geotechnical properties of soil

8/16/2019 Geotechnical Properties of Soil

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INVESTIGATE THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF

SOIL: A CASE STUDY OF H.U.K. POLYTECHNIC, KATSINA –

NIGERIA

By

Samaila Saleh

Department of Civil Engineering

Hassan Usman Katsina PolytechnicKatsina State Nigeria

May, 20!



In!"#$%i"n

"eotechnical characteristic of s#$%soil provi&es relevant &ata for

#se as inp#ts in the planning, &esign, costing, constr#ction,

operation an& maintenance of engineering str#ct#res

S#$%soil geotechnical &ata if properly #tilise& can prevent a&verse

environmental impact or str#ct#ral fail#re'prevention of post

constr#ction pro$lems



S$#& A!ea

(he st#&y area is Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic locate& inKatsina City, the capital city of Katsina State of Nigeria)

(he state locate& $'* lat) +0-N an& .+22-N an& long) !+/2-E

an& +20-E) 1t is $o#n&e& $y Niger ep#$lic to the north, $y 3iga*a an&

Kano States to the east, $y Ka&#na State to the So#th an& $y4anfara State to the 5est)

"eology of cretaceo#s se&iments overlap the crystalline roc6s (he area is flat to gently #n&#lating s#rface

(he #n&erlying roc6s are overlain $y coarse san&y -&rift- &eposits (hese soils are easily *or6e& an& *ell s#ite& to crops s#ch as

millet an& gro#n&n#t)



'ae!ial( an# 'eh"#(

(*elve 728 representative samples *ere collecte& from 2 trial

pits at &epths of )2 to 2)0 m *ithin HUK polytechnic camp#s)

(he la$oratory tests carrie& o#t as per stan&ar& proce&#res are as

follo*s 9

Nat#ral Moist#re Content (est :tter$erg ;imits (ests Specific "ravity (est "rain Si<e :nalysis Moist#re Density elationship an&

C= tests)



'eh"#"l")&

Na$!al '"i($!e C"nen

(he nat#ral *ater content *as &etermine& #sing stan&ar& proce&#re of 1S 2>20 Part 119 >. $y oven &rying selecte& *et

soil for 2? ho#rs at a temperat#re of 0 @ /0C) (he *ater content of the soil *as comp#te& as the ratio of the

mass of *ater to the meas#re& mass of soli& particles



'eh"#"l")& %"n..

S*e%i+i% G!ai& Te(

(he specific gravity, " is the ratio $et*een the #nit *eight of soilsoli& an& #nit *eight of eA#al vol#me of &istille& *ater at room

temperat#re of 2> 0C) (he tests for the specific gravity of the soil samples *ere

con&#cte& as per the stan&ar& proce&#re of 1S 2>20 Part 1119 0)



'eh"#"l")& %"n..

C"n(i(en%& "! Ae!-e!) Limi( Te((

(he *ater contents at *hich soil changes from one state to other are

6no*n as consistency or atter$erg limits)

Li$i# limi, LL

;; is the *ater content at *hich soil changes from liA#i& to the soli&

state)

(he test for the ;; *as con&#cte& as per the stan&ar& proce&#re of 1S

2>20 Part B9 / #sing Casagran&es apparat#s

: c#t *as ma&e *ith a stan&ar& groove an& then the c#p *as &roppe&

from a height of cm #ntil it closes

(his trial *as repeate& *ith &ifferent *ater content an& the *ater

content for 2/ &rops *as fo#n& as the ;;



'eh"#"l")& %"n..

Pla(i% limi, PL (he test for the P; of the soil sample *as con&#cte& as per the

stan&ar& proce&#re of 1S 2>20 Part B9 / (his test *as carrie& o#t $y a&&ing *ater in soil an& ma&e in to a

$all an& rolle& *ith finger on a glass plate #ntil it cr#m$les at.mm)

1ts then oven &rie& for 2? ho#r an& its moist#re content *as

&etermine& as the P;

Pla(i%i& in#e/, PI (he plasticity in&e *as calc#late& as the &ifference $et*een

liA#i& an& plastic limit of the soils

)



'eh"#"l")& %"n..

G!ain Si0e Anal&(i(

"rain si<e analysis *as con&#cte& to A#antitatively fin& the &istri$#tion

of the grain si<e of the soil sample)

(he soil samples o$taine& *ere prepare& as specifie& in 1S 2>20 Part 19

. an& the test *as con&#cte& as per 1S 2>20 Part 1B9 /

(he fraction retaine& in the >/ m sieve *as oven &rie& an& then p#t on

the sieve set an& agitate& #sing mechanical sha6er for / min#tes) (he

amo#nt retaine& in each sieve *as *eighe& an& recor&e&

(he grain si<e &istri$#tion of the fraction passing >/ m Sieve *as&etermine& $y performing hy&rometer analysis as per 1S 2>20 Part 1B9

/ stan&ar& proce&#re)

(he res#lts of $oth sieve analyses an& hy&rometer analyses *ere

com$ine& together an& presente& in ta$ an& fig



Re($l(

0 0 0)0 0) 0

0

20

?0

!0

0

00

G!ain (i0 e( 1mm2

Pe!%ena)e +ine! 132

G!ain (i0e(, D1mm2 Pe!%ena)e +ine! 132

4.56 00

7.89 ?

.; >>

<.9 >.

<.8 !)/

<.6 !>)/<.<56< !!)

<.<9< !2)!

<.<44< !0)

<.<85 //)

<.<77; /.)

<.<94 /)?

<.<7< ?)2

<.<<;6 ?.)

<.<<9< .>)/

<.<<48 .2)?

<.<<8< 2!)

<.<<7< )/

<.<<8 .)/<.<<<4 2)

Ta-le G!ain (i0e anal&(i( !e($l( +"! ("il

Fi)$!e : G!ain (i0e #i(!i-$i"n %$!e "+ ("il



Re($l( %"n..

'"i($!e Den(i& Relai"n(hi*

(he tests *as performe& as per 1S

2>20 Part B119 0 stan&ar& proce&#re

(he compaction *as applie& $y

&ropping 2)! 6g rammer from a height

of .0 mm in three &ifferent layers

*ith 2/ n#m$er of $lo*s'layer)

(he res#lt of the stan&ar& proctor

compaction test o$taine& is sho*n infig) 2

! 0 2 ? !

)/?

)/!

)/

)!0

)!2

)!?

)!!

'"i($!e %"nen 132

D!& #en(i& 1)=%m82

MDD F )!/ g'cm.

GMC F 2

Fi)$!e 7: C"m*a%i"n %$!e "+ ("il



Re($l( %"n..

(he C= tests *ere performe&

on the soils samples in

accor&ance *ith 1S 2>20 Part

IB19 > stan&ar& proce&#re)

1t is a ratio 7epresse& in 8 of

force per #nit area reA#ire& to

penetrate a soil mass *ith a

circ#lar pl#nger of /0 mm&iameter at the rate of )2/

mm'min to that reA#ire& for

correspon&ing penetration in a

stan&ar& material)

0 2 ? ! 0 2 ?0

/0

00

Pene!ai"n 1mm2

L"a# 1>)2

Cali+"!nia ?ea!in) Rai" 1C?R2 Te((



Re($l( %"n..

TRIAL PITNO

@ae!%"nen 132

Li$i# Limi132

Pla(i%Limi 132

Pla(i%i&In#e/ 132

S*e%i+i%)!ai&, G

O'C132

'DD1)=%m82

C?R 132

TP ) 22)/ 2)/ 0)0 2)!/ .)20 )!! ?

TP7 0) ) ?)> ?)? 2)! )/0 )> /

TP8 )/ )0 ) !) 2)>0 0)/. )> /

TP4 ). 22)0 /)0 >)0 2)!! ?)00 )! /2

TP6 0)! 2?)/ .)/ )0 2)! .)00 )!/ ?

TP9 >)2 )! ?)0 ?)! 2)! ?) )!! ?

TP5 ) 2)0 2) ) 2)>2 .)22 )!/ ?

TP; >) ) ) >) 2)!!

2) )> /TP ) )/ /)0 .)/ 2)! .)/! )2 ?

TP< )0 2)> .)> )0 2)! )> )2 ?

TP )/ 2) /) !)> 2)> 2). )! ?

TP7 )0 20)0 2)0 )0 2)>/ 0)!. )> /

Ae!a)e .45 7<.66 8.44 5. 7.9 7.6; .58 67

Ta-le 7: Re($l( "+ ("il *!"*e!ie(



Di(%$((i"n( "+ !e($l(

:ccor&ing to General Specifcations (Roads and Bridges), vol. II:

1997, “Government o t!e "ederal Rep#$lic o %igeria& , a goo&constr#ction material sho#l& have9

specific gravity ranging from 2)/ to 2)>/)

=oth s#$gra&e'fill an& $ase, the percentage $y *eight passing sieve

7>/Jm8 shall not $e greater than ./, other*ise the material shall $e

reecte&)

(he minim#m strength of $ase co#rse material shall not $e less than 0

C= 7#nsoa6e&8

(he minim#m strength for s#$gra&e'fill shall not $e less than 0 after

at least ? ho#rs soa6ing Lrom these res#lts, soils samples *ere classifie& as per stan&ar& proce&#re of IS:

1'9: 197 as silty san& an& clayey san& 7SM%SC8)



C"n%l$(i"n

(he st#&y sho*s that soils samples have average val#es of9

• Nat#ral Moist#re Content of )?>

• ;iA#i& ;imit 7;;8 of 20)// ,

• Plastic ;imit 7P;8 of .)?? an&

• Plasticity 1n&e 7P18 of >) )

• specific gravity of 2)!,

• maim#m &ry &ensity of )>. g'cm.,

• optim#m moist#re content of .)?? an&

• C= of /2 )

"enerally, this st#&y has sho*n that the soils samples are s#ita$le for #se

as constr#ction material li6e s#$gra&e an& s#$$ase $#t are not s#ita$le for

#se as a $ase material)

geotechnical properties of soil

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