georgian centre of population research gender roles and gender … · 2010. 11. 30. · georgian...

How generations and gender shape demographic changeGeneva, 14-16 May 2008

Georgian Centre of Population Georgian Centre of Population

[email protected]@gol.ge

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Gender Roles and Gender Asymmetry in Georgia and France

Gender Roles and Gender Gender Roles and Gender Asymmetry in Georgia and Asymmetry in Georgia and FranceFrance

Irina BadurashviliMaria Cosio (Université Paris X Nanterre)

Pascal Sebille (INED)

IrinaIrina BadurashviliBadurashviliMariaMaria CosioCosio (Universit(Universitéé Paris X Nanterre)Paris X Nanterre)

PascalPascal SebilleSebille (INED)(INED)


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The gender system has undergone profound The gender system has undergone profound changes during the last 50 years. changes during the last 50 years.

Gender is a multidimensional concept, the various Gender is a multidimensional concept, the various aspects of which include at least: aspects of which include at least:

1.1.access to and control of resources (education, access to and control of resources (education, employment, the possession of durable goods, the employment, the possession of durable goods, the ability to dispose freely of earnings and possessions),ability to dispose freely of earnings and possessions),

2.2.autonomy (ability to take decisions without having autonomy (ability to take decisions without having to ask anyoneto ask anyone’’s permission; economic independence; s permission; economic independence; freedom of movement),freedom of movement),

3.3.power (in decisionpower (in decision--making)making)

4.4.roles. roles.


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• We consider the Gender system both an object of study and an explanatory variable of demographic change (fertility, nuptiality).

• On one side, we may hypothesize that women with more human capital are becoming less interested in marriage, more in favor of cohabitation and inclined to separate/divorce, and that they regard children as just one aspect of self-fulfillment, which competes with other life careers. Fertility may therefore be delayed and reduced.

• On the other side we may hypothesize that women with greater resources and decision-making opportunities may achieve a level of fertility closer to the desired level, as they may findeasier ways to overcome the incompatibilities just described.

• The aim of this research, comparing Georgia and France, is to test the two hypothesis in different contexts.


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GGS in Georgia and ERFI in FranceGGS in Georgia and ERFI in France

1. Two GGS surveys– Georgia -2006– France - 2005

2. Some data on gender relations inside couples– Household organization– Children and fertility– Living arrangements– Respondent’s and partner’s activity– Education of partners– Parents and parental home– Health and well-being– Earnings and assets – Values and Orientations: subjective dimensions


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Some data on gender relations between Some data on gender relations between partners : comparison Georgiapartners : comparison Georgia--FranceFrance

A selection of variables in Georgia and France about:

• Age difference between partners• Education difference between partners• Respondent’s and partner’s economic

activity• Partners’ participation in domestic tasks• Partners’ decisions on family life• Partner’s control of earnings• Values and orientations (score): in process


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Age difference between partnersAge difference between partners( proportional distribution of couples)( proportional distribution of couples)

In Georgia, in 40% of couples, male is at least 5 years older than his partner, in France - 25%

Couples where male is younger than female are not widespread: 5% in Georgia , 13% in France


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Education Education differencedifference betweenbetween partnerspartners(proportional distribution of couples)(proportional distribution of couples)

53% of couples in France and 50% - in Georgia: partners have the same level of education.


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DifferenceDifference in in durationduration of of workwork betweenbetweenpartnerspartners( proportional distribution of couples)( proportional distribution of couples)

Men work mainly more time than women : in Georgia it is the in case of 55% couples; in France in 46% of couples

However, women work more than men in 15% of couples in Georgia and in 18% of couples in France


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Distribution of Distribution of householdhousehold taskstasks amongamongpartnerspartners( proportional distribution of couples)( proportional distribution of couples)

FRANCE

9.7

25.9

20.1

11.2

30.0

45.0

13.8

10.4

27.9

17.0

44.3 44.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

Inequality(exclusivelly female

participation)

Male participates alittle

Male participates,but less then female

Equality or maleparticipates more

Male

GEORGIA

6.7

37.0 38.1

18.2

12.7

33.7

15.9

9.8

35.8

17.0

37.737.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

Inequality(exclusivelly female

participation)

Male participates alittle

Male participates,but less then female

Equality or maleparticipates more

Female Total

In France, couples organize tasks with a strong specialization by sex. In 8 unions among 10 women do more (much more) domestic tasks than men. In Georgia, specialization by sex of tasks is even higher.


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DecisionsDecisions concerningconcerning differentdifferent mattersmattersof of familyfamily lifelife

In both countries, Georgia and France, in majority of couples men decide more than women about family life: in about half of couples (49%)- in Georgia and 55% - in France;

In 30% of couples in Georgia and 37% in France women make decisions about family life jointly with their partner;

But only 8% of women in France and 21% - in Georgia decide more;

FRANCE

6.4 12.3 9.3

41.7

49.545.7

40.8

33.637.2

11.14.6 7.8

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Male Female Total

Female decide more thenher partner

Decision is made jointlyby partners

Female decide less thenher partner

Female almost doesn'tdecide

GEORGIA

15.7 16.3 16.0

39.726.7 32.8

30.4

30.530.5

14.226.5

20.7

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Male Female Total


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WomenWomen’’s participation in the s participation in the decisionsdecisionsabout about spendingspending of of earningsearnings

In Georgia, in 25% of couples, women do not participate in the decision about how to spend couple’s earnings; however in around 60% of couples, women decide together with their partner

In France, around 80% of couples declare they decide how to spend earnings together and in 13% of couples women decide alone how to spend their own earnings. Equality is highly recognized both by men and women among French couples.


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What we want to do in future for the What we want to do in future for the comparison Georgia comparison Georgia -- FranceFrance

•• Dependant variablesDependant variables: : Fertility and Fertility and nuptialitynuptiality•• Explanatory variablesExplanatory variables: : two dimensionstwo dimensions

-- First, socio demographic variables such as age, First, socio demographic variables such as age, education, economic activity differences between education, economic activity differences between partnerspartners-- Second, gender indicators, such as participation of Second, gender indicators, such as participation of partners in domestic decisions and in spending partners in domestic decisions and in spending couplecouple’’s earningss earningsThis second dimension is about equality in gender This second dimension is about equality in gender relations, womenrelations, women’’s participation in income s participation in income management and modern or traditional values (more management and modern or traditional values (more or less egalitarian)or less egalitarian)


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Some results of ERFI in FranceSome results of ERFI in France

•• Egalitarian variables have a negative effect on the fertility anEgalitarian variables have a negative effect on the fertility and d marriage probabilities in France. marriage probabilities in France.

•• However, partnersHowever, partners’’ age, former matrimonial histories, womenage, former matrimonial histories, women’’s work, s work, education and other socioeducation and other socio--demographic variables have also a strong demographic variables have also a strong influenceinfluence

•• Fertility and Fertility and nuptialitynuptiality depend on personal and uniondepend on personal and union’’s histories s histories and and on equalitarian or not equalitarian gender relations.on equalitarian or not equalitarian gender relations.

•• In France, couples organize tasks with a strong specialization In France, couples organize tasks with a strong specialization by sex. by sex. In 8 unions among 10, women do more (much more) domestic tasks In 8 unions among 10, women do more (much more) domestic tasks than men but equality is predominant in the management of incomethan men but equality is predominant in the management of income, , with 8 unions among 10 sharing them in an egalitarian waywith 8 unions among 10 sharing them in an egalitarian way

•• In Georgia, specialization by sex of tasks is high but some womeIn Georgia, specialization by sex of tasks is high but some women n have more power of decision than men. However equality is not sohave more power of decision than men. However equality is not sofrequent in the management of income than in France (60%).frequent in the management of income than in France (60%).

•• It is very interesting to have GGS data to show these interactioIt is very interesting to have GGS data to show these interactions in ns in the two dimensionsthe two dimensions

•• We intend to analyze Georgia, France and compare both gender We intend to analyze Georgia, France and compare both gender systems and their consequences on fertility and systems and their consequences on fertility and nuptialitynuptiality


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•• [email protected]@gol.ge•• Cosio@[email protected]•• [email protected]@wanadoo.fr

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georgian centre of population research gender roles and gender … · 2010. 11. 30. · georgian...

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