ghujpahh; ftpijfspd; mikg;g[k;/...

162

ghujpahh; ftpijfspd; mikg;g[k;/ brhy;yhl;rpa[k;

ghujpahhpd; ftpapd;gk; Rl;or; brhy;Ykstpy; fl;Lg;gl;ljd;W.

cztpd; Rit MW. Mdhy; ghl;od; Rit vl;L. ghujp me;j vl;Lr;

Ritfisa[k; vg;gobag;go eakhff; fhl;lKoa[nkh mg;goag;go

eakhff; fhl;oa[s;shh;. mth; ghl;oy; vJif Js;Sk; nkhid ms;Sk;

jhsKk; uhfKk; Tj;jpLk; xyptiffnsh fypj;J Mh;f;Fk;. mtuJ

ghly;fspy; brhy;yLf;Fk; czh;r;rp kpLf;Fk; Js;sp tUk;. ftpijfs;

fhdj;jpny fdpe;j "hdj;jpny/ bkhHpahf;fj;jpny/ czh;r;rp

Cf;fj;jpny/ ftpij Cw;wpny/ fUj;jpd; Vw;wpdpny/ brhy;

td;ikapny/ rpe;jidj; jpz;ikapny/ rhpj;jpu cz;ikapny/

ntfj;jpny/ tpLjiyj; jhfj;jpny/ ,dpa re;jj;jpny/ jha;ehl;Lg;

ge;jj;jpny/ rKjhar; brhe;jj;jpny/ khdkpF tPuj;jpny khz;g[

tp";Rtjha;/ kug[ tp";Rtjha;/ bkhHp bfh";Rtjha; tps';fpa[s;sJ.

jkpGf;Ff; ftpij g[JikahdJ md;W. jkp[H; vt;tst[

gHikahdnjh mt;tst[ gHikahdJ ftpija[k; MFk;. me;jg;

gHikahd ftpijiar; brk;ikahd Kiwapy; thh;j;bjLj;jth;

kfhftp ghujp.

ghujpapd; ftpij Kaw;rpiaf; Fwpj;J/ “gj;bjhd;gjhk;

E]w;whz;ony bky;yj; jpUk;gpa jkpH;f;ftpij ghujpahh; ngrpaJk; ,k;

kz;Qyf thH;f;ifapd;

163

el;l eLtpy;

filj;bjUtpd; Xuj;jpy;

murpay; nkilapy;

cHth; ghLk; tay; btspapy;

,Uk;igf; fha;r;rp cUf;fpLk; ae;jpurhiy Muthuj;jpy;

nfzpaUfpy;

bjd;id kuf;fPw;wpd; gl;blhspapy; - Mdhy; v';Fk; kdpj

,jaj;jpd; mutizg;gpy; te;J mkh;e;J bfhz;lJ 1

vd;gh;.

bjhlf;ff; fhy';fspy; ftpijapd; nghf;F jw;fhyj;jpypUe;J

Kw;wpYk; ntWgl;oUe;jJ. “gz;ilj;jkpHr; rhd;nwhh;fs; rpwg;g[kpF

fUj;Jf;fisj; bjspthf cs;sj;jpy; gjpa[khW ghLtijna

flikahff; bfhz;oUe;jdh;. ,ilf;fhyg; g[yth;fs; tpGk;pa

fUj;Jf;fSf;F Kjd;ik ,lk; jutpy;iy. btWk; brhy;

my';fhuj;jpy; _H;fpj; jpisj;jdh;. ghl;od; caph; ehoahfpa

czh;r;rpj; Jog;gpw;F chpa ,lj;ijj; jUtjw;F kwe;jdh;. ntW

tifahfr; brhy;YtJ vdpy;/ ,ilf;fhyg; g[yth;fs; ghl;od;

Md;khthfpa fUj;jpidg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. btw;Wlyhfpa

bra;a[Sf;Fr; brhw;fshy; Mfpa Mil mzpfis mzptpj;J

kfpH;e;jdh;. ,e;epiy ghujpahh; njhd;Wk; tiu jkpHfj;jpy;

epytp ,Ue;jik ,';F epidt[Th;jw;F chpajhFk;”2 vd;W

164

gH';fhyj;jpypUe;J ghujpapd; fhyk;tiu epytp te;j ftpijg; nghf;F

Fwpj;J tpsf;fkspg;gh;.

jkpH; bkhHpf;F Fwpg;ghff; ftpij cyfpw;F mHpahj

gilg;g[fis/ gy g[jpa Kaw;rpfis kfhftp ghujp tpl;Lr;brd;Ws;shh;.

“ghujpahh; jkpH;f;fliy ePe;jpf; fiunawpath;. tlbkhHpf; fliyf;

file;J mkpH;jj;ijj; njoath;.Inuhg;gpa bkhHpf; fly; miyfs;

fiunahuj;jpy; bfhz;L te;J nrh;j;j Kj;Jfisa[k; rpg;gpfisa[k;

nrfhpj;Jr; rpe;J ghoath;. brd;w E]w;whz;oy;/ Inuhg;gpa ehLfspy;

g[jpabjhU bky;ypa g{';fhw;W’ ,yf;fpa cyfpy; tPrpaJ/ mjid

tPWzh;r;rp ,ay; (Romanticism) vd;gh;. ek; njrpaftp/ mg;g{';fhw;wpd;

eWkzj;jpy; rpe;jidiag; gwp bfhLj;jth;. ,e;j ,yf;fpag; nghf;fpd;

,ay;g[fs; gy. mtw;Ws; ftp"idj; J]z;o ftpij Mntr

btwpbfhsr; bra;a[k; ce;Jjy; rf;jp Kjd;ikahdJ. gog;gth;

cs;sj;jpy; Jog;g[kpF vHr;rpiaj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk; tpag;ig

cz;lhf;Fk;. nguhh;tj;ij Cl;Lk; kw;Wk; fw;gidr; rpwF tphpj;J

,ilf;fhyg; gpd;dzpfSf;Fg; gwe;J bry;Ytija[k;/ gHikapd; kPJ

jPuhf;fhjy; bfhs;Sk; nghf;fpida[k; jdp kdpjj;jpd; rpwg;ig tpae;J

ghLk; epiyapida[k;/ mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd mQFk; epiyfis

vjph;g;gija[k;/ mokd czh;t[fSf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; mspg;gija[k;/

kug[fis vjph;j;Jg; nghuhLtija[k; czh;thw;wiy nehf;fpa[k;

,aw;if tdg;ig nehf;fpa[k;/ kdpj Md;kh gazk;

165

nkw;bfhs;Stija[k; tPWzh;r;rp ,af;fj;jpd; gy;ntW ,ay;g[fshff;

TWth;”3 vd;W ghujpapd; g[jpa ftpijf; bfhs;fisiaa[k; mJ gw;wpa

fUj;jpida[k; bjhptpj;Js;sdh;.

ghujpapd; ftpijf; bfhs;if gw;wpf; TWk; nghJ/ “Rg;gpukzpa

ghujpahhpd; ‘ftpij’ gw;wpa vz;z';fisj; bjhif tifg;gLj;jpg;

ghh;g;nghkhdhy; mjpy; ‘tPWzh;r;rpg; gz;g[fs;’ nknyh';fp epw;gij

vspjpy; czuyhk;. jk;Kila ftpijf; nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;Fk;

jpwdha;t[ E]y;fisg; ghujpahh; vGjtpy;iy. vdpDk; kf;fs;

ftp"dhfpa ghujpf;F ,f;fhyj;jpw;Fj; njitahd ftpij vt;thW

,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wpj; bjspthd rpe;jid ,Ue;jJ. mJ

mtUila ghl;LfspYk; fl;LiufspYk; ,iHnahoa[s;sJ.

caphpyhr; bra;jpfl;F caph;kpff; bfhLj;J

xspapyhr; bra;jpfl;F xspaUs; g[hpe;J

thdrhj;jpuk; kfkJ tPH;r;rp

rpd;dg;igad; nrtfj;jpwik

vdtU epfH;r;rp ahfnt ahapDk;

midj;ija[k; M';nf mHFwr; bra;a[k;

Mw;wy; tha;e;jJ ftpij vd;gijg; ghujpahh; ed;Fzh;e;J ,Ue;jhh;”4

vd;w tpsf;fj;jpdhy; ghujpapd; ftpijf; bfhs;if bjspthfpd;wJ.

ghujpapd; ftpijfspy; kug[f; ftpijfspd; jhf;fk;/ ehl;Lg;g[wg;

ghly;fspd; jhf;fk;/ nkiyehl;Lf; ftpijfspd; jhf;fk;/ ,irg;ghly;

166

bewp/ Mlypirg; ghf;fs;/ fijg; ghly;fs;/ ghg;gh ghly;fs; nghd;w

midj;J tifahd Kaw;rpfSk; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd.

kug[k; ghujpa[k;

kug[f; ftpij vd;gJ ,yf;fz tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;Lg; ghLtJ.

xU ftpijf;F capuhf czh;r;rp mikfpd;wJ. clyhf mjd; totk;

mikfpd;wJ. ftpijapd; czh;r;rp btspg;ghl;oy; mJ g[Jf;ftpijah

kug[f; ftpijah vd;gJ bjhptjpy;iy. Mdhy; mjd; totj;jpy;

mf;ftpij g[Jf;ftpijah kug[f; ftpijah vd;gJ btspg;gLfpd;wJ.

kug[f; ftpijapd; totk; ‘ahg;g[‘ vd;w ,yf;fz tpjpahy; mikfpwJ.

“ftpijapd; totk; bra;a[spd; my;yJ ghtpd; mikg;iga[k;

tifiaa[k; Rl;LtjhFk;. bra;a[is cUthf;FtJ ahg;g[.

‘ahg;g[‘ vDk; brhy;Yf;Ff; ‘fl;LtJ(ahj;jy;) vDk; bghUs;

Kjd;ikahdjhFk;. bra;a[s; my;yJ gh vt;thW ahf;fg;gLfpwJ?

vGj;J/ mir/ rPh;/ jis/ mo/ bjhilfspdhy; fl;lg;gLtnj bra;a[s;.

j';fSila ghLbghUs;fspd; njitfSf;F Vw;w tifapYk;/ j';fs;

fUj;ij czh;j;Jtjw;F trjpahd KiwapYk; jd;Dila

ftpijfisg; gytifr; bra;a[s;fshf ghf;fshff; ftp"d; gilj;Jf;

bfhs;Sfpwhd;. ,j;jifa njitfis xl;ona/ jkpHpy; Mrphpag;gh/

btz;gh/ fypg;gh/ t";rpg;gh/ ghp;ghly; nghd;wit bjhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy;

njhd;wpd. gpd;dh;/ ,tw;Ws; kiwe;jd nghf/ v";rpatw;wpd;

fpisfshfj; jhHpir/ Jiw/ tpUj;jk; nghd;wit tHf;fpw;F te;jd.

167

,tw;Ws; tpUj;jk; mz;ikf;fhyk; tiuapy; bgUthH;t[ bgw;W

tps';fpaJ”5 vd;W ahg;g[ Fwpj;J tpsf;fkspg;gh;.

,e;j ahg;g[ Fwp[j;j bra;jpfisg; ghujp bjspthf czh;e;J

ftpij gilj;Js;shh;. ,e;j ahg;g[ bewpfisg; gw;wpa bjspthd mwpt[

ghujpahUf;F ,Ue;jij/ mtUila ftpijfs; g[yg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

bjhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ghujpahhplj;Jg; gHikapd; rhay; goe;J

,Ue;jijf; fhQfpd;nwhk;. ehy;tifg; ghf;fisa[k;/ ghtpd';fisa[k;/

ghujpahh; gpd;gw;wpg; ghoa[s;sij mtUila njhj;jpug; ghly;fs;

bjhptpf;fpd;wd. nkYk; gl;oaypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ,yf;fpa tiffshd

jpUg;gs;spbaGr;rp jpUj;jrh';fk; nghd;w rpw;wpyf;fpa kug[fSk; ek;

ftp"Uila cs;sj;ijf; fth;e;jpUe;jd ,jid ghujkhjh

jpUg;gs;spbaGr;rp/ ‘ghujkhjhtpd; jpUj; jrh';fk; vd;Dk; ftpijfs;

mwptpf;fpd;wd.

bghGJ g[yh;e;jJ; ahk;bra;j jtj;jhy;/

g[d;ik apUl;fzk; nghapd aht[k;;

vGgRk; bghw;Rlh; v';fQk; gutp

vGe;J tps';fpaJ mwpbtDk; ,utp;

bjhGJid thH;j;jp tz';Fjw;F ,';Fcd;

bjhz;lh;gy; yhapur; NH;e;Jepw; fpd;nwhk;

tpHpJapy; fpd;wid ,d;Dk;vk; jhna!

tpag;gpJ fhz;! gs;sp baGe;jU shna! 6

,J jhia vGg;g[k; FHe;ijfspd; g[jpa jpUg;gs;spbaGr;rpahFk;.

168

‘ftpij totk;’ vd;gijg; bghWj;jtiu ghujp

Kw;fhyj;jhUf;Ff; flikg;gl;Ls;shh;. g[jpa tot';fspd; gpuk;khthfr;

rpy ,l';fspy; ghujp njhd;wpdhYk;/ gHikapd; Fspiutpl;L Xotpl

ghujpahy; Koatpy;iy. nfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahUila ghl;od;

tot';fisg; ghujpahh;/ gy ,l';fspy; ifahz;Ls;shh;.

mz;zhkiy bul;oahhpd; ‘fhto rpe;J’ mtUf;F xU Kd;khjphpahf

mike;Jtpl;lijf; fhQfpd;nwhk;. nkYk;/ rpj;jh;fspd;/ jha[khdthpd;

Mde;jf; fspg;g[r; re;jKk; fz;zpg; ghly; tiffSk; njrpa

ftp"Uila ghly;fspy; bgUthH;t[ bgw;Ws;sd. vdnt ‘g[Jbewp’

fhl;oa g[ytdhfpa ghujpapd; ftpijfspy; Ke;ijnahh; nghw;wpa

giHa ,yf;fpa kug[ tHpg;gl;l gh tot';fspd; jhf;fk; ,Ug;gij

ahUk; vspjpy; g[wf;fzpf;f ,ayhJ. btz;gh/ Mrphpag;gh/ bfhr;rff;

ftpg;gh/ fypbtz;gh/ fypj;Jiw/ vz;rPh; tpUj;jk;/ fHpbeoyo/ Mrphpa

tpUj;jk;/ ,ul;ilf; Fws; bre;Jiw nghd;w gy;ntW kug[tHpg;gl;l

ahg;g[ tot';fspy; ghujpahh; jk; ftpijfisg; gilj;Js;shh;”.7

bjhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; kfhftp kug[f; ftp"dhf mwpKfkhfp gpd;g[

fhyg;nghf;fpy; r_fj; jhf;fj;jpdhy; murpay;/ bkhHp/ ,yf;fpak;

,tw;wpd; etPd khw;w';fspdhy; ghujp jkJ gilg;g[fspYk; g[jpa

g[ul;rpiar; bra;jhh;. ,tuJ khw;wj;jpidg; gw;wpf; TWk;nghJ

“Muk;gj;jpy; kug[f; ftp"dhf mwpKfkhfp NH;epiy fhuzkhft[k;

murpay;/ r_fk; nghd;wit fhuzkhft[k;/ xU g[jpa etPd

169

ftp"dhft[k; njrpaf; ftp"dhft[k; cyf kfh ftp"dhft[k;

gog;goahf khwpdhh; vd;gij mtuJ gh tot';fis Muha[k;bghGJ

mwpe;Jbfhs;s KofpwJ”8 vd;W ghujpapd; ftpij totk; Fwpj;J

Ma;thsh;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.

rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij ghujp

rpe;J vd;Dk; ghtif rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhyj;jpypUe;J

tHf;fpypUe;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. rpe;J vd;gJ

Xireaj;Jld; ghlf;Toa xU ghly; tif.

“rpe;J vDk; g[jpa ghly;tif/ ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly; mikg;gpy;

,Ue;J njhd;wp tsh;e;jjhFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ciuahrphpauhd

moahh;f;;F ey;yhh; fhyj;jpnyna (fp.gp. gjpdhd;fhk; E]w;whz;L)

,irg;ghf;fspy; xU tifahd rpe;J nghw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhyg;nghf;fpy; njhd;wpa[s;s gy;ntW ‘rpe;J’ E]y;fisf; Th;e;J

nehf;Fnthkhdhy;/ re;jj;jpw;Fk;/ ,iag[j; bjhilf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

bfhLf;Fk; tifapy; fz;zp mikg;gpy; ,aw;wg;gLk; ,irg;ghlny

‘rpe;J’ vd;gJ g[ydhFk;. ,j;jifa g[jpa ahg;gpy; mike;j E]y;fs; gy/

fijg; ghly;fshf ,aw;wg;gl;ld. ,nj fhyfl;lj;jpy;

,aw;Fk;kp

xapw;Fk;kp

Xuof;Fk;kp

nghd;w Fk;kpg; ghly;fSk;

170

rkdpiyr; rpe;J

tpadpiyr; rpe;J

fhtor; rpe;J

behz;or; rpe;J

tHp eilr; rpe;J

Kjypa re;jg; ghly;fSk;/ ,tw;wpypUe;J fpisj;j Mde;jf;fspg;g[/

bjk;kh';F (bjd; gh';F) Kjypa ehl;Lg;ghly; tot';fSk;/ g[jpa gh

tot';fshf vGe;jd. ‘tuyhw;Wr; rpe;J’ vDk; gh tifapy;

fijg;ghly;fs; gy ,aw;wg;gl;ld. tHpeilr; rpe;J/ fhtor; rpe;J vDk;

bjhHpw;ghly;fs; rpwg;g[kpF ,irg;ghly;fshf Vw;wk; bgw;wd.

ghujpahUf;F Kd;g[ rpe;J vd;gJ jdp E]yhf ,Ue;jJ. ghujpahuhy;

mJ xU ghly; mikg;ghf khw;wg;gl;lJ”9 vd;W ghujp rpe;Jg; ghitg;

gad;gLj;jj; bjhl';fpa epiyiaa[k;/ gpd;g[ rpe;Jg; ghitna jdJ

ftpijapd; Kjd;ikg; ghthft[k; bfhz;L ftpij gilj;j NHiya[k;

rhd;nwhh;fs; bjspt[gLj;jpa[s;sdh;.

“XbuJifg; bgw;w ,uz;L mofs; msbthj;J tUtJ

rpe;JthFk;. ghujpahh; mjpfkhfr; rpe;J tifapidf; ifahz;ljhy;

‘rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij’ vd;W nghw;wg;gl;lhh;. gjpbdl;lhk; E]w;whz;ow;F

Kd; rpe;J Kjyha ,irg;ghf;fs; ,Ue;jjpy;iy vd;gh;. ,t;tpirg;

ghf;fisr; rhfpj;jpak; vd;W tH';Fth;. ‘,yf;fpa tHp te;j re;jg;

ghf;fs;/ thpg;ghly;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; gpd;dzpapny/ ehl;Lg;ghly;fis

mog;gilahff; bfhz;L KfpH;j;jdnt ,t;tpirg;ghly; tiffs;.

171

rkar; rhh;g[ Fiwthft[k;/ murpaw; r_fr; rhh;g[ TLjyhft[k; mike;j

g[Jg;ghly;fSf;F mog;gilahf mike;jjpnyjhd; ghujpapd;

btw;wpapd; bgUk;gFjp j';fpa[s;sJ” (1984: 46-47) vd;fpwhh; ifyhrgjp.

jdJ Kd;ndhofs; bjhl';fpitj;j g[jpa bra;a[s; tiffisg; ghujp

mg{h;tj;jpwika[ld; E]jd ntfj;Jld; Ml;rpapy; bfhz;L te;jhh;

vd;W itahg[hpg; gps;is (1968: 48) Fwpg;gpLtJ kd';bfhs;sj;jf;fnj.

rpe;jpd; ,ay;g[ gw;wp Fg;g[rhkp Kjypahh; (1962) fhtor; rpe;J vd;w E]ypd;

Kft[iuapy; gpd;tUkhW Twpa[s;shh;.

rpe;J ,irj;jkpHpd; ghFghLfspy; xd;W. mJ Ie;JWg;

g[f;fshyhanjhh; ahg;g[ tpnrlk;. mt;t[Wg;g[f;fshtd: gy;ytp/

mDgy;ytpa[k; ,d;wpr; ruz';fl;Fhpa fz;zpfis khj;jpuk;

bgw;W eilbgWtd rpy tifr; rpe;Jf;fs;. rpe;J vd;gJ Fk;kp/ Fwk;/

tHp/ eilg;gjk; vd;gdtw;wpd; eiliana bgUk;ghd;ika[k;

jGtpr;bry;Yk; gy;ytpa[k;/ mDgy;ytpa[k; jtph;j;Jr; ruz';fSf;Fhpa

fz;zpfisf; bfhz;l ghf;fisna ghujp mjpfk; ghoa[s;shh;.

behz;or; rpe;J/ fhtor; rpe;J bkl;Lfspny gy bghUs; Fwpj;j

ghly;fis ahj;Js;shh;. rpe;J ghujpf;F Ke;jpa rpy ftp"h;fshy;

ifahsg;gl;lbjdpDk;/ mtuJ Ml;rpf;Fg; gpd;dnu ,yf;fpaj;

jFjpa[k; kjpg;g[k; bgw;wJ vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ”10 vd;gh;. vdnt

rpe;J vd;Dk; ,irg;ghly; tiff;F ghujp kpf kpf ,d;wpaikahjth;

vd;gJ bjspthfpd;wJ. rpe;Jf;Fg; bgUik nrh;j;jth; kfhftp

172

ghujpahh;. fk;gid tpUj;jg;ghtpw;F cah;t[ je;jtd; vd;W g[fHhuk;

Nl;LtJ nghy/ ghujpia/ rpe;Jg;ghtpw;F Vw;wk; je;jtd; vd;W

nghw;wyhk;. ,Jnghd;w ftpij Kaw;rpfs; ghujpapd; kug[f; ftpijapd;

<LghL vd;gJ bjspt[.

ghujpapd; kug[ kPwy;

ghujp g[Jikf; ftp"d;. gpw gilg;ghsh;fsplkpUe;J jkJ g[jpa

Kaw;rpapdhy; jk;ik ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;oath; “jkpH; ,yf;fpa cyfpy;

Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; cUtj;jpYk; cs;slf;fj;jpYk;/ jkf;bfd;W

xU g[J tHpia tFj;Jf;bfhz;Ls;shh;. ,Jtiu ftpijapd;

cs;slf;fkhd ghLbghUspy; mth; g[Fj;jpa[s;s g[Jikfs; ,f;fhyj;

jkpH;f;ftp"h;fs; ,ilna bgw;Ws;s jhf;fj;ijf; fhzKofpwJ.

,Jkl;Lky;yhky; gh totpYk; ,yf;fpa totpYk; mth; g[Fj;jpa[s;s

g[Jikfisf; fz;Ls;shh;”11 vd;W ghujpapd; g[Jf;ftpij Kaw;rp

Fwpj;J tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wdh;.

,tuJ g[Jf;ftpij Kaw;rp kug[f;ftpij Kaw;rpfis

kPwpajhFk;. kug[f; ftpijf;nf chpa ,yf;fz tuk;g[fis kPwp

g[Jf;ftpijf;bfd;W rpy rYiffisf; ftp"h; cl;brYj;jp jkJ

ftpijg; gilg;gpidr; bra;jhh;.

“ghujpahhpd; ftpijfSf;Fhpa jdpg; bgU";rpwg;g[ vspa eil/

,dpa re;jk;/ rhkhdpa kf;fSf;Fk; fth;r;rpa{l;lf;Toa ghLbghUs;

173

vd;gJ Kd;dnu fhl;lg;gl;lJ. ‘ghujp giHa ahg;gpyf;fz kugpy;

,Ue;J bghpJk; khWgl;Lr; brd;wth; vdr; brhy;yt[k; KoahJ.

vdpDk; mtnu TWtJ nghy; vspa re;jk;/ vspa eil/ #d';fs;

tpUk;g[k; bkl;L vd;gijna jkJ ftpijapd; totkhff; bfhz;L

ahg;gpyf;fzj;Jf;Fg; g[wk;ghd me;j ,yf;fzj;jpy; tiuaiw

Twg;glhj gpw;fhyj;Jr; re;j';fisa[k; bkl;Lf;fisa[k; gad;gLj;jpna

bgUk;ghyhd ghly;fis ,aw;wpa[s;shh;. FLFLg;igf;fhud; ghl;L/

FUtpf;fhhpg; ghl;L/ ghujpna brhy;ypapUg;gJnghy;/ bjUtpy;

CrpfSk; ghrpkzpfSk; tpw;gnjhL gpr;irbaLf;ft[k; bra;fpd;w

bgz;fspd; ghl;L Kjypa (gh";rhyp rgjj;jpd; Fwpg;g[) ghku tHf;Fg;

ghly; bkl;Lf;fisa[k; ghujp gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh;. thh;j;ijfisa[k;

bra;iffisa[k; tpsf;Ftjw;F ,g;gog;gl;l eilfs; kpft[k;

bghUj;jkhf cs;sd vd;gija[k; ghujpahnu czh;e;J

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh; vd;Dk; fUj;J ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspy; ghujpf;F

,Ue;J fth;r;rpia btspg;gLj;JfpwJ”.12

ghujpapd; ftpijfspy; kug[ kPwy; fhzg;gLtjw;F ghujpapd;

g[Jikahd gilg;g[r; rpe;jidna fhuzkhf mike;jJ. “Rg;gpukzpa

ghujpahUf;F ,sikapy; ,Ue;nj/ vjpYk; g[Jik fhQk; ntl;if

,ay;ghf ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,ilf;fhyj; jkpH;ehl;oy; cz;lhd

rpe;jidj; njf;fKk;/ mjdhy; gilg;g[yfpy; tpise;j kyl;Lj;

jd;ika[k; mtUila cs;sj;ij thl;o tijj;jd. ,tw;nwhL

174

jkpHpyf;fpag; gilg;g[fs; ‘ahg;g[‘ vDk; rpiwf;Fs; rpf;fp/ ‘gyh;’ mir

nghl;lijna jhKk; mir nghl;Lf; ftp"h;fs; Fjg;gpf;bfhz;L

,Ue;jijf; fz;L mth; rPw;wKw;whh;”13 vd;wjdhy; ghujpapd; g[Jik

ntl;if g[ydhfpd;wJ.

“iee;Jnghd ahg;g[ tot';fisg; ghujpahh; tPrpbawpaj;

bjhl';fpdhh;. fhyf;fd;dpapd; Kj;j';fsha; fd;dpg;nghd ftpijapd;

‘giHa ruf;Ffis’ MHf; FHp njhz;og; g[ijf;fyhdhh;! v';Fk;

g[Jik! vjpYk; g[Jik! vd mth; vf;fhskpl;lhh;. gHik nghijapy;

_H;fp/ ,d;iwa cyfpd; rkfhy cyfg; nghf;ifa[k;/ epfH;r;rpfisa[k;

czuhjtuhf mth; thHtpy;iy gHikapd; FiwghLfis - gadw;w

gz;g[fisf; fz;lhh;. mtw;iw mfw;wt[k; Jzpe;jhh;. jk; fz; vjpnu

thGk; kf;fspd; my;yy;fisa[k; thH;f;ifr; rpf;fy;fisa[k; ed;F

czh;e;jtuhf mth; tps';fpdhh;. mth;fisr; rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwd;

cilatuhf khw;w Kad;whh;. vdnt mth;fSf;F (rhkhdpa

kf;fSf;F) ed;F bjhpe;j mth;fs; mDgtj;jpy; mwpe;j bra;jpfis/

epfH;r;rpfis/ mth;fSf;Fj; bjhpe;j bkhHpapy; - mth;fs; ngRk;

bkhHpapy; vspikahf vLj;Jiug;gijna jk;Kila ftpijg; gzpapd;

nehf;fkhff; fhyj;jpd; nghf;fpw;nfw;gg; ghujpahh; bfhz;lhh;. ,jidg;

gh";rhyp rgjj;jpd; Kd;Diuapy; mth; bjhptpj;Js;sik Kd;dnu

fhl;lg;gl;lJ. jkpH; #hjpf;Fg; g[jpa thH;t[ juntz;Lk; vd;W f';fz';

fl;o epw;Fk; guhrf;jpna. vd;id ,j;bjhHpypny J]z;odhshjypd;/

175

,jd;fz; ek;kth;f;Fg; gphpae;jUtjhFk; vd;nw ek;g[fpnwd;! vd;gJ

mtUila JzpthFk;.

kw;Wk; ,f;fUj;jpid tphpt[gLj;jp/ jk;Kila fl;Liufs;

gytw;wpYk; mth; ,e;j nehf;fj;jpidj; bjspt[Wj;jpa[s;shh;.

,j;jifa ‘g[jpa rpe;jid’ ek; ghujpf;Fj; njhd;wpajw;Fhpa ce;Jjy;

rf;jpfs; gy. mtw;Ws; Inuhg;gpaf; fy;tp Kiwahy; cz;lhd

tpHpg;g[zh;r;rp xd;W vdyhk;. Mdhy;/ ,jid mth; cld;glkhl;lhh;

vd;gJ ahtUf;Fk; bjhpe;j bra;jp. vdpDk; Inuhg;gpa rpe;jidfspd;

jhf;fk; mthplk; ,y;yhky; nghftpy;iy. ‘tpLjiy ntl;if’/ ‘njrpa

vGr;rp’/ ‘midj;Jyff; fz;nzhl;lk;’ nghd;w czh;t[fs; mtiu

Ml;bfhz;oUe;jd. ,it gpbu";Rg; g[ul;rpapd; gadhf Inuhg;gpa

rpe;jidapd; tuyhw;iw mwpe;njhh; kWf;f ,ayhJ. ,t;thnw

M';fpyf; ftp"d; b\y;ypapd; jhrdhf (b\y;ypjhrd;) tps';fpa

ghujpaplk;/ b\y;ypia cUthf;fpa ‘tPWzh;r;rp’ ftpij (Romantic

poetry) ,af;f ,ay;g[fs; ghjpj;Js;sij ehk; kwf;f ,ayhJ.

czh;r;rp btspg;ghl;ila[k; g[yDfh; mDgtj;ija[k; g[yg;gLj;Jk;

mfd;w ghh;ita[k; thH;f;ifg; g[jph;fisr; rpj;jhpf;Fk; nghf;Fk;

mwpthuha;r;rpf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gilg;ghw;wiyg; nghw;Wk; czh;t[k;/

eifr;Rit ehl;lKk;/ mePjpiaf; fz;oj;Jg; g[yk;g[jYk; tPWzh;r;rpf;

ftpijfspd; ,ay;g[fshFk;. ,e;j ,ay;g[fspd; ce;Jjiy ehk;

ghujpaplk; fhzKofpwJ. ,e;j tPWzh;r;rpf; ftp"h;fs; ‘vy;yhUf;Fk;

176

bjhpe;j rpwg;gw;w bra;jpfis/ rhkhdpa kf;fSk; g[hpe;Jbfhs;sj;jf;f

tifapy;/ mth;fSila md;whlg; ngr;R bkhHpapy; vLj;Jiug;gij

,yl;rpakhff; bfhz;oUe;jdh;. ,jd; jhf;fj;ij/ M';fpy bkhHpia

mwpe;jpUe;j ghujpahh; ngustpw;Fg; bgw;wpUf;fpwhh;. Mdhy;/

jk;Kila ehl;od; gz;ghl;ow;Fk;/ fhyj;jpd; njitf;Fk; Vw;g/

mtw;wpy; rpw;rpy khw;w';fis mth; bra;Jbfhz;Ls;shh;.

Rit g[jpJ/ bghUs; g[jpJ/ tsk; g[jpJ

brhw; g[jpJ/ nrhjpkpf;f

etftpij bae;ehSk; mHpahj

kfh ftpij bad;W

jk; ftpijia cyfk; nghw;Wtjhf mtnu/ bjhptpj;Js;sik ,';F

epidt[Twj; jf;fjhFk;”14 vd;w bra;jpfshy; kfhftp ghujp kug[f;

ftpijapypUe;J khWgl;L gy;ntW g[jpa nkiyehl;Lf; ftp"h;fspd;

gy g[jpa gilg;g[fspdhy; ghujpapd; ftpijfSk; g[jpa jd;ikapy;/

g[jpa Ritapy;/ g[jpa czh;r;rpapy; gilf;fg;gl;lJ vd;w cz;ik

bjspthfpd;wJ.

ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypd; jhf;fk;

ghujp kug[f;ftpij gilg;gjpypUe;J gy;ntW g[jpa Kaw;rpfs;

bra;J g[Jikahd jd;ikapy; jkJ ftpijfisj; je;jjd; nehf;fnk/

jkJ ftpij rhjhuz kf;fSf;Fk; vspikahfg; g[hpantz;Lk;

vd;gjw;fhfnt. vdnt rhjhuz kf;fs; ngRk; vspa ngr;R

bkhHpiana jkJ ftpijfspYk; ghujp ifahz;lhh;.

177

ghujpapd; gy ftpijfspy; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspd; jhf;fk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ghujpapd; Fapy; ghl;oy; ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghlypd; jhf;fk;

mjpfkhf ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ. ehl;Lg;g[w kf;fs; ghLk; kaf;fj;jf;f ,ir

Fwpj;J ftp"h; Fapy;ghl;oy; ghoa[s;shh;.

Vw;wePh;g; ghl;od; ,irapYk; bey;ypof;Fk;

nfhw;bwhoahh; Ff;Fbtdf; bfh";R bkhHpapdpYk;

Rz;zk;,og; ghh;jk; RitkpFe;j gz;fspYk;

gz;iz klthh; gHFgy ghl;odpYk;

tl;lkpl;Lg; bgz;fs; tisf;fu';fs; jhbkhypf;ff;

bfhl;o ,irj;jpLnkhh; Tl;lKjg; ghl;odpYk;

ntapd; FHnyhL tpizKj yhkdpjh;

thapDk; ifahYk; thrpf;Fk; gy;fUtp

ehl;odpYk; fhl;odpYk; ehbsy;yhk; ed;bwhypf;Fk;

ghl;odpYk;/ be";irg; gwpbfhLj;njd; ghtpnad; 15

vd;w ghlypy; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspy; Vw;w ePhpd; nghJ ghLk;

ghliya[k;/ bey;ypof;Fk;nghJ ghLk; ghliya[k;/ Rz;zk; ,og;ghh;fs;

ghLk; ghliya[k;/ Tl;lkhfg; bgz;fs; To moj;jpLk;

Fk;kpg;ghliya[k; jkJ ghlypy; Rl;of; fhl;oa[s;sikiaf;

fhQk;nghJ/ ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypd; nky; mtUf;fpUe;j <LghL

tps';FfpwJ.

“ghujpahhpd; ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspd;

jhf;fj;ij totk;/ eil/ bghUs; vDk; _tifahfj; jpwdha;thsh;fs;

178

ghFgLj;Jth;. ‘mk;khf; fz;Q ghl;L’/ ‘tz;of;fhud; ghl;L’/ ‘g[jpa

nfhz';fp’/ ‘gz;lhug; ghl;L’/ ‘Fk;kpg;ghl;L’ vd;gd rpwg;g[kpf;f

ehl;Lg;ghly; ghzpapy; mike;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; xd;iw kl;Lk;

rhd;whff; fhz;nghk;.

ek; Ch;fspy; tPL tPlhf tUk; FLFLg;igf;fhud; ghLk; ghl;nl/

‘g[jpa nfhz';fp’ vDk; jiyg;gpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghujpahh;

ghoa[s;s ,g;ghly; czh;r;rpj; Jog;g[k;/ Xir eaKk;/ g[jpa

fUj;jhHKk; bfhz;L tps';FfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; vjph;fhyj;ij jhk;

thH;e;j ‘filaj;jpw;F’hpa vjph;fhykhfg; ghtpj;J mth; ghoa[s;shh;.

me;j Chpid ‘ntjg[uk;’ vd (ntjpah;fs; thGk; Ch;)

rpwg;gpj;Js;shh;”.16 nkYk;

FLFL FLFL FLFL FLFL

ey;yfhyk; tUFJ! ey;yfhyk; tUFJ!

rhjpfs; nrUJ! rz;ilfs; bjhiya[J

brhy;yo/ brhy;yo rf;jp! khfhsp!

ntjg[uj; jhUf;F ey;yFwp brhy;Y!

jhpj;jpuk; nghFJ! bry;tk; tUFJ!

gog;g[ tsUJ! ghtk; bjhiya[J!

gor;rtd; NJk; ght Kk; gz;zpdhd; !

nghthd; nghthd; Inahbtd;W nghthd;! 17

179

vd;w ghlw;gFjpapy; FLFLg;gigf;fhud; ghly; totpy; ftp"h;

ghoa[s;sikia mwpaKofpd;wJ. “g[jpa nfhz';fp vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;

ghujpahh; ghoa[s;s ,g;ghly; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly; totpy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;s

ghujpahhpd; ftpijfSf;Fr; rpwe;jnjhh; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ghkuh;

ghly;fspd; eil eyk; ghujpahhpd; brhy;yhl;rpapYk;/ czh;j;Jk;

KiwapYk; g[jpa xspa[k; mHFk; bgw;W tps';FfpwJ. kf;fs; ngr;R

tHf;fpy; ,lk;bgWk; bjhlh;fisa[k; brhw;fisa[k; ghujpahh;

g[Jikg;bghypt[ tps';FkhW/ mtw;wpw;Fg; g[JthH;it mspj;Js;shh;.

‘behs;isf; fijfs;’/ ‘j';fnk j';fk;’ vDk; bjhlh;fs; ghujpapd;

ifg;gl;L rhth _thg; bgUthH;itg; bgw;Ws;sd.

behs;isf; fijfs; fijf;fpwha;

E]ypd; bghUisr; rpijf;fpwha;18

vDk; brhw;fs; jpUjuhl;ouDila btWg;ig btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

‘tPz;fij bgha;f;fij/ btWk; fl;Lf;fij’ vDk; bghUs;fis

,j;bjhlh; bjhptpf;fpwJ.

jd; fhjydhd fz;zdplk; J]jhfj; njhHpia tpLf;Fk;

ghlypy;/ jiytp/ ‘j';fnk j';fk;’ vdj; njhHpia tpspf;fpwhh;.

fz;zd; kdepiyiaj; j';fnk j';fk;!

mo j';fnk j';fk;

fz;Ltu ntQko j';fnk j';fk;! 19

180

vDk; ghly; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l xU braiyr; rhjpj;Jf;

bfhs;s tpUk;g[fpwth;/ mr;braiy/ bra;a[k; jFjpa[k; jpwika[k;

cilatiu/ fz;Q/ bghz;Q/ vd; j';fk; vdg; g[fH;tij md;whl

thH;f;ifapy; ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;. ‘I!; itg;gJ’ vd tHf;fpy; cs;sJ.

,j;jifa cj;jpia kl;Lk; my;yhky; ghku kf;fspd; ngr;rpy;

,lk;bgWk; brhw;fisa[k gy ftpijfspy; ek; ftp"h;

gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh;. ,jdhy;/ kf;fs; tHf;fpd; kfj;Jtj;ij khepyk;

mwpa[khW ghujpahh; bra;Js;shh;”20 vd;wjdhy; md;whl thH;tpy;

kf;fs; ngRk; tHf;Fr; brhw;fisa[k; ehl;Lg;g[wf; TWfisa[k; ghujp

jkJ ftpijfspy; gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh; vd;gJ bjspthfpd;wJ.

“ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspy; ,lk;bgWk;/ fpuhkpa thH;f;ifapd;

epfH;r;rpfs;/ ,ay;g[fs; gytw;iwj; jk;Kila ftpijfspd;

ghLbghUshft[k; ghujpahh; njh;e;bjLj;Js;shh;.

tz;of;fhud; ghl;oy;

tPl;Lf; Fybja;tk; - jk;gp tPuk;ik fhf;Fklh

fWj;j khhpapd; ngh; - brhd;dhy; fhyDk; m";Rklh21

vdf; Fybja;t - rpWbja;t - tHpghl;L kuiga[k; czh;ita[k; jk;

ftpijfspy; ghujpahh; g[Fj;jpa[s;shh;.

,t;thW ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspd; ghzpiag; ghujpahh; Vd;

gad;gLj;jpf; bfhz;lhh;;? vDk; vz;zk; vHyhk;. ,dpa ,ira[k;/

Rita[zh;t[k; kpFe;jit ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs; vd;gij mtnu

181

vGjpa[s;shh;. kw;Wk;/ ehl;L kf;fs; tpLjiyg; nghhpy;

fye;Jbfhs;tjw;Fk; ehl;Lg;gw;iwa[k; tPut[zh;r;rpiaa[k; bgWtjw;Fk;

mth;fis <h;f;Fk; rf;jpahf/ ahidiaf; bfhz;L ahidiag;

gpog;gijg;nghy/ mth;fSf;Fg; gHf;fg;gl;l Kiwapnyna/

fUj;Jfis vLj;Jiuf;Fk; cj;jpahf ,jidg; ghujpahh;

gad;gLj;jpapUf;fyhk;.

ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspd; nehf;Fk; nghf;Fk; ghujpf;Fg; gpwF

Xustpw;F ek; jkpH;f;ftp"h;fspd; gilg;g[fspny ,lk;

bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd”22 vd;w tpsf;fj;jpdhy; kfhftp ghujpapd;

ftpijfspy; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypd; jhf;fk; kpFjpahf

,lk;bgw;Ws;sikia mwpa Kofpd;wJ.

ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspy; Fk;kpg;ghly;fs; rpwg;ghf

,lk;bgWfpd;wd. ehl;Lg;g[w kf;fshy; bgUk;ghd;ikahfg;

ghlg;gLfpd;w ghly;tifahft[k; Fk;kpg; ghly;fs; mikfpd;wd.

ehl;Lg;g[w kfsphpilna rpwg;g[w;W tps';Fk; ghly;fSs; Fk;kpg;

ghly;fs; Kjd;ikahdit. ,e;j mikg;gpy; ghujpahh; ‘bgz;fs;

tpLjiyf; Fk;kp’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ghoa[s;shh;.

Fk;kp aojkpH; ehLKGJk;

FY';fplf; ifbfhl;of; Fk;kpao!

jk;ikg; gpoj;j gprhRfs; nghapd

ed;ikfz; nlhbkd;W Fk;kpao! 23

182

vd;w ghly; ‘Fk;kp’; vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;g[w totj;ijj; jh';fpa[s;sikiaf;

fhzKofpd;wJ.

,t;thwhff; ftp"h;/ ehl;Lg;g[w kf;fs; ghLk; gy;ntW tifahd

ghly;fisa[k; cs;th';fpf;bfhz;L mjd; jhf;fj;ijj; jkJ

ftpijfspy; btspg;gLj;jpa[s;shh;.

“Toatiu ngRtJ nghynt vGJtJjhd; cj;jkk; vd;gJ

vd;Dila fBp. ve;j tp\ak; vGjpdhYk; rhp/ xU fij my;yJ xU

jh;f;fk; xU rh!;jpuk;/ xU gj;jphpif tp\ak;/ vij vGjpdhYk;

thh;j;ij brhy;Yfpw khjphpahfnt mike;Jtpl;lhy; ey;yJ vd;gJk;

ghujpapd; eilaikg;g[ gw;wpa bfhs;ifahFk;”.24

vdnt xU ftp"d; jhd; thGk; fhyj;jpy; tH';fg;gLfpd;w

bkhHp tHf;Fisna jkJ gilg;g[fspYk; ifahs ntz;Lk; vd;gijf;

fUj;jpy; bfhz;L kfhftp ghujp bray;gl;Ls;shh;.

“fhyk; khwpf;bfhz;nl nghfpd;wJ. fhyj;jpw;nfw;g eila[k;

khWfpwJ - khw ntz;Lk; vd;W ghujp TWfpd;whh;. ‘fhyk; khw khw

ghi\ khwpf;bfhz;L nghfpwJ. giHa gj';fs; khwpg; g[jpa gj';fs;

cz;lhfpd;wd. g[yth; me;jf; fhyj;J #d';fSf;Fj; bjhpaf;Toa

gj';fisna tH';fntz;Lk;. mUikahd cs;sf; fhl;rpfis

vspikbfhz;l eilapny vGJtJ ey;y ftpij vd;W fhyj;jpd;

njitf;nfw;g khw;wj;ij typa[Wj;Jfpwhh;. g[hpahj brhw;bwhlh;fshy;

183

g[yik kpspu vGJtJ njitaw;wJ vd;gJk; mtuJ eilapay;

bfhs;iffSs; xd;whFk;”.25

kfhftp ghujp ngr;RbkhHp eilapy; md;whl kf;fs; tHf;fpy;

ngrf;Toa bkhHpf;TWfisj; jkJ ftpijfspy; vt;thW

gad;gLj;jpf;bfhz;lhh; vd;gijj; bjhpe;Jbfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

eilaikg;g[

ghujpapd; ftpij bkhHpapd; eilaikg;ig mth;

gad;gLj;jpa[s;s vGj;J/ xypadpd; epiy bfhz;L fhzyhk;.

“ghujp fUj;Jg; g[yg;ghl;od; ,d;wpaikahikiaf; fUjpa[k;

vy;yhg; gphpt[ kf;fSf;Fk; jdJ fUj;Jf;fs; vspjpny brd;W

nruntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpYk; mth; fhyj;Jg; ngr;R tHf;fpypUe;j

brhw;fs;/ brhy;yikg;g[fs; nghd;wtw;iwa[k;/ gpwbkhHpf; TWfisa[k;

gad;ghl;od; njitf;nfw;gt[k; rKjhar; NHy;fSf;nfw;gt[k;

gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh;. ,jdhy; jkpH;bkhHpapy; ,lk;bgwhj rpy

xypad;fs;/ xypad; nrh;f;iffs;/ miraikg;g[ nghd;wit ,lk;bgw;W

ghujp jkpH;bkhHpaikg;gpy; tps';Ffpd;wd”26 vd;w fUj;J ghujpapd;

ngr;R bkhHpeilapy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s bkhHpf;TWfisj;

bjspt[gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

184

ghujpapd; bkhHpeilapy; xypad;fs; bkhHp KjypYk;/ bkhHp

,WjpapYk;/ bkhHpapilapYk; tUtdtw;iwg; gw;wp mtuJ

eilaikg;ig Ma;t[ bra;njhh; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLth;.

xypad; tUif: (bkhHp Kjypy;)

|t| (l;) : |tampam| lk;gk;

|j| (#;) : |janam| #dk;

|S| (!;) : |Sarppam| !h;g;gk;

|�| (\;) : |sasti| \\;o

|h| (A;) : |hirutayam| ApUjak;

|r| (h;) : |rahasyam| uA!;ak;

|l| (y;) : |lipi| ypgp

xypad; tUif - bkhHp ,Wjpapy;

|P| (g;) : |pisap| gp\g;

|t| (j;) : |jakat| #fj;

|t| (l;) : |re:t| nul;

|C| (r;) : |prenc| gpbu";r;

|J| (f;) : |rik| hpf;;

185

|j| (#;) : |ka:le:j| fhny#;

|n| (e;) : |a:ryaman| Mh;ake;

|n| (';) : |mi:tt| kPl;o';

|S| (!;) : |a:pi:s| Mgp!;

|S| (\;) : |inkili:s| ,';fpyP\;

xypad; tUif - bkhHp ,ilapy;

|j| (#;) : |po:janam| ngh#dk;

|S| (!;) : |ca:stiram| rh!;jpuk;

|S| (\;) : |visam| tp!k;

|h| (A;) : |maha:n| kAhd;

xypad; nrh;f;if - bkhHp Kjy; bka;bahypad;fs;

|pr-| (g;h;;) : |prasankam| g;u\';fk;

|tr-| (j;h;;) : |trusta:nkam| j;U\;lh';fk;

|kr-| (f;h;;) : |kro:tam| f;nuhjk;

|st-| (!;j;;) : |sta:nam| !;jhdk;

|jy-| (#;a;;) : |jyo:ti| #;nahjp

186

xypad; nrh;f;if - bkhHpapil

|-ii-| (#;#;;) : |lajjay| y#;i#

|-nn-| (e;e;;) : |upanniya:cam| cge;epahrk;

|-pt-| (g;j;;;) : |a:pta| Mg;j

|-tm-| (j;k;) : |a:tma| Mj;k

|-mh-| (k;A;;) : |simha| !pk;A

|-ny-| (e;a;;) : |upanya:sam| cge;ahrk;

|-sm-| (!;k;;) : |ma:msam| khk;!k;

|-sy-| (\;a;;) : |manusya| kD\;a

|-vy-| (t;a;;) : |ji:vya| #&t;a

vd;w bkhHpeilapy; ifahz;Ls;s xypad; mikg;g[fis kpf

tpsf;fkhf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wdh;. ,J ghujpapd; ngr;RbkhHp

eilaikg;gpy; gad;gLj;Jk; xypad; mikg;g[fs;. nkw;fz;ltw;iwg;

nghynt xypad; nrh;f;if: bkhHpapWjp bka;bahypad;fs;/

miraikg;g[ bkhHp Kjy;/miraikg;g[/ bkhHpapil/ miraikg;g[/

bkhHpapWjp vd;W gy;ntW ngr;RbkhHpf; TWfis Ma;thsh;fs; kpfj;

bjspthf vLj;J bkhHpfpd;wdh;. ,it kl;Lky;yhky;/ ngr;R

bkhHpiaf; ifahSk;nghJ ftpijapy; kfhftp ghujp gpwbkhHpr;

187

brhw;fisa[k; mjhtJ ghku kf;fs; md;whlk; ngr;R tHf;fpy;

gad;gLj;Jk; M';fpyk;/ rk!;fpUjk;/ mugpr; brhw;fisa[k;

gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

ghujpahhpd; ftpijfspy; g[jpabjhU Kaw;rpahf mike;jit

ghg;gh ghly;fs;. rKjhaj;jpw;fhfr; rKjhaj;jpy; thGk;/ Mlth;/

kfsph;f;fhf/ bgw;nwhh;f;fhf/ murpay; jiyth;f;fhfg; ghoanjhL

epd;Wtplhky; FHe;ijfSf;Fk; ftp"h; ghoa[s;shh;. g[Jf;ftpijf;F

kl;Lky;y FHe;ij ,yf;fpaj;JiwapYk; ghujpahh; jhd;

Kd;ndhoahfj; jpfH;e;jhh; vd;gJk; ehlwpe;j cz;ik.

“ghujpahhpd; ghg;gh ghl;Ljhd; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s Kjy;

FHe;ijg; ghl;L E]y; vdyhk;. jdf;Fg; gpd;nd tUk; ftp"h;fis

vy;yhk; FHe;ijfSf;Fg; ghl;L ghLk;go/ jkJ ghg;gh ghl;L _yk;

J]z;o tHpfhl;or; brd;whh; mth; vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. ghg;gh

ghl;L vGj;jpy; kyh;e;j FHe;ijg; ghly;fspd; bjspthd njhw;Wtha;.

,J ek; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; xU g[Jj;JiwahFk;. jkpHpy; vGj;Jtotpy;

Kjd;Kjy; FHe;ijg; ghl;il tH';fpa bgUik ghujpahUf;F chpaJ.

rpWth;-rpWkpah; tpUk;gpg; gof;Fk; ,yf;fpakhf ,J bgUthH;t[

bgw;Ws;sJ”.27

ghujpapd; ghg;gh ghl;L fw;gida[k;/ re;jKk; nrh;e;J rpWth;fspd;

rpe;ijiaf; ftUtjhf mike;Jtpl;ljhYk;/ FHe;ijg; ghlYf;Fhpa

fUg;bghUisg; bgw;wpUg;gjhYk; brhy;Yk; KiwahYk; ,J jdp

188

tifahf mikfpwJ vDk; jpwdha;thshpd; fUj;J ,';F

rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;”.28

ghujpahhpd; FHe;ijf;ftpijfs; gw;wpj; jpwdha;thsh;fs;

Fwpg;gpLk;nghJ FHe;ijg; ghly;fs; cyfbkhHpfs; midj;jpYk;

,Utifahf cs;sd. 1) FHe;ijfs; gho MLtjw;F Vw;wKiwapy;

,aw;wg;gLtd. 2) FHe;ijfSf;F mwpt[iu TWk; ePjpg;ghly;fs;. ,e;j

,uz;lhk; tifiar; nrh;e;jJ. ek; ghujpahhpd; ‘ghg;gh ghl;L’ vd;gijj;

bjspjy; ntz;Lk;. FHe;ijg;ghlYf;Fhpa vspa brhw;fs; ,dpa

rj;jk;/ gof;Fk; cs;sj;jpy; fUj;ijg; gjpa itf;Fk; Mfpa _d;W

,ay;g[fisa[k; bfhz;ljhf ,g;ghly; mike;Js;sij ahUk; kWf;f

,ayhJ. ghujpahh; ghg;ghitg; ghh;j;J ghodhYk;/ ‘jd;id kwe;j

yae;jdpy;’ jhnk ghoa[s;shh;. ,e;jj; ‘jhnk mJthf khWk;’ /

‘jj;Jtkrp’ czh;nt ghujpahUila ghg;gh ghl;od; fth;r;rpf;Fk;

btw;wpf;Fk; fhuzkhfpwJ. ,e;jg; gz;ng/ ghujpahiuf; ‘FHe;ijfs;

ftp"uhf’ cyfpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ”29 vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

ftpij FHe;ijfSf;Fk; g[hpa[k;tz;zk; vspikahft[k;/

,dpikahft[k; gilf;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; kfhftp ghujp

cWjpa[ld;/ bray;gl;Ls;shh; vd;gJ bjspthfpd;wJ. ghujp

ftpijfspy; g[w mikg;g[fSk;/ brhy;yikg;g[fs;/ brhw;TWfs;

cs;spl;l mf mikg;g[fSk; kpfr;rpwg;ghf mike;Js;sd vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

189

ftpijf;F ,d;wpaikahj cWg;g[/ brhw;fs;. ftpijapd; jdpr;

rpwg;igf; fz;lwpa brhw;fSk; mit Msg;gl;Ls;s NHYk; bghpJk;

cjt[fpd;wd. brhw;fs; bghUisf; Rl;LtJld; Tlnt mg;bghUs;

Fwpj;j vz;zj;ija[k; gog;nghhpd; rpe;ijapy; gj;jpukhfg; gjpj;JtpLk;

Mw;wYilait. fw;gid tsKk; MH;e;jfd;w mwpt[k; kd xUika[k;

bfhz;l ftp"h;fspd; brhw;fs; Xtpakhf xsph;jy; ,ay;g[. ghujp

mj;jifa brhy;nyhtpaf; ftp"Us; Kjd;ikahdth;

gho efh;e;J tUejp

tPizf;Fuy;

Kjyhd rpy brhw;fs; rpj;jpuj;ij tplt[k; cah;e;j rpw;g';fshfj;

njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,tw;iwg; ;ghujp gilj;j “ngR";rpj;jpu';fs;” vd;W

TWth;. giHa brhw;fshapDk; mtw;wpd;fz; g[jpa fw;gidiag;

g[Fj;jp czh;r;rp nkypl ghujpahh; ciuf;ifapy; jkpH;bkhHpapd;

jd;dpfuw;w mHFk; ,dpika[k; g[yg;gLfpd;wJ.

br";brhw;fs; mKjfPj tiy mjpy; ehk; bka;kwe;J/

MGk;nghJ mijg;gilj;j ftp"dpd; kdg;gh';Fld; xd;w Koa[k;.

g[Jik gilf;f tpiHnthhplk; br";brhy;yhl;rp rpwf;fj; njhd;Wk;.

brhy;iyj; njh;e;J ifahs;tjpy; ghujp ty;yth;. brhy;Yk; brhy;

kiwr;brhy;ypidg; nghy; ,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpath;. mjw;fhf

,iwtdplk; “ke;jpuk; nghy; ntz;Lklh brhy;ypd;gk;” vd tuk;

190

nfl;lth;. fodkhdJk; vspjpy; bghUs; tps';fhjJkhd brhw;fis

mth; gad;gLj;j tpUk;gtpy;iy.

mf;fpdpf; F";R

jPg;bghwpfsha;j; njhd;wp Fsph;f';ifapy;/ rPjr; rutzg;

bgha;ifapy; fye;J fh';nfadhf/ rutzgtdhf khwp/ btk;ikf;Fk;/

jd;ikf;Fk;/ xLf;fj;jpw;Fk;/ rpUl;of;Fk; xU';nf cUtkhfpwhd;

jpUKUfd;. bry;YwH; jlf;if vd;Wk;/ kjDil nehd;whs; vd;Wk;

,it ef;fPuuhy; nghw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; ghujpapd;

ghly; ,njh!

mf;fpdpf; F";brhd;W fz;nld; - mij

m';bfhU fhl;onyhh; bghe;jpil itj;njd;

bte;J jzpe;jJ fhL - jHy;

tPuj;jpy; F";brd;Wk; _g;bgd;Wk; cz;nlh?

jj;jhpfpl jj;jhpfpl jpj;njhk; 30

,J ghujp ghoa jkpH; hpf;F. ghliyg; ghh;j;jhy; mf;fpdpapd;

mHpg;g[r;rf;jpna nghw;wg;gl;oUg;gJnghy; njhd;Wk;. Mdhy;/ ,g;ghliy

ntjf; fz;bzhL fhz;ly; ntz;Lk;.

mf;fpdpf;F";R vd;why; vd;d? mJ jhd; brhy; vd;gJ. brhy;

xf;Fk; foa ntfr;RLruk; vd;gJ fk;guJ thf;F. ehtpy; njhd;wp vGk;

brhy; RLk;. “Mwhnj ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL” vd;gJ jkpH; ntjk;.

thf;if beUg;ghfr; brhy;YtJ ntj kug[. vd; thf;fpdpny mf;dp

191

Fonawl;Lk; vd;gJ Xh;itjpf ntz;Lnfhs;. brhy;ny mf;dp.

Mfntjhd; ngrg;ngr eh twz;L nghfpwJ.

vJ beUg;ghf vhpfpd;wnjh mJ mKjk;. “bfhd;wpLbkd

,dpjha;”/ “,d;gf;bfhL beUg;gha;”/ “mdw;Rit mKjha;” vd;gd

beUg;g[r; Ritf;Fuypy; kfhftp mUspa mKjkpd;dy;fs;.

jPf;Fs; tpuiy itj;jhy; ee;jyhyh

epd;idj; jPz;Lkpd;gk; njhd;Wjlh ee;jyhyh31

vd;gJ ghujpahhpd; mDg{jp. rpWikia vhpj;Jg; bgUik Tl;LtJ jP.

thf;ifj; jP vd;W brhd;d ntjk;/ “njDf;Fj; njdhd jd;ik vd;

ehtpy; epyt[f” vd;W ntz;of;bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ. ,ijna ghujpahh;

mkpH;jk; mkpH;jk; vd;W Tt[nthk; - epj;jk;

mdiyg; gzpe;J kyh;J]t[nthk;32

vd;w ghlyofspy; Rl;Lfpwhh;.

bfhy;Yk; mkpH;J

ghujp gilj;Js;s “bfhy;Yk; mkpH;J” vd;Dk; brhy;yhl;rp

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mkpH;jk; rhfhj; jd;ikiaj; juf;Toa tpz;zfg;

bghUs;. mjdplk; bfhy;Yk; ,ay;g[ ,Ug;gjhfg; ghujp TWtJ

g[JikahdJ.

192

bfhy;Y kkpH;ij epfh;j;jpLk; fs;bshd;W

btz;zpyhnt - te;J

ToapUf;FJ epd;bdhspnaho';F

btz;zpyhnt 33

vd;gjpy; epytpd; xspiaf; fs;shft[k; mf;fs;isf; bfhy;Yk;

jd;ika[ila mkpH;jhft[k; fhQk; ghujpapd; fw;gid eyk; eak;

tha;e;jJ.

mkpH;jk; bfhy;Ykh?

mkpH;Jk; fs;Sk; xg;ghditah?

vd tpdhf;fis vGg;gpr; rpe;jpf;fj; J]z;Lk; epytpd; xsp Vw;gLj;jpa

kaf;fk;.

“mst[f;F kp";rpdhy; mKjKk; e";R” vd;Dk; gHbkhHpiag;

ghujpf;F epidt[gLj;jpapUf;fntz;Lk;. mjd; tpisthf

,r;brhy;yhl;rpiag; ghujp mikj;jpUf;ff;TLk; vdyhk;. epyt[

,ize;j fhjyh;f;F mkpH;jk; nghd;W ,dpik jUfpd;wJ vd;Wk;/

gphpe;j fhjyh;f;Ff; bfhy;tJ nghd;W Jd;gk; jUfpd;wJ vd;Wk;

fUjp ghujp ‘bfhy;Yk; mkpH;J” vd;Dk; brhy;yhl;rpia

cUthf;fpapUf;fyhk; vd;gh;.

ghujp ,r;brhy;yhl;rpia mikf;f fk;gh; Kd;ndhoahfj;

jpfH;fpd;whh; vd;Dk; fUj;Jk; vGe;Js;sJ. a[j;j fhz;lj;jpy;

,yf;Ftdhy; bfhy;yg;gl;l ,e;jpu#pj;jpd; cly; kPJ mtdJ jha;

193

kz;nlhjhp mGJ muw;wpf; TWk; gFjpiaf; fk;gh; ftpDwg;

ghoa[s;shh;. kz;nlhjhp ,e;jpu#pj;jpd; ,wg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; ,uhtzd;

rPijiaf; fth;e;J bfhz;L te;jikna vd;gij

m";rpndd; m";rpndd; mr;rPij vd;w mKjhy; bra;j

e";rpdhy; ,y';if nte;jd; ehis ,j;jifad; md;nwh? 34

vd;Dk; ghlyofspy; g[yg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. mj;Jld; ,uhtzDf;Fk;

,nj epiy ehis Vw;gLk; vd;gija[k; Fwpf;fpd;whh;. ,t;tplj;jpy;

fk;gh; gad;gLj;jpa brhy;yhl;rpehk; nehf;fj;jf;f xd;whFk;.

rPijia mKjhy; bra;j e";R

vd;W Twpa[s;shh; fk;gh;. e";R capiu kha;g;gJ. mKJ capiuf;

fhg;gJ capiuf; fhf;Fk; mKjhy; vg;go capiu kha;f;f Koa[k;?

fk;gh; mKJ capiu kha;g;gjhf ciuj;Js;shh;. rPij vd;Dk;

fw;g[ila bgz;iz chpatd; mQfpdhy; mtd; mkpH;jhf ,Ug;ghs;.

chpikaw;wth;fs; mQfpdhy; mts; e";rhfptpLths; vd;Dk;

fUj;ijna “mKjhy; bra;j e";R” vd;W fk;gh; mHFglr; Rl;oa[s;shh;.

fk;ghpd; ,e;j brhy;yhl;rp/ ghujpahupd; epidtpy; ,lk;bgw;wpUf;f

ntz;Lk;. ,Jnt bfhy;Yk; mkpH;J vd;Dk; brhw;nrh;f;ifia mth;

gilf;fg; gpd;g[ykha; ,Ue;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;.

194

mKJ]w;W

ghujpahh; Twpa ctikg; bghUs;fspy; “mKJ]w;W”

jdpj;jd;ik cila brhy;yhf xsph;fpd;wJ. bgz;zpd; ,jiHf;

Fwpf;ifapy; fz;zk;khtpd; ,jiH tUzpj;Jf; Fwpf;ifapy;

mKJ]w;W Vw;wj;Jld; Msg;bgw;Ws;sJ.

mKJ]w;jpid xj;j ,jH;fs;

thapdpny mKJ]Wnj

cz;Qk; ,jHKj Cw;wpds;

vd;gd mKJ CwptUk; ghujpapd; brhy;yhl;rpfs;. vg;bghGJk;

bgUfpepw;Fk; ,jH;r; Ritiaf; Fwpf;f/ ,iwf;f ,iwf;f ePh; CWfpd;w

nfzp ctikahfpa[s;sJ.

mKJ]w;W ghujpapd; ,yf;fpar; brt;tpiaa[k;/ jkpH;bkhHp

tsh;r;rpfFg; g[jpa ghij mikj;Jf; bfhLj;jija[k; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;

brhy;yhl;rp MFk;.

mLj;J fz;zk;khtpd; ngiur; brhy;Yfpd;w bghGjpy; thapy;

mKJ CWtjhff; TWtJ cahpa fw;gid rhh;e;jJ. fz;zk;khtpd;

kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; md;g[/ ghrk;/ kjpg;g[/ fhjy; Mfpad xU';nf

btspg;gLkhW ,r;brhy;yhl;rpiag; ghujp gilj;Js;shh;. fz;zk;kh

vd;Dk; bgaiur; brhd;dgpwF Vw;gLk; ,d;gk; mg;bgaiur; brhy;yj;

bjhl';Fk;nghnj Vw;gl;L tpLtjhff; TWtjpy; g[Jik eak;

fhzyhk;.

195

nrtfd; jd;ik

ntiyf;fhuh;fSf;F vt;tst[ Typ bfhLj;jhYk; nghjhJ.

mof;fo tPl;onyna j';fptpLth;. Vd; tutpy;iybad;why; gy

fhuz';fs; gfh;th;. xU tPl;oy; elf;Fk; bra;jpiag; gy tPLfspy;

ngha;r; brhy;th; vd;gij

Typkpff; nfl;ghh; bfhLj;jbjy;yhk; jhk;kwg;ghh;;

ntiykpf itj;jpUe;jhy; tPl;ony j';fpLthh;;

‘Vdlh/ eP new;iwf; fp';Ftu tpy;iy’ bad;why;

ghidapny njspUe;J gy;yhy; foj;j bjd;ghh;;

tPl;ony bgz;lhl;o nkw;g{jk; te;jbjd;ghh;;

ghl;oahh; brj;Jtpl;l gd;dpbuz;lhk; ehbsd;ghh;;

Xahky; bgha;a[iug;ghh;; xd;Wiuf;f ntWbra;thh;;

jhahjp nahL jdpaplj;nj ngrpLthh;

cs;tPl;Lr; bra;jpbay;yhk; Cuk; gyj;Jiug;ghh;;

vd;tPl;oy; ,y;iybad;why; v';Fk; Kuriwthh;;

nrtfuhy; gl;l rpukkpF cz;L fz;Oh;;

nrtfhpy; yhtplnyh/ bra;ij elf;ftpy;iy.35

vd;w ghly; mofs; Rl;of;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

jdf;Ff; fpilj;j ntiyf;fhud; ed;wpa[ilatdhf ,Ug;gij

v';fpUe;njh te;jhd;. ‘,ilr;rhjp ehd;’ vd;whd;;

‘khLfd;W nka;j;jpLntd;/ kf;fis ehd; fhj;jpLntd;

tPL bgUf;fp tpsf;nfw;wp itj;jpLntd;

196

brhd;dgo nfl;ngd;; Jzpkzpfs; fhj;jpLntd;;

rpd;df; FHe;ijf;Fr; rp';fhug; ghl;oirj;nj

Ml;l';fs; fhl;o mHhjgo ghh;j;jpLntd;;

fhl;LtHp ahdhYk;/ fs;sh;ga khdhYk;/

,utpw; gfypny ve;neu khdhYk;

rpukj;ijg; ghh;g;gjpy;iy/ njthPh; jk;Klnd

Rw;Wntd; j';fSf;nfhh; Jd;gKwh kw;fhg;ngd;

fw;w tpj;ij naJkpy;iy; fhl;L kdpjd;; Ina!

Md bghGJ'; nfhyo Fj;Jg;nghh; kw;nghh;

ehdwpntd;; rw;Wk; eat"; ridg[hpnad; 36

vd;w ghlyofspy; czh;j;jpa[s;shh;.

kHiyr; bry;tj;jpd; rpwg;g[

bky;y ele;Jk; jd; rpW iffis ePl;oa[k;/ bea;r; nrhiw nky;

vy;yhk; g{rpa[k; ek;ik kaf;f itf;Fk; kHiyr; bry;tj;jpd; rpwg;ig

ghujp

rpd;d";rpW fpspna - fz;zk;kh

bry;tf; fs";rpank! vd;idf; fyp jPh;j;nj - cyfpy;

Vw;wk; g[hpa te;jha;! gps;isf; fdpaKnj - fz;zk;kh

ngRk;bghw; rpj;jpunk! ms;sp aizj;jplnt - vd; Kd;nd

Mo tUe; njnd!

Xo tUifapny - fz;zk;kh!

197

cs;s'; FspU jO! Moj;jphpjy; fz;ly; - cd;idg;ngha;

Mtp jGt[ jO! cr;rp jid Kfe;jhy; - fUtk;

X';fp tsU jO! fd;dj;jpy; Kj;jkpl;lhy; - cs;se;jhd;

fs;btwp bfhs;S jO!

cd;idj; jGtponyh - fz;zk;kh!

cd;kj;j khF jO! 37

vd;w ghly; mofspy; bjspt[gLj;jpa[s;shh;.

FHe;ijf;F VjhtJ xU Jd;gk; neh;e;jhy;/ ehk; ftiyg;gLtJ

,ay;g[. ,jid

rw;Wd; Kf"; rpte;jhy; - kdJ

r";ry khF jO!

bew;wp RU';ff; fz;ly; - vdf;F

be";rk; gijf;F jO!

cd; fz;zpy; ePh; tHpe;jhy; - vd;bd";rpy;

cjpu'; bfhl;L jO!

vd;fz;zpw; ghitad;nwh - fz;zk;kh!

vd;Daph; epd;d jd;nwh!

brhy;;Y kHiyapny - fz;zk;kh!

Jd;g';fs; jPh;j;jpLtha;.

Ky;iyr; rphpg;ghny - vdJ

_h;f;fe; jtph;j;jpL tha;.

198

,d;gf; fijf bsy;yhk; - cd;idg;nghy;

VLfs; brhy;t Jz;nlh? 38

vd;w ghly; mofs; _yk; FHe;ijf;Ff; fz;zpy; ePh; tHpe;jhy; jha;f;F

be";rpy; cjpuk; bfhl;Ltjhfg; ghoa ghujpapd; brhy;yhl;rp

eaKilaJ.

fhjy; mtj;ij

fhjy; tag;gl;nlhh; cz;zhkYk; cw';fhkYk; ,Ug;gh;.

mth;fSf;F ghYk; frf;Fk; gLf;ifa[k; behe;JnghFk;. ,J fhjy;

gLj;Jk; ghL vd;gij

ghY'; fre;j jO! - rfpna!

gLf;if behe;j jO!

nfhyf; fpspbkhHpa[k; - brtpapy;

Fj;j byLj;j jO!

ehY tapj;jpaUk; - ,dpnky;

ek;g[jw; fpy;iy bad;whh;

ghyj;Jr; nrhrpaDk; - fpufk;

gLj;J bkd;W tpl;lhd;39

vd;W itj;jpaUk; iftphpj;Jtpl;ljhfg; ghoa gh';F epidj;J

,d;g[wj;jf;fjhFk;.

199

jKf;foj;jy;

fhjyd; vd;idf; fstpy; kze;jnghJ m';F rhl;rpfs; ,y;iy.

mtd; kl;Lnk fs;td. mjhtJ fsj;jpy; ,Ue;jtd;. jhd; mJ

bgha;g;gpd; ahd; vd; bra;a vd tUe;Jk; fhjypapd; epiyiaf; fgpyh;

ahUk; ,y;iy jhnd fs;td;

jhdJ bgha;g;gpd; ahbdtd; bra;nfh40

vdW ghoa[s;shh;.

fhjyd; bgha;j;jhy; ahd; vd;d bra;aKoa[k; vd;W fhjyp

fHWfpd;whs;. Mdhy; ehd; vd;d bra;a? vd;w Kotpw;F ehafp ghujp

cldoahf tukhl;lhs;. nkYk; mts; fhjyd; bgha;f;ff;TLk; vd;W

mwpths;.

bgha;ia cUtk; vdf; bfhz;ltd; vd;nw fpHg;

bghd;dp ciuj;jJz;L j';fnk j';fk; 41

vd;ghs;. gpd;dh;

Mw;w'; fiuajdpy; Kd;dbkhUehs; - vid

miHj;Jj; jdpaplj;jpy; ngrpa bjy;yhk;

J]w;wp efh;KuR rhw;Wt bdd;nw

brhy;yp tUitao j';fnk j';fk; 42

vd;W jdpikapy; ngrpaij Cuwpa jKf;fog;gjhff; TWfpd;w

brhy;yhl;rp rpwg;g[ilaJ.

200

gphpt[j;Jah; vd;gJ jiytd; jiytp ,UtUf;Fk; cz;L.

Mdhy; jiytd; jhd; kl;Lnk mij mDgtpg;gjhfg; ghLtJ

rpwg;ghdJ.

nkdp bfhjpf;F jO! jiy Rw;wpna

ntjid bra;F jO!

thdp yplj;ij bay;yhk; - ,e;j btz;zpyh

te;J jGt[J ghh;!

nkhdj; jpUf;F jO? ,e;j itafk;

_H;fpj; Japypdpny

ehbdhUtd; kl;oYk; - gphp btd;gnjhh;

efuj; JHYtnjh? 43

vd;gd mg;ghlyofs;.

fUj;bjhUkpj;jy;

jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; xUtUf;bfhUth; vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;

vd;gijg; ghujpahh; jk; ghly;fs; _yk; bjspt[gLj;jpa[s;shh;.

gha[ bkhsp eP badf;Fg; ghh;f;Fk; tpHp ehDdf;F;

njha[k; kJ eP badf;Fj; Jk;gpao ehDdf;F;

tha[iuj;j tUFjpy;iy/ thHpepd;wd nkd;ikbay;yhk;

J]aRlh; thbdhspna! NiwaKnj! fz;zk;kh

fhjyo eP badf;F/ fhe;jko ehDdf;F/

ntjko eP badf;F/ tpj;ijao ehDdf;F;

201

nghjKw;w nghjpdpny bgh';fptUe; jP";Ritna!

ehjto thdtns! ey;y capnu fz;zk;kh. 44

fUj;bjhUkpj;j jiytd; jiytpapd; ,ay;g[ ,t;thW Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhjy; tag;gl;lhy; ehbshd;W nghtJ vt;tst[ Jd;gk; jUfpwJ

vd;gjid

ehbshd;W nghtjw;F ehd;gl;l ghlidj;Jk;

jhsk; gLnkh? jwpgLnkh? ahh; gLthh;? 45

vd;w ghlyofspy; czh;j;jpa[s;shh;.

Mtpa[UFjo MAh Ah vd;gJk;

bgz;bzd;why; nga[k; ,u';fhnjh

XnAh vdf;Twp tPH;e;njd;

gpr;irr;rpWf;fp bra;j ngjfj;ijg; ghh;j;jhnah?

ngnl jputpank

nghd;w mofspy; ehk; md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; ngr;R tHf;Fr;

brhw;fisg; ghujp ifhaz;Ls;shh;.

bjhFg;g[iu

ghujpapd; ftpijg; gad;ghl;ila[k; ftpijfspy; mtuJ

bkhHpahSikiaa[k; ,t; ,ay; tpsf;fpa[s;sJ.

jkpH;bkhHpf;F g[jpa tifahd ftpijfisj; je;j bgUik

kfhftp ghujpf;F cz;L vd;gija[k; ,t; ,ay; epWtpa[s;sJ.

202

jkpH; bkhHpf;F/ Fwpg;ghff; ftpij cyfpw;F mHpahj

gilg;g[fis/ gy g[jpa Kaw;rpfis kfhftp ghujp tpl;Lr; brd;Ws;shh;

vd;gijj; bjspthf mwpe;Jbfhs;s KofpwJ.

ghujpapd; ftpijfspy; kug[f; ftpijfspd; jhf;fk;/ ehl;Lg;g[wg;

ghly;fspd; jhf;fk;/nkiy ehl;Lf; ftpijfspd; jhf;fk;/ ,irg;ghly;

bewp/ Mlypirg; ghf;fs;/ fijg; ghly;fs;/ ghg;ghg; ghly;fs; nghd;w

midj;J tifahd Kaw;rpfSk; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd vd;gJk;

bjspt[gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpug";rj;ijg; gw;wpa ghujpapd; MH;e;j

rpe;jida[k; ,jd;fz; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

203

rhd;bwz; tpsf;fk;

1. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;/ gilg;g[k; ghh;ita[k;/ (thdjp gjpg;gfk;/

brd;id/ 2001/ Kjw;gjpg;g[)/ g. 25.

2. f.j. jpUeht[f;fuR/ jkpH;f; ftpijapy; ghujpapd; jhf;fk;/

(jkpH;f;fly; gjpg;gfk;/ brd;id/ 1984/ Kjw;gjpg;g[)/ g. 13.

3. nkyJ/ g. 15.

4. nkyJ/ g. 16.

5. nkyJ/ g. 119.

6. ghujpahh; ftpijfs;/ g. 26.

7. f.j. jpUeht[f;fuR/ K.fh.E]./ g. 124.

8. t. b#ah/ ghujp bkhHpeil/ (b#ah gjpg;gfk;/ kJiu/ 1989/

Kjw;gjpg;g[)/ g. 155.


10. t. b#ah/ K.fh.E]./ g. 164.


12. nkyJ/ g. 126.

13. nkyJ/ g. 157.

14. nkyJ/ gf;. 159-162.

204




18. nkyJ/ g. 284.

19. nkyJ/ g. 258.





24. t. b#ah/ K.fh.E]./ g. 193.

25. nkyJ/ g. 194.

26. nkyJ/ g. 196.


28. nkyJ/ g. 341.

29. nkyJ/ g. 344.


31. nkyJ/ g. 128.

32. nkyJ/ g. 153.

205

33. nkyJ/ g. 150.

34. fk;guhkhazk;/ (thdjp gjpg;gfk;/ brd;id/ 1997/ Kjw;gjpg;g[)/

g. 712.


36. nkyJ/ g. 242.

37. nkyJ/ g. 251.

38. nkyJ/ g. 252.

39. nkyJ/ g. 254.

40. FWe;bjhif/ (epa{ br";rhp g[f; At[!;/ brd;id/ 1989/ Kjw;

gjpg;g[)/ g. 84.


42. nkyJ/ g. 258.

43. nkyJ/ g. 264.

44. nkyJ/ g. 265.

45. nkyJ/ g. 345.

ghujpahh; ftpijfspd; mikg;g[k;/...

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