www.astm.org

ISBN: 978-0-8031-7554-9Stock #: STP1566

Editors:Leslie StrubleJames K. Hicks

ST

P 1566

Selected Technical Papers

STP 1566

Geopolymer Binder Systems

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Selected Technical Papers STP1566Geopolymer Binder Systems

Editors:Leslie Struble James K. Hicks

ASTM International100 Barr Harbor DrivePO Box C700West Conshohocken, PA 19438-2959

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ASTM Stock #: STP1566

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataGeopolymer Binder Systems / editors, Leslie Struble, James K. Hicks.

pages cm“This compilation of Selected Technical Papers, STP1566 on Geopolymer Binder Systems, contains peer-reviewed papers that were presented at a symposium held June 26–27, 2012 in San Diego, CA ... sponsored by ASTM International Committee C01 on Cement, Subcommittee C01.10 on Hydraulic Cements for General Concrete Construction, and Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates”--Foreword.Includes bibliographical references.ISBN 978-0-8031-7554-9

1. Polymer-impregnated concrete--Congresses. 2. Cement--Congresses. 3. Binders (Materials)--Congresses. 4. Inorganic polymers--Congresses. 5. Aluminum silicates--Congresses. I. Struble, Leslie J. II. Hicks, James K. III. ASTM International Committee C01 on Cement. IV. ASTM International Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates.

TA443.P58G36 2013620.1’36--dc23 2013021383

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Printed in Bay Shore, NYJune, 2013

Foreword

THIS COMPILATION OF Selected Technical Papers, STP1566 on Geopolymer Binder Systems, contains peer-reviewed papers that were presented at a symposium held June 26-27, 2012 in San Diego, CA. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM International Committee C01 on Cement, Subcommittee C01.10 on Hydraulic Cements for General Concrete Construction, and Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates.

The Symposium Co-Chairpersons and STP Co-Editors are Leslie Struble, University of Illinois Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA and James K. Hicks, Ceratech Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA.

ContentsOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Overview of Geopolymer CementL. Struble, E. Kim, and L. Gomez-Zamorano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Assessment of the Glassy Phase Reactivity in Fly Ashes Used for Geopolymer Cements

K. L. Aughenbaugh, P. Stutzman, and M. C. G. Juenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Microstructural Changes Responsible for Hardening of Fly Ash–Slag Geopolymers Studied through Infrared Spectroscopy

S. Puligilla and P. Mondal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Study on the Suitability of Volcanic Amorphous Aluminosilicate Rocks (Perlite) for the Synthesis of Geopolymer-Based Concrete

M. Taxiarchou, D. Panias, Ch. Panagiotopoulou, A. Karalis, and C. Dedeloudis . . . . . . . 34

The Use of Aluminosilicates to Create Novel, High Performance and Sustainable Binders for Mortars, Plasters and Renders With Class Leading Low CO2 Footprints

R. R. Gibson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Rheological Behavior of Fly-Ash-Based GeopolymersC. Montes and E. N. Allouche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Evaluating the Use of Accelerated Test Methods for Chloride Transport in Alkali Activated Slag Concretes Using Electrical Impedance and Associated Models

N. Neithalath and D. Ravikumar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Activated Class C Fly Ash CementJ. K. Hicks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Statistical-Based Approach for Predicting the Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concretes

E. I. Diaz-Loya, E. N. Allouche, and D. Cahoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Selected Studies of the Durability of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer ConcretesK. Kupwade-Patil, E. N. Allouche, C. A. Watts, and Md. S. Badar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Performance-Based Specifi cation for Geopolymer Cement Binders and Supporting Laboratory Data

R. W. Zubrod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Alkali-activated Binders and Concretes: The Path to StandardizationJ. L. Provis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Development, Standardization, and Applications of Alkali-activated ConcretesJ. S. J. van Deventer, D. G. Brice, S. A. Bernal, and J. L. Provis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Summary of Panel Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

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OverviewPortland cement has been the primary binder in structural concrete since the early 1800s. With increasing awareness of the damaging effects of CO2 emissions has come increasing pressure on the cement industry to develop more sustain-able binders. One such binder system is geopolymers and related alkali-activated aluminosilicates. These materials are being increasingly and actively studied, are already being marketed as specialty products, and are being explored for use in structural concrete.

On June 26-27, 2012, an ASTM International symposium was held in San Diego, CA to address topics relating to geopolymer binder systems. The sym-posium was sponsored by ASTM International Committee C01 on Cement and Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates.

This special technical publication (STP) is a compilation of papers derived from presentations at this international symposium. The papers provide use-ful background understanding of geopolymer binders and their performance. Several papers addressed key technical issues important in the production, char-acterization, and use of these binders, including durability issues. It is hoped that these topics will be of interest to practitioners as well as to researchers.

When performance specifi cations for hydraulic cement (C1157 and C1600) were written, non-portland binders were uncommon and the specifi cations were not widely used. The symposium provided an opportunity to consider whether these existing standards provide, on the one hand, an effective framework for further exploration of new sustainable binders and, on the other hand, reliable protection for users of these materials. Standardization was discussed at the symposium and is addressed explicitly in several papers in this volume. This topic will be of interest to subcommittees in C01 and C09 as well as other organi-zations concerned with standards for engineering materials.

The editors wish to acknowledge all those who gave presentations at the symposium, those who attended the symposium and engaged in a useful and lively discussion of various technical issues, the many authors who contributed to this STP, and the many reviewers who provided important feedback to the authors prior to publication. The editors also wish to acknowledge ASTM In-ternational Committees C01 and C09 who sponsored the symposium and the

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ASTM International staff who provided invaluable assistance in organization of the symposium and publication of this volume.

Leslie J. StrubleUniversity of Illinois

Urbana, Illinois

James HicksCeratech, Inc.

Baltimore, MDSymposium Co-chairs and Co-editors

www.astm.org

ISBN: 978-0-8031-7554-9Stock #: STP1566

Editors:Leslie StrubleJames K. Hicks

ST

P 1566

Selected Technical Papers

STP 1566

Geopolymer Binder Systems

Strub

le • Hicks

Geo

po

lymer B

ind

er System

s

STP 1566_final.indd 1 6/11/13 11:37 AM