khi tip tc tin trnh ci t. Ghi ch: Nu trong tin trnh ci t bn b bo li out of memory th bn phi tng thm dung lng tp swap. Vi RedHat 6.x tr ln, ta c th b qua mc ny v RedHat t kch hot phn vng hon chuyn thay cho bn. Mun to ra khong swap, bn dng lnh mkswap sau cho my bit dng phn vng no v dung lng cho RAM o l bao nhiu. Th d mun to khong swap trn phn vng/dev/hda3, ti du nhc # bn g lnh nh sau:#mkswap c /dev/hda3 16447

S 16447 c ngha l 16 MB vo c th nhn thy ct block trn mn hnh khi g chng trnh fdisk. Tu chn c bo cho mkswap bit kim tra nhng bad section (on section b hng) trn phn vng. Sau bn kch hot h thng swap bng lnh swapon:#swapon /dev/hda3

Nhc li ln na rng nu ang s dng CD RedHat Linux ci t, bn khng phi lo lng g v vic kch hot h thng swap khi bn to ra phn vng cho mt ngi dng. Trong khi ci t, chng trnh s pht hin phn vng hon chuyn v t ng khi ng h thng ci t. Sau khi to cc phn vng trn nhng a cng khc nhau v tr v hp thoi phn vng a, bn bm ch Done tip tc tin trnh ci t. To khong swap xong, chng trnh s hin th hp thoi Select Root Partition. Root Partition (phn vng gc) l h thng tp chnh ca my bn dnh cho Linux, ni m tt c cc tp boot c lu tr. T hp lit k danh sch, bn hy chn tn a cng lm Root Partition v bm . T hp thoi phn vng a cng bn c th thit lp cc phn vng khc. T y bn c th lp bt k h thng tp DOS hoc OS/2 no sau c th truy cp bng Linux. T hp lit k danh sch, bn chn phn vng no cn chnh sa sau bm . T hp thoi Edit Mount Point bn xc nh mt im lp ghp (mount point), ngha l mt th mc, ni bn mun lp phn vng y.S dng Linux 32

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Sau khi bn chn xong mount point v root (im gc) cho cc phn vng, chng trnh s to nh dng (format). Mun xc nh phn vng no cn format, bn chn ti hp thoi Format Partition. Xem Tho lp cc h thng tp3.2.3.2 S dng Disk Druid

Minh ho 3.12: Phn vng a bng DiskDruid Bm Disk Druid hp thoi Disk Setup, bn s thy mn hnh phn vng a nh minh ho 3.12. Disk Druid gip bn to ra phn vng, thit lp mount point, kch thc phn vng, loi h thng tp v bit c thng tin v thuc tnh. Di y s lit k cc bm khc nhau trn mn hnh chnh ca Disk Druid, cng vi chc nng ca tng . Cc bm ca chng trnh Disk Druid cho php bn tin hnh phn vng mt cch trc quan: - New: Dng to mt phn vng mi. Mt hp thoi s xut hin nh minh ho. - Edit: Dng iu chnh thuc tnh ca phn vng c chn (phn vng c chn l phn vng c nh du trong vng Partition trn mn hnh). Hp thoi chnh sa s xut hin, cu trc ca n cng ging nh ca hp thoi To mi. Bn cng c th to mt phn vng mi bng cch Edit vng Free Space ca vng Partition. - Delete: Dng xo phn vng c nh du trong vng Curent Disk Partitions. - Reset: Dng hon li tnh trng gc trc khi sa i. - Make RAID: C th dng cung cp dch v RAID cho bt k phn vng no. Chng ti hy vng l bn khng s dng chc nng RAID, trc khi hiu r n thng qua ti liu Official RedHat Linux Customization Guide hay tng t. Chc nng ny h tr trong chng mc no vic bo m tnh ton vn v bn vng ca d liu trn a, trnh nhng h hng c th xy ra. Qua hp thoi to phn vng mi, bn nhp mt gi tr tng ng vo trng Mount Point, chng hn nh gi tr phn vng gc (/) hoc phn vng var (/var). Sau bn cho bit dung lng ca phn vng tnh bng n v megabyte, ng thi xc nh xem c mun sau ny phn vng y c th phnh ra theo yu cu hay khng (phn vng c th phnh ra khi bn thm bt nhng phn vng khc). Minh ho 3.13: To phn vng mi Tip theo bn chn t hp lit k FileSystem Type quyt nh xem loi h thng tp no s hin din trn phn vng y. Cui cng, t danh sch Allowable Drive bn chn xem a cng vt l no s cha phn vng. Ghi ch: Nu bn ch nh mt kch c ln hn khong trng cn li trn a cng chn, Disk Druid s bo li v ngh bn gim dung lng ng k. Disk Druid cng bo cho bn bit nhng vn c th xy ra, ng thi cung cp cc gii php kh d.

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3.2.3.3 Phn vng t ng

Khi bn mi lm quen vi Linux, bn c th Linux t ng phn vng a cng (minh ho 3.14). Bn c th chn mt trong 3 tu chn: - Remove all Linux Partition on this system - ch xo nhng phn vng Linux c, khng xo cc phn vng khc. - Remove all Partition on this system xo tt c cc phn vng trn cc a cng, k c cc phn vng to bi h iu hnh khc (nh Windows 95/98/NT/2000). Ch : Tu chn ny cho php chng trnh ci t xo ht mi d liu bn ang c trn a. - Keep all Partition and use existing free space - bn cn gi li cc d liu hin hnh ca bn. Tuy nhin, bn cng cn khng gian trng cn thit cho vic ci t mi. Minh ho 3.14: Phn vng t ng 3.2.4 Ci t chng trnh khi ng Bn cn chn mt chng trnh khi ng khi mun khi ng h Linux ca bn m khng cn a mm. Bn c th chn GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader), mt chng trnh khi ng mi ca RedHat, hoc ph bin nht l LILO (Linux Loader), chng trnh khi ng chun ca Linux (minh ho 3.15). Trng hp bn c mt h iu hnh khc trn my, bn c th khng cn ci t trnh khi ng no c, nhng thay vo , bn khng c qun vic to a khi ng (boot disk) cui chng trnh ci t. Vic xc nh ni ci t trnh khi ng rt quan trng: nu nh bn ch nh sai, rt c th h iu hnh ang hot ng s b bin mt hay my tnh ca bn s b treo v vic chnh sa tr li kh phc tp. Bn c th ci t vo MBR (Master Boot Record), mt vng c bit v duy nht trn my ca bn, c BIOS np vo t ng v l im u tin m trnh khi ng tc ng n trong qu trnh khi ng. Nu bn ci t trnh GRUB hay LILO vo MRB, chng s hin du nhc khi ng. Tu theo cch cu hnh sau ny, bn c th s dng chng np cc h iu hnh khc nhau. Minh ho 3.15: Cc chng trnh khi ng Nu h iu hnh ang c trn my bn cng ang tc ng n MRB nh OS/2, Window 2000... bn c th ch cn ci GRUB hay LILO vo vng First sector of Root Partition. Khi , chng trnh khi ng ca h iu hnh hin hnh s qun l vic khi ng chung. Bn s phi nh li cu hnh cho chng trnh khi ng y c th np GRUB hay LILO khi bn mun khi ng h Linux. Nu h iu hnh trn my bn ch l Linux, hay Windows 9x, bn nn ci t LILO hay GRUB vo MRB. Ch : Bn khng cn lo khi ln u khi ng m khng thy xut hin mc khi ng Windows XP hay Windows 2000 trn trnh khi ng GRUB. Cc phn vng ca Windows vn tn ti. Nhng bn phi b sung tp boot (s m t thm trong phn sau).S dng Linux 34

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Bn c th thm cc tham s cho vic khi ng t LILO hay GRUB bng cch thm vo Kernel parameters. Chng ta s tr li vn ny cc chng sau. Tu chn Force use of LBA32 cho php bn vt qua gii hn 1024 cylinder ca phn vng boot. Nu h thng ca bn h tr LBA32 m trnh ci t khng t pht hin c phn m rng ny ca BIOS, bn nn nh du vo tu chn ny.3.2.4.1 Cc chng trnh khi ng khc

Ta c th dng a mm khi ng, Loadlin, Syslinux v cc phn mm thng mi khc nh System Commander, Partition Magic, Boot Start... Vic s dng Loadlin kh phc tp, i hi c mt bn sao ca phn Linux kernel trn mt DOS Partition. Ta s khi ng bng mt chng trnh khi ng no ri sao chp phn kernel sang mt DOS Partition.3.2.4.2 Mt khu cho GRUB

Nu khng chn GRUB hay LILO, bn c th chuyn n mc 3.3 Thit lp cu hnh mng di y (minh ho 3.17). Bn cn cung cp mt khu cho chng trnh khi ng GRUB ngn nga cc v xm phm tnh bo mt t pha ngi dng. Minh ho 3.16: Thit lp mt khu khi ng

3.3 Thit lp cu hnh mngChng trnh ci t tip tc vi vic thit lp cu hnh mng cho my ca bn. Nu c nh kt ni vi Internet, ci t cc thnh phn lm vic trn mng v c mt ba giao tip mng (NIC) th bn c th s gp mt mn hnh nh minh ho 3.17. Nu my c nhiu NIC, bn s nhn c nhiu tab trong mn hnh trn. Linux c th pht hin c nhiu loi NIC khc nhau. Cn nu khng c mt NIC no, chng trnh ci t s b qua v i tip n mc Firewall Configuration (xem mc 3.3.2). Nu nhn din c ba mng trong my bn, chng trnh ci t s hng dn bn thit lp mng TCP/IP (minh ho 3.17). Lu : Ethernet l giao din mng thng dng nht cho Linux hin nay. Cc cng ngh khc nh Token Ring, ISDN hoc ATM c th dng c, song cha hon ton thch hp cho Linux. Nhiu chng trinh iu khin cc thit b dng nhng cng ngh va k trn c th ang cn giai on th nghim trong mi trng Linux v rt tu thuc vo phn cng ca ngi sn xut gc (OEM). 3.3.1 Thit lp cu hnh mng TCP/IP Bn khai bo thng tin v TCP/IP qua hp thoi Network Configuration. Qun tr vin mng hoc nh cung cp dch v Internet s cung cp cho bn cc thng tin sau y: IP number, netmask, network address v broadcast address. Minh ho 3.17: Thit lp cu hnh mng

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Sau chng trnh s thit lp cu hnh mng my bn. Bn khai bo vo hp thoi Network Configuration cc thng tin nh tn min v host name ca h thng. Tn min l hai phn cui ca a ch Internet. Th d nu a ch l www.citynet.com, th citynet.com l tn min, cn www l host name. Tuy nhin y bn cn ghi tn y (FQDN=Fully qualified Domain Name) vo hostname. Tip theo qun tr vin mng s cho bn gi tr ca cng kt ni (Gateway) mc nh v my ch tn min chnh (Primary Name Server). Nu mng ca bn c nhiu my ch tn min, bn hy in gi tr ca cc server ny vo ni thch hp. Ghi ch: Nn thn trng khi t tn host, bi v tn ny s xut hin cu nhc mc nh, cc tin nhn v cc bo co k s (log). Ngay c khi my bn khng thc s ni vo mng, bn cng c th t tn cho my ca mnh. Cn khng th my ca bn s c coi nh c tn l localhost. 3.3.2 Cu hnh bc tng la Vic tch hp bc tng la l mt tnh cht mi ca cc phin bn RedHat 7.x v cho php ta bo v h thng (xem minh ho 3.18). Bn c th chn cc mc bo mt sau y tu theo yu cu ca mnh: - High: h thng bn s khng chp nhn cc kt ni m bn cha khai bo tng minh. Mt cch mc nh, ch c cc kt ni hi m DNS (DNS replies) v DHCP l c cho php (tt nhin cc kt ni sau y s khng c php: FTP, IRC, RealAudioTM, Remote X Window client, v.v.). - Medium: bc tng la ca bn s cm cc cuc truy cp t xa n ti nguyn trn my bn. Mt cch mc nh, mi kt ni n cc cng TCP c s hiu nh hn 1023 v cc cng NFS server (2049), cng X Font server, v.v. u s b cm. - No Firewall: ch bo mt khng c t ra, bt c kt ni no n my bn cng s khng b cm. Bn ch nn s dng tu chn ny khi bn ang trong mt mng ng tin cy. Tuy nhin nu bn mi tm hiu v Linux, bn nn chn ch ny c th s dng ngay mt s dch v. Sau ta s xem xt li ch Bc tng la. - Customize: tu chn ny cho php bn ch ng hn trong vic xc nh cc thit b, kt ni, dch v no l ng tin cy. Th d: bn ni vo mng ring qua NIC (Ethernet ba eth0) v dng modem qua giao thc PPP kt ni vi mng Internet (ppp0). Khi , bn c th xem cc kt ni qua eth0 l ng tin (Trusted devices = eth0) cn giao tip pp0 l cn kim sot. Bn cng c th thng qua tu chn Allow Incoming quyt nh c nn gii hn hay khng gii hn cc dch v. Ch rng nu RedHat 6.x, sau khi ci t ng, bn c th s dng ngay my ca mnh lm mt my ch Mail, Web,... Cn RedHat 7.x, do c Bc tng la cho nn cc kt ni t bn ngoi s b cm v bn cn cu hnh li Bc tng la. Minh ho 3.18: Cu hnh bc tng la

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3.4 Cc thit lp khc3.4.1 H tr ngn ng RedHat Linux cho php ci t v h tr nhiu ngn ng trong h thng ca bn. Bn c quyn chn cng lc nhiu ngn ng nhng phi quy nh mt trong s lm ngn ng mc nh. Thng thng ngn ng mc nh l ngn ng bn chn lc bt u ci t, tuy nhin khi chn thm nhiu ngn ng th bn vn s c kh nng thay i ngn ng mc nh sau khi ci t (minh ho 3.19). Vic ch ci mt ngn ng s tit kim mt lng ng k khong trng ca a cng, nhng bn cng ch c th dng duy nht ngn ng m thi. Minh ho 3.19: Thit lp h tr ngn ng 3.4.2 Thit lp cu hnh thi gian Qua hp thoi Time Zone Configuration (minh ho 3.20), bn c th t quy nh s s dng gi a phng hay gi GMT. Bn s chn mi gi bng cch dng chut di chuyn con chy trn bn n thnh ph thch hp v sau khi kch hot, mt ch X s nh du v tr c chn . Bn cng c th chn bng cch cun thanh cun (scroll bar). Bn vn s c th quy nh li Time Zone sau khi ci t bng cch thc hin lnh /usr/sbin/timeconfig. Minh ho 3.20: La chn mi gi

3.5 Thit lp trng khon ngi dngCc h iu hnh Linux/UNIX quy nh mt user c quyn hn ti cao, do mang tn Superuser hay cn gi l root. V nm trong tay nhng quyn hn nh ca qun tr vin h thng, superuser c th thc hin nhiu vic hay hoc d. Mc Account Configuration trc ht cho php bn thit lp mt khu cho trng khon root. Mt khu ca root l cha kho cui cng cho h thng ca bn, do hy chn mt mt khu d nh nhng m bo s an ton. Hp thoi Root Password s mi bn g vo hai ln xc nhn mt khu. Minh ho 3.21: Thit lp trng khon ngi dng Nu cc user qun mt khu ca h th bn cn gip c bng quyn hn ca root. Trong a s trng hp qun mt khu root th bn buc phi ci t li ton b h thng ; tuy nhin bn vn c kh nng khi ng li t a mm v chnh sa tp mt khu phc hi, hoc khi ng Linux vo ch Single, sau s t li mt khu mi cho root. Xem X l an ninh mt khu Cng trong mn hnh ny, bn c th to cc trng khon khc cho cc user cn thit, bng cch bm vo . Mt hp thoi (minh ho 3.22) s hin ra cho php nhp tn user (User name 8 k t) mt khu (password) v nhc bn khng nh li mt khu (Confirm).S dng Linux 37

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Bn cng c th b qua, khng to thm user ngay m sau khi ci t xong s thc hin. Xem Qun l trng khon ngi dng

3.6 Thit lp cu hnh xc thcMn hnh Authentication Configuration (cu hnh xc thc) s gip bn thit lp quy tc xc thc trn my ca mnh. Nhng nu bn quy nh t khi ci t rng my ca mnh l my trm hay my ch th mn hnh ni trn s khng hin ra. Bn c th chn s dng cc tiu chun chng thc trn mng nh NIS, LDAP, Kerberos, hay SMB, bng cch nh du vo tng ng v m th (tag) lin quan in nhng thng tin thch hp. Minh ho 3.23: Thit lp cu hnh xc thc - Enable MD5 password: cho php bn to cc mt khu di (ti a 256 k t) thay cho mt khu chun ch c 8 k t. - Enable shadow password: cung cp cho bn mt phng php lu tr mt khu an ton. Mt khu tht s khng lu tr trong tp /etc/password nh cc h thng chun, m lu tr trong tp /etc/shadow ch c root mi c c. - Enable NIS: cho php bn s dng chung mt mt khu trn mt nhm my tnh trong cng mt vng NIS (Network Information Service). Bn cn cung cp thm cc thng tin v tn ca vng NIS v tn ca mt my ch NIS c th. Bn cng c th chn kch hot kh nng ph bin thng ip n mi my trong mng cc b hu tm mt my ch NIS thch hp. - Enable LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol): cho php s dng LDAP cho mt vi hay ton b giao dch chng thc. LDAP l mt giao thc truy cp thng tin danh b in t trong h thng mng. Bn cn cung cp a ch IP ca my ch LDAP (LDAP server) trong h thng, chn cch nhn bit thng tin v user qua tn ring DN (LDAP Base DN Distinguished Name) v cho php bn gi thng tin mt khu ca user c m ho n mt my ch LDAP trc khi xc thc thng qua TLS (Transfer Layer Security). - Enable Kerberos: Kerberos l mt h thng bo mt cung cp cc dch v chng thc qua mng. C 3 tu chn bn la, bao gm: Realm, KDC, Admin Server. - Enable SMB Authentication: ci t PAM s dng mt my ch SMB cho vic xc nhn cc user. Cn cung cp cc thng tin v my ch SMB v v Nhm SMB.

3.7 Chn cc gi phn mm ci tn y th h thng v cn bn sn sng ci t. Tuy nhin bn cn phi chn nhng gi phn mm (package) mun ci t, sau thit lp cu hnh cho chng. Minh ho 3.24: Chn cc gi phn mm ci t Chng trnh ci t s lit k trong hp thoi Components to Install cc thnh t c th ci t v bng 3.5 gii thiu mt s gi phn mm nh vy.S dng Linux 38

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Thnh phn Printer Support Classic System X

M t Cho php in t h Linux Window Cung cp mi trng ha GUI cho mi my UNIX/Linux, tng t nh MS Windows Cung cp h thng X Window (qun l ca s ho) Cung cp cc ng dng chy trn Laptop v h tr cho cc Laptop chy Linux Cung cp cc ng dng theo giao din kiu GNOME Cung cp cc ng dng theo giao din kiu KDE

X Window System Laptop Support GNOME KDE

Sound and Multimedia Cung cp h tr m thanh v multimedia trong mi Support trng X Window Network Support Dialup Support Cung cp cc ng dng v cng c g li v qun tr mng, bao gm cc dch v SNMP Gip truy cp Internet qua modem in thoi

Messaging and Web Cung cp chng trnh s dng th in t, lt duyt Tools Web, dc v a tin ln Usenet Graphics and Image Cung cp cc chng trnh ho chng hn nh cc Manipulation phn mm GhostView, Screen Snapshot v GIMP. News Server Cho php h thng hot ng nh mt server Din n tho lun, c th nhn v ph bin kin trao i ca nhng ngi s dng. Gip h thng c thm hai chc nng l xut khu v ghp km vo cc h thng tp khc trn mng. Cung cp cc dch v SMB cho c client v server MS Windows

NFS Server Windows File System Anonymous Server

FTP Cung cp phn mm my ch FTP v danh (wu-ftp) Qun tri cc C s d liu dng SQL (MySQL, PostgreSQL...) Apache, phn mm Web server rt ph bin Phn mm qun l nh tuyn v bc tng la. Cung cp phn mm cn thit chy server tn min ring trn mng vi h iu hnh Linux

SQL Database Server Web Server Router/FireWall DNS Name Server

Network Managed Cung cp cng c qun l my trm Workstation Authoring PublishingS dng Linux

and Cung cp cc ng dng cho vic sng tc v xut bn39

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Emacs Utilities Legacy Support

Ci t phn mm son tho vn bn emacs, cung cp X Window front-end cho emacs Cung cp cc cng c tin ch Application H tr cc ng dng bng tng thch ngc (k tha cc ng dng c)

Software Development Cung cp cc trnh bin dch v cng c lp trnh (GNU gcc, cc trnh dch Python, Perl...) Kernel Development Windows Compatibility/ Interoperability Games Entertainment Everything Cung cp cc cng c pht trin kernel Cung cp ng dng phng to/lin tc mi trng MS Windows and Cung cp cc tr chi chy di X Window hoc ch vn bn. Ci t tt c nhng g c trn CD: Cn c khong 3.0 GB trng, cha k khong trng dnh cho cc tp d liu. Bng 3.5: Cc gi phn mm ci t ch yu Ghi ch: Bn c th chn tng gi phn mm bng cch nh du mi tng ng trn hp thoi, hoc ci t ton b khi nh du tu chn y. Mun chn mt gi phn mm ci t, bn ch cn di chuyn n mc mnh mun v nhn thanh Spacebar. Sau khi chn xong tt c nhng thnh t phn mm mun ci t, bn bm OK v bm . Lu : Sau ny bn c th dng chng trnh RPM c m t trong gio trnh ci t cc gi phn mm. GNOME v KDE l 2 kiu giao din GUI ca Linux (tng t giao din Window