getting started with latin: beginning latin for homeschoolers and self-taught students of any age
TRANSCRIPT
GETTINGSTARTEDWITHLATINBeginningLatinforHomeschoolersandSelf-Taught
StudentsofAnyAge
WILLIAME.LINNEY
ARMFIELDACADEMICPRESS
GettingStartedwithLatinBeginningLatinforHomeschoolersandSelf-TaughtStudentsofAnyAge
Copyright©2007byWilliamE.LinneyIII
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybeusedorreproducedbyanymeans,graphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,tapingorbyanyinformationstorageretrievalsystemwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher.
ARMFIELDACADEMICPRESSwww.armfieldacademicpress.com
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Editorialassistant:GeraldineLinneyCoverdesign:JanetBergin
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INMEMORIAMDR.CHARLOTTEHOGSETT
Gratiastibiago
CONTENTS
LISTOFLATINEXPRESSIONS
PREFACE
HOWTOUSETHISBOOK
LESSON1-134
GENERALADVICE
ANSWERKEY
CLASSICALPRONUNCIATIONGUIDE
ECCLESIASTICALPRONUNCIATIONGUIDE
GLOSSARY
SUBJECTINDEX
LISTOFLATINEXPRESSIONS
COGITOERGOSUM
ETC.
I.E.&E.G.
A.M.&P.M.
NONSEQUITUR
CARPEDIEM
SEMPERFIDELIS&SEMPERPARATUS
ADHOC
CA.
SUMMACUMLAUDE
EXLIBRIS
PERCAPITA
A.D.
CAVEATEMPTOR
ALUMNUS&ALMAMATER
N.B.
THEDOLLARBILL
P.S.
PREFACE
Latinhasfascinatedandchallengedmeeversincemymothermademesignupforit inthetenthgrade.FromthefirstdayofclassIwasintriguedbythewayLatin words fit together like pieces of a puzzle. My interest was also stirredwhenIbegantonoticethatagreatnumberofEnglishwordscomedirectlyfromLatinwords. So even from the beginning, I had a strong appreciation for theLatinlanguage.ButatthatyoungageIwasunabletoforeseethemanywaysinwhichLatinwouldenrichmylife.Overtheyearsmyadmirationofthislanguagehascontinuedtogrow.And,withtheaddedperspectivethatcomeswithgettingolder,IhaveamuchdeeperappreciationnotonlyoftheLatinlanguage,butofeducationingeneral.
Consequently, when my sister asked me to teach beginning Latin to her twohomeschooled children, I was delighted—until I remembered that my twoprospectivestudentswouldbeontheirownmostofthetimebecauseofthegreatdistance separatingus.Aftergiving it some thought, I realized thathaving therighttextbookwouldbecrucialinasituationlikethis.IbegantosearchfortheperfectbeginningLatinmethod.AsIsearched,Ipicturedinmymindabookthatwould:
Beself-explanatory,self-paced,self-containedandinexpensiveAllowthestudenttomakeprogresswithorwithoutaLatinteacherProvideplentyofpracticeexercisesaftereachnewconceptso thestudentcanmastereachideabeforemovingontothenextoneAvoidmakingbeginningLatinanymoredifficultthanitactuallyis
However,afterexaminingmanybooks,Ireluctantlyadmittedtomyselfthatthebook I had pictured in my mind did not exist. Therefore, because I wascompletelyignorantofhowdifficult it istowriteabook,IsetouttowritemyownbeginningLatinmethod.
Getting Started with Latin was created to meet the unique needs ofhomeschooledandself-taughtstudents.Idesignedthisbooktomeetnotonlymy
criteria, but the recommendationsof several experiencedhomeschoolmothers.TheyurgedmetomakemybeginningLatinmethodcompletelyself-contained,withnoextramaterialstopurchase(suchaspronunciationtapes,answerkeysorteachers’editions).Theyevenaskedthatthebookbeinalargeformattomakeiteasier to use, as well as non-consumable so they could use it with multiplechildren. I have tried to accommodate these and other requests by putting theanswer key in the back of the book and by providing free pronunciationrecordings,availablefordownloadatwww.gettingstartedwithlatin.com.
In this method, new words and concepts are introduced in a gradual yetsystematicfashion.Eachlessonprovidesmanyexercisesforpracticingthenewmaterial while reviewing material from previous lessons. And, just to makethingsinteresting,everyonceinawhileyouwillrunintoapageentitledLatinExpressions. These brief and often humorous commentaries will explain themeaningsoftheLatinsayingsyouhaveseenforyearsbutneverhadaclueastotheirmeaning.
GettingStartedwithLatinmakesbeginningLatinaccessiblebygentlyliftingthestudent over some of the obstacles that can make Latin seem out of reach.Becausethisbookmovessogradually,studentsprobablywillnotsay,Thisistoohard for me. I quit! Instead, these bite-size lessons should leave the studentencouragedandreadytomoveforwardallthewaytotheendofthebook.Butwhenyoudofinishthisbook,don’tletyourLatinstudiesendthere.Thisbookonly covers thebeginning stagesofLatingrammar. I amconfident that if thisbook causes you to grasp the beauty and power of Latin, even in some smallway,youwillhavenotroublefindingthemotivationtocontinueyourstudiesatthenextlevel.
WilliamE.Linney
HOWTOUSETHISBOOK
Thisbookisstructuredaroundonemainteachingmethod:Teachoneconceptata timeand let thestudentmaster thatconceptbefore introducing thenextone.With that inmind, read the tips listed below to help you use this book to thegreatestadvantage.
THENEWWORD
Starteachlessonbyobservingthenewwordforthatparticularlesson.AllLatinwords in this book are in bold print so they will be easy to recognize. Themeaning of the newword is in italics. In some lessons youwill learn a newconceptandinothersyouwillsimplyreviewmaterialfrompreviouslessons.
PRONUNCIATION
Thebestwaytolearncorrectpronunciationisbylisteningandcopyingwhatyouhear.Visitwww.gettingstartedwithlatin.comtodownloadthefreepronunciationrecordings inMP3 format. In these recordings, eachnewwordandexercise isreadaloudbytheauthor.YoumaylistentothemonyourcomputerorputthemonaCDand listen to themonanyCDplayer.Choose fromeitherclassicalorecclesiastical (church) pronunciation recordings. Either way, these free audiorecordings will help you to achieve proper Latin pronunciation. And, as youimprove,youwillbeabletotranslatetheexercisesasyouhearthemreadaloudbytheauthor.
Occasionally, there will be a written pronunciation tip at the beginning of aparticularlesson.Thesetipsareincludedinthebooktopreventsomeofthemostcommon pronunciation errors. Thesewritten pronunciation tips explain how aword will be pronounced in both classical and ecclesiastical style. To furtherassist you in achievingproperpronunciation, there is a classical pronunciationchartonpage201andanecclesiasticalpronunciationchartonpage202forthesakeofreference.
ManyofthehomeschoolmothersIhavemetandworkedwithseemtobeveryconcernedaboutLatinpronunciation.Theyareworriedthattheywillsomehowcause permanent damage to their child’s intellect if they mispronounce Latinvowels or if they choose to emulate thewrong style of pronunciation. Pleaseallow me to address this issue: Classical pronunciation is the style ofpronunciationused in theLatin departments ofmost colleges anduniversities.Latin scholars use this type of pronunciation because it is supposed to reflectaccuratelythewayLatinwaspronouncedbytheancientRomans.Ecclesiastical(church)pronunciation,ontheotherhand,isthestyleofpronunciationusedbytheRomanCatholicChurch.RomanCatholicstudentsmaywanttoemploythistype of pronunciation because theymay have the opportunity to use it in therecitationofprayersorinotherreligiousactivities.
Regardlessofwhichpronunciationstyleyouchoose,pleasedon’tloseanysleepoverit.Ofcourseyoushoulddoyourbesttopronouncethewordscorrectly.Butplease remember that if you domispronounce aword, youwill not ruin yourchild’seducation.And,theLatinPolicewillnotcometoyourhomeandarrestyou.
GRAMMATICALINFORMATION
If needed, a lesson may contain an explanation of how to use the new wordintroducedinthatlesson.Chartsandexampleswillbeusedtogivethereaderaclear presentation of the Latin grammar knowledge needed for that particularlesson.
THEEXERCISES
Armed with the knowledge of the new word and how to use it, the studentshouldthenbegintotranslatetheexercises.Inahomeschoolenvironment,itisprobablybesttohavestudentswritetheiranswersinanotebook.Olderstudentsandadultsmayprefertodotheexercisesmentally.Next,turntotheanswerkeyinthebackofthebooktoseeifyourtranslationsarecorrect.BycomparingtheLatinandtheEnglish,youwillbeabletolearnfromyourmistakes.Translatingtheexercisesoverandover(evenmemorizingthem)willenhancelearningandspeedprogress.
LATINCOMPOSITION
Foranadditionalchallenge,youcantrytotranslatetheanswersbackintoLatinusing the knowledge you have gained from that lesson. This is called Latincomposition. Figuring out how to write something in Latin can be a greatlearning tool because it requires the student to think about the material in adifferent way. Try it and see! Again, it is probably best to write these Latincompositionexercisesinanotebook.
DON’TPUTTHECARTBEFORETHEHORSE
Donotskipaheadtoafuturelesson.Becauseeachlessonbuildsdirectlyonthepreceding lessons, the student shoulddo the lessons in theordergiven. Ifyoustarttofeellostorconfused,backupafewlessonsandreview.Or,takeabreakand come back to the material at a later time. Remember that review andrepetitionareessentialwhenlearninganylanguage.Oneofthebestthingsyoucan do to improve your understanding of Latin is to review the lessonsrepeatedly.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Latinsayingsandexpressionsareeverywhere!Wheredidall theseexpressionscomefrom?Whatdotheymean?Inthisbook,everyfewlessonsyouwillfindapageentitledLatinExpressions.These short explanationsof someof themostcommon Latin expressions are meant to inform the student while stimulatingfurtherinterestinLatin.
STAYFLEXIBLE
Everyonehas a different learning style, so use this book inways that fit yourneeds or the needs of your students.You can learnLatin as a family, onyourown, or in a homeschool environment.Be creative!You could even have onenightof theweekwheretheentirefamilyisonlyallowedtospeakLatin.Whoknows?Youmaythinkofawaytousethisbookthatnooneelsehasthoughtof(puttingitundertheshortlegofthekitchentabledoesnotcount).
TESTSANDQUIZZES
Togiveastudentatestorquiz,simplybackuptoapreviouslesson.Havethestudent translate those exercises without looking at the answers. Then, theteacherorparent cangrade the exercisesusing the answers in thebackof thebook.Anotherpossibilitywouldbetotestthestudent’slisteningskillsbyhavinghim or her translate the exercises directly from the audio recording for thatlesson.
SCHEDULING
Some homeschool parents like a lot of structure in their teaching schedules,whileothersprefer a less structured learning environment.Dependingonyourpersonalpreferences,youmayeitherplantocoveracertainnumberoflessonsinacertainperiodoftime,orallowyourstudentstodeterminetheirownpace.It’suptoyou.
HOWMUCHTIMEPERDAY?
Afewminutesadaywiththisbookisbetterthanlonger,lessfrequentsessions.Thirtyminutesadayisidealforlanguagestudy.Ofcourse,thismayvarywitheachstudent’sage,abilityandneeds.
SELF-TAUGHTADULTS
AdultswhousethisbookwillenjoythefreedomoflearningLatinwheneverandwherevertheyplease.Highschoolandcollegestudentscanuseittogetaheadstart before taking a Latin class, to satisfy curiosity, or to try something new.Busyadultscanuseittostudyatlunchtime,breaktime,orwhilecommutingtowork(aslongassomeoneelseisdrivingthevehicle).Theshortlessonsinthisbookwillfitanyschedule.
SURFTHENET!
Thewebsite thataccompanies thisbook(www.gettingstartedwithlatin.com)hasfreeresourcestoaidyouinyourstudyofLatin.Besuretocheckitout!
LESSONONE
NEWWORDnauta
MEANINGsailor
PRONUNCIATION TIP: In both classical and ecclesiastical pronunciation,nautahastwosyllables.ThefirstsyllablesoundsliketheEnglishwordnow.Inatwo-syllableword,theaccentalwaysgoesonthefirstsyllable.
Latinpronunciation isnot thesameasEnglishpronunciation.Thebestway tolearn correct pronunciation is by listening. Be sure to visitwww.gettingstartedwithlatin.comtodownloadthefreepronunciationrecordingsinMP3format.Chooseeitherclassicalorecclesiastical (church)pronunciationrecordings. In thesefreeaudiorecordings,eachnewwordandexercise is readaloudbytheauthor.YoumaylistentotheserecordingsonyourcomputerorputthemonaCDandlistentothemonanyCDplayer.
To further assist you in achieving proper pronunciation, there is a classicalpronunciation chart on page 201 and an ecclesiastical pronunciation chart onpage202forthesakeofreference.
LESSONTWO
NO“THE”INLATIN
InLatin,therearenowordsforthe,a,oran.Dependingonthewayitisusedinasentence,thewordnautacouldmeansailor,asailor,orthesailor.WhenyoutranslateLatinintoEnglish,youmustdecideonyourownwheretoputinwordslikethe,a,andan.
LESSONTHREE
NEWWORDsum
MEANINGIam
InEnglish,ittakestwowordstosayIam.InLatin,ittakesonlyone:sum.
EXERCISES:
1. Sum.2. Sumnauta.
Whenyousee theexercises ineach lesson, try to translate themonyourown.Theanswersareinthebackofthebooktokeepyoufrompeeking.
Theanswerstothislessonareonpage167.
LESSONFOUR
WORDORDER
ThewordsinaLatinsentencearenotusuallyinthesameorderastheywouldbeinanEnglishsentence.Forexample,sumnautaandnautasummeanthesamething. This may seem strange to you at first, but it will become easier withpractice.
EXERCISES:
1. Sumnauta.2. Nautasum.
Answersonpage167.
LESSONFIVE
NEWWORDego
MEANINGI
PRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inbothclassicalandecclesiasticalpronunciation,egoispronouncedliketheEnglishwordeggbutwithanosoundaddedtotheend.
SummeansIambyitself.However,egomayalsobeusedwithsum.Whetheryousaysumoregosum,itstilljustmeansIam.Egoisoftenusedforemphasis.
Remember:ThewordsinaLatinsentencemaybeinanunusualorder.
EXERCISES:
1. Sum.2. Egosum.3. Sumnauta.4. Nautasum.5. Egosumnauta.6. Egonautasum.7. Nautaegosum.
Answersonpage167.
LESSONSIX
NEWWORDagricolaMEANINGfarmerPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Ifyouareusingtheecclesiasticalstyleofpronunciation,remembertorolltherinagricola
lightly.
EXERCISES:
1. Sumagricola.2. Agricolasum.3. Egosumagricola.4. Egoagricolasum.5. Sumnauta.6. Nautasum.7. Egonautasum.8. Nautaegosum.
Answersonpage167.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Haveyoueverwonderedwhatcogitoergosummeans?
Cogito means I think.Ergo means therefore (don’t confuse ergo with ego).Sum,asyoualreadyknow,meansIam.So,cogitoergosum literallymeans Ithink,thereforeIam.
This expression comes from the great French philosopher, scientist andmathematicianRenéDescartes(pronouncedday-KART).Descartesreasonedthatbyhisownactofdoubtinghecouldbesureofhisownexistence.This ideaiscapturedbytheLatinexpressioncogitoergosum.
Speaking of Latin, the Latin version of Descartes’ name is Cartesius. SoanythingpertainingtoDescartesisreferredtoasCartesian.
LESSONSEVEN
SUBJECTS
Anounisaperson,place,orthing.Thesubjectofasentenceisthenounthatisdoingtheactioninthesentence.IntheLatinexercisesyouhaveseensofar,thesubject of the sentence has always been I. Soon you will learn to read morecomplexLatinsentences.
For practice, see if you can identify the subject of each of the followingsentences.
EXERCISES:
1. Iam.2. Youare.3. Sheistall.4. OnTuesdaysandThursdays,Fredlikestogojogging.5. Chicagoisabigcity.6. Thechildrenhaveicecreamcones.7. Thecarhasaflattire.8. Myoatmealistoohot.9. Switzerlandisabeautifulcountry.10. Inthewinter,Grandfatheralwayswearshisoldbrowncoat.
Answersonpage167.
LESSONEIGHT
NEWWORDetMEANINGandMostofthetime,etsimplymeansand.But,ifyouuseittwice,itcanmeanboth...and.Hereisanexample:
Sumetnautaetagricola(Iambothasailorandafarmer).
EXERCISES:
1. Nautaetagricola2. Agricolaetnauta3. Egosumnauta.4. Nautasum.5. Etagricolaetnautasum.6. Egosumetnautaetagricola.
Answersonpage168.
LESSONNINE
VERBS
InLessonSevenyou learned to recognize thesubjectofa sentence.Now let’smoveontoverbs.Verbsarewordsthattelluswhatthesubjectofasentenceisdoing.Verbscanbeactionwordssuchasdance,shout,walk, talkorwrite.Or,they canbeverbs of beingor existing such as is,are,was,were, andwill be.Verbsofbeingarealsocalledlinkingverbs.
Seeifyoucanidentifythesubjectandverbofeachofthefollowingsentences.
EXERCISES:
1. Shewalkstoschooleveryday.2. Mycarisdirty.3. Iseeaquarterontheground.4. Yesterdayheboughtanewtrumpet.5. Samloveschocolatemilk.6. Theyswiminthepooleveryday.7. Thebooksareheavy.8. IcalledAuntMarthalastweek.9. Chinaproducesalotofgreentea.10. Mr.Smith’sdogbarksatnight.
Answersonpage168.
LESSONTEN
NEWWORDnōnMEANINGnotPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inbothclassicalandecclesiasticalpronunciation,nōnrhymeswithbone,loanandtone.
Inasentence,nōnusuallycomesimmediatelybeforetheverb.Forexample,nōnsummeansIamnot.
EXERCISES:
1. Nōnsum.2. Egonōnsum.3. Nōnsumnauta.4. Nautanōnsum.5. Egoagricolanōnsum.6. Agricolaegonōnsum.7. Sumetnautaetagricola.8. Etagricolaetnautaegosum.
Answersonpage168.
LESSONELEVEN
NEWWORDesMEANINGyouareInEnglish,ittakestwowordstosayyouare.InLatin,ittakesonlyone:es.Esisusedonlywhenspeakingtooneperson.
EXERCISES:
1. Es.2. Nōnes.3. Esagricola.4. Agricolaes.5. Nōnesagricola.6. Agricolanōnes.7. Sumagricola.8. Egonōnsumnauta.9. Esetnautaetagricola.10. Nautasumetagricolaes.
Answersonpage168.
LESSONTWELVE
NEWWORDpoēta
MEANINGpoet
EXERCISES:
1. Espoēta.2. Poētaes.3. Nōnespoēta.4. Poētanōnes.5. Sumetagricolaetpoēta.6. Etnautaetagricolasum.7. Egosumnauta.8. Nōnesnauta.9. Poētaegonōnsum.10. Agricolasumetpoētaes.
Answersonpage169.
LESSON13
NEWWORDestMEANINGheisInEnglish,ittakestwowordstosayheis.InLatin,ittakesonlyone:est.Estcanalsomeansheisanditis,butfornowjust
translateestasheis.
EXERCISES:
1. Estpoēta.2. Poētaest.3. Estnauta.4. Nautaest.5. Nōnestagricola.6. Nōnesnauta.7. Agricolanōnes.8. Egonōnsum.9. Etagricolaetpoētasum.10. Egonautanōnsum.
Answersonpage169.
LESSON14
MOREABOUTEST
Let’slearnanotherwaytouseest.Sometimesestsimplymeansis.Considerthefollowingexample:
Poētaestagricola.
This sentence means the poet is a farmer. Here, it is clear that poēta is thesubjectofthesentence.Therefore,weleaveoutheandestsimplymeansis.
Inothercases,thereisnootherwordtobethesubjectofthesentence,asinthefollowingexample:Poētaest.
This sentencemeanshe is a poet.Here it is clear that there is no otherwordavailabletobethesubjectofthesentence.So,wetranslateestasheis.
Ifyoucannotfigureoutwhetherestmeansisorheis,trythemboth.Thecorrectmeaningofestshouldbecomeclear.
EXERCISES:
1. Agricolaestpoēta.2. Nautaestpoēta.3. Estnauta.4. Poētanōnestnauta.5. Nautanōnest.6. Poētaestagricola.7. Nautanōnestagricola.8. Nōnespoēta.9. Egoagricolanōnsum.10. Esetagricolaetpoēta.
Answersonpage169.
LATINEXPRSSIONS
Theabbreviationetc.seemstobeeverywhere.Whatdoesitmean?
This common abbreviation is short for the Latin words et cetera.Et, as youalreadyknow,meansand.Ceteraisanadjective(inpluralform)thatmeanstheremainingthings.Sowhenyousayetcetera,youaresayingandtherestorandtheothers.Sometimesetceteraismispronouncedeccetera.ButasastudentofLatin,youknowbetter!
LESSON15
SINGULARANDPLURAL
Singularmeansoneofsomething.
Pluralmeansmorethanoneofsomething.
Intheexercisesbelow,trytofigureoutwhatthesubjectofthesentenceis.Then,decideifthesubjectissingularorplural.
EXERCISES:
1. Thecarisred.2. Wehaveicecreamcones.3. Flowersarepretty.4. Ilikeblueberrypie.5. Theylikehamburgers.6. Jimmywillgotoschooltomorrow.7. Theteamhasfiveplayers.8. Maryisagoodclarinetplayer.9. InFrance,theyspeakFrench.10. Manyhousesareonourstreet.
Answersonpage169.
LESSON16
NEWWORDnautae
MEANINGsailors
PRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,theaeattheendofnautaesounds like theEnglishwordeye. Inecclesiasticalpronunciation, theaeat theendofnautaesoundsliketheeinbet.
Nautae is your first plural word in Latin. Nauta becomes plural when wechangetheendingfrom-ato-ae.Thesameruleappliestoagricolaandpoēta.
EXERCISES:
1. Whatisthepluralformofagricola?2. whatisthepluralformofpoēta?
Answersonpage170.
LESSON17
NEWWORDsumusMEANINGweareWhenstudyinganylanguageitisimportanttonoticewhethereachindividualwordissingularorplural.Why?Becauseeachwordinasentencemustinteractcorrectlywiththewordsaroundit.Ingrammaticalterms,thisiscalledagreement.Seeifyoucanfigureoutwhat
iswrongwiththefollowingexample:
Sumagricolae.
Didyounotice something strangeabout that sentence?This sentencedoesnotmake any sense because it means I am farmers. In other words, sum andagricolaedonotagreebecausesumissingularandagricolaeisplural.Acorrectsentencewouldbesumagricolabecausesumandagricolaagree.Again,seeifyoucanfigureoutwhatiswrongwiththefollowingexample:
Sumusagricola.
Thissentencedoesnotmakeanysenseeitherbecauseitmeansweareafarmer.Sumus and agricola do not agree because sumus is plural and agricola issingular. A correct sentence would be sumus agricolae because sumus andagricolaeagree.
Ifyougetstuck,checktheanswersinthebackofthebook.
EXERCISES:
1. Sumus.2. Sumusnautae.3. Nautaesumus.4. Agricolaenōnsumus.5. Nōnsumusagricolae.6. Sumusagricolaeetpoētae.7. Poētanōnes.
8. Egosumpoēta.9. Poētaestnauta.10. Nautaest.
Answersonpage170.
LESSON18
NEWWORDestisMEANINGyouare(plural)Youalreadyknowthatthewordesmeansyouare.Weuseeswhenspeakingtooneperson.Estisalsomeansyouare,butwithoneimportantdifference:estisisplural.TheEnglishwordyoucanrefertoonepersonormorethanoneperson.Otherlanguages(suchasLatin)
havedifferentwordsforsingularyouandpluralyou.
Sometimesweuseexpressionssuchasyouguysoryoupeopletotrytomakeitclear thatwe are talking tomore than one person. In the southeasternUnitedStates,where thisauthor is from,weoftenuse thecontractiony’all toaddressmorethanoneperson(neverjustone).Y’allissimplyacontractionofthewordsyouandall.Y’allrhymeswithhall,ballandfall.
Someteachersusethiswordtohelpstudentsunderstandthedifferencebetweenesandestis.So,intheanswerkey,estiswillbetranslatedasy’allare.IfyouarefromthesoutheasternUnitedStates,usingthiswordwillbeeasyforyou.Ifnot,y’allwillgetusedtoitafterusingitafewtimes.
EXERCISES:
1. Estis.2. Estisagricolae.3. Agricolaeestis.4. Poētaenōnestis.5. Sumuspoētaeetestisnautae.6. Etnautaeetpoētaeestis.7. Poētanōnes.8. Agricolaestpoēta.9. Poētaegosum.10. Estnauta.
Answersonpage170.
LESSON19
NEWWORDsuntMEANINGtheyareSuntisverysimilartoest.Suntcanmeantheyareorjustare.Considerthefollowingexample:
Agricolaesuntpoētae.
Thissentencemeansthefarmersarepoets.Hereitisclearthatagricolaeisthesubjectofthesentence.Therefore,weleaveouttheyandsuntsimplymeansare.
Inothercases,thereisnootherwordtobethesubjectofthesentence,asinthefollowingexample:
Poētaesunt.
Thissentencemeanstheyarepoets.Herethereisnootherwordavailabletobethesubjectofthesentence.So,wetranslatesuntastheyare.
Again(justaswithest),ifyoucannotfigureoutwhethersuntmeansareortheyare,trythemboth.Thecorrectmeaningofsuntshouldbecomeclear.
EXERCISES:
1. Poētaesunt.2. Poētaesuntagricolae.3. Agricolaenōnsunt.4. Poētaesuntnautae.5. Poētaest.6. Estispoētae.7. Nautaenōnsuntagricolae.8. Agricolaestpoēta.9. Nautaesumus.10. Nōnespoēta.
Answersonpage170.
LESSON20
MEMORIZATION
Let’sputalltheverbsyouknowintoacharttohelpyourememberthem.
Whenstudyinganylanguage,itisverybeneficialtomemorizegroupsofverbssuchasthisone.Tohelpyouremembertheseverbs,saythemoverandoverinthissequence:sum,es,est,sumus,estis,sunt.StudentsofLatinoftenchantorsinggroupsofverbslikethis.Youoryourstudentsmayenjoymakingupyourowngames,songs,orchantstohelpyoumemorizethingsmoreeasily.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Haveyoueverseentheabbreviationsi.e.ande.g.?
Theabbreviationi.e.isshortforidest.Id,inthiscase,meansthat.Youalreadyknow that est means is. Literally, id est means that is. Writers use thisexpressiontofurtherclarifyageneralstatement.Whenyouseethistermyoucantakeittomeanthatistosayorinotherwords.Hereisanexampleofhowi.e.isusedinasentence:
The church needed someone who knew how to repair things (i.e. ahandyman).
Theabbreviatione.g.isshortforexempligratia.Gratiameansforthesakeof.Exemplimeansofanexample.Soliterally,exempligratiameansforthesakeofanexample.Writersuse this term togive specificexamplesofamoregeneralthingtheyhavealreadymentioned.Hereishowe.g.isusedinasentence:
Some of the most nutritious foods a person can eat are green, leafyvegetables(e.g.spinach).
LESSON21
PERSON
We have already covered singular and plural. Now let’s talk about anotherqualitythatverbshave.InLatin,verbstellnotonlywhatactionistakingplace,butalsowho isperforming theaction.Verbscanbe in thefirstperson,secondperson,orthirdperson.
VerbsthatrefertoIorwearefirstperson(thepersonwhoisspeaking).
Verbs that refer to you, either singular or plural, are second person (thepersonorpeopletowhomthespeakerisspeaking).Inthisbookwewillusey’all for the second person plural to help distinguish it from the secondpersonsingular.
Verbs that refer tohe,she, it, or they are third person (the person, thing,people,orthingsbeingspokenabout).
Thefollowingchartshouldhelpillustratethisconcept:
Ifweputall theLatinverbsyouknow inachart like theoneabove, itwould
looklikethis:
Remembertochantorsingtheseverbsoverandoverinordertomemorizethem.
In the exercises below, determinewhat the subject of each sentence is. Then,determineifitisfirstperson,secondperson,orthirdperson.Finally,determinewhetheritissingularorplural.
EXERCISES:
1. Iamhungry.2. Youareaniceperson.3. Sheisverysmart.4. Wearegoingtothepark.5. Y’allhaveabeautifulhome.6. TheyeatlunchatAuntMartha’shouseeverySunday.7. Heisatennisplayer.8. Itisahistorybook.9. Y’allreallyknowhowtothrowaparty.10. Theflowersinyourgardenarepretty.
Answersonpage171.
LESSON22
DIRECTOBJECTS
Adirectobjectisanounthatisthetargetoftheactionbeingperformedbythesubjectofthesentence.Hereisanexample:
Haroldplaysthedrums.
Inthissentence,theworddrumsisthedirectobject.Hereisanotherexample:
Helenatetheorange.
In this sentence, thewordorange is the direct object. See if you can find thedirectobjectineachoftheexercisesbelow:EXERCISES:
1. Mr.Jonesboughtanewspaper.2. Iwillseeamovietomorrow.3. Harryisplayingthetrombone.4. OnSaturday,wewillplaybaseball.5. Jamescaughtafish.6. Theyaccidentallybroketheradio.7. Y’allpaintedthewrongbuilding.8. Yesterdaywelistenedtoalongspeech.9. Mr.Underwoodlosthiswallet.10. Geraldinesawadeerinthewoods.
Answersonpage171.
LESSON23
DIRECTOBJECTS(THISTIMEINLATIN)
Whennauta is thesubjectofasentenceitappearsinitsnormalformwhichisnauta.Whennautaisthedirectobjectinasentence,wechangetheendingto-am. That makes it nautam instead of nauta. Use nautam only with actionverbs, not verbs of being or existing like am, are, or is (also called linkingverbs).Aword that renames the subjectof the sentenceafter a linkingverb iscalledapredicatenominative.Predicatenominativestakethenormalformoftheword,notthedirectobjectform.Herearesomeexamplestohelpillustratetheseconcepts:
Thenautasawanisland.
Inthissentence,sailoristhesubjectofthesentence,soitretainsitsnormalformwhichisnauta.Hereisanotherexample:
Isawanautam.
Inthissentence,sailoristhedirectobject,sotheendingchangesto-amtomakenautam.Hereisathirdexample:
Themanisanauta.
In this sentence, sailor is the predicate nominative (a word that renames thesubjectofthesentenceafteralinkingverb)soitretainsitsnormalformwhichisnauta.
Intheexercisesbelow,fillintheblankwitheithernautaornautam.Then,givethereasonforyourchoice.Choosefromamongthefollowingthreereasons:
BecauseitisthesubjectofthesentenceBecauseitisthedirectobjectofthesentenceBecauseitisapredicatenominative
Writeyouranswersinyournotebookoronaseparatesheetofpaper.
EXERCISES:
1. Yesterday,Isawa________downatthedock.2. Iama________.3. A________steeredtheshipintotheharbor.4. Ihireda________tohelpussteertheboat.5. A________walkedtowardtheship.6. The________isverystrong.7. Iwatchedthe________asheloweredtheanchor.8. Heisa________.9. Youhelpedthe________withtherope.10. Iwillbea________someday.
Answersonpage171.
LESSON24
NEWWORDspectō
MEANINGIwatch,Idowatch,IamwatchingSpectōisourfirstactionverbinLatin.ItmeansIwatch,Idowatch,orIamwatching.Youcanusewordssuchas
egoandnōnalongwithspectō,justasyouwouldwithsum.
Inthelastlesson,welearnedthatifnautaisadirectobject,theendingchangesto -am. This rule is also true for agricola and poēta. Agricola becomesagricolamandpoētabecomespoētam.Keep this inmindasyou translate theexercisesintoEnglish.Don’tlettheorderofthewordsconfuseyou.Instead,justfocusonthefunctionofeachindividualword.
SincespectōcanmeanIwatch,Idowatch,orIamwatching,youmustdecideon your own which one sounds best when you translate the exercises intoEnglish.
EXERCISES:
1. Spectōnautam.2. Nautamspectō.3. Nōnspectōagricolam.4. Agricolamspectō.5. Spectōpoētam.6. Poētamspectō.7. Egospectōetnautametagricolam.8. Nautanōnsum.9. Agricolaesunt.10. Poētaenōnestis.
Answersonpage171.
LESSON25
NEWWORDnautāsMEANINGsailors(directobjectplural)Whenthedirectobjectispluraltheendingchangesto-ās.So,nautāsisthepluralformof
nautam.
Whatwouldbethedirectobjectpluralformsofagricolaandpoēta?
EXERCISES:
1. Spectōnautās.2. Nautāsspectō.3. Nōnspectōagricolās.4. Agricolāsspectō.5. Egospectōpoētās.6. Spectōnautametagricolās.7. Agricolamspectō.8. Poētaes.9. Nautaest.10. Poētaesuntagricolae.
Answersonpage172.
LESSON26
NEWWORDstellaMEANINGstarThinkofthepossibleendingsofstellaandhoweachonewouldbeusedinasentence.
EXERCISES:
1. Stellamspectō.2. Stellāsnōnspectō.3. Stellamegospectō.4. Egospectōstellās.5. Nautaesunt.6. Nōnestisagricolae.7. Poētaesumus.8. Spectōetagricolāsetnautās.9. Nautanōnestpoēta.10. Agricolaes.
Answersonpage172.
LESSON27
NEWWORDlūnaMEANINGmoonThinkofthepossibleendingsoflūnaandhoweachonewouldbeusedinasentence.
EXERCISES:
1. Lūnamspectō.2. Spectōstellās.3. Etlūnametstellāsspectō.4. Spectōetstellāsetlūnam.5. Lūnanōneststella.6. Poētaestetagricolasum.7. Spectōnautās.8. Nōnestisagricolae.9. Sumuspoētae.10. Agricolaesuntpoētae.
Answersonpage172.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
KnowingthedifferencebetweenA.M.andP.M.isveryimportant.Ifyougetthemmixedup,youcouldbetwelvehourslate(orearly)!
A.M.andP.M.areabbreviationsfortwomeaningfulLatinexpressions.A.M.standsforantemeridiemandP.M. standsforpostmeridiem.Meridiem isa formofthe wordmeridies which means noon or midday.Ante means before. Postmeansafter.So,antemeridiemliterallymeansbeforenoonandpostmeridiemmeansafternoon.
According to the Roman author Varro, the wordmeridies used to be spelledmedidies.Medidies is a compound word made up of the words dies andmedius.Dies (pronouncedDEE-ace)meansday.Theprefixmedi- isshort formediuswhichmeansmiddle.Somedidies, theolder formof theword,meansthemiddle of the day. Sowhen you sayA.M. you are really sayingbefore themiddleoftheday,andwhenyousayP.M.youarereallysayingafterthemiddleoftheday.Butit’saloteasierjusttosayA.M.andP.M.
LESSON28
NEWWORDspectāsMEANINGyouwatch,youdowatch,youarewatchingThischartshouldcomeinhandyaswelearnadditionalformsofspectō.
Remember:Youmustdecideonyourownwhether to translatespectāsasyouwatch,youdowatch,oryouarewatching.
EXERCISES:
1. Spectāslūnam.2. Spectāsstellās.3. Etlūnametstellāsspectās.4. Etnautāsetagricolāsspectās.5. Egospectōetnautāsetagricolās.6. Stellāsegonōnspectō.7. Poētaenōnsumus.8. Esagricola.9. Agricolaenōnsunt.10. Nautanōnestpoēta.
Answersonpage173.
LESSON29
NEWWORDspectatMEANINGhewatches,hedoeswatch,heiswatchingThechartisgettingfuller:
Doyourememberthedifferentwaystouseest?Spectat is like that, too.Let’slookatanexample:
Nautastellāsspectat.
Thissentencemeansthesailoriswatchingthestars.Here,itisclearthatnautais the subject of the sentence. Therefore,we leave outhe and spectat simplymeansiswatching.
Other times, there isnootherword tobe thesubjectof thesentence,as in thefollowingexample:
Stellāsspectat.
This sentence means he is watching the stars. Here, there is no other wordavailable to be the subject of the sentence. So, we translate spectat as he iswatching.
Of course, spectat could alsomean she iswatching or it is watching. But for
now,justtranslatespectatasheiswatching.
EXERCISES:
1. Spectatlūnam.2. Nautastellāsspectat.3. Spectatstellāsetlūnam.4. Agricolastellāsnōnspectat.5. Agricolanautamspectat.6. Lūnamspectās.7. Etpoētametagricolamspectō.8. Agricolaenōnestis.9. Agricolaest.10. Nautaesuntpoētae.
Answersonpage173.
LESSON30
NEWWORDspectāmusMEANINGwewatch,wedowatch,wearewatchingWe’reoverhalfwaythere!
EXERCISES:
1. Spectāmusagricolās.2. Nōnspectāmuspoētam.3. Stellāsspectat.4. Etlūnametstellāsspectās.5. Nautaenōnsunt.6. Egonōnspectōlūnam.7. Agricolaesetnautasum.8. Poētaestagricola.9. Nōnesnauta.10. Poētaesumus.
Answersonpage173.
LESSON31
NEWWORDspectātis
MEANINGy’allwatch,y’alldowatch,y’allarewatching
We’realmostthere!
EXERCISES:
1. Spectātisstellam.2. Agricolāsspectātis.3. Nautāsspectātis.4. Lūnamspectāmus.5. Agricolapoētamspectat.6. Etlūnametstellāsspectās.7. Nautāsnōnspectat.8. Sumusagricolae.9. Nōnestisnautae.10. Agricolaest.
Answersonpage173.
LESSON32
NEWWORDspectantMEANINGtheywatch,theydowatch,theyarewatchingThechartisnowfull!
Do you remember the different ways to use sunt?Spectant is like that, too.Let’slookatanexample:
Agricolaelūnamspectant.
This sentencemeans the farmersarewatching themoon.Here, it is clear thatagricolae is the subject of the sentence. Therefore, we leave out they andspectantsimplymeansarewatching.
Other times, there isnootherword tobe thesubjectof thesentence,as in thefollowingexample:
Stellāsspectant.
Thissentencemeanstheyarewatchingthestars.Here,thereisnootherwordtobethesubjectofthesentence.So,wetranslatespectantastheyarewatching.
EXERCISES:
1. Poētāsspectant.
2. Poētaestellāsspectant.3. Nautaeetlūnametstellāsspectant.4. Spectāsagricolam.5. Lūnamegospectō.6. Spectātisnautam.7. Agricolaesunt.8. Nōnsumnauta.9. Agricolaes.10. Agricolaestpoēta.
Answersonpage174.
LESSON33
REVIEW
Wenowknowallsixpresenttenseformsofsumandspectō.Let’sreviewthemnow.Hereisthechartforsum:
Say all six forms in sequence: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt. It is best tomemorizethem.Trytothinkofwhateachwordmeansasyousayit.
Hereisthechartforspectō:
Repeat after me! Spectō, spectās, spectat, spectāmus, spectātis, spectant.Again,thinkofwhateachwordmeansasyousayit.Soonthesegroupsofverbswillbecomesecondnature.
Bynow,youmaybenoticingapatterntotheendingsoftheverbs.Ifwemadeachartofjusttheendingsofspectōitwouldlooklikethis:
Aswith theverbs themselves, it isbest tomemorize theseendingssoyoucanrecognizethemeasily.Spellthemoutbyletters:-o,-s,-t,-mus, -tis, -nt.Fromnowon,whenyou learnaverb,youwillknowhowtouse it inallsixpresenttenseforms.You’vecomealongwayfromLessonOne.Keepupthegoodwork!
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Haveyoueverbeentoldthatsomethingisanonsequitur?
Nōn, asyoualreadyknow,meansnot.Sequiturmeans it follows. So literally,non sequitur means it does not follow. You may ask,What doesn’t follow?That’sagoodquestion!
Anonsequitur iswhen the conclusion drawn from the facts presented is notlogicallysupportedbythefacts.Here’sanexampleofanonsequitur:
Fact#1:Spinachhaslotsofvitaminsandminerals.Fact#2:Spinachisgreen.Conclusion:Allgreenfoodshavelotsofvitaminsandminerals.
Thisconclusionisanonsequiturbecauseitdoesnotfollowlogicallyfromwhatcamebefore it.Fact#1and fact#2areboth true,but theconclusionbasedonthose facts is indeed faulty. Not all green foods have lots of vitamins andminerals.Greencandyandgreenbirthdaycakemaybedelicious,butprobablynotverynutritious.
Anonsequitur is anexampleof a logical fallacy,ormistake.Hereare a fewexamplesofsomeothercommonfallacies:
Mereassertion—Justbecauseyousaysomethingistruedoesnotprovethatitistrue.
Appealing to themasses—Justbecausea largenumberofpeoplebelievessomethingistruedoesnotprovethatitistrue.
Adhominem—ThisisanotherLatinexpressionthatliterallymeanstowardthe man. An ad hominem attack is an attempt to make someone seemuntrustworthybypointingoutthatperson’sflaws.Thistacticissometimes
usedasalastresortbythosewhoareindangeroflosinganargument.Evenifyouaresuccessful inmakingyouropponent lookbadoruntrustworthy,thatstilldoesnotdisprovehis/herpoint.
LESSON34
NEWWORDsaepeMEANINGoftenPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Theaeinsaepewillsounddifferentdependingonwhichpronunciationstyleyouadopt.Inclassicalpronunciation,theaeinsaepesoundsliketheEnglishwordeye.In
ecclesiasticalpronunciation,itwillsoundliketheeinbet.
Saepe is your first Latin adverb.An adverb is aword that describes how theaction is taking place.When you translate the exercises, try to put the adverbwhereitsoundsthebest.
EXERCISES:
1. Stellāssaepespectō.2. Stellāssaepespectant.3. Poētamsaepespectās.4. Poētaest.5. Agricolaeestis.6. Poētanōnestagricola.7. Etlūnametstellāssaepespectāmus.8. Agricolaesuntpoētae.9. Sumuspoētae.10. Lūnamsaepenōnspectātis.
Answersonpage174.
LESSON35
NEWWORDnumerō
MEANINGIcount,Idocount,IamcountingPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Ifyouareusingtheecclesiasticalstyleofpronunciation,remembertorolltherin
numerōlightly.
Theendings fornumerō are the sameas for spectō.Review themasoften asyou need to with this handy chart:
EXERCISES:
1. Stellāsnumerō.2. Numerāsstellās.3. Nautastellāsnumerat.4. Stellāssaepenumerāmus.5. Nautāsnumerātis.6. Nautaestellāssaepenumerant.7. Agricolaenōnsuntpoētae.8. Nautaesunt.9. Sumusagricolae.10. Poētaes.
Answersonpage174.
LESSON36
NEWWORDpecūniaMEANINGmoneyWhentranslatingaLatinsentence,thefirstthingyoushoulddoisfindtheverb.Determineiftheverbissingularorplural.Also,decidewhetheritisfirstperson,secondpersonorthirdperson.Thiswillhelpyoutodeterminethesubjectofthesentencemoreeasily.Latinverbs
arejustpackedwithusefulinformation!
EXERCISES:
1. Pecūniamnumerō.2. Pecūniamsaepenumerāmus.3. Lūnamspectant.4. Numerātispecūniam.5. Egosumagricola.6. Nautaestellāssaepenumerant.7. Agricolapecūniamnumerat.8. Poētaeestis.9. Nautanōnestagricola.10. Pecūniamsaepenumerās.
Answersonpage175.
LESSON37NEWWORDportō
MEANINGIcarry,Idocarry,IamcarryingReviewtheendingsofportōwiththishandychart.
Asyoutranslatetheexercises,remembertofindtheverbfirst.
EXERCISES:
1. Pecūniamportō.2. Portāmuspecūniam.3. Etnautaeetagricolaepecūniamportant.4. Pecūniamsaepeportat.5. Nōnestispoētae.6. Pecūniamportātis.7. Pecūniamsaepeportās.8. Stellāsnumerās.9. Agricolaesunt.10. Nautaest.
Answersonpage175.
LESSON38
NEWWORDfēminaMEANINGwomanFēminaisthefirstwordwehaveencounteredinthisbookthatreferstosomeoneofthefemalegender.Remember
thatestcanbetranslatedasheis,sheis,oritis.Now,youwillhaveanopportunitytotranslatesentencessuchasthefollowingexample:
Fēminaest.
Thissentencemeanssheisawoman.Itshouldbeclearwhentousehe,sheoritinyourtranslations.
Whenestdoesnotreferdirectlytoafemale,continuetotranslateitasheis.
EXERCISES:
1. Fēminaest.2. Fēminaesumus.3. Sumfēmina.4. Fēminapecūniamportat.5. Pecūniamnōnportant.6. Agricolaest.7. Egopecūniamsaepenōnnumerō.8. Agricolaes.9. Nautaesuntpoētae.10. Lūnamspectāmus.
Answersonpage175.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Haveyoueverheardthephrasecarpediem?
Carpe is a verb in the form of a command. It is related to the word carpo.Carpoisaverbthatcanmeanpluckorsnatch,butcanalsomeanenjoyormakeuseof.Diemisthedirectobjectformoftheworddies(pronouncedDEE-ace),which means day. So literally, carpe diem is a command to pluck the day.Carpe diem is only part of what is perhaps the most famous line of poetrywrittenintheLatinlanguage.Theentirelinereadsplucktheday,entrustingaslittleaspossibletothefuture.Thisisthepoet’swayofencouragingthereadertotakeadvantageofthemomentandavoidprocrastination.CarpediemisusuallyexpressedinEnglishasseizetheday.
Inanylanguage,poetryisfilledwithimageryandwordchoicesthatenrichthepoemandadd to its enjoyment. In this case, theuseof thewordcarpemightbring tomind the imageryofpluckinga flower from its stem.Or,because thewordcarpecanalsomeanenjoy,theauthorofthepoemmayhaveintendedforbothmeaningstobepresentinthemindofthereader.
ThesewordswerepennedbyoneofthegreatestRomanpoets,QuintusHoratiusFlaccus(65–8B.C.),commonlyknownasHorace.IfyoucontinuetostudyLatin,youmayrunintoHoraceagainsomeday!
By theway, thewordprocrastinate is interestingbecause it comes fromLatinrootwords.Promeans forandcrastinusmeans tomorrow. Ifyouputproandcrastinustogether,whatdoyouget?I’lltellyouoneofthesedays,whenIgetaroundtoit.
Andonelast thing:NeverputoffyourLatinhomeworkuntil tomorrow.You’llneverlearnanythingthatway!
LESSON39
NEWWORDsemperMEANINGalwaysSemperisanotheradverbjustlikesaepe.
EXERCISES:
1. Pecūniamsemperportō.2. Semperportāspecūniam.3. Nautaeetlūnametstellāssemperspectant.4. Fēminapecūniamsaepenumerat.5. Nōnesagricola.6. Fēminaesunt.7. Pecūniamsemperportātis.8. Fēminaest.9. Estisnautae.10. Stellāssaepespectāmus.
Answersonpage175.
LESSON40
NEWWORDtabula
MEANINGwritingtablet
EXERCISES:
1. Tabulamportō.2. Tabulāsportās.3. Poētaetabulāssemperportant.4. Fēminaepecūniamsaepeportant.5. Lūnanōneststella.6. Pecūniamnumerāmus.7. Etstellāsetlūnamspectātis.8. Estisfēminae.9. Fēminapecūniamspectat.10. Esfēmina.
Answersonpage176.
LESSON41
NEWWORDaqua
MEANINGwater
EXERCISES:
1. Aquamegoportō.2. Fēminaeaquamportant.3. Poētatabulamsaepeportat.4. Aquamnōnportant.5. Pecūniamnumerātis.6. Nautaeaquamsaepespectant.7. Pecūniamsempernumerāmus.8. Poētaenōnsumus.9. Nautaesunt.10. Agricolanōnes.
Answersonpage176.
LESSON42
NEWWORDpuella
MEANINGgirl
EXERCISES:
1. Puellaeestis.2. Puellaepecūniamnumerant.3. Puellāsnumerāmus.4. Poētaenōnsunt.5. Puellaestellāssaepenumerant.6. Poētatabulāssemperportat.7. Sumfēmina.8. Spectātisagricolās.9. Puellaaquamportat.10. Lūnamspectās.
Answersonpage176.
LESSON43
NEWWORDamō
MEANINGIlove,Idolove,IamlovingIlike,Idolike,IamlikingYoumustdecideonyourownwhethertotranslateamōasIloveorIlike.Howwillyouknowwhichonetochoose?Justusetheonethatsoundsbestinthecontextof
thesentence.
Canyounamethesixformsofamōandtellwhattheymean?
EXERCISES:
1. Fēminaeagricolamnōnamant.2. Puellanautamamat.3. Poētamamāmus.4. Etlūnametstellāsamō.5. Puellaaquamsaepeportat.6. Sumpuella.7. Pecūniamsemperportātis.8. Fēminaesumusetpuellaesunt.9. Nōnsumnauta.10. Stellāsnumerāmus.
Answersonpage177.
LESSON44
NEWWORDsilvaMEANINGforestPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,thevinsilvasoundslikethewinwater.Inecclesiastical
pronunciation,itwillsoundlikelikethevinviolin.
EXERCISES:
1. Amōsilvam.2. Puellaesilvamamant.3. Nautasilvamnōnamat.4. Silvamamātis.5. Nautaesumusetagricolaeestis.6. Tabulāssemperportāmus.7. Egoaquamsaepeportō.8. Puellanautāsspectat.9. Lūnamspectāmus.10. Agricolaestpoēta.
Answersonpage177.
LESSON45
NEWWORDscapha
MEANINGboat
EXERCISES:
1. Nautascaphāsamat.2. Scaphāsamās.3. Puellaetscaphāsetnautāsspectat.4. Nautaescaphāssaepenumerant.5. Stellāsnumerātis.6. Fēminaes.7. Scaphanautāsportat.8. Puellaesunt.9. Silvamamātis.10. Aquamnōnportāmus.
Answersonpage177.
LESSON46
NEWWORDnumquamMEANINGneverNumquamisanotheradverbjustlikesaepeandsemper.
EXERCISES:
1. Aquamnumquamportō.2. Fēminatabulāsnumquamportat.3. Nautaescaphāssemperspectant.4. Egopecūniamsempernumerō.5. Spectāsnumquamlūnam.6. Stellāssaepespectātis.7. Puellasilvamamat.8. Poētaeestis.9. Nautaesumusetscaphāsamāmus.10. Nōnsumnauta.
Answersonpage177.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Whatdotheexpressionssemperfidelisandsemperparatusmean?
Semper,asyoualreadyknow,meansalways.Fidelisisanadjectivethatmeansfaithful.So,semperfidelissimplymeansalwaysfaithful.SemperFidelisisthemottoof theUnitedStatesMarineCorps.Sometimes thismotto is seen in theabbreviatedformSemperFi.
Paratusmeansprepared.So,semperparatusmeansalwaysprepared.SemperParatusisthemottooftheUnitedStatesCoastGuard.
LESSON47
NEWWORDterraMEANINGearth,land,soilTerracanmeanearth,landorsoil.Inthisbook,mostofthetimewewilltranslateterraassoil.
EXERCISES:
1. Agricolasumetterramamō.2. Agricolaeterramamant.3. Nautaagricolamnōnamat.4. Nautascaphāsamat.5. Silvamamant.6. Etlūnametstellāsspectātis.7. Agricolanōnest.8. Tabulamnumquamportās.9. Pecūniamsaepenumerās.10. Puellaes.
Answersonpage178.
LESSON48
NEWWORDsedMEANINGbutThewordsedoftendividesasentenceintotwoparts.Tomaketranslationeasier,translatethepartthatcomesbeforesed
firstandthentranslatethepartthatcomesaftersed.
EXERCISES:
1. Agricolasumsedscaphāsamō.2. Fēminapecūniamportatsedpuellaeaquamportant.3. Nautasumsedscaphāsnōnamō.4. Agricolaestpoēta.5. Agricolasilvamnōnamat.6. Scaphāsspectant.7. Puellaeaquamnumquamportant.8. Nautasilvamamat.9. Stellāsnumerāmus.10. Agricolanōnes.
Answersonpage178.
LESSON49
NEWWORDarō
MEANINGIplow,Idoplow,IamplowingEXERCISES:
1. Terramarō.2. Agricolaeterramarant.3. Puellaterramsaepearat.4. Terramnumquamarās.5. Nautaescaphāsamant.6. Sumusagricolaesedscaphāsamāmus.7. Poētanōnessedtabulāssaepeportās.8. Agricolaeestissedterramnumquamarātis.9. Nautaesuntsedsumuspoētae.10. Poētaetabulāssemperportant.
Answersonpage178.
LESSON50
NEWWORDambulō
MEANINGIwalk,Idowalk,IamwalkingEXERCISES:
1. Ambulāmus.2. Fēminaambulat.3. Nautaepecūniamportant.4. Terramsaepenōnarātis.5. Nautaepecūniamsaepenumerant.6. Lūnamegospectōsedstellāsspectās.7. Nautaessedpoētasum.8. Tabulāsnōnportāmus.9. Fēminaesilvamamant.10. Nautaesuntsedscaphāsnōnamant.
Answersonpage179.
LESSON51
NEWWORDadMEANINGto,towardAprepositionisawordthatshowsaphysicalrelationshipbetweentwonouns.Examplesofprepositionsarein,to,beside,with,behind,underandover.AdisyourfirstLatinpreposition.Adcanmeantoortoward.Usethemeaningthatmakesthemostsenseincontext.
Whenyouusead, theworditreferstomusthavethedirectobjectending.Forinstance, to the forest would be ad silvam, not ad silva. And in the plural,towardthesailorswouldbeadnautās,notadnautae.
EXERCISES:
1. Adsilvamambulō.2. Nautaeadscaphāsambulant.3. Adsilvamambulāssedadaquamambulō.4. Pecūniamadscaphamportāmus.5. Scaphamadaquamportant.6. Agricolaterramsemperarat.7. Adsilvamnumquamambulās.8. Terramamōsednōnsumagricola.9. Poētaesuntsedtabulāsnumquamportant.10. Fēminanōnsum.
Answersonpage179.
LESSON52
NEWWORDactaMEANINGseashoreEXERCISES:
1. Adactamegoambulō.2. Adactamnautaambulat.3. Actamamō.4. Ambulāmusadactam.5. Puellaeadsilvamsaepeambulant.6. Nautaessedscaphāsnōnamās.7. Nōnestisagricolaesedterramsaepearātis.8. Tabulamsaepeportās.9. Puellaadactamambulat.10. Nōnestpoēta.
Answersonpage179.
LESSON53
NEWWORDcasa
MEANINGhouse
EXERCISES:
1. Adcasamambulāmus.2. Agricolaadcasāsaquamportat.3. Adcasamambulant.4. Etactametsilvamamāmus.5. Poētaesumussedtabulāsnōnportāmus.6. Agricolaeterramarant.7. Poētaesunt.8. Nōnesnauta.9. Nautaesuntpoētae.10. Adactamambulant.
Answersonpage179.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Occasionally the term ad hoc is used in a political or governmental context.Whatdoesitmean?
Youalreadyknowthatthewordadmeanstoortoward.However,adcanmeanotherthingsaswell.Inthiscaseadmeansforthepurposeof.Hocmeans this.Soliterally,adhocmeansforthepurposeofthis(forthispurpose).Here isanexampleofhowadhocisused:
ThemayorofSmithvillegotsomanycomplaintsaboutthetrafficproblemsonMainStreet thatheappointedaspecialadhoccommittee to look intotheproblem.
Thecommitteewascreatedforthesolepurposeofinvestigatingandsolvingthetrafficproblem.Itwascreatedonlyforthispurpose.
LESSON54
CASES
InLatin, the endingsofnouns changeaccording towhat roleor function theyplay in a given sentence. Any noun may have many different forms. Thesedifferentformsofnounsarecalledcases.Whenweuseawordasthesubjectofasentence, that word is said to be in the nominative case. We also use thenominative case for predicate nominatives. When we use a word as a directobject,thatwordissaidtobeintheaccusativecase.Wealsousetheaccusativecasewithcertainprepositions likead.Thereare fivecases inall.Examine thechartbelow.
Each case performs certain functions while working together with the othercasestocreatemeaningfulsentences.Asyoucanseefromthechart,youalreadyhaveexperiencewithtwoofthefivecases.Asyoulearnthesecond,third,andfifth cases, you will be able to translate more complex (and interesting)exercises.
LESSON55
NEWWORDnāvigō
MEANINGIsail,Idosail,IamsailingPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,thevinnāvigōsoundslikethewinwater.Inecclesiastical
pronunciation,itwillsoundlikelikethevinviolin.
EXERCISES:
1. Saepenāvigō.2. Poētanumquamnāvigat.3. Nautaenāvigant.4. Adcasamambulātis.5. Adactamnōnambulāmus.6. Nāvigātissedambulāmus.7. Nautaeestissedsumuspoētae.8. Puellasilvamamat.9. Nōnamōscaphāsetnōnamōaquam.10. Nautaessednumquamnāvigās.
Answersonpage180.
LESSON56
NEWWORDīnsulaMEANINGislandEXERCISES:
1. Adīnsulamnāvigō.2. Adīnsulamsaepenāvigant.3. Nautaeadīnsulāssaepenāvigant.4. Fēminaīnsulāsamatsedscaphāsnōnamat.5. Adīnsulamsaepenōnnāvigās.6. Scaphaeadīnsulamnāvigant.7. Scaphamadactamportātis.8. Nautasumsednumquamnāvigō.9. Agricolacasamnōnamat.10. Pecūniamnumerant.
Answersonpage180.
LESSON57
NEWWORDcircumMEANINGaroundPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,eachcincircumsoundslikethekinkitchen.Inecclesiasticalpronunciation,thefirstcwillsoundlikethechincheese,andthesecondone
willsoundlikethekinkitchen.
Circum is another preposition. Like ad, circum takes the accusative (directobject)case.
EXERCISES:
1. Circumīnsulamnāvigō.2. Circumsilvamsaepeambulāmus.3. Nautaecircumīnsulamsempernāvigant.4. Adcasamambulāmus.5. Nōnsumagricolasedterramsaepearō.6. Nōnespoētasedtabulāssemperportās.7. Etstellāsetlūnamsaepespectās.8. Nautascaphāsamat.9. Nōnsumusagricolaesedterramamāmus.10. Etactametsilvamamō.
Answersonpage180.
LESSON58
NEWWORDnatō
MEANINGIswim,Idoswim,IamswimmingEXERCISES:
1. Adīnsulamnatō.2. Nautaeadīnsulamnatant.3. Natāssedambulō.4. Aquamamōsednumquamnatō.5. Fēminacircumīnsulamsaepenatat.6. Nautaadscaphamnatat.7. Agricolaeestis.8. Circumīnsulāsnāvigāmus.9. Adsilvamsemperambulātis.10. Puellascaphāsamatsednōnestnauta.
Answersonpage181.
LESSON59
NEWWORDpropeMEANINGnearPropeisanotherpreposition.Likeadandcircum,propetakestheaccusative(directobject)case.
EXERCISES:
1. Propeactamambulant.2. Casanōnestpropesilvam.3. Propeīnsulāsnāvigāmus.4. Scaphaecircumīnsulāsnumquamnāvigant.5. Espropesilvam.6. Scaphāssemperegospectō.7. Fēminaeetpuellaepropesilvamsunt.8. Aquamportātis.9. Propeīnsulamsempernatāmus.10. Nautanōnestsedscaphāsamat.
Answersonpage181.
LESSON60
NEWWORDpatria
MEANINGhomeland
EXERCISES:
1. Patriamamō.2. Adpatriamnāvigāmus.3. Nautapatriamamat.4. Scaphanautāsadpatriamportat.5. Fēminacircumīnsulamnatat.6. Patriaestīnsula.7. Actamamāssedsilvamamō.8. Nautaestellāsetlūnamspectant.9. Nōnestisagricolae.10. Casaestpropeaquam.
Answersonpage181.
LESSON61
NEWWORDdēsīderō
MEANINGIlongfor,Idolongfor,IamlongingforIwant,Idowant,IamwantingSometimesdēsīderōwillmeanlongfor,andsometimesitwillmeanwant.Usethecontextofthesentenceandyourownjudgmenttodecideonthe
besttranslationfordēsīderō.
EXERCISES:
1. Patriamsaepedēsīderō.2. Agricolaeaquamdēsīderant.3. Fēminaeactamdēsīderant.4. Puellaadactamnatat.5. Scaphaecircumīnsulamnāvigant.6. Agricolaterramamat.7. Nōnespoēta.8. Pecūniamsemperdēsīderātis.9. Agricolatabulamnumquamportat.10. Propeīnsulamsumus.
Answersonpage181.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Haveyoueverseenc.orca.beforeadate?
Theabbreviationsc.andca. standforcirca (usuallypronounced inEnglishasSUR-kuh).Circa is a Latin preposition thatmeansaround. It is related to theword circum which you already know. Writers usually place this expressionbefore a year to express an approximate date when the exact date cannot beknown.Hereisanexampleofhowcircaisused:
The quilt that AuntMartha bought at the garage sale turned out to be avaluableantiquefromc.1860.
Historians and other scholars have many ways of dating historical events(sometimeswithextremeaccuracy),butoften it is just impossible toknowforsuretheyearsomethinghappened.
LESSON62
ABLATIVECASE
Thefifthcaseonourchartiscalledtheablativecase.Theablativecasecanbeusedinmanyways.
Theablative singular is spelled the sameas thenominative singular.Theonlyvisibledifferenceisthattheablativesingularhasamarkoveritsfinalletter.Thismark iscalledamacron.Thismacronwillhelpyou todistinguish theablativesingularfromthenominativesingular.
Inthisbookyouwilllearntwodifferentwaystousetheablativecase.
LESSON63
NEWWORDin
MEANINGin,on(takesablativecase),into(takesaccusativecase)
So far, all the prepositions youknow (ad,circum,prope) take the accusativecase.Notallprepositions,however,taketheaccusativecase.Someprepositionstake the ablative case. The new word for this lesson, in, takes either theaccusativecaseortheablativecasedependingonwhatitmeans.Incanmeanin,on,orinto.Wheninmeansinto,ittakestheaccusativecase.Wheninmeansinoron,ittakestheablativecase.
Whenyoutranslatetheexercisesyouwillhavetofigureoutwhethertotranslatein as in or on. To learn more about how the word in is used, examine thefollowingexamples:
Incasāsum.
Becauseintakestheablativecasehere,thatnarrowsourchoicesdowntoeitherinoron.Becauseofthecontext,thebesttranslationforinisin.So,thesentencemeansIaminthehouse.Hereisanotherexample:
Inīnsulāsum.
Becauseintakestheablativecasehere,thatagainnarrowsourchoicesdowntoeitherinoron.Becauseofthecontext, thebesttranslationfor inison.So,thesentencemeansIamontheisland.Hereisanotherexample:
Agricolaincasamambulat.
Because in takes the accusative case here (and because of the context of the
sentence),weknowthatthebestmeaningforinisinto.So,thesentencemeansthefarmeriswalkingintothehouse.
EXERCISES:
1. Sumincasā.2. Nautainīnsulāest.3. Nautaeinscaphānōnsunt.4. Inīnsulāsumus.5. Agricolacircumcasamambulat.6. Adīnsulamsaepenāvigāmus.7. Fēminaincasāestsedagricolainsilvamambulat.8. Patriamdēsīderāmus.9. Puellapropeīnsulamnatat.10. Nōnespoētasedtabulāsportās.
Answersonpage182.
LESSON64
ABLATIVEPLURAL
PRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inbothclassicalandecclesiasticalpronunciation,theiinnautīssoundsliketheeeinmeetandsweet.
Theablativepluralhastheending-īs.Comparetheablativepluraltotheformsyou already know in the chart below:
EXERCISES:
1. Agricolaeincasīssunt.2. Nautaeinscaphīsnōnsunt.3. Nautascaphaminaquamportat.4. Scaphaeinaquāsunt.5. Nautainīnsulāest.6. Nautaadpatriamnāvigat.7. Nautaegonōnsumsedscaphāsamō.8. Puellaeadactamsemperambulant.9. Propeīnsulamsaepenatātis.10. Nautascaphamdēsīderat.
Answersonpage182.
LESSON65
NEWWORDscholaMEANINGschoolReviewthenounendingsyouknowwiththishandychart:
EXERCISES:
1. Scholainsilvāest.2. Puellaeadscholamambulant.3. Puellaestinscholā.4. Puellatabulamadscholamportat.5. Nautaessedscaphāsnōnamās.6. Nautaegosumsedagricolaes.7. Adīnsulāsnāvigāmussedpatriamdēsīderāmus.8. Agricolaesumussedterramnumquamarāmus.9. Scaphainaquāest.10. Inscaphīsestissedinaquāsum.
Answersonpage182.
LESSON66
EVENMOREABOUTESTANDSUNT
Earlyinthisbookyoulearnedtwowaystouseestandsunt.Youlearnedthatifasentencealreadyhasasubject,estjustmeansis.But,ifasentencehasnootherwordtobethesubject,estmeansheis,sheis,oritis.
Likewise,youlearnedthat ifasentencealreadyhasasubject,sunt justmeansare.But,ifasentencehasnootherwordtobethesubject,suntmeanstheyare.
NowIwillshowyouanotherwaythatthewordsestandsuntareusedinLatin.Est is used tomean there isandsunt is used tomean thereare. Examine thefollowingexamples:
Estfēminainscaphā(thereisawomanintheboat).Suntnautaeinīnsulā(therearesailorsontheisland).
Didyounotice that in thoseexamplesestandsuntcamefirst in thesentence?Keep this third possible use of est and sunt inmind as you do the exercises,especiallywhenestorsuntisthefirstwordofthesentence.
EXERCISES:
1. Suntpuellaeincasā.2. Estscaphapropeactam.3. Propeīnsulamnumquamnatō.4. Silvamdēsīderātissedscaphāsamāmus.5. Īnsulāsnōnamās.6. Suntetagricolaeetfēminaeincasīs.7. Poētaterrametaquamamat.8. Fēminaeinsilvīssaepeambulant.9. Estpecūniainscaphā.
10. Nōnsumagricolasedterramamō.
Answersonpage183.
LESSON67
NEWWORDcotīdiē
MEANINGdailyPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Cotīdiēhasfoursyllables.Inclassicalpronunciationitwillsoundlikeko-TEE-di-ay.Inecclesiastical
pronunciation,theeattheendwillsoundliketheeinbet.
Cotīdiēisanotheradverblikesaepe,semper,andnumquam.
EXERCISES:
1. Adactamcotīdiēambulāmus.2. Nautaecircumīnsulamcotīdiēnāvigant.3. Agricolaterramcotīdiēarat.4. Puellaeadscholamcotīdiēambulant.5. Aquamadcasāscotīdiēportāmus.6. Suntnautaeinīnsulīs.7. Estispoētaesedagricolaesumus.8. Lūnamspectātissedstellāsspectāmus.9. Patriamdēsīderāssedīnsulāsdēsīderō.10. Poētaincasamambulat.
Answersonpage183.
LESSON68
NEWWORDā,abMEANINGfrom(takestheablativecase)PRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inbothclassicalandecclesiasticalpronunciation,thea
ināandabsoundsliketheoinnotandpot.
Thisprepositioncanbespelledeitherāorab.Generallyspeaking,ā isused ifthenextwordstartswithaconsonantandabisusedifthenextwordstartswithavowel.
We have similar spelling variations in English, too. Consider the followingexamples:
AbookAnapple
Aandanarethesamewordbutwithoneimportantdifference.Acomesbeforewordsthatbeginwithaconsonantandancomesbeforewordsthatbeginwithavowel. Why the variation in spelling? This is done in order to makepronunciationeasier.Forexample,itiseasiertosayabookthananbookanditiseasiertosayanapplethanaapple.
Likewise,abīnsulāiseasiertosaythanāīnsulāandāpatriāiseasierthanabpatriā.TheconceptisthesameinLatinasitisinEnglish.
EXERCISES:
1. Puellaācasāadscholamambulat.2. Scaphaeabīnsulāadpatriamcotīdiēnāvigant.3. Fēminapecūniamcotīdiēnumerat.4. Suntagricolaeincasā.5. Abīnsulāadpatriamnāvigāmus.6. Nautaeinīnsulānōnsunt.
7. Adactamcotīdiēambulāmus.8. Egocircumīnsulamnāvigō.9. Estisagricolaesedterramnumquamarātis.10. Fēminatabulāsportat.
Answersonpage183.
LESSON69
NEWWORDcumMEANINGwith(takestheablativecase)EXERCISES:
1. Fēminaestincasācumpuellīs.2. Agricolacumnautīsnōnest.3. Ambulōadactamcumnautīs.4. Fēminaeinscaphācumnautīssunt.5. Puellaeāscholāadactamcotīdiēambulant.6. Agricolaest.7. Nautaesuntinscaphīsetinīnsulā.8. Terramamōsedagricolanōnsum.9. Puellaeinscholamcumtabulīsambulant.10. Inscaphāsumsedinaquāes.
Answersonpage183.
Lesson70
NEWWORDtabernaMEANINGshopEXERCISES:
1. Intabernamambulāmus.2. Puellaeāscholāadtabernamcotīdiēambulant.3. Pecūniainscaphāestcumnautīs.4. Patriamdēsīderō.5. Suntnautaeinscaphīs.6. Scaphacircumīnsulamsaepenāvigat.7. Nautaeestissedaquamnōnamātis.8. Inaquānumquamnatās.9. Poētatabulāssemperportat.10. Propesilvamnōnsumus.
Answersonpage184.
LESSON71
NEWWORDsineMEANINGwithout(takestheablativecase)EXERCISES:
1. Fēminaadtabernamsinepecūniānumquamambulat.2. Nautaeinīnsulāsinescaphāsunt.3. Nautaes.4. Puellaeinīnsulāsuntsedegoinscaphāsum.5. Nautainīnsulāestsedpatriamdēsīderat.6. Poētaadactamcotīdiēambulat.7. Agricolapatriamamat.8. Āscholāadactamambulāmus.9. Terramnumquamarātissedegocotīdiēterramarō.10. Fēminainsilvamcumpuellīsambulat.
Answersonpage184.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Every college student dreams of graduating summa cum laude. Others arepleasedtograduatemagnacumlaude.Stillothersaresatisfiedtograduatecumlaude.Somearehappyjusttograduateatall!
Let’sworkourwayupfromthebottom.Cum,asyoualreadyknow,meanswith.Laudeistheablativesingularformofthewordlauswhichmeanspraise.Thisisnecessarybecausecum takes the ablative case.So literally,cumlaudemeanswith praise. This term is usually applied to graduates who have achieved acertaingradeaverageduringtheircollegeyears.
Those with even better grades earn the designation magna cum laude atgraduation.Magnaisanadjectivethatmeansgreat.Magnagoeswithlaude.Soliterally,magnacumlaudemeanswithgreat praise.Remember that inLatin,thewordsdon’thavetobeintherightorder.Eventhoughmagnaandlaudeareseparatedbythewordcumtheystillgotogether.Havingthewordsinthisorderputsmoreemphasisonthewordmagna.
Summacumlaudeisthehighesthonorofall.Thewordsummaisanadjectivethatmeanshighest.Summa goeswith laude. So literally, summa cum laudemeanswithhighestpraise.
Onlyonepersonineachgraduatingclasscangraduatesummacumlaude,andthat person is called the valedictorian. Incidentally, the word valedictoriancomesfromLatinroots.Valemeansgoodbye.DictusisaformoftheLatinwordthatmeans tosay.So literally, theEnglishwordvaledictorianmeansonewhosaysgoodbye.Thisisbecausethevaledictorianusuallygivesthefinalspeechatthe graduation ceremony,wishing the graduateswell as they go their separateways.
Thepersonwhograduatessecondinaclassiscalledthesalutatorian.InLatin,salutaremeans togreet.So literally, theEnglishwordsalutatorianmeansonewhogreets.This isbecause thesalutatorian traditionally is thefirst tospeakat
thegraduationceremony.
LESSON72
POSSESSIVES
Possessive words show ownership of something. In English, we often showpossession by using an apostrophe followed by an s. Consider the followingexamples:
Fred’scarThenation’sflagArizona’scapital
Sometimesweshowpossessionbyusingthewordof.
ThepeakofthemountainThesmellofgarlicThebeginningoftheshow
Youmustdecideonyourownwhethertouseanapostropheortouseoftoshowpossession.
Here are a fewof themost basic rules to rememberwhenusing apostrophes:
LESSON73
THEGENITIVECASE
InLatin,themostcommonwaytoshowpossessionistousethesecondofthefivecases,calledthegenitivecase.Asyoustudythechartbelow,noticethatthegenitivesingularlooksidenticaltothenominativeplural.
HowdoweusethegenitivecaseinLatin?Considerthefollowingexample:
Scaphanautae(thesailor’sboat)
Inthisexampletheboatbelongstothesailor.Sailor (nauta) is in thegenitivecase (nautae) because the sailor possesses the boat. Usually the word in thegenitive case comes immediately after the word it possesses. Here is anotherexample:
Casaagricolae(thefarmer’shouse)
In this example, the house belongs to the farmer. Farmer (agricola) is in thegenitive case (agricolae) because the farmer is possessing the house. Here ishowacompletesentencemightlookwithagenitiveinit:
Inscaphānautaesum(Iaminthesailor’sboat).
Rightnowyoumaybeconcernedaboutconfusingthenominativepluralwiththegenitivesingular.Afterall,theydolookalike.Butdon’tworry.Sincegenitivesusuallyfollowthewordstheypossess,theyareusuallyeasytorecognize.
Also,when you are translating fromLatin to English youmust use your bestjudgmentindecidingwhethertouseanapostropheandsorthewordoftoshowpossession.At first, youmaywant to try each one and seewhich one soundsbetter.Thecontextofthesentencewillhelpyouprovidethebesttranslation.
EXERCISES:
1. Pecūnianautae2. Casaagricolae3. Inscaphānautaesumus.4. Pecūniamagricolaeportās.5. Puellaadcasamagricolaecotīdiēambulat.6. Scaphamācasāadactamportāmus.7. Īnsulāsamāmussedsilvamamātis.8. Poētaincasācumagricolīsest.9. Adtabernamsinepecūniānumquamambulāmus.10. Nautaecircumīnsulamnāvigant.
Answersonpage184.
LESSON74
NEWWORDnautārumMEANINGofthesailors(genitiveplural)Thepluralofthegenitivecasehastheending-ārum.Thisoneiseasytorememberbecause
itdoesnotlooklikeanyoftheotherendings.
Weusethisformtoshowthatsomethingispossessedbymorethatonepersonorthing.Considerthefollowingexample:
Scaphanautārum(thesailors’boat).
In this example, the boat is owned by more than one sailor. So, we use thegenitive plural, nautārum. The English translation of nautārum is sailors’.Noticethattheapostrophehereisaftertheletters,notbefore.YoumayneedtoreferbacktothebasicapostropherulesgiveninLesson72.
EXERCISES:
1. Patrianautārum2. Scholapuellārum3. Tabulāspoētārumportō.4. Fēminaeetpuellaeinscaphāsuntcumnautīs.5. Poētastellāsnumerat.6. Fēminaecircumīnsulaminscaphīsnāvigant.7. Pecūniaagricolaeinsilvāest.
8. Puellaāscholāadtabernamambulat.9. Silvamamāssedpuellaeactamamant.10. Inaquāsinescaphāestis.
Answersonpage185.
LESSON75
NEWWORDfamiliaMEANINGfamilyEXERCISES:
1. Familiaagricolaeincasāest.2. Familiaenautāruminīnsulāsunt.3. Familiafēminaeinsilvāest.4. Nautaeadpatriamcumpecūniāsaepenāvigant.5. Poētaessedagricolasum.6. Intabernamsinepecūniānumquamambulō.7. Adīnsulamcotīdiēnāvigātis.8. Propeīnsulamnōnestis.9. Inīnsulāsinescaphīssumus.10. Agricolaepatriamdēsīderant.
Answersonpage185.
LESSON76
NEWWORDfābulaMEANINGstoryEXERCISES:
1. Fābulāsagricolaeamō.2. Puellaefābulamnautaenōnamant.3. Agricolascaphāsnautārumamat.4. Puellaestinscholāsedactamdēsīderat.5. Nautaescaphamadaquamportant.6. Familiaagricolaeadtabernamambulat.7. Nautaeinīnsulāsuntsinescaphīsetsinepecūniā.8. Aquamnumquamportāssedsemperaquamportō.9. Terramsemperarāmussedincasāsemperestis.10. Circumīnsulamnōnnāvigāmus.
Answersonpage185.
LESSON77
NEWWORDincolaMEANINGinhabitantEXERCISES:
1. Incolaīnsulaees.2. Suntincolaeinīnsulīs.3. Incolaeīnsulāruminaquānatant.4. Nautaeincolāsīnsulaespectant.5. Incolaesilvaeadactamcotīdiēambulant.6. Incolaesilvaefābulāsamant.7. Familiapoētaepatriamdēsīderat.8. Puellaetabulāsadscholamcotīdiēportant.9. Puellaeincasamambulant.10. Cumnautīsadīnsulamnāvigās.
Answersonpage185.
LESSON78
NEWWORDnarrō
MEANINGItell,Idotell,IamtellingEXERCISES:
1. Fābulamnarrō.2. Agricolafābulamnarrat.3. Nautaefābulāsnarrant.4. Fābulāsnautaeamāmus.5. Nautaesuntinīnsulāetfābulāsnarrant.6. Incolaeīnsulaepropeactamnatant.7. Etagricolaetpoētaadtabernamambulant.8. Scaphāsamātissednautaenōnestis.9. Scaphafamiliāsnautārumadīnsulamportat.10. Scaphanautāruminaquāest.
Answersonpage186.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Haveyoueveropenedabookandseenalittlelabelwiththeowner’snameonit?Ifso,thenyouhaveprobablyseenthetermexlibris.
Thoselittlelabelsarecalledbookplates.AtypicalbookplatemightsayexlibrisJohnSmith.Ex isapreposition thatmeansoutof.Ex takes theablativecase.Libris is the ablative plural form of the word liber which means book. Soliterally,exlibrismeansoutofthebooks.Asmootherwaytoexpressex libriswouldbefromthelibrary(of).Thinkoftheperson’snameasbeingpossessive.So,exlibrisJohnSmithwouldmeansomething like fromthe libraryofJohnSmith.
LESSON79
INDIRECTOBJECTS
Youalreadyknow that adirectobject is anoun that is the targetof theactionbeingperformedbythesubjectofthesentence.Anindirectobjectisasecondarytargetoftheactiondonebythesubjectofthesentence.Theindirectobjectistheparty that is receiving or benefiting from the action being performed by thesubject. Indirect objects are often accompanied by to or for. In each of thefollowingexamples,theindirectobjectisunderlined:
HegavethebooktoJohnny.Shetoldastorytotheclass.Sheboughtsomepresentsforherfriends.HeshowedhisrockcollectiontoMr.Green.
Andnow,thesamesentencesbutwithadifferentwordorder:
HegaveJohnnythebook.Shetoldtheclassastory.Sheboughtherfriendssomepresents.HeshowedMr.Greenhisrockcollection.
So, although these two ways of expressing the indirect object are wordeddifferently,theystillmeanthesamething.
By the way, take care not to confuse indirect objects with objects of thepreposition.Considerthefollowingexample:
Isailedtotheisland.
Inthisexamplethewordtoisjustapreposition,notpartofanindirectobject.
In the following exercises, see if you can identify the direct object and theindirectobject.
EXERCISES:
1. Iloanedthemoneytomyfriend.2. Wedonatedmoneytothecharity.3. Heshowedtheclassanexample.4. Let’sgetsomenewcurtainsforthehouse.5. Henrygotsomeseedsforthegarden.6. Theymadeussomesandwiches.7. Hetoldthejudgehisstory.8. Thebandplayedanothersongfortheaudience.9. Ibroughtcopiesforeveryone.10. Mymotherboughtmeanewshirt.
Answersonpage186.
LESSON80
NEWWORDnautaeMEANINGtothesailororforthesailor(indirectobjectform)Forindirectobjectsweusethethirdcase,whichiscalledthedativecase.Nautaeisthedativesingularformofnauta.Let’slookatthechartagainand
reviewtheformsweknowsofar:
Notice that thedative singular looks identical to thenominativeplural and thegenitivesingular.Asbefore,whenyouseeanounwiththe-aeendingyoumustuse the context of the sentence to determine whether it is nominative plural,genitivesingular,ordativesingular.
Use the dative case for indirect objects the same way you would in English.Considerthefollowingexample:
Agricolaefābulamnarrō(Iamtellingthestorytothefarmer).
In the exercises in this book, the indirect object will come before the directobject,asintheexampleshownabove.
EXERCISES:
1. Nautaefābulamnarrō.2. Poētaagricolaefābulamnarrat.3. Puellaepoētaefābulāsnarrant.4. Scaphanautaeinaquāest.
5. Incolaeīnsulāruminaquāsaepenatant.6. Scholapuellāruminsilvānōnest.7. Agricolaessedpoētasum.8. Familiaagricolaeincasāest.9. Patriamamōsedadīnsulamnāvigō.10. Incolaesilvaesumussedactamamāmus.
Answersonpage186.
LESSON81
NEWWORDnautīsMEANINGtoorforthesailors(dativeplural)Nautīsisthepluralofthedativecase.Compareitwiththeotherformsyouknowonthe
chartbelow.
Asyouhaveprobablynoticed, thedativeplural looks identical to the ablativeplural.Whenyouseeawordthatendsin-īs,youmustusethecontexttodecideifitisdativepluralorablativeplural.
Youmay be thinking to yourself,Wouldn’t the endings be easier tomemorizeandrecognizeifeachendingweredifferentfromalltheotherendings?Thisisavalid observation. If each ending were unique and different from every otherending,therewouldbenoconfusionamongnominativeplural,genitivesingularand dative singular (as well as between dative plural and ablative plural).However, with practice and experience youwill be able to tell the differenceeasily.
EXERCISES:
1. Nautīsfābulāsnarrāmus.2. Nautaagricolīsfābulamnarrat.3. Poētaepuellaefābulamnarrant.4. Fēminaeinsilvāsunt.5. Incolaeīnsulārumscaphāsamant.6. Poētaintabernamsinepecūniāambulat.
7. Pecūniamsemperportās.8. Nautaecircumīnsulaminscaphīsnāvigant.9. Puellaeinscholāsuntsedetactametsilvamdēsīderant.10. Terramsemperarāmussedinsilvāsemperestis.
Answersonpage187.
LESSON82
NEWWORDdō
MEANINGIgive,Idogive,IamgivingThisnewverbwillprovideuswithmoreopportunitiestopracticeusingthedativecase.
EXERCISES:
1. Egoagricolaepecūniamdō.2. Poētapuellīstabulāsdat.3. Incolīsīnsulaeaquamdāmus.4. Fēminapuellīstabulāsdat.5. Nautīsfābulāsnarrāmus.6. Āscaphāadīnsulamnatō.7. Inaquāscaphanautārumest.8. Puellaefābulāssemperamant.9. Estisfēminae.10. Terramsaepearātis.
Answersonpage187.
LESSON83
REVIEW
Nowyouknowtheendingsforallfivecases,bothsingularandplural.Reviewthem with the chart below:
Bynowyouprobablyhavechantedtheverbsandverbendingsmanytimes.Inthe same way, you should chant and memorize these noun endings. If youmemorizethechartdisplayedbelow,yourreadingandcomprehensionskillswillimprove.
Asetofnounendingslikethis iscalledadeclension(deh-KLEN-shun).Afewlessons fromnow,youwill learnmore aboutdeclensions andhow they figureintoLatingrammar.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Haveyoueverwonderedwhatpercapitameans?
Per has several meanings. In this expression, per means by. Capita meansheads. Literally,per capita means by heads. This term is used to show howsomethingaveragesoutonaperson-bypersonbasis.Here’sanexampleofhowthistermisused:
Fructessa,a large islandcountry,consumesmorebananasyearly thananyother country.However, the smaller country ofKarpovia consumesmorebananasyearlypercapitathananyothercountry.
Yousee,asacountry,Fructessamayconsumeahighertotalnumberofbananassimplybecauseithasagreaternumberofpeople.ButeachindividualresidentofKarpovia eats more bananas on average than each individual resident ofFructessa.
LESSON84
NEWWORD-queendingMEANINGandYoualreadyknowthatetmeansand.ButthereisanotherwaytoexpressthewordandinLatin.Ifyouadd-quetotheendofaword,itputsandbetweenthatwordandthewordthatcame
beforeit.Forexample:
Nautaagricolaque(thesailorandthefarmer)Aquaterraque(thewaterandthesoil)Lūnamstellāsquespectō(Iamwatchingthemoonandthestars).
EXERCISES:
1. Actamsilvamqueamō.2. Fēminaepuellaequeadactamambulant.3. Pecūniamtabulāsquesaepeportātis.4. Stellāslūnamquespectō.5. Poētanautīsfābulamnarrat.6. Propepatriamnōnsumus.7. Adactamsaepenōnambulāmus.8. Adscholamcumpuellīscotīdiēambulāmus.9. Nautapatriamamatsedadīnsulāsnavigat.10. Pecūniampoētaesemperdās.
Answersonpage187.
LESSON85
NEWWORDaedificō
MEANINGIbuild,Idobuild,IambuildingEXERCISES:
1. Agricolacasamaedificat.2. Casamscaphamqueegoaedificō.3. Casaminīnsulāaedificātis.4. Poētanautīspecūniamdat.5. Puellaetabulāsadscholamsemperportant.6. Fēminaincasāestsedagricolainsilvāest.7. Nautaessedaquamnōnamās.8. Propeactamcasāsaedificāmus.9. Scaphanautārumestinīnsulā.10. Agricolaeestis.
Answersonpage187.
LESSON86
NEWWORDservō
MEANINGIguard,Idoguard,IamguardingEXERCISES:
1. Casāsservō.2. Nautaeīnsulamscaphāsqueservant.3. Casamagricolaeservāmus.4. Casāsscaphāsqueaedificātis.5. Scaphaadīnsulamsinenautīsnāvigat.6. Sinepecūniāpoētaadtabernamambulat.7. Scaphaenautāsabīnsulāadactamportant.8. Puellīsfābulāsnarrātissedcasamaedificō.9. Agricolaenautaeaquamdant.10. Casapropesilvamnōnest.
Answersonpage188.
LESSON87
NEWWORDlabōrō
MEANINGIwork,Idowork,IamworkingEXERCISES:
1. Incasālabōrō.2. Fēminaepuellaequeinsilvālabōrant.3. Aquamegoportōsednōnlabōrātis.4. Labōrāmussedinaquānatātis.5. Puellacumagricolīslabōrat.6. Patriamdēsīderās.7. Poētīspecūniamnumquamdāmus.8. Esinaquāsedinscaphāsum.9. Casamaedificō.10. Nautaincasāagricolaenōnest.
Answersonpage188.
LESSON88
INFINITIVES
Aninfinitiveisthewordtoplusaverb.Herearesomeexamplesofinfinitives:
towalktoeattoruntobe
Let’sexaminesomeofthedifferentwaysinfinitivesareused:
Iliketosing.Iwanttobeateacher.Toeatawatermelonissheerdelight.Iamunabletofinishmyhomework.Iwanttoplaycheckers.
Trytolocatetheinfinitiveineachoftheexercisesbelow.Butbecareful!Afewoftheexercisesdonothaveinfinitives.Canyoutellwhichonestheyare?
EXERCISES:
1. Idonotliketowashthedishes.2. Theywanttoplayadifferentgame.3. Iwenttothestore.4. Charleswantstobeapoliceman.5. Toforgiveisdivine.6. Shewantstoreturnthatsweatertothestore.7. Jennywouldliketoplaytheclarinet.8. Wewillnotgototheparty.9. Shewillgotothefurniturestoretobuyachair.
10. ThrowtheballtoJeremy.
Answersonpage188.
LESSON89
NEWWORDspectāreMEANINGtowatchInEnglish,ittakestwowordstoexpressaninfinitive:thewordtoandaverb.InLatin,itonlytakesonewordtoexpressaninfinitive.Examinetheendingofthewordspectāre.Insteadofhaving-ōastheending,itendsin-āre.Let’susespectāreinasentence:
Stellāsspectāreamō(Ilovetowatchthestars).
Tofindtheinfinitiveformofeachoftheverbsyouknowsofar,simplyremovethe -ō from theendof thewordandadd -āre.Hereare a fewexamplesusingverbsyoualreadyknow:
numerōbecomesnumerāre(tocount)portōbecomesportāre(tocarry)arōbecomesarāre(toplow)ambulōbecomesambulāre(towalk)nāvigōbecomesnāvigāre(tosail)natōbecomesnatāre(toswim)
EXERCISES:
1. Scaphāsspectāreamō.2. Terramarārenōnamō.3. Puellaeadscholamambulārenōndēsīderant.4. Nautaeadīnsulāsnāvigāreamant.5. Puellaeinsilvamambulāredēsīderant.6. Casāspropeactamaedificāredēsīderāmus.7. Nautaagricolīsfābulāsnarrat.8. Incasāagricolārumlabōrāmus.9. Puellīspecūniamdō.10. Casāsscaphāsqueservāmus.
Answersonpage189.
LESSON90
NEWWORDpossumMEANINGIamableExaminethelastthreelettersofthewordpossum.Dotheylookfamiliar?Possumisjustthewordsumwiththe
prefixpos-addedtothebeginningoftheword.
Possum cannot do anything by itself. It needs an infinitive to complete itsmeaning.Considerthefollowingexamples:
Aquamportārepossum(Iamabletocarrythewater).Adīnsulamnāvigārepossum(Iamabletosailtotheisland).Stellāsnumerārenōnpossum(Iamnotabletocountthestars).
In each of these examples, possum works with an infinitive to show whatactivitythesubjectofthesentenceisorisnotabletodo.
EXERCISES:
1. Natārepossum.2. Scaphamportārenōnpossum.3. Adīnsulamnāvigārepossum.4. Egoadīnsulamambulārenōnpossum.5. Insilvānatārenōnpossum.6. Incolaesilvārumcasāsservant.7. Adpatriamnāvigāredēsīderāmus.8. Poētapuellīsfābulāsnarrāreamat.9. Pecūniamcotīdiēnumerāreamō.10. Pecūnianautaeinscaphāest.
Answersonpage189.
LESSON91
Hereareallthepresenttenseformsofpossum.Noticethattheseformsareveryeasy to recognizebecause theyaresimplysum,es,est,sumus,estis and suntwithaprefixofeitherpos-orpot-addedtothebeginningoftheword.
Chantandmemorizethedifferentformsofpossum.
EXERCISES:
1. Adīnsulamnatārenōnpotes.2. Adsilvamambulārepossumus.3. Adīnsulamnatārenōnpotestis.4. Sinepecūniāscaphamaedificārenōnpossum.5. Nautapuellīsfābulāssaepenarrat.6. Scaphanautārumpropeactamest.7. Puellaeincasālabōrant.8. Scholapuellārumestpropesilvam.9. Scaphāsspectāreamō.10. Nautaeīnsulāsservant.
Answersonpage189.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
WhatdoB.C.andA.D.mean?
TheabbreviationB.C.isnotLatin.ItisanabbreviationoftheexpressionbeforeChrist.A.D.standsfortheLatinexpressionAnnoDomini.Anno istheablativesingular of the word annus which means year. This is a special use of theablativecasecalledtheablativeoftimewhen.Remember:Theablativecasehasmanyuses.So,annomeansintheyear.Dominiisthegenitivesingularformoftheworddominuswhichmeanslordormaster.So,inthiscase,DominimeansoftheLord.Soliterally,AnnoDominimeansintheyearoftheLord.Dominus,asyouhaveprobablyguessed,referstoJesusChrist,asouryearsarereckonedfromthetraditionaldateofHisbirth.
ThissystemofdatingwasinventedinRomeinthesixthcenturyA.D.byamonknamedDionysiusExiguus.Beforethattimethereweremanysystemsofdating.OnesystemusedthenamesofthetwoRomanconsulsforthatyeartoshowwhatyearitwas.AnothercountedyearsfromthefoundingofthecityofRome(753B.C.accordingtoRomanpopularthought).AnothermethodcalculatedtheyearssincethebeginningoftheworldasreckonedfromtheBible.Stillothersystemskepttrackoftheyearsbythereignsofkingsandemperors.AlthoughDionysiusExiguus’ new systemof numbering the years did not immediately catch on inWesternEurope,moreandmoreEuropeansbegantousethenewsystemuntilitwasfinallyacceptedbytheRomanCatholicChurchinthetenthcentury.
In academic circles the abbreviation B.C.E. is used in place of B.C. Also, theabbreviationC.E.isusedinplaceofA.D.TheabbreviationB.C.E.standsforbeforethe common era andC.E. stands for common era. These terms are commonlyusedwithintheacademiccommunitybecausetheydonotpresupposethetruthorfalsehoodofanybeliefsystem.
LESSON92
CONJUGATIONS
Not every Latin verb has the same pattern of endings as the verbs you havestudied so far. In Latin, there are four main patterns of verb endings calledconjugations.The first conjugation, secondconjugation, third conjugation, andfourthconjugationeachhavecertainruleswemustrememberwhenaddingtheappropriate endings. So far, all the action verbs you know are from the firstconjugation.Inthisbookwewillstudyonlythefirstandsecondconjugations.
The followingchartwillhelp to illustrate thedifferencesbetween the firstandsecond conjugations. Portō, a verb you already know, is a verb of the firstconjugation.Habeōisfromthesecondconjugation.
Noticethatinthefirstpersonsingularhabeōhasanebeforethefinalo.Ineachofthesixformsofhabeō,therewillbeanebeforetheverbendinginsteadofana.Also,habēre,theinfinitiveformofhabeō,endsin-ēreinsteadof-āre.Ifaninfinitive ends in -āre, that verb is from the first conjugation. If an infinitiveendsin-ēre,thatverbisfromthesecondconjugation.
Fromnowonwhenanewverbisintroduced,boththefirstpersonsingularandtheinfinitiveformswillbegiven.
LESSON93
NEWWORDhabeō/habēreMEANINGIhave,Idohave,Iamhaving/tohaveHabeōisaverbofthesecondconjugation.Studythechartbelowto
familiarizeyourselfwiththedifferentformsofhabeō.Insteadofanabeforetheverbending,habeōhasane.
Chantorsingtheseverbformstomemorizethem.
EXERCISES:
1. Pecūniamhabeō.2. Scaphamhabēs.3. Poētatabulamhabet.4. Pecūniamnōnhabēmussednautaepecūniamhabent.5. Pecūniamhabētis.6. Circumīnsulamnāvigārenōnpossumus.7. Casampropeactamaedificāredēsīderās.8. Poētaagricolīsnautīsquefābulamnarrat.
9. Incolaeīnsulāruminaquāsaepenatant.10. Adīnsulamnāvigārenōnpotestis.
Answersonpage189.
LESSON94
NEWWORDquodMEANINGbecausePRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inbothclassicalandecclesiasticalpronunciation,quodrhymeswithtoad,road,and
load.
EXERCISES:
1. Scaphamhabeōquodnautasum.2. Terramarāmusquodagricolaesumus.3. Lūnamstellāsquespectōquodnautasum.4. Poētapuellīsfābulamnarratquodpuellaefābulāsamant.5. Inscaphāfamiliaestquodadpatriamnāvigāredēsīderant.6. Sinepecūniāadpatriamnāvigārenōnpotestis.7. Casaeagricolārumsuntpropesilvam.8. Pecūnianautaeestinscaphā.9. Fēminacumpuellīsintabernamambulat.10. Poētaepecūniamdāmus.
Answersonpage190.
LESSON95
NEWWORDbestiaMEANINGbeastEXERCISES:
1. Suntbestiaeinsilvā.2. Bestiaecasāsaedificārenōnpossunt.3. Sinebestiīsterramarārenōnpossumus.4. Bestiaesilvaecasāsnōnhabent.5. Poētanōnes.6. Puellaagricolīsaquamdat.7. Terramarāreamōquodagricolasum.8. Scaphanautaeinīnsulāest.9. Terramarārenōnpossumusquodbestiāsnōnhabēmus.10. Tabulāsportās.
Answersonpage190.
LESSON96
NEWWORDtimeō
MEANINGIfear,Idofear,IamfearingUsethishandycharttoreviewtheendingsoftimeō.
EXERCISES:
1. Bestiāsnōntimeō.2. Incolaeīnsulaebestiāstiment.3. Puellainsilvāambulatquodbestiāsnōntimet.4. Insilvācumbestiīsambulāredēsīderō.5. Bestiaeagricolāsnōntiment.6. Bestiaenautāsnōntimentsednautaebestiāstiment.7. Poētaepecūniamdāmusquodpecūniamnōnhabet.8. Adīnsulamnāvigārenōnpotesquodscaphamnōnhabēs.9. Incasāagricolaesum.10. Aquamnōnamōquodnatārenōnpossum.
Answersonpage190.
LESSON97
NEWWORDrēgīnaMEANINGqueenPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,theginrēgīnasoundslikethegingo.Inecclesiastical
pronunciation,itwillsoundlikethegingentle.
EXERCISES:
1. Rēgīnamamāmus.2. Incolaesilvārumrēgīnamnōntiment.3. Poētarēgīnaefābulāsnarrat.4. Rēgīnapoētīspecūniamsemperdat.5. Agricolaebestiāssilvaetiment.6. Natārenōnpotesquodesincolasilvae.7. Familiaagricolaeadactamambulatquodnatāreamant.8. Nautascaphamhabetsedpecūniamnōnhabet.9. Casamsinepecūniāaedificārenōnpossum.10. Puellaetabulāsportantquodadscholamambulant.
Answersonpage191.
LESSON98
NEWWORDvideō/vidēreMEANINGIsee,Idosee,Iamseeing/toseeVideōisanotherverbofthesecondconjugation.Studythechartbelowto
familiarizeyourselfwiththedifferentformsofvideō.
EXERCISES:
1. Īnsulamvidēmus.2. Rēgīnamvidērenōnpotestis.3. Bestiāscotīdiēvideōquodincolasilvaesum.4. Incolaesilvārumbestiāsnōntiment.5. Sinescaphīsīnsulamservārenōnpossumus.6. Rēgīnanōnes.7. Agricolacasaminsilvāhabet.8. Nautaeincolāsīnsulārumtiment.9. Scaphaecircumīnsulamsaepenāvigant.10. Bestiaepecūniamnumquamportant.
Answersonpage191.
LESSON99
NEWWORDmaneō/manēreMEANINGIstay,Idostay,Iamstaying/tostayEXERCISES:
1. Nautainīnsulāmanēredēsīderat.2. Bestiaeinsilvāmanent.3. Inaquāmanērenōnpotes.4. Patriamservāredēsīderōquodegorēgīnasum.5. Nautaeinīnsulāmanentquodscaphamnōnhabent.6. Stellāsvideōsedlūnamvidērenōnpossum.7. Nautaeaquamnōntimentquodnatārepossunt.8. Incolaesilvaebestiāscotīdiēvident.9. Intabernamsinepecūniānumquamambulāmus.10. Fābulāsnarrārenōnpotestisquodpoētaenōnestis.
Answersonpage191.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Haveyoueverboughtsomethingundertheconditionofcaveatemptor?
Emptor means buyer.Caveat is a special kind of verb that means let himbeware or may he beware. So literally, caveat emptor means let the buyerbeware.Thisexpressionisusedtowarnpotentialbuyersthatitmayberiskytopurchase something because the seller is not obligated to take it back if it isdefective.
Sometimesthewordcaveat isusedbyitself.EventhoughthiswordisaLatinverb, over time it has come to be used as a noun that means warning. Forexample:
Dadletmegototheparty,butwithonecaveat:behomebefore10:30P.M.orbegroundedforaweek.
Anotherrelatedexpressioniscavecanem.Inthiscase,cave is theformof theverb used to give a command. Cave, then, means beware! Canem is theaccusative form of the word canis which means dog.Cave canem literallymeansbeware(of)thedog.
Ifyouseeasignlikethat,don’tworryaboutLatingrammar—justrun!
LESSON100
DECLENSIONS
Not all Latin nouns have the same pattern of endings as the nouns you havestudied.InLatintherearefivemainpatternsofnounendingscalleddeclensions.Thefirstdeclension,seconddeclension,thirddeclension,fourthdeclensionandfifthdeclensionallhave thesamefivecases,buteachdeclensionhasauniquepattern of endings. In this book we will study only the first and seconddeclensions.Allofthenounsyouknowsofararefromthefirstdeclension.Let’sreviewthoseendingsusingthechartbelow.
Soonyouwilllearnabouttheseconddeclension.Thismeansthatyouwillhaveto learnanothersetofendings,butyouwillalsohave theopportunity to learnnewwordsfoundonlyintheseconddeclension.Withthesenewwords,youwillbeabletoreadmoreinterestingsentences.
LESSON101
NEWWORDvirMEANINGmanInthefirstdeclension,everywordinthenominativesingularendsin-a.Theseconddeclension,however,isnotlikethat.
Intheseconddeclension,noteverywordwillhavethesameendinginthenominativesingular.
Viristhefirstwordyouhaveseenfromtheseconddeclension.Wewilllearntheendingsoftheseconddeclensionstepbystep.
EXERCISES:
1. Virsum.2. Virestincolaīnsulae.3. Vircasamhabetsedscaphamnōnhabet.4. Virbestiāstimet.5. Virincolīsīnsulārumfābulāsnarrat.6. Virinīnsulāmanēredēsīderat.7. Adtabernamambulātissedpecūniamnōnhabētis.8. Viressedfēminasum.9. Īnsulamvidērenōnpossumus.10. Āpatriāadīnsulamnāvigātis.
Answersonpage191.
LESSON102
NEWWORDvirī
MEANINGmen(nominativeplural)
EXERCISES:
1. Virīincasāsunt.2. Virīīnsulaescaphāsservant.3. Virsinescaphāadīnsulamnāvigārenōnpotest.4. Virfēminaquesaepeterramarant.5. Poētaeestissedfābulāsnarrārenōnamātis.6. Bestiaesilvārumagricolāsnōntiment.7. Adpatriamnāvigāssedinīnsulāmaneō.8. Stellāsvidēmussedlūnamvidērenōnpossumus.9. Rēgīnaincolāsīnsulārumnōntimet.10. Rēgīnapoētīspecūniamsemperdat.
Answersonpage192.
LESSON103
NEWWORDvirum/virōsMEANINGman/men(accusativesingularandplural)Inthislessonyouwilllearnboththeaccusativesingularandaccusative
pluralofvir.
EXERCISES:
1. Bestiavirumnōntimet.2. Virōsinscaphāvideō.3. Virbestiāstimetsedbestiaevirumnōntiment.4. Virīcasāsaedificant.5. Virīpecūniamnumquamhabent.6. Casamaedificārenōnpossumsedscaphāssaepeaedificō.7. Cumpuellīsadactamambulō.8. Poētapuellaefābulāsnarrat.9. Virīīnsulārumnautīsscaphāssaepedant.10. Inīnsulāmanēmusquodīnsulamamāmus.
Answersonpage192.
LESSON104
NEWWORDvirī/virōrumMEANINGman/men(genitivesingularandplural)Inthislessonyouwilllearnboththegenitivesingularandgenitiveplural
ofvir.
In the first declension, the nominative plural always looks identical to thegenitive singular. This is often true in the second declension, too. Also, the -ōrum endingof thegenitiveplural isvery similar to the -arum endingof thegenitivepluralofthefirstdeclension.
EXERCISES:
1. Casavirīestpropeactam.2. Familiaevirōrumadīnsulamnāvigant.3. Scaphavirīinīnsulāest.4. Virīinscaphīssuntnautae.5. Vircasaminīnsulāaedificat.6. Virīterramnōnarantquodlabōrārenōnamant.7. Poētatabulamdēsīderatsedpecūniamnōnhabet.8. Rēgīnapoētaepecūniamdat.9. Poētacumrēgīnāmanēredēsīderat.10. Puellaadscholamtabulāsportat.
Answersonpage192.
LESSON105
NEWWORDvirō/virīsMEANINGman/men(dativeandablativesingularandplural)Inthislessonyouwilllearnthedativeandablativeformsofvir.
Intheseconddeclension,thedativepluralandtheablativeplurallookidentical.Unlikethefirstdeclension,however,thedativesingularandtheablativesingularoftheseconddeclensionalsolookidentical.
EXERCISES:
1. Virōfābulamnarrō.2. Rēgīnavirīspecūniamdat.3. Insilvācumvirīslabōrāredēsīderāmus.4. Puellavirīsaquamsaepedat.5. Āpatriāadīnsulamambulārenōnpotes.6. Scaphavirōrumestpropeactam.7. Virīsilvaeagricolamnōnamant.8. Inīnsulācasamaedificāssedegoinsilvācasamaedificō.9. Puellaeāscholāadtabernamcotīdiēambulant.10. Sinetabulāinscholamnumquamambulō.
Answersonpage193.
LESSON106
NEWWORDmurusMEANINGwallMurusisanotherwordfromtheseconddeclension.
Usethishandycharttoreviewthedifferentformsofmurus.
EXERCISES:
1. Murumaedificō.2. Circumcasāsmurumaedificāmus.3. Virīmurōsaedificant.4. Puellapatriamamatsedadīnsulāsnāvigāredēsīderat.5. Virīs fēminīsque īnsulae pecūniam dare nōn possum quod pecūniam
nōnhabeō.6. Cumscaphīsmaneōquodvirōsīnsulārumtimeō.7. Scaphāsaedificāreamātissednāvigārenōnamātis.8. Incasāsumquodbestiāstimeō.9. Scaphaestinaquāsinenautīs.10. Sinerēgīnāpatriamservārenōnpossumus.
Answersonpage193.
LESSON107
NEWWORDdeleō/delēreMEANINGIdestroy,Idodestroy,Iamdestroying/todestroyEXERCISES:
1. Agricolaesilvamdelent.2. Casāsscaphāsqueīnsulārumdelēredēsīderō.3. Scaphāsnautārumdelērenōnpotesquodnautaescaphāsservant.4. Virīpatriamservāredēsīderant.5. Bestiaesilvaecasamdelent.6. Virōsfēmināsquepatriaeservāmus.7. Rēgīnavirōpecūniamdarenōnpotestquodpecūniamnōnhabet.8. Casavirīestpropeactam.9. Abīnsulāadpatriamnatāredēsīderō.10. Cumpuellīsadscholamambulāmus.
Answersonpage193.
LESSON108
NEWWORDcibusMEANINGfoodPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,thecincibussoundslikethekinkitchen.Inecclesiastical
pronunciation,itsoundslikethechincheese.
Cibus is another word of the second declension. It has the same endings asmurus.
EXERCISES:
1. Cibumportāmus.2. Cibumhabeōsedaquamnōnhabeō.3. Cibumaquamqueportō.4. Virīcibumaquamqueportantquodadsilvamambulant.5. Fēminaepoētaecibumdantquodcibumnōnhabet.6. Nautaecibumnōnhabent.7. Virīīnsulārumscaphāsnautārumdelent.8. Murumaedificāmusquodpatriamservāredēsīderāmus.9. Rēgīnavirīssilvaepecūniamsemperdat.10. Bestiaesilvaecibumdēsīderant.
Answersonpage193.
LESSON109
NEWWORDfīliusMEANINGsonComparethenominativepluralandthegenitivesingularoffīlius.It’sjustliketheotherwordsyouknow,butwithonedifference.Thegenitivesingularendswithoneibutthenominativepluralhas
two.
EXERCISES:
1. Fīliusvirīincasāest.2. Nautaefīliōagricolaefābulāsnarrant.3. Fīliīagricolārumterramarant.4. Fīliīnautaeadīnsulāsnāvigāredēsīderant.5. Puellafīliīsagricolaeaquamdat.6. Sinecibōaquāqueadīnsulamnāvigārenōnpossumus.7. Rēgīnainīnsulāmanēredēsīderatquodvirōspatriaetimet.8. Natāreamōquodaquamnōntimeō.9. Sinescaphāadīnsulamnāvigārenōnpotes.10. Casaevirōrumsuntpropeactam.
Answersonpage194.
LESSON110
NEWWORDpuerMEANINGboyPuerisanotherwordfromtheseconddeclension.
EXERCISES:
1. Puerestfīliuspoētae.2. Poētapuerīstabulāsdat.3. Puerīaquamportantsedterramarārenōnamant.4. Puerīadīnsulamnāvigāredēsīderantsedscaphamnōnhabent.5. Insilvālabōrārenōnpossumquodbestiāstimeō.6. Sinefīliīsagricolaeterramarārenōnpossumus.7. Puerīsfābulāsnarrāmus.8. Cibumaquamquedēsīderō.9. Puerīadīnsulamcumnautīsnāvigant.10. Virlūnamvidērenōnpotestquodincasāest.
Answersonpage194.
LESSON111
NEWWORDagerMEANINGfield
Agerisabitdifferentfromtheotherseconddeclensionwordsyouknow.Theein the nominative singular form of ager is absent in the other forms. This isbecauseinLatin,wemakeallnounforms(exceptthenominativesingular)fromthe stemof thegenitive singular formof theword.Thegenitive stem, as it iscalled, is foundby removing theending from thegenitive singular. Ifwe takeagri,thegenitivesingularformofthewordager,andremovetheending,weareleft with agr-. This is the genitive stem from which you may make all theremainingformsofthewordbysimplyaddingtheappropriateendings.
Thefollowingrhyme,sharedwithmebyarespectedLatinteacher,shouldhelpyourememberthisrule:
Don’ttinkerwiththenominative,Butleaveitasit’sfound.Justhitchtheendingstothegenitivestem,Andyou’llbeonsafeground.
EXERCISES:
1. Puerīagrōsarantquodagricolalabōrārenōnpotest.2. Fīliīagricolaeācasāadagrumambulant.3. Puerīpecūniamdēsīderantsedagrōsarārenōnamant.4. Bestiaesilvaecasāsagricolārumdelent.
5. Virībestiāstimentsedbestiaevirōsnōntiment.6. Inīnsulāmanēredēsīderō.7. Murum circum casās aedificāmus quod virōs fēmināsque patriae
servāredēsīderāmus.8. Suntagricolaepueriqueinagrīs.9. Adīnsulamnāvigārenōnpossumquodscaphamnōnhabeō.10. Sinenautīsadīnsulamnāvigārenōnpossumus.
Answersonpage194.
LESSON112
NEWWORDgladiusMEANINGswordGladiushasthesameendingsasfīlius.
EXERCISES:
1. Gladiumhabeō.2. Virīgladiōshabent.3. Virīfēminaequegladiōshabentsedagrōsservārenōnpossunt.4. Incolaeīnsulārumgladiōshabentsedscaphāshabēmus.5. Agrōscasāsquecotīdiēservāmus.6. Bestiaesilvaeagricolamnōntiment.7. Puerestfīliusrēgīnae.8. Inīnsulāmanērenōnpotesquodcibumnōnhabēs.9. Nautaecumincolīsīnsulaesunt.10. Patriamcotīdiēservāmusquodrēgīnamamāmus.
Answersonpage195.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Areyouproudtobeanalumnusofyouroldalmamater?Ifyouhavenoideawhatthesewordsmean,readon.
Thetermalmamaterisusedtorefertothecollegeoruniversityfromwhichapersongraduated.Matersimplymeansmother.Almaisanadjectivethatmeansnurturing.Soliterally,almamatermeansnurturingmother.
Alumnus refers to the person who has graduated from a certain college oruniversity. Literally, alumnus means nursling or foster child. The wordalumnus, because it ismasculine and singular, shouldbe used to refer to onemalegraduate.Usingyourknowledgeof the first and seconddeclensions, canyoufigureoutwhatLatinwordwouldrefertoonefemalegraduate?Twofemalegraduates?Whatabouttwomalegraduates?
LESSON113
GENDER
InLatin,everynoun iseithermasculine, feminineorneuter (neuter isaLatinword that means neither).Words of the first declension are mostly feminine.Wordsof the seconddeclension are eithermasculineor neuter (youwill learnmore about this soon). So far, all the words you know from the seconddeclension are masculine (words such as vir,murus, fīlius, puer, ager, andgladius).
PAIN-FULWORDS
Although most words of the first declension are feminine, there are fourcommon words of the first declension that are masculine. You already knowthesewords:poēta,agricola,incola,andnauta.TheseexceptionstotheruleareeasytorememberbecausethefirstletterofeachwordspellsoutthewordPAIN.Mostotherfirstdeclensionwordsarefeminine.
LESSON114
NEUTERNOUNSOFTHESECONDDECLENSION
Sofar,wehaveonlystudiedthemasculinenounsoftheseconddeclension.Now,let’s turn our attention to the neuter nouns of the second declension. Neuternounsof theseconddeclensionendin-um in thenominativesingular.Asyoustudy the chart below, notice the circled endings. These endings are differentfromthemasculinenounsoftheseconddeclension.
As you can see from the chart, the only differences are in the nominativesingular,nominativepluralandaccusativeplural.
LESSON115
NEWWORDoppidum(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGtownExaminethechartbelowtoseetheendingsofoppidum.
Again, the nominative singular, nominative plural, and accusative plural aredifferentthanmasculinewordsoftheseconddeclension.
EXERCISES:
1. Inoppidumambulō.2. Nautaeinoppidōsunt.3. Virīmurumcircumoppidumaedificāredēsīderant.4. Poētapuerīspuellīsqueoppidīfābulāsnarrat.5. Virīmurōsoppidīservāredēsīderant.6. Virīoppidīgladiōshabent.7. Puerīestissedvirīsumus.8. Oppidumservārenōnpossumusquodoppidummurōsnōnhabet.9. Fīliusagricolaeagrōsnumquamaratquodlabōrārenōnamat.10. Virīsilvaescaphāsnumquamaedificant.
Answersonpage195.
LESSON116
NEWWORDaurum,auri(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGgoldEXERCISES:
1. Egoaurumdēsīderō.2. Virīsilvaeaurumnōnhabent.3. Adpatriamcumpecūniāaurōquenāvigāmus.4. Nautaeoppidaīnsulaedelentquodaurumdēsīderant.5. Puerīpuellaequeoppidīagrōsarārenōnamant.6. Oppidumservāmusquodincolāsīnsulārumtimēmus.7. Fīliīspoētaecibumsaepedāmusquodpecūniamnōnhabent.8. Poētafīliīsrēgīnaefābulāssaepenarrat.9. Fīlius rēgīnae pecūniam aurumque habet sed in agrīs cum agricolīs
labōrāredēsīderat.10. Circumīnsulamnatārenōnpotes.
Answersonpage195.
LESSON117
NEWWORDargentum,argenti(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGsilverEXERCISES:
1. Argentumaurumqueamō.2. Nautaeaurumadpatriamportant.3. Argentumāscaphāadcasamportāmus.4. Puerīinagrīscumvirīsoppidīlabōrant.5. Rēgīnaoppidumdelēredēsīderat.6. Incolaeoppidōrumbestiāssilvaetiment.7. Aurumargentumquehabētissedcibumnōnhabētis.8. Sinepecūniācasāsaedificārenōnpossumus.9. Rēgīnamurumcircumoppidumaedificāredēsīderat.10. Puerīnatantquodlabōrārenōnamant.
Answersonpage195.
LESSON118
NEWWORDcaelum,caeli(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGskyEXERCISES:
1. Caelumspectō.2. Suntstellaeincaelō.3. Nautaecaelumsemperspectant.4. Stellāsincaelōnumquamnumerārepotes.5. Īnsulaaurumargentumquehabet.6. Caelumvidērenōnpossumusquodincasāsumus.7. Incolaeoppidōrumbestiāstiment.8. Incasāmaneō.9. Sinescaphāadīnsulamnāvigārenōnpotes.10. Scaphaecibumadīnsulamportant.
Answersonpage196.
LESSON119
NEWWORDdonum,doni(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGgiftEXERCISES:
1. Rēgīnaedonadāmus.2. Puellaepuerīquenautīsdonadant.3. Virīfēminaequeoppidīrēgīnaepecūniamsemperdant.4. Puellaerēgīnaedonadaredēsīderant.5. Donumnautaeestinscaphā.6. Fīliīagricolaeagrōsarantquodcibumpecūniamquedēsīderant.7. Nōnesrēgīna.8. Lūnaestincaelō.9. Cumvirīsoppidīmanēredēsīderō.10. Scaphaepropeactamsunt.
Answersonpage196.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
HaveyoueverseentheabbreviationN.B.andwonderedwhatitmeans?
The abbreviationN.B. is short fornota bene.Nota is a verb in the form of acommand.Itmeanstakenote!Beneisanadverbthatmeanswell.Literally,notabenemeansnotewell.Writersuse thisexpression tocallattention toaspecialpointoranimportantpieceofinformationthatthereaderoughttoremember.
N.B.YoumuststudyyourLatineverydaytoimprove!
LESSON120
EXPRESSINGMEANSORINSTRUMENT
InEnglish,wehavedifferentwaysofexpressingthemeansorinstrumentusedtoaccomplishatask.Considerthefollowingexamples:
Ihitthenailwithahammer.Itraveledtotheislandbyboat.Wefooledtheguardbymeansoftrickery.
Ineachoftheaboveexamplesweusedwith,by,orbymeansof toexpress themeansorinstrumentusedtoaccomplishatask.Inthenextlesson,youwilllearnhowtoexpressmeansorinstrumentinLatin.
LESSON121
ABLATIVEOFMEANS
InLatin,weusetheablativecasetoexpressmeansorinstrument.Whenweusethe ablative case in thisway, it is called theablative ofmeans.The followingexamplesdemonstratehowtheablativeofmeansisused:
Virgladiōcasamservat(themanisguardingthehousewithasword).Nautaescaphāadīnsulamnāvigant(thesailorsaresailingtotheislandbyboat).
In eachexample, the itembeingused to accomplish the task is in the ablativecase.Notice that theablativeofmeansshowsmeansor instrumentwithout theuseofanadditionalprepositionsuchascum.
Inthenextlesson,youwillpracticeusingtheablativecaseinthisnewway.
LESSON122
NEWWORDscutum,scuti(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGshieldEXERCISES:
1. Puerscutumhabet.2. Gladiōscutōquerēgīnamservō.3. Gladiōsetscutahabēmusquodmurōsoppidīservāmus.4. Sinegladiīsscutīsquepatriamservārenōnpossumus.5. Argentumaurumqueamōsedpecūniamnōnhabeō.6. Incolaepatriaecasāsaedificant.7. Scaphāadīnsulamnāvigō.8. Virīoppidīfīliumrēgīnaenōnamant.9. Patriamvidēredēsīderāmus.10. Virīīnsulārumpatriamdelēredēsīderant.
Answersonpage196.
LESSON123
NEWWORDpugnō/pugnāreMEANINGIfight,Idofight,Iamfighting/tofightPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,theginpugnōhasahardgsoundliketheginget.Inecclesiasticalpronunciation,thegandthentogetherwillsoundlikethegnincanyon.Soitwillsoundsomethinglike
POON-yo.
EXERCISES:
1. Virīgladiīsscutīsquepugnant.2. Pugnārenōnamō.3. Incolaeīnsulaepugnārenōnpossuntquodgladiōsnōnhabent.4. Gladiōsscutaquehabēmusquodoppidumservāmus.5. Stellāsincaelōspectāreamō.6. Fīliusrēgīnaegladiumdēsīderat.7. Adactamambulōquodscaphāsvidēredēsīderō.8. Cibumnōnhabētisquodagrōsnumquamarātis.9. Fīliusagricolaeessedegofīliusrēgīnaesum.10. Lūnamstellāsquesemperspectō.
Answersonpage197.
LESSON124
NEWWORDlignum,ligni(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGwoodPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,theginlignumhasahardgsoundliketheginget.Inecclesiasticalpronunciation,thegandthentogetherwillsoundlikethegnincanyon.SoitwillsoundsomethinglikeLEAN-yoom.
EXERCISES:
1. Lignumincasamportō.2. Lignōcasamaedificō.3. Lignumportārenōnamō.4. Āsilvāadoppidumlignumportāmus.5. Rēgīnamvidēredēsīderō.6. Virīgladiīspatriamservant.7. Murumcircumoppidumaedificāmusquodbestiāstimēmus.8. Nautaelignōscaphāsaedificant.9. Puellīsoppidīdonadonāmus.10. Sinecibōaquāqueagrōsarārenōnpotes.
Answersonpage197.
LESSON125
NEWWORDsaxum,saxi(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGrockEXERCISES:
1. Saxaportāmus.2. Saxīslignōquemurumaedificāmus.3. Virīsinelignōsaxīsquecasamaedificārenōnpossunt.4. Virīīnsulaeoppidapatriaedelent.5. Saxaadoppidumportāmusquodmurumaedificāmus.6. Cibumnōnhabēsquodlabōrārenōnamās.7. Virīpatriaegladiīsscutīsquecotīdiēpugnant.8. Virīfēminaequerēgīnaeaurumargentumquedant.9. Virīgladiōsscutaquehabentquodoppidapatriaeservant.10. Adpatriamnāvigāssedinīnsulāmaneō.
Answersonpage197.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
Haveyoueverlookedcloselyatthebackofaone-dollarbill?
TheGreatSealoftheUnitedStateshastwosideslikeacoin.BothsidesoftheGreatSealareshownon thebackofaone-dollarbill. Ifyou look to theright,youwillnoticeaneagleholdingabannerinhismouth.Onthisbanneriswrittenthe expression e pluribus unum.Unum means one.E is a preposition thatmeansoutof.Therearetwoformsofthispreposition:eandex.Eisusuallyusedifthenextwordbeginswithaconsonant.Exisusedifthenextwordbeginswithavowel.Sincepluribusbeginswithaconsonant,eisusedhere.Pluribusmeansmany.Soliterally,epluribusunummeansoneoutofmanyorone frommany.Incontext, thisexpressionprobablymeansonenationoutofmanypeoples,orperhapsonecountrymadeupofmanystates.
Over the pyramid on the left youwill see the phrase annuit coeptis.Annuitcomesfromtheverbannuowhichmeanstosmileonorapprove.Whenannuoisusedthisway,thenountowhichitrefersmustbeinthedativecase.Coeptisisin the dative plural andmeansbeginnings orundertakings. Soannuit coeptismeansHesmiledonthebeginningsorperhapsHeapprovedoftheundertakings.Pronouns that refer to God are sometimes capitalized, especially in somereligiousliteratureandcertainversionsoftheBible.
Under the pyramid is yet another phrase:novusordo seclorum.Ordomeansorder, rank or arrangement. Novus means new and goes along with ordo.Seclorum is the genitive plural of the word saeculum. Saeculum can meangeneration or age, as well as other things. So novus ordo seclorum meanssomethinglikeaneworderoftheages.
That’salotofLatinforonlyadollar!
LESSON126
ADJECTIVES
Anadjectiveisawordthatdescribesanoun.Forexample:
ThegreencarThehotsoupTheoldfarmer
InLatin, adjectiveswork togetherwith nouns in a specialway.Any adjectivemustagreewiththenounitdescribesinthreeways:case,number,andgender.Forexample,ifanounisinthegenitivecase,anyadjectivethatgoeswiththatnounmustalsobeinthegenitivecase.Ifanounissingular,anyadjectivethatgoeswithitmustalsobesingular.Ifanounisfeminine,anyadjectivethatgoeswithitmustalsohaveacorrespondingfeminineending.
Alltheadjectivesyouwill learninthisbookwillsharetheendingsofthefirstandseconddeclensions.
LESSON127
NEWWORDvalidus,valida,validumMEANINGstrongValidus,valida,validumisyourfirstLatinadjective.Adjectivesarelistedinmasculine,
feminineandneuterforms(inthenominativesingular)becausetheymaytakeanyendingofthesethreegenders.Thisandalltheotheradjectivesyouwilllearnaboutinthisbookusetheendingsofthefirstandseconddeclensions.Asyou
studythethreechartsbelow,youwillnoticethatthisadjectivecanuseanyoftheendingsofthefirstdeclension,seconddeclensionmasculine,andsecond
declensionneuter.
InLatin,anadjectivemustbeinthesamecase,number,andgenderasthewordit describes.Also, remember that an adjective usually comes after theword itdescribes.Herearesomeexamplesofhowadjectivesareused:
Virvalidusestinagrō(thestrongmanisinthefield).Fēminaestvalida(thewomanisstrong).Scutumvalidumvirumservat(thestrongshieldisguardingtheman).Puerumvalidumspectō(Iamwatchingthestrongboy).Scutavalidahabēmus(wehavestrongshields).
Nowtrytotranslateafewonyourown.
EXERCISES:
1. Fēminaestvalida.2. Virestvalidus.3. Lignumestvalidum.4. Puerīvalidīagrōsarant.5. Fēminaevalidaeaquamportant.6. Murumvalidumaedificāmus.7. Cumvirīsvalidīspatriaemaneō.8. Puellavalidalignumsaepeportat.9. Virī puerīque oppidī lignum saxaque portant quod murum validum
aedificāredēsīderant.10. Bestiamnōntimēsquodgladiumscutumquehabēs.
Answersonpage197.
LESSON128
PAIN-FULWORDSREVISITED
Although most words of the first declension are feminine, there are fourcommon words of the first declension that are masculine. You already knowthesewords:poēta,agricola,incola,andnauta.TheseexceptionstotheruleareeasytorememberbecausethefirstletterofeachwordspellsoutthewordPAIN.Mostotherfirstdeclensionwordsarefeminine.
SowhyamIbringingthisupagain?Becauseitaffectsthewayweuseadjectiveswiththesewords.Sincepoēta,agricola, incola,andnautaaremasculine,anyadjectivethatdescribesthemmustbemasculine,too.Usethemasculineendingsof the seconddeclension for adjectives that gowith thesewords.See the fourexamplesbelow:
Agricolavalidus(thestrongfarmer)
In this example, agricola is in the nominative singular. But instead of thefemininevalidatogowithit,agricolaneedsthemasculinevalidus.
Scaphanautaevalidī(thestrongsailor’sboat)
Inthisexample,nautae is in thegenitivesingular.But insteadof thefemininevalidaetogowithit,nautaeneedsthemasculinevalidī.
Usingthechartbelow,studythewayadjectivesareusedwithmasculinenounsofthefirstdeclension.
LESSON129
NEWWORDlaetus,laeta,laetumMEANINGhappyAsyoutranslatetheseexercises,keepinmindthatalthoughpoēta,agricola,incola,andnautaareinthefirstdeclension,theyaremasculine,andanyadjectivethatgoeswiththese
wordsmusthaveamasculineending.
Rememberalsothatanadjectiveusuallycomesaftertheworditdescribes.
EXERCISES:
1. Puellaesuntlaetae.2. Nautanōnestlaetus.3. Agricolabestiīsvalidīsagrumarat.4. Poētapuerīslaetīsfābulāsnarrat.5. Familiaagricolaeestlaetaquodcibumpecūniamquehabent.6. Fīliīagricolaesuntvalidīsedlabōrārenōnamant.7. Stellāsincaelōspectāreamō.8. Sinevirīsvalidīsagrōsarārenōnpotestis.9. Puellaesuntlaetaequodadactamambulant.10. Rēgīnanōnestlaetaquodbestiaepatriamdelent.
Answersonpage198.
LESSON130
NEWWORDmalus,mala,malumMEANINGbadEXERCISES:
1. Fīliusagricolaeestpuermalus.2. Rēgīnamalacasāsagricolārumdelēredēsīderat.3. Puerīmalīinagrīsnumquamlabōrant.4. Poētafābulāsmalāsnōnamat.5. Virīmalīoppidumdelērenōnpossuntquodoppidumservāmus.6. Fēminaevalidaesaxaabagrīsadactamportant.7. Rēgīnamvidēredēsīderāmusquodcibumnōnhabēmus.8. Puerīmalīsaepepugnant.9. Sinecibōaquāqueinīnsulāmanērenōnpotestis.10. Virīfēminaequerēgīnaedonadant.
Answersonpage198.
LESSON131
NEWWORDfīlia,fīliae(feminine,irregular)MEANINGdaughterStudythischartforthenewwordfīlia:
Fīliaiswhatwecallanirregularword.Irregularwordshaveendingsthatdonotfit theexpectedpattern.IfyoucontinuetostudyLatin,youwillrunintomanyirregularnounsandverbs.
Fīliaisirregularforaverygoodreason.Ifthedativepluralandablativepluralhad thenormal ending–is, youwould not be able to tell them apart from thedativepluralandablativepluraloffīlius,theseconddeclensionwordthatmeansson.
EXERCISES:
1. Fīliamalarēgīnaepatriamdelēredēsīderat.2. Fīliaeagricolaesuntvalidaequodaquamcotīdiēportant.3. Virīoppidīlignōsaxīsquecasamaedificant.4. Puerīpatriaepugnārenōnamantsedpatriamservāredēsīderant.5. Agricolanōnestlaetusquodagrumarārenōnpotest.6. Lignōcasamaedificāmus.7. Poētafīliābusagricolaefābulāsnarrat.8. Fīliōsfīliāsquerēgīnaeservō.9. Rēgīnamalavirīsfēminīsquepatriaedonanumquamdat.10. Sumusvalidīquodgladiōsscutaquehabēmus.
Answersonpage198.
LESSON132
NEWWORDmāgnus,māgna,māgnumMEANINGgreat,largePRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,theginmagnushasahardgsoundliketheginget.Inecclesiasticalpronunciation,thegandthentogetherwillsoundlikethegnincanyon.SoitwillsoundsomethinglikeMONN-yoose.
In Latin, an adjective usually comes after theword it describes. However, anadjective of quantity or size (such asmāgna) usually goes before the noun itdescribes.
Youmustdecideonyourownwhethertotranslatemāgnaasgreatorlarge.
EXERCISES:
1. Fīliusrēgīnaeestmāgnusvir.2. Māgnīvirīpatriaeoppidumservant.3. Inmāgnāīnsulāmanērenōnpotesquodcibumnōnhabēs.4. Patriamāgnamrēgīnamhabet.5. Nautamāgnamfamiliamhabet.6. Casaagricolaenōnestmāgna.7. Caelumspectāmusquodstellāsvidēreamāmus.8. Puerīvalidīinagrīslabōrantsednōnsuntlaetī.9. Māgnaebestiaesilvārumcasāsagricolārumdelent.10. Nautaeincolīsīnsulaepecūniamsemperdant.
Answersonpage199.
LESSON133
NEWWORDsuperō/superāreMEANINGIconquer,Idoconquer,Iamconquering/toconquerEXERCISES:
1. Māgnāsīnsulāssuperāredēsīderōquodargentumaurumquehabent.2. Fīliīmalīrēgīnaesilvamsuperant.3. Gladiīsscutīsqueincolāsīnsulārumsuperāmus.4. Viriīnsulārumpatriamsuperant.5. Murusvalidusoppidumservat.6. Virīfēminaequepatriaenōnsuntlaetīquodcibumnumquamhabent.7. Sinecibōaquāquemāgnōsvirōssilvaepugnārenōnpotes.8. Rēgīnaeīnsulārumdonasemperdāmus.9. Fīliīrēgīnaeoppidaservantquodpatriamamant.10. Inagrīslabōrārenōnamōsedagrōscotīdiēarō.
Answersonpage199.
LESSON134
NEWWORDmultus,multa,multumMEANINGmuch,manyMultus,multa,multumcanmean:
much(asinquantity,whenusedwithasingularword)many(asinnumber,whenusedwithapluralword)
Remember that an adjective of quantity or size (such as multus, multa,multum) usually goes before the noun it describes. And, as usual, use thetranslationthatmakesthemostsenseincontext.
EXERCISES:
1. Multumargentumhabēmus.2. Sinemultīsscaphīsīnsulāssuperārenōnpossumus.3. Patriamultaoppidahabet.4. Māgnīssaxīsmurumvalidumaedificāredēsīderō.5. Sinemultīsagricolīsagrōsarārenōnpossumus.6. Nautafīliamrēgīnaeamat.7. Fīliaerēgīnaesuntlaetaequodmultumaurumhabent.8. Suntmultaefēminaeinīnsulā.9. Fīliābusrēgīnaemultadonadāmus.10. Rēgīnamultōsfīliōshabet.
Answersonpage199.
GENERALADVICE
Congratulations! You have made it all the way to the end of this book. Inclosing,Iwouldliketoofferafewthoughtswhichthereadermayfindhelpful.These tipsandobservationsshouldproveusefulasyoucontinueyourstudyofLatin.
First, a translation tip:When translatingLatin, yourmindmust be awake andalert.Why?Becauseonewordcanmeanseveraldifferentthings.Asyoualreadyknow from experience, the word nautae can be nominative plural, genitivesingular, or dative singular. So when you read Latin, think of all the casepossibilitiesforeachnounandletyourmindquicklyanalyzeeachpossibilityinlight of the context of the sentence. Latin sentences can often be like jigsawpuzzlesthatyoumustputtogether.Yourmindshouldanalyzeandprocesseachword,tryingtoarriveatthecorrectwaytofitthatwordinwiththeotherwordsofthesentence.Thiscanbedifficultatfirst,butyouwillimprovegraduallywithpractice.ItisoftenmentionedthatthestudyofLatinimprovesone’sknowledgeofEnglishvocabulary.Anothergreat advantage to the studyofLatin is that itsharpensthemindbybuildinglogicalthinkingskills.Inaddition,learningLatinalso builds awareness of grammatical and linguistic concepts. The knowledgeyougainfromyoureffortswillbenefityouasyouapproachothersubjectssuchasEnglish,history,philosophy,andreligion.
Another tip:Someonewho isaccustomed to runningadistanceofonlyoneortwomilesprobablywillnotsuddenlytrytorunamarathon.ItisthesamewithLatin.Don’tfrustrateyourselfbytryingtoreadLatinthatismuchtoodifficultfor you. In more advanced Latin, the sentences may be quite long andcomplicated.Also,theremaybewordsandgrammaticalstructuresthatyouhavenot studied yet. Of course, it is good to give yourself a challenge, but notsomethingsodifficultthatyouendupfeelingdiscouraged.
Please take a moment to reflect on all you have learned. Although you havecomealongwayfromLessonOne,thereisstillmuchtolearn.Ihopethisbookhasbeenenjoyableandprofitableforyou,andthatthethingsyouhavelearned
from this book will become the foundation of a lifetime of enjoyment of theLatinlanguage.
LATINEXPRESSIONS
HaveyoueverwrittenP.S.attheendofalettersoyoucouldaddafinalnote?
TheabbreviationP.S.isshortforpostscriptum.Postisaprepositionthatmeansafter.Scriptum means that which has been written. Literally, post scriptummeansafterthatwhichhasbeenwritten.
P.S.Don’tforgettodoyourLatinhomework.
ANSWERKEY
LESSONTHREE
1. Iam.2. Iamasailor.
LESSONFOUR
1. Iamasailor.2. Iamasailor.
LESSONFIVE
1. Iam.2. Iam.3. Iamasailor.4. Iamasailor.5. Iamasailor.6. Iamasailor.7. Iamasailor.
LESSONSIX
1. Iamafarmer.2. Iamafarmer.3. Iamafarmer.4. Iamafarmer.5. Iamasailor.6. Iamasailor.7. Iamasailor.8. Iamasailor.
LESSONSEVEN
1. I2. you3. she4. Fred5. Chicago6. children7. car8. oatmeal9. Switzerland10. Grandfather
LESSONEIGHT
1. Thesailorandthefarmer2. Thefarmerandthesailor3. Iamasailor.4. Iamasailor.5. Iambothafarmerandasailor.6. Iambothasailorandafarmer.
LESSONNINE
1. she(subject)walks(verb)2. car(subject)is(verb)3. I(subject)see(verb)4. he(subject)bought(verb)5. Sam(subject)loves(verb)6. they(subject)swim(verb)7. books(subject)are(verb)8. I(subject)called(verb)9. China(subject)produces(verb)10. dog(subject)barks(verb)
LESSONTEN
1. Iamnot.2. Iamnot.3. Iamnotasailor.4. Iamnotasailor.5. Iamnotafarmer.6. Iamnotafarmer.7. Iambothasailorandafarmer.8. Iambothafarmerandasailor.
LESSONELEVEN
1. Youare.2. Youarenot.3. Youareafarmer.4. Youareafarmer.5. Youarenotafarmer.6. Youarenotafarmer.7. Iamafarmer.8. Iamnotasailor.9. Youarebothasailorandafarmer.10. Iamasailorandyouareafarmer.
LESSONTWELVE
1. Youareapoet.2. Youareapoet.3. Youarenotapoet.4. Youarenotapoet.5. Iambothafarmerandapoet.6. Iambothasailorandafarmer.7. Iamasailor.8. Youarenotasailor.9. Iamnotapoet.10. Iamafarmerandyouareapoet.
LESSON13
1. Heisapoet.2. Heisapoet.3. Heisasailor.4. Heisasailor.5. Heisnotafarmer.6. Youarenotasailor.7. Youarenotafarmer.8. Iamnot.9. Iambothafarmerandapoet.10. Iamnotasailor.
LESSON14
1. Thefarmerisapoet.2. Thesailorisapoet.3. Heisasailor.4. Thepoetisnotasailor.5. Heisnotasailor.6. Thepoetisafarmer.7. Thesailorisnotafarmer.8. Youarenotapoet.9. Iamnotafarmer.10. Youarebothafarmerandapoet.
LESSON15
1. car(singular)2. we(plural)3. flowers(plural)4. I(singular)5. they(plural)6. Jimmy(singular)7. team(singular)8. Mary(singular)9. they(plural)10. houses(plural)
LESSON16
1. agricolae2. poētae
LESSON17
1. Weare.2. Wearesailors.3. Wearesailors.4. Wearenotfarmers.5. Wearenotfarmers.6. Wearefarmersandpoets.7. Youarenotapoet.8. Iamapoet.9. Thepoetisasailor.10. Heisasailor.
LESSON18
1. Y’allare.2. Y’allarefarmers.3. Y’allarefarmers.4. Y’allarenotpoets.5. Wearepoetsandy’allaresailors.6. Y’allarebothsailorsandpoets.7. Youarenotapoet.8. Thefarmerisapoet.9. Iamapoet.10. Heisasailor.
LESSON19
1. Theyarepoets.2. Thepoetsarefarmers.3. Theyarenotfarmers.4. Thepoetsaresailors.
5. Heisapoet.6. Y’allarepoets.7. Thesailorsarenotfarmers.8. Thefarmerisapoet.9. Wearesailors.10. Youarenotapoet.
LESSON21
1. I(firstpersonsingular)2. you(secondpersonsingular)3. she(thirdpersonsingular)4. we(firstpersonplural)5. y’all(secondpersonplural)6. they(thirdpersonplural)7. he(thirdpersonsingular)8. it(thirdpersonsingular)9. y’all(secondpersonplural)10. flowers(thirdpersonplural)
LESSON22
1. newspaper2. movie3. trombone4. baseball5. fish6. radio7. building8. speech9. wallet10. deer
LESSON23
1. nautam(becauseitisthedirectobjectofthesentence)2. nauta(becauseitisapredicatenominative)
3. nauta(becauseitisthesubjectofthesentence)4. nautam(becauseitisthedirectobjectofthesentence)5. nauta(becauseitisthesubjectofthesentence)6. nauta(becauseitisthesubjectofthesentence)7. nautam(becauseitisthedirectobjectofthesentence)8. nauta(becauseitisapredicatenominative)9. nautam(becauseitisthedirectobjectofthesentence)10. nauta(becauseitisapredicatenominative)
LESSON24
1. Iamwatchingthesailor.2. Iamwatchingthesailor.3. Iamnotwatchingthefarmer.4. Iamwatchingthefarmer.5. Iamwatchingthepoet.6. Iamwatchingthepoet.7. Iamwatchingboththesailorandthefarmer.8. Iamnotasailor.9. Theyarefarmers.10. Y’allarenotpoets.
LESSON25
1. Iamwatchingthesailors.2. Iamwatchingthesailors.3. Iamnotwatchingthefarmers.4. Iamwatchingthefarmers.5. Iamwatchingthepoets.6. Iamwatchingthesailorandthefarmers.7. Iamwatchingthefarmer.8. Youareapoet.9. Heisasailor.10. Thepoetsarefarmers.
LESSON26
1. Iamwatchingthestar.2. Iamnotwatchingthestars.3. Iamwatchingthestar.4. Iamwatchingthestars.5. Theyaresailors.6. Y’allarenotfarmers.7. Wearepoets.8. Iamwatchingboththefarmersandthesailors.9. Thesailorisnotapoet.10. Youareafarmer.
LESSON27
1. Iamwatchingthemoon.2. Iamwatchingthestars.3. Iamwatchingboththemoonandthestars.4. Iamwatchingboththestarsandthemoon.5. Themoonisnotastar.6. HeisapoetandIamafarmer.7. Iamwatchingthesailors.8. Y’allarenotfarmers.9. Wearepoets.10. Thefarmersarepoets.
LESSON28
1. Youarewatchingthemoon.2. Youarewatchingthestars.3. Youarewatchingboththemoonandthestars.4. Youarewatchingboththesailorsandthefarmers.5. Iamwatchingboththesailorsandthefarmers.6. Iamnotwatchingthestars.7. Wearenotpoets.8. Youareafarmer.9. Theyarenotfarmers.10. Thesailorisnotapoet.
LESSON29
1. Heiswatchingthemoon.2. Thesailoriswatchingthestars.3. Heiswatchingthestarsandthemoon.4. Thefarmerisnotwatchingthestars.5. Thefarmeriswatchingthesailor.6. Youarewatchingthemoon.7. Iamwatchingboththepoetandthefarmer.8. Y’allarenotfarmers.9. Heisafarmer.10. Thesailorsarepoets.
LESSON30
1. Wearewatchingthefarmers.2. Wearenotwatchingthepoet.3. Heiswatchingthestars.4. Youarewatchingboththemoonandthestars.5. Theyarenotsailors.6. Iamnotwatchingthemoon.7. YouareafarmerandIamasailor.8. Thepoetisafarmer.9. Youarenotasailor.10. Wearepoets.
LESSON31
1. Y’allarewatchingthestar.2. Y’allarewatchingthefarmers.3. Y’allarewatchingthesailors.4. Wearewatchingthemoon.5. Thefarmeriswatchingthepoet.6. Youarewatchingboththemoonandthestars.7. Heisnotwatchingthesailors.8. Wearefarmers.9. Y’allarenotsailors.
10. Heisafarmer.
LESSON32
1. Theyarewatchingthepoets.2. Thepoetsarewatchingthestars.3. Thesailorsarewatchingboththemoonandthestars.4. Youarewatchingthefarmer.5. Iamwatchingthemoon.6. Y’allarewatchingthesailor.7. Theyarefarmers.8. Iamnotasailor.9. Youareafarmer.10. Thefarmerisapoet.
LESSON34
1. Ioftenwatchthestars.2. Theyoftenwatchthestars.3. Youoftenwatchthepoet.4. Heisapoet.5. Y’allarefarmers.6. Thepoetisnotafarmer.7. Weoftenwatchboththemoonandthestars.8. Thefarmersarepoets.9. Wearepoets.10. Y’alldonotoftenwatchthemoon.
LESSON35
1. Iamcountingthestars.2. Youarecountingthestars.3. Thesailoriscountingthestars.4. Weoftencountthestars.5. Y’allarecountingthesailors.6. Thesailorsoftencountthestars.7. Thefarmersarenotpoets.
8. Theyaresailors.9. Wearefarmers.10. Youareapoet.
LESSON36
1. Iamcountingthemoney.2. Weoftencountthemoney.3. Theyarewatchingthemoon.4. Y’allarecountingthemoney.5. Iamafarmer.6. Thesailorsoftencountthestars.7. Thefarmeriscountingthemoney.8. Y’allarepoets.9. Thesailorisnotafarmer.10. Youoftencountthemoney.
LESSON37
1. Iamcarryingmoney.2. Wearecarryingmoney.3. Boththesailorsandfarmersarecarryingmoney.4. Heoftencarriesmoney.5. Y’allarenotpoets.6. Y’allarecarryingmoney.7. Youoftencarrymoney.8. Youarecountingthestars.9. Theyarefarmers.10. Heisasailor.
LESSON38
1. Sheisawoman.2. Wearewomen.3. Iamawoman.4. Thewomaniscarryingmoney.5. Theyarenotcarryingmoney.
6. Heisafarmer.7. Idonotoftencountthemoney.8. Youareafarmer.9. Thesailorsarepoets.10. Wearewatchingthemoon.
LESSON39
1. Ialwayscarrymoney.2. Youalwayscarrymoney.3. Thesailorsalwayswatchboththemoonandthestars.4. Thewomanoftencountsthemoney.5. Youarenotafarmer.6. Theyarewomen.7. Y’allalwayscarrymoney.8. Sheisawoman.9. Y’allaresailors.10. Weoftenwatchthestars.
LESSON40
1. Iamcarryingawritingtablet.2. Youarecarryingwritingtablets.3. Thepoetsalwayscarrywritingtablets.4. Thewomenoftencarrymoney.5. Themoonisnotastar.6. Wearecountingthemoney.7. Y’allarewatchingboththestarsandthemoon.8. Y’allarewomen.9. Thewomaniswatchingthemoney.10. Youareawoman.
LESSON41
1. Iamcarryingwater.2. Thewomenarecarryingwater.3. Thepoetoftencarriesawritingtablet.
4. Theyarenotcarryingwater.5. Y’allarecountingthemoney.6. Thesailorsoftenwatchthewater.7. Wealwayscountthemoney.8. Wearenotpoets.9. Theyaresailors.10. Youarenotafarmer.
LESSON42
1. Y’allaregirls.2. Thegirlsarecountingthemoney.3. Wearecountingthegirls.4. Theyarenotpoets.5. Thegirlsoftencountthestars.6. Thepoetalwayscarrieswritingtablets.7. Iamawoman.8. Y’allarewatchingthefarmers.9. Thegirliscarryingwater.10. Youarewatchingthemoon.
LESSON43
1. Thewomendonotlikethefarmer.2. Thegirllovesthesailor.3. Welovethepoet.4. Iloveboththemoonandthestars.5. Thegirloftencarrieswater.6. Iamagirl.7. Y’allalwayscarrymoney.8. Wearewomenandtheyaregirls.9. Iamnotasailor.10. Wearecountingthestars.
LESSON44
1. Ilovetheforest.
2. Thegirlslovetheforest.3. Thesailordoesnotliketheforest.4. Y’alllovetheforest.5. Wearesailorsandy’allarefarmers.6. Wealwayscarrywritingtablets.7. Ioftencarrywater.8. Thegirliswatchingthesailors.9. Wearewatchingthemoon.10. Thefarmerisapoet.
LESSON45
1. Thesailorlovesboats.2. Youloveboats.3. Thegirliswatchingboththeboatsandthesailors.4. Thesailorsoftencounttheboats.5. Y’allarecountingthestars.6. Youareawoman.7. Theboatiscarryingthesailors.8. Theyaregirls.9. Y’alllovetheforest.10. Wearenotcarryingwater.
LESSON46
1. Inevercarrywater.2. Thewomannevercarrieswritingtablets.3. Thesailorsalwayswatchtheboats.4. Ialwayscountthemoney.5. Youneverwatchthemoon.6. Y’alloftenwatchthestars.7. Thegirllovestheforest.8. Y’allarepoets.9. Wearesailorsandweloveboats.10. Iamnotasailor.
LESSON47
1. IamafarmerandIlovethesoil.2. Thefarmerslovethesoil.3. Thesailordoesnotlikethefarmer.4. Thesailorlovesboats.5. Theylovetheforest.6. Y’allarewatchingboththemoonandthestars.7. Heisnotafarmer.8. Younevercarryawritingtablet.9. Youoftencountthemoney.10. Youareagirl.
LESSON48
1. IamafarmerbutIloveboats.2. Thewomaniscarryingmoneybutthegirlsarecarryingwater.3. IamasailorbutIdonotlikeboats.4. Thefarmerisapoet.5. Thefarmerdoesnotliketheforest.6. Theyarewatchingtheboats.7. Thegirlsnevercarrywater.8. Thesailorlovestheforest.9. Wearecountingthestars.10. Youarenotafarmer.
LESSON49
1. Iamplowingthesoil.2. Thefarmersareplowingthesoil.3. Thegirloftenplowsthesoil.4. Youneverplowthesoil.5. Thesailorsloveboats.6. Wearefarmersbutweloveboats.7. Youarenotapoetbutyouoftencarrywritingtablets.8. Y’allarefarmersbuty’allneverplowthesoil.9. Theyaresailorsbutwearepoets.10. Thepoetsalwayscarrywritingtablets.
LESSON50
1. Wearewalking.2. Thewomaniswalking.3. Thesailorsarecarryingmoney.4. Y’alldonotoftenplowthesoil.5. Thesailorsoftencountthemoney.6. Iamwatchingthemoonbutyouarewatchingthestars.7. YouareasailorbutIamapoet.8. Wearenotcarryingwritingtablets.9. Thewomenlovetheforest.10. Theyaresailorsbuttheydonotlikeboats.
LESSON51
1. Iamwalkingtotheforest.2. Thesailorsarewalkingtotheboats.3. YouarewalkingtotheforestbutIamwalkingtothewater.4. Wearecarryingthemoneytotheboat.5. Theyarecarryingtheboattothewater.6. Thefarmeralwaysplowsthesoil.7. Youneverwalktotheforest.8. IlovethesoilbutIamnotafarmer.9. Theyarepoetsbuttheynevercarrywritingtablets.10. Iamnotawoman.
LESSON52
1. Iamwalkingtotheseashore.2. Thesailoriswalkingtotheseashore.3. Ilovetheseashore.4. Wearewalkingtotheseashore.5. Thegirlsoftenwalktotheforest.6. Youareasailorbutyoudonotlikeboats.7. Y’allarenotfarmersbuty’alloftenplowthesoil.8. Youoftencarryawritingtablet.9. Thegirliswalkingtotheseashore.10. Heisnotapoet.
LESSON53
1. Wearewalkingtothehouse.2. Thefarmeriscarryingwatertothehouses.3. Theyarewalkingtothehouse.4. Weloveboththeseashoreandtheforest.5. Wearepoetsbutwedonotcarrywritingtablets.6. Thefarmersareplowingthesoil.7. Theyarepoets.8. Youarenotasailor.9. Thesailorsarepoets.10. Theyarewalkingtotheseashore.
LESSON55
1. Isailoften.2. Thepoetneversails.3. Thesailorsaresailing.4. Y’allarewalkingtothehouse.5. Wearenotwalkingtotheseashore.6. Y’allaresailingbutwearewalking.7. Y’allaresailorsbutwearepoets.8. Thegirllovestheforest.9. IdonotlikeboatsandIdonotlikethewater.10. Youareasailorbutyouneversail.
LESSON56
1. Iamsailingtotheisland.2. Theyoftensailtotheisland.3. Thesailorsoftensailtotheislands.4. Thewomanlovestheislandsbutshedoesnotlikeboats.5. Youdonotoftensailtotheisland.6. Theboatsaresailingtotheisland.7. Y’allarecarryingtheboattotheseashore.8. IamasailorbutIneversail.9. Thefarmerdoesnotlikethehouse.10. Theyarecountingthemoney.
LESSON57
1. Iamsailingaroundtheisland.2. Weoftenwalkaroundtheforest.3. Thesailorsalwayssailaroundtheisland.4. Wearewalkingtothehouse.5. IamnotafarmerbutIoftenplowthesoil.6. Youarenotapoetbutyoualwayscarrywritingtablets.7. Youoftenwatchboththestarsandthemoon.8. Thesailorlovesboats.9. Wearenotfarmersbutwelovethesoil.10. Iloveboththeseashoreandtheforest.
LESSON58
1. Iamswimmingtotheisland.2. Thesailorsareswimmingtotheisland.3. YouareswimmingbutIamwalking.4. IlovethewaterbutIneverswim.5. Thewomanoftenswimsaroundtheisland.6. Thesailorisswimmingtotheboat.7. Y’allarefarmers.8. Wearesailingaroundtheislands.9. Y’allalwayswalktotheforest.10. Thegirllovesboatsbutsheisnotasailor.
LESSON59
1. Theyarewalkingneartheseashore.2. Thehouseisnotneartheforest.3. Wearesailingneartheislands.4. Theboatsneversailaroundtheislands.5. Youareneartheforest.6. Ialwayswatchtheboats.7. Thewomenandthegirlsareneartheforest.8. Y’allarecarryingwater.9. Wealwaysswimneartheisland.10. Heisnotasailorbuthelovesboats.
LESSON60
1. Ilovethehomeland.2. Wearesailingtothehomeland.3. Thesailorlovesthehomeland.4. Theboatiscarryingthesailorstothehomeland.5. Thewomanisswimmingaroundtheisland.6. Thehomelandisanisland.7. YoulovetheseashorebutIlovetheforest.8. Thesailorsarewatchingthestarsandthemoon.9. Y’allarenotfarmers.10. Thehouseisnearthewater.
LESSON61
1. Ioftenlongforthehomeland.2. Thefarmersarelongingforwater.3. Thewomenarelongingfortheseashore.4. Thegirlisswimmingtotheseashore.5. Theboatsaresailingaroundtheisland.6. Thefarmerlovesthesoil.7. Youarenotapoet.8. Y’allalwayswantmoney.9. Thefarmernevercarriesawritingtablet.10. Weareneartheisland.
LESSON63
1. Iaminthehouse.2. Thesailorisontheisland.3. Thesailorsarenotintheboat.4. Weareontheisland.5. Thefarmeriswalkingaroundthehouse.6. Weoftensailtotheisland.7. Thewomanisinthehousebutthefarmeriswalkingintotheforest.8. Wearelongingforthehomeland.9. Thegirlisswimmingneartheisland.10. Youarenotapoetbutyoucarrywritingtablets.
LESSON64
1. Thefarmersareinthehouses.2. Thesailorsarenotintheboats.3. Thesailoriscarryingtheboatintothewater.4. Theboatsareinthewater.5. Thesailorisontheisland.6. Thesailorissailingtothehomeland.7. IamnotasailorbutIloveboats.8. Thegirlsalwayswalktotheseashore.9. Y’alloftenswimneartheisland.10. Thesailorwantsaboat.
LESSON65
1. Theschoolisintheforest.2. Thegirlsarewalkingtotheschool.3. Thegirlisintheschool.4. Thegirliscarryingawritingtablettotheschool.5. Youareasailorbutyoudonotlikeboats.6. Iamasailorbutyouareafarmer.7. Wearesailingtotheislandsbutwearelongingforthehomeland.8. Wearefarmersbutweneverplowthesoil.9. Theboatisinthewater.10. Y’allareintheboatsbutIaminthewater.
LESSON66
1. Therearegirlsinthehouse.2. Thereisaboatneartheseashore.3. Ineverswimneartheisland.4. Y’allarelongingfortheforestbutwelikeboats.5. Youdonotliketheislands.6. Therearebothfarmersandwomeninthehouses.7. Thepoetlovesthelandandthewater.8. Thewomenoftenwalkintheforests.9. Thereismoneyintheboat.10. IamnotafarmerbutIlovethesoil.
LESSON67
1. Wewalktotheseashoredaily.2. Thesailorssailaroundtheislanddaily.3. Thefarmerplowsthesoildaily.4. Thegirlswalktotheschooldaily.5. Wecarrywatertothehousesdaily.6. Therearesailorsontheislands.7. Y’allarepoetsbutwearefarmers.8. Y’allarewatchingthemoonbutwearewatchingthestars.9. YouarelongingforthehomelandbutIamlongingfortheislands.10. Thepoetiswalkingintothehouse.
LESSON68
1. Thegirliswalkingfromthehousetotheschool.2. Theboatssailfromtheislandtothehomelanddaily.3. Thewomancountsthemoneydaily.4. Therearefarmersinthehouse.5. Wearesailingfromtheislandtothehomeland.6. Thesailorsarenotontheisland.7. Wewalktotheseashoredaily.8. Iamsailingaroundtheisland.9. Y’allarefarmersbuty’allneverplowthesoil.10. Thewomaniscarryingwritingtablets.
LESSON69
1. Thewomanisinthehousewiththegirls.2. Thefarmerisnotwiththesailors.3. Iamwalkingtotheseashorewiththesailors.4. Thewomenareintheboatwiththesailors.5. Thegirlswalkfromtheschooltotheseashoredaily.6. Heisafarmer.7. Thesailorsareintheboatsandontheisland.8. IlovethesoilbutIamnotafarmer.9. Thegirlsarewalkingintotheschoolwithwritingtablets.10. Iamintheboatbutyouareinthewater.
LESSON70
1. Wearewalkingintotheshop.2. Thegirlswalkfromtheschooltotheshopdaily.3. Themoneyisintheboatwiththesailors.4. Iamlongingforthehomeland.5. Therearesailorsintheboats.6. Theboatoftensailsaroundtheisland.7. Y’allaresailorsbuty’alldonotlikethewater.8. Youneverswiminthewater.9. Thepoetalwayscarrieswritingtablets.10. Wearenotneartheforest.
LESSON71
1. Thewomanneverwalkstotheshopwithoutmoney.2. Thesailorsareontheislandwithoutaboat.3. Youareasailor.4. ThegirlsareontheislandbutIamintheboat.5. Thesailorisontheislandbutheislongingforthehomeland.6. Thepoetwalkstotheseashoredaily.7. Thefarmerlovesthehomeland.8. Wearewalkingfromtheschooltotheseashore.9. Y’allneverplowthesoilbutIplowthesoildaily.10. Thewomaniswalkingintotheforestwiththegirls.
LESSON73
1. Thesailor’smoney2. Thefarmer’shouse3. Weareinthesailor’sboat.4. Youarecarryingthefarmer’smoney.5. Thegirlwalkstothefarmer’shousedaily.6. Wearecarryingtheboatfromthehousetotheseashore.7. Welovetheislandsbuty’alllovetheforest.8. Thepoetisinthehousewiththefarmers.9. Weneverwalktotheshopwithoutmoney.10. Thesailorsaresailingaroundtheisland.
LESSON74
1. Thesailors’homeland2. Thegirls’school3. Iamcarryingthepoets’writingtablets.4. Thewomenandthegirlsareintheboatwiththesailors.5. Thepoetiscountingthestars.6. Thewomenaresailingaroundtheislandinboats.7. Thefarmer’smoneyisintheforest.8. Thegirliswalkingfromtheschooltotheshop.9. Youlovetheforestbutthegirlslovetheseashore.10. Y’allareinthewaterwithoutaboat.
LESSON75
1. Thefarmer’sfamilyisinthehouse.2. Thesailors’familiesareontheisland.3. Thewoman’sfamilyisintheforest.4. Thesailorsoftensailtothehomelandwithmoney.5. YouareapoetbutIamafarmer.6. Ineverwalkintotheshopwithoutmoney.7. Y’allsailtotheislanddaily.8. Y’allarenotneartheisland.9. Weareontheislandwithoutboats.10. Thefarmersarelongingforthehomeland.
LESSON76
1. Ilovethefarmer’sstories.2. Thegirlsdonotlikethesailor’sstory.3. Thefarmerlikesthesailors’boats.4. Thegirlisintheschoolbutsheislongingfortheseashore.5. Thesailorsarecarryingtheboattothewater.6. Thefarmer’sfamilyiswalkingtotheshop.7. Thesailorsareontheislandwithoutboatsandwithoutmoney.8. YounevercarrywaterbutIalwayscarrywater.9. Wealwaysplowthesoilbuty’allarealwaysinthehouse.10. Wearenotsailingaroundtheisland.
LESSON77
1. Youareaninhabitantoftheisland.2. Thereareinhabitantsontheislands.3. Theinhabitantsoftheislandsareswimminginthewater.4. Thesailorsarewatchingtheinhabitantsoftheisland.5. Theinhabitantsoftheforestwalktotheseashoredaily.6. Theinhabitantsoftheforestlovestories.7. Thepoet’sfamilyislongingforthehomeland.8. Thegirlscarrywritingtabletstoschooldaily.9. Thegirlsarewalkingintothehouse.10. Youaresailingtotheislandwiththesailors.
LESSON78
1. Iamtellingastory.2. Thefarmeristellingastory.3. Thesailorsaretellingstories.4. Welovethesailor’sstories.5. Thesailorsareontheislandandtheyaretellingstories.6. Theinhabitantsoftheislandareswimmingneartheseashore.7. Boththefarmerandthepoetarewalkingtotheshop.8. Y’allloveboatsbuty’allarenotsailors.9. Theboatiscarryingthesailors’familiestotheisland.10. Thesailors’boatisinthewater.
LESSON79
1. money(directobject)friend(indirectobject)2. money(directobject)charity(indirectobject)3. example(directobject)class(indirectobject)4. curtains(directobject)house(indirectobject)5. seeds(directobject)garden(indirectobject)6. sandwiches(directobject)us(indirectobject)7. story(directobject)judge(indirectobject)8. song(directobject)audience(indirectobject)9. copies(directobject)everyone(indirectobject)10. shirt(directobject)me(indirectobject)
LESSON80
1. Iamtellingastorytothesailor.2. Thepoetistellingastorytothefarmer.3. Thegirlsaretellingstoriestothepoet.4. Thesailor’sboatisinthewater.5. Theinhabitantsoftheislandsoftenswiminthewater.6. Thegirls’schoolisnotintheforest.7. YouareafarmerbutIamapoet.8. Thefarmer’sfamilyisinthehouse.9. IlovethehomelandbutIamsailingtotheisland.10. Weareinhabitantsoftheforestbutwelovetheseashore.
LESSON81
1. Wearetellingstoriestothesailors.2. Thesailoristellingastorytothefarmers.3. Thepoetsaretellingastorytothegirl.4. Thewomenareintheforest.5. Theinhabitantsoftheislandsloveboats.6. Thepoetiswalkingintotheshopwithoutmoney.7. Youalwayscarrymoney.8. Thesailorsaresailingaroundtheislandinboats.9. Thegirlsareintheschoolbut theyarelongingforboththeseashoreandtheforest.
10. Wealwaysplowthesoilbuty’allarealwaysintheforest.
LESSON82
1. Iamgivingmoneytothefarmer.2. Thepoetisgivingwritingtabletstothegirls.3. Wearegivingwatertotheinhabitantsoftheisland.4. Thewomanisgivingwritingtabletstothegirls.5. Wearetellingstoriestothesailors.6. Iamswimmingfromtheboattotheisland.7. Thesailors’boatisinthewater.8. Thegirlsalwayslovestories.9. Y’allarewomen.10. Y’alloftenplowthesoil.
LESSON84
1. Ilovetheseashoreandtheforest.2. Thewomenandthegirlsarewalkingtotheseashore.3. Y’alloftencarrymoneyandwritingtablets.4. Iamwatchingthestarsandthemoon.5. Thepoetistellingastorytothesailors.6. Wearenotnearthehomeland.7. Wedonotoftenwalktotheseashore.8. Wewalktotheschoolwiththegirlsdaily.9. Thesailorlovesthehomelandbutheissailingtotheislands.10. Youalwaysgivemoneytothepoet.
LESSON85
1. Thefarmerisbuildingahouse.2. Iambuildingahouseandaboat.3. Y’allarebuildingahouseontheisland.4. Thepoetisgivingmoneytothesailors.5. Thegirlsalwayscarrywritingtabletstoschool.6. Thewomanisinthehousebutthefarmerisintheforest.7. Youareasailorbutyoudonotlikethewater.8. Wearebuildinghousesneartheseashore.9. Thesailors’boatisontheisland.10. Y’allarefarmers.
LESSON86
1. Iamguardingthehouses.2. Thesailorsareguardingtheislandandtheboats.3. Weareguardingthefarmer’shouse.4. Y’allarebuildinghousesandboats.5. Theboatissailingtotheislandwithoutsailors.6. Thepoetiswalkingtotheshopwithoutmoney.7. Theboatsarecarryingthesailorsfromtheislandtotheseashore.8. Y’allaretellingstoriestothegirlsbutIambuildingahouse.9. Thefarmersaregivingwatertothesailor.10. Thehouseisnotneartheforest.
LESSON87
1. Iamworkinginthehouse.2. Thewomenandthegirlsareworkingintheforest.3. Iamcarryingwaterbuty’allarenotworking.4. Weareworkingbuty’allareswimminginthewater.5. Thegirlisworkingwiththefarmers.6. Youarelongingforthehomeland.7. Wenevergivemoneytothepoets.8. YouareinthewaterbutIamintheboat.9. Iambuildingahouse.10. Thesailorisnotinthefarmer’shouse.
LESSON88
1. towash2. toplay3. Thissentencedoesnotcontainaninfinitive.4. tobe5. toforgive6. toreturn7. toplay8. Thissentencedoesnotcontainaninfinitive.9. tobuy10. Thissentencedoesnotcontainaninfinitive.
LESSON89
1. Ilovetowatchtheboats.2. Idonotliketoplowthesoil.3. Thegirlsdonotwanttowalktoschool.4. Thesailorslovetosailtotheislands.5. Thegirlswanttowalkintotheforest.6. Wewanttobuildhousesneartheseashore.7. Thesailoristellingstoriestothefarmers.8. Weareworkinginthefarmers’house.9. Iamgivingmoneytothegirls.10. Weareguardingthehousesandtheboats.
LESSON90
1. Iamabletoswim.2. Iamnotabletocarrytheboat.3. Iamabletosailtotheisland.4. Iamnotabletowalktotheisland.5. Iamnotabletoswimintheforest.6. Theinhabitantsoftheforestsareguardingthehouses.7. Wewanttosailtothehomeland.8. Thepoetlovestotellstoriestothegirls.9. Ilovetocountthemoneydaily.10. Thesailor’smoneyisintheboat.
LESSON91
1. Youarenotabletoswimtotheisland.2. Weareabletowalktotheforest.3. Y’allarenotabletoswimtotheisland.4. Iamnotabletobuildaboatwithoutmoney.5. Thesailoroftentellsstoriestothegirls.6. Thesailors’boatisneartheseashore.7. Thegirlsareworkinginthehouse.8. Thegirls’schoolisneartheforest.9. Ilovetowatchtheboats.10. Thesailorsareguardingtheislands.
LESSON93
1. Ihavemoney.2. Youhaveaboat.3. Thepoethasawritingtablet.4. Wedonothavemoneybutthesailorshavemoney.5. Y’allhavemoney.6. Wearenotabletosailaroundtheisland.7. Youwanttobuildahouseneartheseashore.8. Thepoetistellingastorytothefarmersandsailors.9. Theinhabitantsoftheislandsoftenswiminthewater.10. Y’allarenotabletosailtotheisland.
LESSON94
1. IhaveaboatbecauseIamasailor.2. Weplowthesoilbecausewearefarmers.3. IamwatchingthemoonandthestarsbecauseIamasailor.4. Thepoetistellingastorytothegirlsbecausethegirlslovestories.5. Thefamilyisintheboatbecausetheywanttosailtothehomeland.6. Y’allarenotabletosailtothehomelandwithoutmoney.7. Thefarmers’housesareneartheforest.8. Thesailor’smoneyisintheboat.9. Thewomaniswalkingintotheshopwiththegirls.10. Wearegivingmoneytothepoet.
LESSON95
1. Therearebeastsintheforest.2. Thebeastsarenotabletobuildhouses.3. Wearenotabletoplowthesoilwithoutbeasts.4. Thebeastsoftheforestdonothavehouses.5. Youarenotapoet.6. Thegirlisgivingwatertothefarmers.7. IlovetoplowthesoilbecauseIamafarmer.8. Thesailor’sboatisontheisland.9. Wearenotabletoplowthesoilbecausewedonothavebeasts.10. Youarecarryingwritingtablets.
LESSON96
1. Idonotfearthebeasts.2. Theinhabitantsoftheislandfearthebeasts.3. Thegirliswalkingintheforestbecauseshedoesnotfearthebeasts.4. Iwanttowalkintheforestwiththebeasts.5. Thebeastsdonotfearthefarmers.6. Thebeastsdonotfearthesailorsbutthesailorsfearthebeasts.7. Wearegivingmoneytothepoetbecausehedoesnothavemoney.8. Youarenotabletosailtotheislandbecauseyoudonothaveaboat.9. Iaminthefarmer’shouse.10. IdonotlikethewaterbecauseIamnotabletoswim.
LESSON97
1. Welovethequeen.2. Theinhabitantsoftheforestsdonotfearthequeen.3. Thepoetistellingstoriestothequeen.4. Thequeenalwaysgivesmoneytothepoets.5. Thefarmersfearthebeastsoftheforest.6. Youarenotabletoswimbecauseyouareaninhabitantoftheforest.7. Thefarmer’sfamilyiswalkingtotheseashorebecausetheylovetoswim.8. Thesailorhasaboatbuthedoesnothavemoney.9. Iamnotabletobuildahousewithoutmoney.10. The girls are carrying writing tablets because they are walking to the
school.
LESSON98
1. Weseetheisland.2. Y’allarenotabletoseethequeen.3. IseebeastsdailybecauseIamaninhabitantoftheforest.4. Theinhabitantsoftheforestsdonotfearthebeasts.5. Wearenotabletoguardtheislandwithoutboats.6. Youarenotthequeen.7. Thefarmerhasahouseintheforest.8. Thesailorsfeartheinhabitantsoftheislands.9. Theboatsoftensailaroundtheisland.10. Beastsnevercarrymoney.
LESSON99
1. Thesailorislongingtostayontheisland.2. Thebeastsarestayingintheforest.3. Youarenotabletostayinthewater.4. IwanttoguardthehomelandbecauseIamthequeen.5. Thesailorsarestayingontheislandbecausetheydonothaveaboat.6. IseethestarsbutIamnotabletoseethemoon.7. Thesailorsdonotfearthewaterbecausetheyareabletoswim.8. Theinhabitantsoftheforestseebeastsdaily.9. Weneverwalkintotheshopwithoutmoney.
10. Y’allarenotabletotellstoriesbecausey’allarenotpoets.
LESSON101
1. Iamaman.2. Themanisaninhabitantoftheisland.3. Themanhasahousebuthedoesnothaveaboat.4. Themanfearsthebeasts.5. Themanistellingstoriestotheinhabitantsoftheislands.6. Themanwantstostayontheisland.7. Y’allarewalkingtotheshopbuty’alldonothavemoney.8. YouareamanbutIamawoman.9. Wearenotabletoseetheisland.10. Y’allaresailingfromthehomelandtotheisland.
LESSON102
1. Themenareinthehouse.2. Themenoftheislandareguardingtheboats.3. Themanisnotabletosailtotheislandwithoutaboat.4. Themanandthewomanoftenplowthesoil.5. Y’allarepoetsbuty’alldonotliketotellstories.6. Thebeastsoftheforestsdonotfearthefarmers.7. YouaresailingtothehomelandbutIamstayingontheisland.8. Weseethestarsbutwearenotabletoseethemoon.9. Thequeendoesnotfeartheinhabitantsoftheislands.10. Thequeenalwaysgivesmoneytothepoets.
LESSON103
1. Thebeastdoesnotfeartheman.2. Iseemenintheboat.3. Themanfearsthebeastsbutthebeastsdonotfeartheman.4. Themenarebuildinghouses.5. Themenneverhavemoney.6. IamnotabletobuildahousebutIoftenbuildboats.7. Iamwalkingtotheseashorewiththegirls.8. Thepoetistellingstoriestothegirl.
9. Themenoftheislandsoftengiveboatstothesailors.10. Wearestayingontheislandbecausewelovetheisland.
LESSON104
1. Theman’shouseisneartheseashore.2. Themen’sfamiliesaresailingtotheisland.3. Theman’sboatisontheisland.4. Themenintheboatsaresailors.5. Themanisbuildingahouseontheisland.6. Themenarenotplowingthesoilbecausetheydonotliketowork.7. Thepoetwantsawritingtabletbuthedoesnothavemoney.8. Thequeenisgivingmoneytothepoet.9. Thepoetwantstostaywiththequeen.10. Thegirliscarryingwritingtabletstotheschool.
LESSON105
1. Iamtellingastorytotheman.2. Thequeenisgivingmoneytothemen.3. Wewanttoworkintheforestwiththemen.4. Thegirloftengiveswatertothemen.5. Youarenotabletowalkfromthehomelandtotheisland.6. Themen’sboatisneartheseashore.7. Themenoftheforestdonotlikethefarmer.8. You are building a house on the island but I am building a house in theforest.
9. Thegirlswalkfromtheschooltotheshopdaily.10. Ineverwalkintotheschoolwithoutawritingtablet.
LESSON106
1. Iambuildingawall.2. Wearebuildingawallaroundthehouses.3. Themenarebuildingwalls.4. Thegirllovesthehomelandbutshewantstosailtotheislands.5. IamnotabletogivemoneytothemenandwomenoftheislandbecauseIdonothavemoney.
6. IamstayingwiththeboatsbecauseIfearthemenoftheislands.7. Y’alllovetobuildboatsbuty’alldonotliketosail.8. IaminthehousebecauseIfearthebeasts.9. Theboatisinthewaterwithoutsailors.10. Wearenotabletoguardthehomelandwithoutthequeen.
LESSON107
1. Thefarmersaredestroyingtheforest.2. Iamlongingtodestroythehousesandboatsoftheislands.3. You are not able to destroy the sailors’ boats because the sailors areguardingtheboats.
4. Themenarelongingtoguardthehomeland.5. Thebeastsoftheforestaredestroyingthehouse.6. Weareguardingthemenandwomenofthehomeland.7. Thequeenisnotabletogivemoneytothemanbecauseshedoesnothavemoney.
8. Theman’shouseisneartheseashore.9. Iwanttoswimfromtheislandtothehomeland.10. Wearewalkingtotheschoolwiththegirls.
LESSON108
1. Wearecarryingfood.2. IhavefoodbutIdonothavewater.3. Iamcarryingfoodandwater.4. The men are carrying food and water because they are walking to theforest.
5. Thewomenaregivingfoodtothepoetbecausehedoesnothavefood.6. Thesailorsdonothavefood.7. Themenoftheislandsaredestroyingthesailors’boats.8. Wearebuildingawallbecausewewanttoguardthehomeland.9. Thequeenalwaysgivesmoneytothemenoftheforest.10. Thebeastsoftheforestwantfood.
LESSON109
1. Theman’ssonisinthehouse.
2. Thesailorsaretellingstoriestothefarmer’sson.3. Thefarmers’sonsareplowingthesoil.4. Thesailor’ssonswanttosailtotheislands.5. Thegirlisgivingwatertothefarmer’ssons.6. Wearenotabletosailtotheislandwithoutfoodandwater.7. The queen wants to stay on the island because she fears the men of thehomeland.
8. IlovetoswimbecauseIdonotfearthewater.9. Youarenotabletosailtotheislandwithoutaboat.10. Themen’shousesareneartheseashore.
LESSON110
1. Theboyisthepoet’sson.2. Thepoetisgivingwritingtabletstotheboys.3. Theboysarecarryingwaterbuttheydonotliketoplowthesoil.4. Theboyswanttosailtotheislandbuttheydonothaveaboat.5. IamnotabletoworkintheforestbecauseIfearthebeasts.6. Wearenotabletoplowthesoilwithoutthefarmer’ssons.7. Wearetellingstoriestotheboys.8. Iwantfoodandwater.9. Theboysaresailingtotheislandwiththesailors.10. Themanisnotabletoseethemoonbecauseheisinthehouse.
LESSON111
1. Theboysareplowingthefieldsbecausethefarmerisnotabletowork.2. Thefarmer’ssonsarewalkingfromthehousetothefield.3. Theboyswantmoneybuttheydonotliketoplowthefields.4. Thebeastsoftheforestaredestroyingthefarmers’houses.5. Themenfearthebeastsbutthebeastsdonotfearthemen.6. Iwanttostayontheisland.7. Weare building awall around the houses becausewewant to guard themenandwomenofthehomeland.
8. Therearefarmersandboysinthefields.9. IamnotabletosailtotheislandbecauseIdonothaveaboat.10. Wearenotabletosailtotheislandwithoutthesailors.
LESSON112
1. Ihaveasword.2. Themenhaveswords.3. Themenandwomenhaveswordsbuttheyarenotabletoguardthefields.4. Theinhabitantsoftheislandshaveswordsbutwehaveboats.5. Weguardthefieldsandhousesdaily.6. Thebeastsoftheforestdonotfearthefarmer.7. Theboyisthequeen’sson.8. Youarenotabletostayontheislandbecauseyoudonothavefood.9. Thesailorsarewiththeinhabitantsoftheisland.10. Weguardthehomelanddailybecausewelovethequeen.
LESSON115
1. Iamwalkingintothetown.2. Thesailorsareinthetown.3. Themenwanttobuildawallaroundthetown.4. Thepoetistellingstoriestotheboysandgirlsofthetown.5. Themenwanttoguardthewallsofthetown.6. Themenofthetownhaveswords.7. Y’allareboysbutwearemen.8. Wecannotguardthetownbecausethetowndoesnothavewalls.9. Thefarmer’ssonneverplowsthefieldsbecausehedoesnotliketowork.10. Themenoftheforestneverbuildboats.
LESSON116
1. Iwantgold.2. Themenoftheforestdonothavegold.3. Wearesailingtothehomelandwithmoneyandgold.4. Thesailorsaredestroyingthetownsoftheislandbecausetheywantgold.5. Theboysandgirlsofthetowndonotliketoplowthefields.6. Weareguardingthetownbecausewefeartheinhabitantsoftheislands.7. Weoftengivefoodtothepoet’ssonsbecausetheydonothavemoney.8. Thepoetoftentellsstoriestothequeen’ssons.9. Thequeen’ssonhasmoneyandgoldbuthewantstoworkinthefieldswiththefarmers.
10. Youarenotabletoswimaroundtheisland.
LESSON117
1. Ilovesilverandgold.2. Thesailorsarecarryinggoldtothehomeland.3. Wearecarryingsilverfromtheboattothehouse.4. Theboysareworkinginthefieldswiththemenofthetown.5. Thequeenwantstodestroythetown.6. Theinhabitantsofthetownsfearthebeastsoftheforest.7. Y’allhavegoldandsilverbuty’alldonothavefood.8. Wecannotbuildhouseswithoutmoney.9. Thequeenwantstobuildawallaroundthetown.10. Theboysareswimmingbecausetheydonotliketowork.
LESSON118
1. Iamwatchingthesky.2. Therearestarsinthesky.3. Thesailorsalwayswatchthesky.4. Youareneverabletocountthestarsinthesky.5. Theislandhasgoldandsilver.6. Wearenotabletoseetheskybecauseweareinthehouse.7. Theinhabitantsofthetownsfearthebeasts.8. Iamstayinginthehouse.9. Youarenotabletosailtotheislandwithoutaboat.10. Theboatsarecarryingfoodtotheisland.
LESSON119
1. Wearegivinggiftstothequeen.2. Thegirlsandboysaregivinggiftstothesailors.3. Themenandwomenofthetownalwaysgivemoneytothequeen.4. Thegirlswanttogivegiftstothequeen.5. Thesailor’sgiftisintheboat.6. Thefarmer’ssonsareplowingthefieldsbecausetheywantfoodandmoney.7. Youarenotthequeen.8. Themoonisinthesky.
9. Iwanttostaywiththemenofthetown.10. Theboatsareneartheseashore.
LESSON122
1. Theboyhasashield.2. Iamguardingthequeenwithaswordandshield.3. Wehaveswordsandshieldsbecauseweareguardingthewallsofthetown.4. Wearenotabletoguardthehomelandwithoutswordsandshields.5. IlovesilverandgoldbutIdonothavemoney.6. Theinhabitantsofthehomelandarebuildinghouses.7. Iamsailingtotheislandbyboat.8. Themenofthetowndonotlikethequeen’sson.9. Wearelongingtoseethehomeland.10. Themenoftheislandswanttodestroythehomeland.
LESSON123
1. Themenarefightingwithswordsandshields.2. Idonotliketofight.3. Theinhabitantsoftheislandcannotfightbecausetheydonothaveswords.4. Wehaveswordsandshieldsbecauseweareguardingthetown.5. Ilovetowatchthestarsinthesky.6. Thequeen’ssonwantsasword.7. IamwalkingtotheseashorebecauseIwanttoseetheboats.8. Y’alldonothavefoodbecausey’allneverplowthefields.9. Youarethefarmer’ssonbutIamthesonofthequeen.10. Ialwayswatchthemoonandthestars.
LESSON124
1. Iamcarryingthewoodintothehouse.2. Iambuildingahousewithwood.3. Idonotliketocarrywood.4. Wearecarryingwoodfromtheforesttothetown.5. Iwanttoseethequeen.6. Themenareguardingthehomelandwithswords.7. Wearebuildingawallaroundthetownbecausewefearthebeasts.
8. Thesailorsarebuildingboatswithwood.9. Wearegivinggiftstothegirlsofthetown.10. Youarenotabletoplowthefieldswithoutfoodandwater.
LESSON125
1. Wearecarryingrocks.2. Wearebuildingawallwithrocksandwood.3. Themenarenotabletobuildahousewithoutwoodandrocks.4. Themenoftheislandaredestroyingthetownsofthehomeland.5. Wearecarryingrockstothetownbecausewearebuildingawall.6. Youdonothavefoodbecauseyoudonotliketowork.7. Themenofthehomelandfightwithswordsandshieldsdaily.8. Themenandwomenaregivinggoldandsilvertothequeen.9. Themenhaveswordsandshieldsbecause theyareguarding the townsofthehomeland.
10. YouaresailingtothehomelandbutIamstayingontheisland.
LESSON127
1. Thewomanisstrong.2. Themanisstrong.3. Thewoodisstrong.4. Thestrongboysareplowingthefields.5. Thestrongwomenarecarryingwater.6. Wearebuildingastrongwall.7. Iamstayingwiththestrongmenofthehomeland.8. Thestronggirloftencarrieswood.9. Themenandboysof the townarecarryingwoodandrocksbecause theywanttobuildastrongwall.
10. Youdonotfearthebeastbecauseyouhaveaswordandashield.
LESSON129
1. Thegirlsarehappy.2. Thesailorisnothappy.3. Thefarmerisplowingthefieldwiththestrongbeasts.4. Thepoetistellingstoriestothehappyboys.
5. Thefarmer’sfamilyishappybecausetheyhavefoodandmoney.6. Thefarmer’ssonsarestrongbuttheydonotliketowork.7. Ilovetowatchthestarsinthesky.8. Y’allarenotabletoplowthefieldswithoutstrongmen.9. Thegirlsarehappybecausetheyarewalkingtotheseashore.10. Thequeenisnothappybecausethebeastsaredestroyingthehomeland.
LESSON130
1. Thefarmer’ssonisabadboy.2. Thebadqueenwantstodestroythefarmers’houses.3. Thebadboysneverworkinthefields.4. Thepoetdoesnotlikebadstories.5. Thebadmenarenotabletodestroythetownbecauseweareguardingthetown.
6. Thestrongwomenarecarryingrocksfromthefieldstotheseashore.7. Wewanttoseethequeenbecausewedonothavefood.8. Thebadboysfightoften.9. Y’allarenotabletostayontheislandwithoutfoodandwater.10. Themenandwomenaregivinggiftstothequeen.
LESSON131
1. Thequeen’sbaddaughterwantstodestroythehomeland.2. Thefarmer’sdaughtersarestrongbecausetheycarrywaterdaily.3. Themenofthetownarebuildingahousewithwoodandrocks.4. Theboys of the homelanddonot like to fight but theywant to guard thehomeland.
5. Thefarmerisnothappybecauseheisnotabletoplowthefield.6. Wearebuildingahousewithwood.7. Thepoetistellingstoriestothefarmer’sdaughters.8. Iamguardingthesonsanddaughtersofthequeen.9. Thebadqueennevergivesgiftstothemenandwomenofthehomeland.10. Wearestrongbecausewehaveswordsandshields.
LESSON132
1. Thequeen’ssonisagreatman.
2. Thegreatmenofthehomelandareguardingthetown.3. Youarenotabletostayonthelargeislandbecauseyoudonothavefood.4. Thehomelandhasagreatqueen.5. Thesailorhasalargefamily.6. Thefarmer’shouseisnotlarge.7. Wearewatchingtheskybecausewelovetoseethestars.8. Thestrongboysareworkinginthefieldsbuttheyarenothappy.9. Thegreatbeastsoftheforestsaredestroyingthefarmers’houses.10. Thesailorsalwaysgivemoneytotheinhabitantsoftheisland.
LESSON133
1. Iwanttoconquerthegreatislandsbecausetheyhavesilverandgold.2. Thequeen’sbadsonsareconqueringtheforest.3. Weareconqueringtheinhabitantsoftheislandswithswordsandshields.4. Themenoftheislandsareconqueringthehomeland.5. Astrongwallisguardingthetown.6. Themen and women of the homeland are not happy because they neverhavefood.
7. Youarenotabletofightthegreatmenoftheforestwithoutfoodandwater.8. Wealwaysgivegiftstothequeenoftheislands.9. Thequeen’ssonsareguardingthetownsbecausetheylovethehomeland.10. IdonotliketoworkinthefieldsbutIplowthefieldsdaily.
LESSON134
1. Wehavemuchsilver.2. Wearenotabletoconquertheislandswithoutmanyboats.3. Thehomelandhasmanytowns.4. Iwanttobuildastrongwallwithlargerocks.5. Wearenotabletoplowthefieldswithoutmanyfarmers.6. Thesailorlovesthequeen’sdaughter.7. Thequeen’sdaughtersarehappybecausetheyhavemuchgold.8. Therearemanywomenontheisland.9. Wearegivingmanygiftstothequeen’sdaughters.10. Thequeenhasmanysons.
CLASSICALPRONUNCIATIONGUIDE
Thisabbreviatedguidetoclassicalpronunciationwillprovideafewofthemostimportant points to keep in mind when adopting a classical pronunciation ofLatin.
CONSONANTS
calwayssoundslikethecincat,neverlikethecinceilinggalwayssoundslikethegingarden,neverlikethegingelatinsisalwaysahissingsoundasinpass,neverazsoundasinistalwayssoundslikethetintime,neverashsoundlikethetinpromotion.valwayssoundslikethewinwild,neverlikethevinviolin
InLatin,theletteriisusedtwoways.First,itisusedasavowel(seevowelchartbelow).Second,itissometimesusedasaconsonantbeforeavowel.Whenyousee the letter ibeforeavowel, it sounds likeay.For instance, theLatinwordiamispronouncedyomm.InsomeLatintextbooks,theletteri isreplacedwiththeletterjwhenusedasaconsonant.So,theword iamwouldbewrittenjam,butstillpronouncedthesameway.
VOWELS
InLatin,thereareshortvowelsandlongvowels.Longvowelshaveamarkoverthem.Thismarkiscalledamacron.Shortvowelsdonothaveamark.
LONGVOWELS
āsoundsliketheainfatherēsoundsliketheainplayīsoundsliketheeinme
ōsoundsliketheoinnoūsoundsliketheuintube
SHORTVOWELS
asoundsliketheainartesoundsliketheeinnetisoundsliketheiinitosoundsliketheoinhotusoundsliketheuinput
DIPHTHONGS(COMBINATIONSOFVOWELS)
aeispronouncedlikethewordeyeauispronouncedliketheouinmouse
ECCLESIASTICALPRONUNCIATIONGUIDE
Thisabbreviatedguidetoecclesiasticalpronunciationwillprovideafewofthemost important points to keep in mind when adopting an ecclesiasticalpronunciationofLatin.
CONSONANTS
calwayssoundslikethecincat,exceptwhenitcomesbeforee,i,ae,oroe.Inthesecases,itsoundslikethechincheese.gsoundslikethegingardenwhenitcomesbeforeaconsonantorbeforea,o,oru.Whenitcomesbeforee,i,y,aeoroe,itsoundslikethegingelatin.gandntogethersoundlikethenyincanyon.rislightlyrolled.valwayssoundslikethevinviolin
VOWELS
The typeof ecclesiasticalpronunciationused in thisbookdoesnotdistinguishbetweenlongandshortvowelswithregardtoqualityofsound.
āandabothsoundliketheainfatherēandebothsoundliketheeinbetīandibothsoundliketheeinmeōandobothsoundliketheoinnoūandubothsoundliketheuintube
DIPHTHONGS(COMBINATIONSOFVOWELS)
aeispronouncedliketheeinbetauispronouncedliketheouinmouse
GLOSSARY
ā,abfrom(lesson68)actaseashore(lesson52)adto,toward(lesson51)aedificōIbuild(lesson85)agerfield(lesson111)agricolafarmer(lesson6)ambulōIwalk(lesson50)amōIlove,Ilike(lesson43)aquawater(lesson41)argentumsilver(lesson117)arōIplow(lesson49)aurumgold(lesson116)bestiabeast(lesson95)caelumsky(lesson118)casahouse(lesson53)cibusfood(lesson108)circumaround(lesson57)cotīdiēdaily(lesson67)cumwith(lesson69)deleōIdestroy(lesson107)dēsīderōIlongfor,Iwant(lesson61)dōIgive(lesson82)donumgift(lesson119)egoI(lesson5)esyouare(lesson11)estheis,sheis,itis,is,thereis(lessons13,14,66)estisy’allare(lesson18)etand(lesson8)fābulastory(lesson76)familiafamily(lesson75)fēminawoman(lesson38)fīliusson(lesson109)fīliadaughter(lesson131)
gladiussword(lesson112)habeōIhave(lesson93)inin,on,into(lesson63)incolainhabitant(lesson77)īnsulaisland(lesson56)labōrōIwork(lesson87)laetus,laeta,laetumhappy(lesson129)lignumwood(lesson124)lūnamoon(lesson27)māgnus,māgna,māgnumgreat,large(lesson132)malus,mala,malumbad(lesson130)maneōIstay(lesson99)multus,multa,multummany,much(lesson134)muruswall(lesson106)narrōItell(lesson78)nautasailor(lesson1)natōIswim(lesson58)nāvigōIsail(lesson55)nōnnot(lesson10)numerōIcount(lesson35)numquamnever(lesson46)oppidumtown(lesson115)patriahomeland(lesson60)pecūniamoney(lesson36)poētapoet(lesson12)portōIcarry(lesson37)possumIamable(lesson90)propenear(lesson59)puellagirl(lesson42)puerboy(lesson110)pugnōIfight(lesson123)-queand(lesson84)quodbecause(lesson94)rēgīnaqueen(lesson97)saepeoften(lesson34)saxumrock(lesson125)scaphaboat(lesson45)scholaschool(lesson65)scutumshield(lesson122)
sedbut(lesson48)semperalways(lesson39)servōIguard(lesson86)silvaforest(lesson44)sinewithout(lesson71)spectōIwatch(lesson24)stellastar(lesson26)sumIam(lesson3)sumusweare(lesson17)superōIconquer(lesson133)sunttheyare,are,thereare(lesson19,66)tabernashop(lesson70)tabulawritingtablet(lesson40)terraearth,land,soil(lesson47)timeōIfear(lesson96)videōIsee(lesson98)validus,valida,validumstrong(lesson127)virman(lesson101)
SUBJECTINDEX
A
ablative,lesson62ablativeofmeans,lesson121adjectives,lesson126adverb,lesson34article,lesson2
C
case,lesson54conjugation,lesson92
D
declension,lesson100definitearticle,lesson2directobject,lesson22,23
G
gender,lesson113genitive,lesson73genitivestem,lesson111
I
indefinitearticle,lesson2indirectobject,lesson79infinitive,lesson88
instrument,lesson120
M
means,lesson120
N
negative,lesson10neuternounsoftheseconddeclension,lesson114
P
PAINwords,lesson113,128person,lesson21plural,lesson15possessive,lesson72preposition,lesson51
S
seconddeclension,lesson101singular,lesson15subject,lesson7
V
verb,lesson9
W
wordorder,lesson4