geoscience
DESCRIPTION
Geoscience. Unit 1 – Foundations of Geoscience, Metric System and Earth Chemistry. Earth Science/Geoscience. What is it? Why should we study it?. Who am I and what does Geoscience have to do with it?. Read and highlight the handout “Why Earth Science?” - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Earth Science/Geoscience
What is it?Why should we study it?
Who am I and what does Geoscience have to do with it?
Read and highlight the handout “Why Earth Science?” Answer the following questions (minimum
4-5 sentences per question):1. Who you are as a person? Tell me about yourself.2. How does earth science affect you personally? 3. What you are most interested in learning about this year and why?
Careers related to Earth Science If I love Geoscience, what kind of job
could I get?
Homework: Research and list 15 different careers related to geoscience/earth science. Write one brief sentence for each describing what the job entails.
What is science? Have you ever had a question about how
something works?- If you answered yes to this questions than you
have behaved in a similar manner as a scientist. Science is about understanding how the universe
works and the reasons for why things work the way they do. Science is a body of knowledge and an organized method for finding answers to problems.
Why is Las Vegas so hot and dry? Why are some lavas that erupt smooth and flat,
and others are round and pillow-like?
The Scientific Method
The process by which a scientist finds an explanation to an event.
It is ONE way of approaching and solving a problem, or answering a question, that is logical and straightforward and can be applied to both everyday situations and specialized research topics.
Steps to the Scientific Method Ask a Question Do Background Research Construct a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an
Experiment Analyze Your Data and Draw a
Conclusion Communicate Your Results
Steps to the scientific method Question: What is your purpose? Research: What is already known about
this topic? Hypothesis: Based on your research what
do you predict is going to happen. Experiment: Test your predictions. Analyze: Analyze your Data Conclusion: Make the simplest conclusion
possible based on the analysis of your data
Must be able to test a hypothesis!!!! A scientific hypothesis must be testable! This means there must be a way to
prove the hypothesis wrong
Are these scientific hypotheses?1. Atoms are the smallest particle of
matter.2. The universe is surrounded by a
second universe, the existence of which cannot be detected by scientists.
3. The Incredible Hulk is the best super-hero ever in the world.
A hypothesis that is tested over and over without being contradicted can become a law or principle. All other competing hypotheses must be eliminated for this to occur!
If a scientist finds evidence that contradicts a hypothesis, law, or principle, then the law, hypothesis or principle must be changed or abandoned.
Scientists must accept their findings even if they would like them to be different.
Experiments In experiments we have a control and 2
types of variables Control is an trial of the experiment that
is closest to the natural conditions Independent variable is the variable
the scientists manipulates. Dependant variable results from the
manipulation of the experiment
How Do Scientists Study?
Scientific Inquiry always begins with…….
OBSERVATION
It is also an important part of an experiment.
VOCABULARY
OBSERVATION – use of the senses to gather and record information about structures or processes in nature
OBSERVATION
QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION – descriptive explanation of quality of something such as shape, color, texture….
Red dot, Oval shaped, Smooth surface
OBSERVATIONQUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION – of, relating to or involving the measurement of quantity or amountDATA!!!
Mass (50 g), Volume (35 mL),Temperature (25 degrees C), Time (2 hr)
Scientific Measurement
Collecting data often requires measurement…What can you measure?
Length (distance) Volume Mass (weight) Temperature Time
What is Earth Science? Earth Science is the name for the group of sciences
that deals with Earth and its neighbors in space 4 areas of study Geology: Study of Earth, its matter, and the
processes that form and change Earth Physical Geology- Study of materials that make up Earth
and forces that shape the planet Historical Geology- Study of physical and biological
changes of our planet over time Meteorology: Study of weather and the forces
and processes that cause it. Astronomy: Study of objects in space Oceanography: Study of the Earth’s oceans
Formation of the Earth Earth is one of ? planets in our solar
system Earth is believed by scientists to have
formed at the same time as the other planets. Nebular hypothesis- Earth formed from an
enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. This cloud was made up of mostly hydrogen and helium and very few heavier elements.
Density Stratification Over time the heavier elements sank
into the core of the Earth while the lighter, less dense materials floated toward the surface
This led to the division of layers within the Earth system
Earth’s Four Spheres Hydrosphere- The water portion of our
planet Atmosphere- The gaseous portion of our
planet Geosphere- The rocky solid portion of
our planet Further divided into- the core, mantle, and
crust Biosphere-Includes all life on Earth
Forces That affect our Earth Destructive Forces- weathering and
erosion work to wear away high points and flatten out the surface
Constructive Forces- mountain building and volcanism build up the surface by raising the land and depositing new material in the form of lava
Earth as a System System can be any size group of interacting parts
that form a complex whole Earth system is powered by 2 sources
One is the sun- which drives the external processes that occur in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at Earth’s surface
Second is Earth’s Interior- heat remains in the core and mantle of the Earth from the time it was formed
ObservationsAn observation is the gathering of information by using our five senses:
Sight Smell Hearing Taste Touch
There are two types of observations: Qualitative quantitative
OBSERVATION
QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION – descriptive explanation of quality of something such as shape, color, texture….
Red dot, Oval shaped, Smooth surface
OBSERVATIONQUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION – of, relating to or involving the measurement of quantity or amountDATA!!!
Mass (50 g), Volume (35 mL),Temperature (25 degrees C), Time (2 hr)
Which is better? Both types of observations are valuable in
science. In an experiment though, quantitative observations can be precisely and objectively compared.
Qualitative: The road is long. (describes) Quantitative: The road is 5 km long. (measures)
Some things are easier to quantify than others. Scientists use innovative ways of turning qualitative to quantitative.
Inferences Inferences are an explanation for an
observation that you have made. They are based on your past
experiences and prior knowledge. Inferences are often changed when new
observations are made. Again, observations are information we
gather directly through our five senses….inferences help explain these observations.
Here are some examples!! Observation: The grass on the school’s front lawn
is wet.
Possible Inferences: It rained. The sprinler was on. There is dew on the grass from the morning. A dog urinated on the grass!
All of these inferences could possible explain why the grass is wet. They are all based on prior experiences. We have all seen rain, sprinklers, morning dew, and dogs going to the bathroom.
Here are some examples!! Observation: The school alarm is going
off.
Possible Inferences: The school is on fire. We are having a fire drill. A student pulled the fire alarm.
Again, these are all logical explanations for why the fire alarm is going off.
Scientific Measurement
Collecting data often requires measurement…What can you measure?
Length (distance) Volume Mass (weight) Temperature Time
History At the end of the 18th century in France,
scientists created the metric system. It was designed with several features in mind.
1. that each type of measurement (mass, volume, and length) would only have one unit; for example, length would be measured in meters instead of in feet, inches, rods, ells, hands, or any other specialized measures that may or may not be easy to convert between
2. the metric system would be based on units of 10 for easy conversions
Who uses the Metric System?SCIENTISTS (and science students)Almost every country EXCEPT the United
States. The US uses the English unit of measurement which is
based on the lengths, weights, areas and volumes of everyday objects.
Using the same system of measurement gives scientists a common language.
· In 1960 at the International Convention, the metric system was adopted as the “International system of Units” or SI.
· SI is based on units of ten.
Volume Volume is the amount of space an object
takes up. The basic unit of volume is the liter (L)
The liter is usually used for measuring the volume of liquids
The volume of solids can be measured in cubic centimeters (cc or cm3) = a cube
that measures 1cm x 1cm x 1cm 1cc is exactly equal to in volume to 1 ml
Weight Weight is a measure of the
attraction between two objects due to gravity
Your weight on another planet may differ due to the amount of gravity, however your mass will always be the same
Density The relationship between mass and
volume is called density Density is defined as the mass per
unit volume of a substance. Density = Mass
Volume
Density Practice Problem A carton of milk weighs 1000 grams and
takes up 100cm3 of space, what is it’s density? DON’T FORGET YOUR UNITS!!
Density = Mass = 1000g = 10 g/cm3 Volume 100cm3
Temperature In the metric system, temperature is
measured on the Celsius scale. On this temperature scale, water
freezes at 0o C and boils at 100oC. The metric system was set in such a
way that there was exactly 100 degrees between freezing and boiling point of water.
Normal body temperature is 37oC. Room temperature is about 21oC.
How do you convert from one unit to another? For every space that you move you
move the decimal one place to the left or the right
K – H – Da - - d – c - mK – H – Da - - d – c - m
Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Analysis is another way of converting units.
It is often used to convert units from
English to Metric or vise versa.
Your friend in England runs 3 kilometers a day while you run 3000 yards a day.
Using kilometers which of you runs a longer distance?
Steps for Dimensional Analysis
•Step 1: Determine the given unit and the desired unit.
Given: yards (3000)
Desired: kilometers
Step 2: Find the relationship between the units and consider the possible conversion factors
Known:
12 inches / 1 foot
1 yard / 3 feet
2.54 centimeters / 1 inch
100 centimeters / 1 meter
1000 meters / 1 kilometers
Step 3: Choose the conversion factor whose denominator has the same units as your given value to start with.
Start with 1 yard
3 feet
Step 4: Write the original value next to the conversion factor with a multiplication sign between them. Cancel like terms.
3000 yds x 3 ft x 12in x 2.54cm x 1m x 1km
1yd 1ft 1in 100cm 1000m
Step 5: Multiply the resulting equation.
3000 yds x 3 ft x 12in x 2.54cm x 1m x 1km
1yd 1ft 1in 100cm 1000m
1) Multiply across the top: 274,320
2) Multiply across the bottom: 100,000
3) Divide top by bottom: 2.7432 km