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AGAPI ALTINIDept. of Mechanical Engineering & Industrial Design, TEI of W. Macedonia

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Unit 1 - What is Engineering?

DEVELOPING LANGUAGE

Engineering is a broad discipline, which applies science and math to solve problems. Engineering technologies improve the ways we produce, communicate, work, travel, stay healthy, and entertain ourselves. Engineers research, develop, design, manufacture, test and maintain tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical or electrical and electronic devices. From computer chips and satellites to medical devices and renewable energy technologies, engineering makes our modern life possible.

Historically, the main branches of Engineering have been:

Civil engineering Electrical engineering Mechanical engineering Chemical engineering

However, modern Engineering branches combine with the traditional fields and form new sub-disciplines, such as aerospace engineering, petroleum systems, audio engineering, biomedical engineering, materials science engineering, environmental engineering, industrial design and nuclear engineering. As a result, during their career, engineers usually become multi-disciplined, because they may work in different areas of engineering.

Adapted from http://www.ece.gatech.edu/academics/outreach/engineering.html

UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE1.1. Fill in the diagram below with branches of Engineering .

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1.2. Check ( ) which of the following are relevant to Engineering. 1. tools2. petroleum systems3. industrial design4. marketing5. travel6. environment7. engines8. nuclear energy9. biology10. electronics

PRACTISING LANGUAGE2.1. Match the words in the two columns.

1. …. 2. …. 3. …. 4. …. 5. …. 6. ….

2.2. Write collocations for the following words.

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ENGINEERING

1. field2. manufacture3. career4. develop5. device6. renewable

a. profession / occupationb. branch / areac. form (v.)d. mechanism / appliancee. alternativef. make

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1. 2.

3. 4.

EXPANDING LANGUAGE3.1. Which Engineering branch does each definition describe?

Mechanical Engineering Environmental EngineeringElectrical Engineering Industrial Design

It means generation, transmission and distribution of electric power, and installations in buildings and plants. It also deals with electronic devices.

It uses the principles of energy, materials, and mechanics to design, test, manufacture and operate machines and devices of all types.

It uses the principles of biology and chemistry to find solutions to environmental problems. It deals with water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public health.

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device

industrial

energy

engineering

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It combines engineering, applied art and applied science to improve the aesthetics, ergonomics, and usability of a product, but it is also used to improve product marketability and production.

WORDS WITH DIFFERENT MEANINGS 3.2. Read the different meanings of words and fill in the missing words in the sentences below.

a) apply

b)discipline

c) branch

d)chip

a)field

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a

He applied a big force to move the

load.

b

Contrast is a principle which

applies to design.

c

When I saw the job ad it was already too late to apply.

a

Engineering is a broad discipline.

b

There should be tougher discipline

in schools.

a

The tree was so tall that I couldn’t

reach the fruit on the high

branches.

b

Industrial Design is a branch of Engineering.

c

I used to work in the local branch of

 a large bank.

a

We use a Pentium chip.

b

Cutting tools produce chips.

c

He eats large quantities of chips with every meal.

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area

a)operate

1. When you join the army, one of the first things you must learn is ………………. .

2. After his first day at work, he had to learn how to ……………. CNC machines.3. She had …………….for a number of job positions.4. Clean both surfaces and …………….. a light coating of grease.5. This is one of the fastest developing ……………. in the country.6. Aerospace engineering is a fairly new …………… .7. He went to work at the company ………….. in Birmingham.8. He turned off the drill and removed all …………. from the work surface. 9. Doctors refused to ……………. on him because of many risks. 10. The room is 20cm2 in ………….. .11. All the players got to the …………… at the same time.12. Algebra is a …………… of mathematics.13. He always enjoyed fish and …………….. .14. Computer ………….. are called microprocessors. 15. Apple tree …………….. are full of fruit.

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a

Electronics isn’t really my field.

b

The game started when all players

entered the field.

c

The farmer put up the fence to stop people walking across his field.

a

The area of the rectangle is 23cm2.

b

All areas of the country will have

some rain tonight.

c

Marketing is Paul's area of study.

a

How do you operate a CNC machine?

b

When are they going to operate on him?

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16. His main ………………. of interest include nuclear and environmental engineering.

VERBS AND NOUNS WITH THE SAME FORM3.3. Look at the words below and fill in either the VERB or NOUN form in the sentences below.

1. I ………………… more than eight hours yesterday. WORK2. He spends more than eight hours at ………………… .

3. Heat is a ……………….  of energy. FORM4. Modern Engineering branches have …………… new sub-disciplines with the

traditional fields.5. ………….. in Mathematics and Physics start next week. TEST6. Before we used the machine, we ………………….. how it works. 7. At work he has to check all …………………… mechanisms before he starts.8. A thermostat is a device that ……………….. temperature. CONTROL

9. I have to go to the library to do some ………………… for my thesis. RESEARCH10. She is part of a team who ………….. in new mobile technologies.11. ABB specializes in the ………………….. of high technology products .12. ABB is a company which ……………….. high technology products.  

MANUFACTURE

ADJECTIVES: COMMON SUFFIXES 3.4. Look at the most common suffixes for adjectives and fill in the table below.

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NOUN / VERB ADJECTIVE1. renew2. medicine3. electron4. machine [Latin]

mechanicus5. problem6. use7. technology8. tradition9. system10. industry11. environment12. nucleus13. science14. health15. produce

GLOSSARY

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ADJECTIVE

-able / -

ible

-ous

-ive-ic /-ical

-y-al

-ful

-less

material υλικόmedical ιατρικόςnuclear πυρηνικός

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aerospace αεροδιαστημικήapply εφαρμόζω,

απευθύνομαιarea περιοχήbranch κλάδοςbroad ευρύςchip γρέζιCivil engineering τμήμα πολιτικών

μηχανικώνcommunicate επικοινωνώdesign σχέδιο, σχεδιάζωdevelop αναπτύσσωdevice συσκευήdiscipline επιστημονικός

κλάδος, πειθαρχίαengineer μηχανικόςengineering μηχανικήentertain διασκεδάζωenvironmental περιβαλλοντικόςfield αγρός, τομέαςhealthy υγιήςimprove βελτιώνωindustrial βιομηχανικόςmaintain διατηρώ, συντηρώmanufacture κατασκευάζω

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material υλικόmedical ιατρικόςnuclear πυρηνικός

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Unit 2 – Machine Tools: parts & operation

DEVELOPING LANGUAGE

A machine tool is a machine for shaping or machining metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting,

boring, grinding, drilling, etc. Some of the most common machine tools in machine shops are drills,

saws and grinders.

An electric drill has got a power cord, a switch, a motor, a gearbox,

a chuck and a bit. The power cord supplies electricity to the switch

and the switch connects it to the motor. When the switch

connects the electricity to the motor, the motor drives the

gearbox. As soon as the gearbox starts working, it drives the chuck.

The chuck holds the bit. A drill drills holes in wood, masonry and

metal.

There are a lot of types of saws: circular saws, ripsaws and

hacksaws. Saws have got a frame, a handle and a blade.

Circular saws are electric and they have got a power cord, a

switch, a motor, a gearbox and a circular blade. When the

gearbox starts working, the blade rotates and cuts. Circular

saws and ripsaws cut wood and hacksaws cut metal.

A grinder (or grinding machine) is used for grinding, that is, roughing

or finishing workpieces and also for sharpening tools. It has got a

power cord, on / off switches (control box) and an abrasive wheel.

When the abrasive wheel rotates, it sharpens rough surfaces.

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UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE2. 1. Find which of the sentences are TRUE and which are FALSE.

1. Machine tools shape workpieces.

2. Drills have got a blade and a chuck.3. A saw drills holes.4. Grinders cut tools.5. A saw has got a blade.6. Hacksaws cut metal.7. A grinder has got a power cord, a motor and a blade.8. Drills have got a gearbox.9. A saw does not drill holes.10. Grinders sharpen tools.

2.2. Read the information below and write which tool or part it describes.1. It sharpens tools.2. It has a chuck and a bit.3. It connects electricity to the motor.4. It holds the blade.5. It measures dimensions.6. It has a head and a handle.7. It drives the gearbox.8. It holds the bit.2.3. Write collocations for the words.

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machine saw

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PRACTISING LANGUAGE3.1. Fill in the sentences below with the correct word.

1. Drills, saws and grindstones are …………….. .2. A drill ………………… holes in metal, …………… and masonry.3. Saws are used for ……………….. metal or wood.4. A ……………… is used for grinding workpieces.5. Power cords ……………… electricity.6. A ……………… connects the electricity to the motor.7. A motor …………… the gearbox.8. The ………………. holds the bit.9. A frame holds the ……………… .10. A ………….. ………….. sharpens rough tools.1.2. Label the tools below with the words in the list.

vice spanner tape measure screwdriverpliers

wrench drill vernier caliper saw hammer

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supply grinder

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3.3. Look at the picture above and correct the statements where necessary.1. A wrench has got a motor and a chuck. ………………………………………2. Spanners have got a bit.

……………………………………………………………3. A pair of pliers has got a handle.

……………………………………………………………4. Vernier calipers have got blades .……………………………………………………………5. A drill cuts wood.

……………………………………………………………6. A saw hasn't got a frame.

……………………………………………………………7. Screwdrivers are machines.

……………………………………………………………8. Power tools have not got a motor .……………………………………………………………9. A vice has got a frame.

……………………………………………………………

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10. A tape measure is used for cutting. ……………………………………………………………3.4. Tick what the tools below are used for.

TOOLS

USEcutting

drilling

shaping

sharpening

striking

tightening

drillsawgrinderhammerchiselspanner

3.5. Look at the example and write sentences using the information in the table above.

e. g. A drill is used for drilling holes in wood or metal.

1. Saws……………………………………………………………………………………………………2. A hammer …………………………………………………………………………………………….3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………5. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3.6. Choose the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. A circular saw (cut / cuts) wood.2. A drill (drill / drills) wood and metal.3. In a drill motors (drives / drive) the chuck.4. Hammers (press / presses) objects.5. A vernier caliper (measures / measure) dimensions.6. A screwdriver (tightens / tighten) screws.7. A power cord (supply / supplies) electricity to the switch.8. A circular saw (has / have) a blade.

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9. Grindstones ( sharpen / sharpens) tools.10. When the saw is on, the blade (rotate / rotates).

3.6. Make sentences using the prompts in the table below. Use the correct form of the verbs.

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………5. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………6. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. GLOSSARY

abrasive λειαντικόςbit αρίδαblade λάμα, πτερύγιοboring διαπλάτυνσηchisel κοπίδι

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1. an electric drill 2. circular saws3. a grinder4. a hacksaw5. vernier calipers6. switches

cutconnectmeasure

drillsharpen

electricitydimensionsholestoolsmetalwood

screwdriver κατσαβίδιsecure ασφαλίζωshape (n., v.) σχήμα, σχηματίζωsharpen λειαίνω, τροχίζωspanner γερμανικό κλειδίstrike χτυπώsupply (v., n.) προμηθεύω,

προμήθειαsurface επιφάνειαswitch διακόπτηςtape measure μέτρο, μεζούραtighten σφίγγωvernier caliper βερνιέροςvice μέγγενηwedge σφήναwheel τροχόςworkpiece δοκίμιοwrench γαλλικό κλειδί

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chuck σφιγκτήραςcircular κυκλικόςconnect συνδέωcutting κοπήdrill (v., n.) δράπανο, διανοίγω

οπήdrilling διάνοιξη οπήςdrive κινώflatten ισιώνω, ισοπεδώνωframe πλαίσιοgearbox κιβώτιο ταχυτήτωνgrinder τροχείοgrinding λείανση, τρόχισμαhacksaw ξυλοπρίονοhammer σφυρίhandle χειρολαβήhold συγκρατώ, στηρίζωhole οπήloosen ξεσφίγγωmachine (v.) μηχανή,

επεξεργάζομαιmachine shop μηχανουργείοmachine tool εργαλειομηχανήmasonry τοιχοποιίαmaterial υλικόmotor κινητήραςpliers πένσαpower cord καλώδιοrigid άκαμπτοςripsaw πριόνι ξύλουrotate περιστρέφω, -ομαιroughing ξεχόνδρισμαsaw πριόνι

Unit 3 – Engineering Design & Drawing

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DEVELOPING LANGUAGE

There are three stages in engineering design (or drawings); sketches, hand drafts and detail drawings.

Sketches and hand drafts are free hand drawings and include only the necessary dimensions and views,

whereas detail drawings include every necessary information (accurate dimensions, views, special

treatment, materials etc.) with the help either of instruments or a computer (using AutoCAD, solid

works etc. ).

Design Instruments and Equipment

Detail Drawings are made with special instruments and/or equipment according to the required

standards/specifications. The basic drawing tools are:

a) T-Square – Typically, its length is 60-mm, 90-mm, 120-mm and 150-mm and is used for drawing

horizontal parallel lines and inclined lines.

b) Drawing Board - This is a flat wooden board with a smooth, rigid surface. It is suitable for A3 paper.

c) Drafting machine – It is mounted on the drawing board and has got rulers and a controlling

mechanism for the angles. A drafting machine is used for drawing parallel lines.

d) Set Squares - They are transparent, triangular and are used with either a T-Square or parallel rule for

drawing vertical or inclined lines. Set squares contain angles of 30o, 45o, 60o and 90o, and their

height/length is typically 15-cm, 20-cm, and 25-cm.

e) Scale Rule - It is a measuring instrument and is used to prepare drawings to full scale.

f) Compasses- A pair of compasses is a technical drawing instrument which is used for drawing circles or

arcs and often for measuring distances, especially on maps.

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g) Wooden Pencils - They are hard, medium, and soft.

h) Mechanical Drawing Pencils - Depending on the drawing, there are pencils with leads of different

hardness.

i) Erasing Shield and eraser – It is a very thin plastic (or metal) instrument with holes of various shapes

and sizes on it. It is used for erasing specific areas of a drawing with an eraser.

Adapted from http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112103019/2 & https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing_tool

UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE2. 1. Look at the picture and label the objects.

Drafting instruments

https://www.slideshare.net/ashleybonifacio5/basic-tools-and-equipment-in-drafting?next_slideshow=1

2.2 Read the descriptions and identify the drawing instruments.

1. They are transparent, triangular and are usually 15-cm, 20-cm, and 25-cm long..

2. It is used for drawing circles or arcs.

3. It is a flat wooden board on which the drawing paper is put.

4. It is attached on the drawing board and is used for drawing parallel lines.

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5. It is used for measuring and also for drawing to full scale.

6. It is used for drawing horizontal parallel lines and inclined lines.

PRACTISING LANGUAGE3.1. Fill in the missing words in the sentences below choosing from the list.

T-square dimensions erasing shield pencils instruments

drawings engineering compasses vertical parallel

1. Sketches, hand drafts and detail ………………… are the three stages in …………………. design.

2. Sketches and hand drafts include only the necessary …………………….. and views.

3. In detail drawings the objects are produced either with ……………………. or a computer.

4. A ………………….. can draw horizontal …………………….. lines and inclined lines.

5. Set squares can draw ……………………. or inclined lines.

6. A pair of ……………………. is used for drawing circles or arcs.

7. An …………………….. is a plastic (or metal) instrument with holes of various shapes and sizes on it.

8. Mechanical drawing …………………… are available with lead of different hardness.

3.2. Look at the figure below and identify the lines.

1. ………………………. 2. ………………………… 3. ……………………… 4. ………………………..

3.4. Match the shape with the word describing it.

1. square

a. b. 2. triangle

3. circle

c. d. 4. rectangle

EXPANDING LANGUAGE4.1. Write the adjectives for the words below.

NOUN / VERB ADJECTIVE1. triangle2. square3. circle

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4. rectangle5. cylinder6. cube7. hexagon8. sphere

4.2. Look at the figure below and match the lines with the labelling letters.

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1. continuous thick line 4. thin dashed line

2. continuous irregular thin line 5. continuous thick line

3. thin chain line 6. long chain thin line

4.3. Match the lines with their use in drawing.

1. long chain thin lines

2. a continuous thin line

a. outlines and edges

b. partial views or sections

3. a short dash medium line c. hidden outlines and edges

4. continuous irregular thin lines d. centre lines and movable parts

5. continuous thick lines e. cutting planes

6. a thin chain line f. outlines of adjacent parts

and revolved sections

1. …… 2. …… 3. …… 4. …… 5. …… 6. ……4.4. Underline the correct item.

1. A protractor is (circular / semi-circular).

2. A scale rule is (rectangular / square).

3. The head of a screw is (hexagonal / circular).

4. What's the diametre of the (circle / circular)?

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5. A piston is (cylindrical / spherical).

6. A nut is (hexagonal / hexagon).

7. A gear is (circular / spherical).

8. A (square / cube) is 3-dimensional.

9. Set squares are (square / triangular).

10. The blade of a saw is (circular / rectangular).

5. GLOSSARYaccording to σύμφωνα μεaccurate ακριβήςadjacent part παρακείμενο τμήμαangle γωνίαarc τόξοarea περιοχήblade λεπίδα, πτερύγιοboard πίνακαςchain line αξονική γραμμήcompasses διαβήτηςcontain περιέχωcontinuous συνεχήςcontrolling mechanism μηχανισμός ελέγχουcutting plane τομήdashed line συγκεκομμένη

γραμμήdesign (n., v.) σχεδιάζω,

σχέδιοdetail λεπτομέρειαdetail drawing λεπτομερές σχέδιοdimension διάστασηdraft πρόχειρο σχέδιοdrafting machine παραλληλογράφοςdraw σχεδιάζω, τραβώdrawing σχέδιο

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drawing board πίνακας σχεδίουedge ακμήequipment εξοπλισμόςerase σβήνωeraser σβήστραerasing shield προστατευτικό

έλασμα διαγραφήςflat επίπεδοςfree hand drawing ελεύθερο σχέδιοhard σκληρόςhardness σκληρότηταhatching σκίασηhidden κρυφόςhorizontal οριζόντιοςinclined κεκλιμένοςinclude περιλαμβάνωinstrument όργανοlead (n.) μόλυβδοςmaterial υλικόmechanical drawing pencil

μηχανικό μολύβι

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mount ανεβάζω, προσαρτώobject αντικείμενοoutline περίγραμμαparallel παράλληλοςpartial view μερική όψηpencil μολύβιprepare ετοιμάζωpresent (v.) παρουσιάζωprotractor μοιρογνωμόνιοrectangle ορθογώνιοrequire απαιτώrevolved section περιστρεφόμενο

τμήμαrigid άκαμπτοςrule/ ruler γνώμονας, κανόναςscale κλίμακαscale rule κλιμακόμετροset square τρίγωνοsketch (n., v.) κάνω σκαρίφημα,

σκαρίφημαsmooth λείος, ομαλόςspecification προδιαγραφήsquare τετράγωνο,

τετραγωνικόςsurface επιφάνειαthick παχύςthin λεπτόςtransparent διαφανήςtreatment μεταχείρισηtriangle τρίγωνοtriangular τριγωνικόςT-square ταυvertical κάθετοςview (n., v.) βλέπω, όψηvisible ορατόςwhereas ενώwooden ξύλινος

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Unit 4 – Measurement & measuring tools

DEVELOPING LANGUAGEIn physical sciences and engineering, measurement is used for finding and comparing physical quantities

of objects and events.

There are two main "Systems of Measurement", Metric and US Standard. The original Metric System

was first developed in France in 1670. The modern version, (since 1960) is called "International System

of Units" or "SI" (from the French "Système International"), but it is usually "Metric". The basic units in

the Metric System are:

Quantity Name SymbolLength metre mMass kilogram kgTime second s

In the Metric System there are standard ways of talking about big and small numbers, that is, "kilo",

"mega", "milli" etc, which are called "prefixes".

Scientists and engineers use a number of instruments (or tools) for measurements. These instruments

may be simple objects, such as vernier calipers, micrometres and electric meters, or more complex

devices, for example, electron microscopes and particle accelerators. Measurement is an important

operation for machining processes, therefore, good measuring tools, such as vernier calipers and

micrometres, are necessary for building accurate parts.

Common measuring instruments

Vernier calipers (Fig. 1) are very accurate as they can measure lengths from 0 to 7.5 inches to a precision

of one thousandth of an inch. They have got external jaws, which measure the outside part of a

Fig. 1. Vernier caliper

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component, internal jaws or nibs, which measure the inside part of a hole or slot, a vernier scale for

reading measurements and an extension bar for measuring depth. The newest vernier calipers now use

a digital readout which measures to the ten-thousandth of an inch or even smaller.

Micrometers are used for measuring dimensions, such as the length, height or depth of a component.

There are different types of micrometres for different dimensions. Micrometre calipers are used for

measuring the external diametre of a component, whereas a micrometre cylinder gauge measures

internal diametres. Finally, depth micrometres are used for measuring the depth of a component. Fig. 2

below shows the parts of a micrometre.

To use a micrometer, place the part in the opening. Next, turn the thimble until the spindle contacts the

part. Use the lock nut to hold the thimble in place and read the measurement.

UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE2. 1. Read the text and fill in the table with the parts of vernier calipers and micrometres.

VERNIER CALIPERS MICROMETRES

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PRACTISING LANGUAGE3.1. Look at the pictures below and complete the sentences.

1. To measure the diametre of this 2. To measure the ……………. of this cylinder, use a

ball-bearing, use a ………………… . …………… micrometre.

3. To measure the ……………….. diametre, use 4. A ………………… is used for measuring .

………………… .

a ……………………………………. .

3.2. Read the text again, look at the table in 2.1 and fill in the descriptions.

It has got ……………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… . It is used for ……………………………………. .

It has got ……………………………………………… …………………………………………………… . It is used for ……………………………….. .

3.3. Choose the correct word in the brackets.

1. Measurement is an important operation for machining (processes / tools).

2. Vernier calipers and micrometres are measuring ( tools / processes ).

3. Measuring tools are necessary for (cutting / building ) accurate components.

4. Measuring is important for ( drilling / machining ) operations.

5. Vernier calipers can measure lengths to a very high ( precision / thousandth).

6. Micrometers are used for measuring (diametres /dimensions ).

7. Micrometre calipers are used for measuring the ( external / internal ) diametre of a component.

8. A ( depth micrometre / micrometre cylinder gauge ) is used for measuring internal diametres.

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1. Vernier Caliper

2. Micrometre

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3.4. Match the two columns finding the synonyms.

1. ……. 2. ……. 3. ……. 4. ……. 5. ……. 6. …….

3.5. Write the nouns which derive from the words below.

NOUN1. accurate2. measure3. precise4. long5. deep6. high7. operate8. process

EXPANDING LANGUAGE4.1. Look at Appendix I and write the numbers in words.

1. 25 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. 11 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. 476 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. 2,876 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. 72,405 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. 0.56 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. 34.78 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. 32/459 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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1. component2. internal3. accurate4. build5. external6. process

a. preciseb. makec. partd. inside, interior e. operationf. outside, exterior

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9. 8th ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

10. 100th ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4.2. Look at the table below and write the following numbers in words.

Common Big and Small Numbers Name The Number Prefi

x Symbol

trillion 1,000,000,000,000 tera T

billion 1,000,000,000 giga G

million 1,000,000 mega M

thousand 1,000 kilo k

hundred 100 hecto h

ten 10 deka da

unit 1    

tenth 0.1 deci d

hundredth 0.01 centi c

thousandth 0.001 milli m

millionth 0.000 001 micro µ

billionth 0.000 000 001 nano n

trillionth 0.000 000 000 001 pico p

1. 21,000m …………………………………………………………………………………………………2. 16,000,000,000 bytes

…………………………………………………………………………………………………3. 0.04m …………………………………………………………………………………………………4. 0.009m

…………………………………………………………………………………………………5. 65,000,000,000,000 bytes

…………………………………………………………………………………………………6. 0.000 000 001 sec …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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4.3. Match the information in the two columns.

1. …. 2. …. 3. …. 4. …. 5. …. 6. …. 7. …. 8. ….

4.4. Read the examples about measuring dimensions and describe the objects in the pictures below.

24.5cm

24.5cm

24.5cm

16cm

8cm

15.5cm 1. This is a ……………………………………………. . It is ………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………….. .

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1. deciliter2. dekaliter3. centimeter4. kilogram5. kilometer6. terabyte7. gigabyte8.millimeter

a. 1/100 meterb. 1,000 metersc. 1/10 literd. 1 trillion bytese. 10 litersf. 1/1,000 meterg.1 billion bytesh. 1,000 grams

This is a circle.

a) The diametre of the circle is 16cm and the

radius is 8cm.

b) The circle has a diametre of 16cm and a

radius of 8cm.

This is a cube.a) It is 24.5cm long, 24.5cm wide

and 24.5cm high.b) The length of the cube is 24.5cm, the width is 24.5cm and the height is 24.5cm.

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28cm

32cm

30cm

8cm

4. These are …………………………….. . Gear A ……………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

4.4. Write the following in full.

1. 48 mm ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. 97 km ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. 25.02 C ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. 85 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. 78m2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. 298 cm3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. 1,320 mm2 = 1,320 x 10-6 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. x y ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

9. 49 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

10. 38% ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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GEAR A 35cmGEAR B 27cmGEAR D 16cm

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. This is a …………………………… . The handle ………………………

and the head ………………………………………………………………..

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LINKING IDEAS

5.1 Link the sentences below using because / as / since, therefore, but, whereas /however .

1. Measuring instruments are very important in engineering. Without them we cannot build machine

parts accurately.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

.

2. A vernier caliper is very accurate. It can measure very small lengths.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. A ruler is used for drawing lines. A micrometre is used for measuring parts.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. We use vernier calipers for measuring parts. They are very accurate.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. The cube is 23x23x23. Its volume is 12,167m3.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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REASONbecause

as since

RESULTso

therefore

CONTRASTbut

howeverwhereasalthough

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5. GLOSSARY

accurate ακριβήςaccelerator επιταχυντήςanvil αμόνιbuild κατασκευάζω, χτίζωcompare συγκρίνωcomplex περίπλοκοςcomponent κομμάτι, εξάρτημαdepth βάθοςdevelop αναπτύσσω,

δημιουργώdevice συσκευήdigital readout ψηφιακή ένδειξηdimension διάστασηevent γεγονόςextension bar ράβδος επέκτασηςexternal εξωτερικόςgear γρανάζι, ταχύτηταheight ύψοςhole οπήhowever όμως, ωστόσοinside μέσα, εσωτερικόςinstrument όργανοinternal εσωτερικόςjaw σιαγόναlength μήκοςlock nut βίδα ασφάλειαςmass μάζαmeasure μετρώmeasurement μέτρησηmeasuring tool εργαλείο μέτρησηςmicrometer caliper

μικρόμετρο εσωτ. διαστάσεων

micrometre cylinder gauge

μικρόμετρο εξωτ. διαστάσεων

necessary αναγκαίοςnib μύτη, ακίδαobject αντικείμενοoperation λειτουργίαoriginal αρχικός, αυθεντικός

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outside έξω, εξωτερικόςparticle μόριοplace μέρος, τοποθετώprecise ακριβήςprecision ακρίβειαprocess επεξεργάζομαι,

διεργασίαquantity ποσότηταrachetradius ακτίναscale κλίμακαslot σχισμήspindle άτρακτοςtherefore επομένως, άραthimble δαχτυλήθρα,

ροδάντσαunit μονάδαvernier caliper παχύμετρο,

βερνιέροςversion εκδοχήvolume όγκοςwhereas ενώ

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Unit 5 – Mechanisms: levers

DEVELOPING LANGUAGE

A lever is a mechanism. It consists of a beam which rotates around a pivot or fulcrum. In the picture

above, the man uses a lever to move a load. He applies a force, an effort force (E) on the lever. The

lever rotates in a clockwise direction and can move the load when the effort force is less than the weight

of the box.

There are three types of levers. In 1st class levers, the pivot is between the effort and the load. In 2nd

class levers the load is between the pivot and the effort and in 3 rd class levers, the effort is between the

pivot and the load.

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Levers are simple machines. Their function is to move big loads with small effort force because they

magnify the effort. This is an advantage. The measure of this advantage is the ratio of load to effort and

is called mechanical advantage (MA).

The formula for calculating mechanical advantage is

MA = Load

Effort

The ratio of the distance which is moved by the effort force to the distance which is moved by the load is

called the velocity ratio (V.R.). The V.R. of a machine is a constant, that is, it has a fixed value.

V.R. = distance moved by effort

distance moved by load

The effort we apply on a machine is also called the work input. The work that the machine does is called

the work output. The efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the work input to the work input. In other

words,

Efficiency () = work output = Load x distance moved by load

work input Effort x distance moved by effort

or = MA

V.R.

UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE2. 1. Read the text and check which statements are FALSE and which are TRUE.

1. A lever is used for exerting a force.

2. We can move a load when the effort is less than the weight of a load. 3. Levers are mechanisms. 4. Mechanical advantage is load over output. 5. Velocity ratio equals to distance times force.

6. Work input is the effort we apply on a machine. 7. Work output means efficiency.

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8. The efficiency of a machine is work input over work output.

PRACTISING LANGUAGE3.1. Write the symbols for the qualities below.

1. efficiency ………….

2. mechanical advantage ………….

3. moment of force ………….

4. velocity ratio ………….

5. distance ………….

6. effort ………….

3.2. Match the explanations with the terms.

1. … 2. … 3. … 4. … 5. … 6. …

3. 3. Find words in the text that are synonyms for the words/ phrases below.

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1. the force we apply on a lever2. they move big loads with small effort force3. the ratio of load to effort4. the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load5. the work which a machine does6. the ratio of the work input to the work output

a. work outputb. mechanical advantagec. velocity ratiod. effort forcee. efficiencyf. levers

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3. 4. Calculate the mechanical advantage, the velocity ratio and the efficiency of the lever below.

http://www.ninetyeast.net/physics/grade-9-10-gcse-hsc/forces/different-types-of-forces/contact-forces/turning-forces/levers

1. The mechanical advantage is …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. The velocity ratio is …………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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1. apply2. effort force3. operation4. make bigger5. fixed value6. turn

a.b.c.d.e.f.

160 N

te

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3. The efficiency is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

EXPANDING LANGUAGE4.1. Look at the pictures of mechanisms below and identify what class of lever they belong to by

explaining the position of the effort, pivot and load .

1. The pair of scissors is ………………………………….. of lever. In other words, the ……………….. is between

the ……………….. and the ………………… .

2. The nut cracker is ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. The stapler is ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. The see-saw is ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. The wheel barrow is

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. The tongs are ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. 2. Look at the examples and make similar statements about the following.

MA = L = 500 = 5 : 1E 100

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The ratio of the load to effort is five to one. That is, the load is

five times as much as the effort.

1. = 80

40

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

.

2. V.R.= 150

30

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. MA = 2000

200

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. GLOSSARY

anti-clockwise αριστερόστροφαapply εφαρμόζω, ασκώclockwise δεξιόστροφαconstant σταθερόςdirection κατεύθυνσηdistance απόστασηefficiency απόδοση, συντελεστής απόδοσηςeffort force έργοfunction λειτουργία, λειτουργώinput είσοδος, απαιτούμενη ενέργεια για κίνηση κινητήραlever μοχλόςload φορτίοmagnify αυξάνωmechanical advantage μηχανικό όφελοςmodulus of elasticity όριο ελαστικότηταςoutput απόδοση, παραγωγή, εξερχόμενη ποσότητα

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ενέργειαςratio αναλογίαrotate περιστρέφω -ομαιscissors ψαλίδιstrain τάση, ένταση, καταπόνησηstress ένταση, καταπόνηση, φορτίοvalue αξίαvelocity ανυσματική ταχύτητα

Unit 6 – Engineering Materials: properties

DEVELOPING LANGUAGE

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Metals and polymers or plastics are the most common engineering materials. They have many

applications in manufacturing and construction.

Metals are solid at ordinary temperatures, opaque, good electrical and thermal conductors, lustrous,

and crystalline. The common metallic elements include aluminum, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt,

copper, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, tungsten, uranium, zinc etc. Metallic elements can combine with

other elements, either as compounds, as solutions, or as mixtures. A substance which consists of two or

more metals, or metals and nonmetals, such as carbon, are called alloys.

All metals expand when we heat them and contract when we cool them. They are very strong and

resistant. They have different properties, such as hardness, tensile strength, elasticity, malleability,

fatigue resistance, and ductility.

Polymers or plastics are organic materials, which change shape through extrusion, molding, casting, or

spinning. Plastics are very tough, thermal and electrical insulators, and resistant to acids, alkalies, and

solvents. Plastics are thermosetting and thermoplastics. If we heat them, thermoplastics soften and

thermosetting plastics harden.

UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE2.1. Correct the statements below where necessary.

1. Metals and plastics are used for manufacturing various objects.……………………………………………………………………………………………..2. Metals are solid and bad conductors of electricity and heat.……………………………………………………………………………………………..3. An alloy is a material that consists of only two elements.

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……………………………………………………………………………………………..4. Metals expand when we cool them and contract when we heat them.……………………………………………………………………………………………..5. Metals are soft, tensile and malleable.……………………………………………………………………………………………..6. Plastics can change shape easily.……………………………………………………………………………………………..7. Plastics are good conductors of electricity and very tough.……………………………………………………………………………………………..8. Thermosetting plastics harden when we heat them.……………………………………………………………………………………………..

2.2. Tick off the properties of metals and plastics in the table below.

hard elastic tough malleable good conductor insulatormetalsplastics

PRACTISING LANGUAGE3.1. Fill in the missing words choosing from the list below.

mixtures expand applications ductile conductors

solid engineering insulators alloys contract

1. Metals and plastics are the most common ………………. materials.

2. Metals have many ……………… in manufacturing and construction.

3. Metals are ………………, opaque, good electrical and thermal ………………….. , lustrous and crystalline.

4. Metallic elements can combine with other elements, and make compounds, solutions , or ……………. .

5. ……………….. are materials that consist of two or more metals.

6. Metals …………… when we heat them and ………….. when we cool them.

7. Metals are hard, tensile, elastic and ……………….. .

8. Plastics are very tough , and thermal and electrical ………………. .

EXPANDING LANGUAGE4.1. Match the properties of materials with their explanation.

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1. … 2. … 3. … 4. … 5. … 6. … 7. … 8. … 9. … 10. … 11. … 12. …4.2.Choose the correct word. 1. If electricity passes through a material, it is (conductive / combustible) .

2. A (tensile / brittle) material breaks easily.

3. Copper is very malleable; that is, if you (break / beat) it, it changes shape.

4. (Hard / Tough) materials resist scratching.

5. If you add nickel to steel it becomes (more ductile / smoother) .

6. Rubber is (elastic/ malleable).

7. Metals are (insulators / good conductors) of heat and electricity.

8. Lead is a (combustible / non-combustible) material.

4.2. Write the opposite properties.rough

conductive

hard

soft

transparent

combustible

flexible

4.3. Write the nouns deriving from the following adjectives.

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1. soluble 2. rough3. ductile4. malleable5. translucent6. insoluble7. opaque8. combustible9. transparent10. tensile11. non-combustible12. smooth

a. it burns easilyb. the light passes through itc. it does not dissolved. it can change shape by beating e. it can change shape by pressing or pulling f. it does not burn easilyg. it dissolvesh. it changes shape by stretching i. the light cannot pass through itj. it produces a lot of frictionk. you cannot see through , but the light passes throughl. it produces little friction

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ADJECTIVE NOUNductilemalleableflexiblesmoothbrittlehardtensilestiffsofttoughroughcombustibleelasticplastic

4.4. Fill in the properties of the materials below. MATERIALS PROPERTIESzincleadwoodaluminiumwrought ironcopper

4.5. Write sentences about the properties of the materials above and make observations as in the example.

1. Zinc ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Lead ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Wood ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Aluminium ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Glass is brittle.

If you hit it with a hammer, it breaks.

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5. Wrought iron ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Copper …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.7. Look at the table below and write sentences about the properties and use of the materials, as in the example.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES USES

ALUMINIUM soft and ductile/ conductive electrical conductors

COPPER ductile and malleable / fairly tensile /

conductive / corrosion resistant

electrical conductors and heat

exchangers

TOOL STEEL tough and hard drill bits

TIN corrosion resistant tin plates

WROUGHT IRON ductile and malleable / tensile chains / crane hooks

MEDIUM CARBON

STEEL

tough and hard chisels/crankshafts/springs

Aluminium is used for making lightweight electrical conductors

because / since / as it has high electrical conductivity and low density.

or Aluminium has high electrical conductivity and low density and is

therefore used for making lightweight electrical conductors

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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5. GLOSSARY

45

excellent εξαιρετικός

expand επεκτείνω/-ομαι, διαστέλλω/-ομαι

extrusion εξώθηση

fairly αρκετά

fatigue καταπονώ, καταπόνηση

flexibility ευελιξία

flexible ευέλικτος, ευλύγιστος

form σχηματίζω/-ομαι, σχήμα, μορφή

friction τριβή

fusibility ευτηκτότητα

fusible τηκτός

glass γυαλί

hard σκληρός, ανθεκτικός

harden σκληραίνω

hardness σκληρότητα

heat exchanger εναλλάκτης θερμότητας

include περιλαμβάνω

insoluble αδιάλυτος

insulator μονωτής

lead μόλυβδος

lustrous στιλπνός, λαμπερός

malleable σφυρηλατήσιμος

manufacturing βιομηχανική κατασκευή

material υλικό

melt λιώνω

mild steel μαλακός χάλυβας

mixture μίγμα

non-combustible μη εύφλεκτος

opaque αδιαφανής

ordinary κανονικός, συνηθισμένος

pass through διαπερνώ

plate πλάκα

polymeric πολυμερής

press πιέζω

property ιδιότητα

ability ικανότητα

alkali αλκαλικό υλικό

alloy κράμα

aluminium αλουμίνιο

application εφαρμογή

beat χτυπώ

bend λυγίζω

break σπάζω

brittle εύθραυστο

brittleness η ιδιότητα του εύθραυστου

burn καίω -ομαι

carbon άνθρακας

casting χύσιμο μετάλλου σε καλούπι

chain αλυσσίδα

combustible καύσιμος, εύφλεκτος

common κοινός

compound ένωση

conductivity αγωγιμότητα

conductor αγωγός

consist of αποτελούμαι

construction κατασκευή, κτίριο, δομή

contract συστέλλω/-ομαι

copper χαλκός

corrosion διάβρωση

crane hook γάντζος γερανού

crankshaft στροφαλοφόρος άξονας

crystalline κρυσταλλικός

dissolve διαλύω -ομαι

ductile όλκιμος, ελατός

ductility ολκιμότητα

elastic ελαστικός

elasticity ελαστικότητα

element στοιχείο

resistant ανθεκτικός

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rigidity ακαμψία

rough ανώμαλος, τραχύς

rubber καουτσούκ

scratch χαράζω

self-lubricating αυτολιπαινόμενος

shape σχήμα, σχηματίζω

sheath περίβλημα

smooth λείος

soft μαλακός

soften μαλακώνω

softness η ιδιότητα του μαλακού

solid συμπαγής

soluble διαλυτός

solution διάλυμα, λύση

solvent διαλυτική ουσία

spinning περιστρέφομαι γρήγορα, στροβιλισμός

spring ελατήριο

steel χάλυβας

strength δύναμη

stress τεντώνω, ένταση, τάση

stretch τεντώνω

tensile εκτατός, ελαστικός

thermoplastic θερμοπλαστικός

thermosetting θερμοσκληρυντικός

tin κασσίτερος

tough σκληρός, δύσκολος στην κατεργασία

toughness σκληρότητα, αντοχή στην καταπόνηση

translucent ημιδιαφανής

transparent διαφανής

tungsten βολφράμιο

wood ξύλο

zinc ψευδάργυρος, τσίγκος

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APPENDIX

10m2 10square meters10m3 10 cubic meters104 10 to the power four10-4 10 to the power minus four√ square root less than greater than≠ is not equal to≈ approximately equal to± plus or minus¼ one fourth percent proportional to greater than or equal to less than or equal to

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