geological map of mount etna west rift (italy) · waltershausen(1844-59) carried out the ﬁrst...

Journal of Maps, 2010, 96-122

Geological map of Mount Etna West Rift (Italy)

FERNANDO BELLOTTI1, STEFANO BRANCA2 and GIANLUCA GROPPELLI3

1Dipartimento Scienze della Terra “A. Desio”, Universita degli studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 34, 20133, Milano, Italy; [email protected].

2Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Sezione Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy.

3Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, sezione Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via Mangiagalli 34, 20133Milano, Italy.

Abstract

Mt Etna (3340 m a.s.l.) is the most active volcano in Europe, with more than 500 ka of geological history.In this work, a detailed structural and geological field survey of its West Rift was performed at 1:10,000scale, by using lithostratigraphic criteria and unconformity-bounded units, in accordance with guidelinessuggested by the International Stratigraphic Guide. In the studied area, lithostratigraphic units havebeen mapped and the eruptive fissure configuration identified. Fieldwork data were improved by high-resolution orthoimages and DEM analysis, producing a map with detailed lava flow boundaries.

In order to synthesize the main phases of the West Rift evolution, lithostratigraphic units were grou-ped into synthems. The volcanic succession starts with the oldest Etna subaerial lava flows (AdranoSynthem), unconformably covered by lavas belonging to Acireale and Concazze Synthems. Mongibellovolcanic succession (Il Piano Synthem) widely crops out in the area as several superposed lava flow fields.They are generated by more than 40 eruptive fissures in the past 15,000 years forming the core of the WestRift. The eruptive fissures (strike 245◦ to 280◦) fed several monogenetic cones located in the central sectorof the western flank. Some fissures were formed in the last 2,000 years.

The result of this work is a geological map at 1:15,000 scale, highlighting the geological and structuralsetting of the area and significantly improving the knowledge of West Rift evolution, in order to betterassess the entire eruptive history and structural framework of Mt Etna.

(Received 4th December 2009; Revised 3rd April 2010; Accepted 6th April 2010)

ISSN 1744-5647doi:10.4113/jom.2010.1115

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Journal of Maps, 2010, 96-122 Bellotti, F., Branca, S. et al

1. Introduction

Mount Etna, located along the Ionic coast of eastern Sicily, covers an area of 1250 km2

and is one of the most active basaltic volcanoes in the world. There have been histo-rical reports of its frequent eruptive manifestations ever since the Hellenistic age, dueto its location in the heart of the Mediterranean. The first studies on the geology of thevolcano were carried out during the 19th century by several European scientists amongwhom, in particular, Beamount, Lyell, Waltershuasen and Gemmellaro stand out (Ches-ter et al., 1985). Their initial geological observations highlighted for the first time thatthe structure of Etna volcano was the result of a complex geological evolution producedby the superimposition of at least two main eruptive centres. Between 1836 and 1843,Waltershausen (1844-59) carried out the first geological mapping of the volcano, allo-wing him to draw up the first geological map of Etna, consisting of thirteen sheets at1:50,000 scale.

Nearly a century was to pass before a new geological map of Etna volcano was madeat 1:25,000 scale and published at 1:50,000 scale (Romano et al., 1979). In this map,the volcanic products are grouped in 14 volcanic units, according to their petrographicand geochemical characteristics, delineating the first detailed stratigraphic picture ofthe Etnean region. Beginning in the 1990s a new mapping project began on Etna in or-der to compile the geological map of Italy at 1:50,000 scale (Servizio Geologico D’Italia,2009a;b;c;d) entirely based on modern stratigraphic criteria (Pasquare et al., 1992). Thisproject was the starting point for the new geological map of the Etna volcano at 1:50,000scale (draft version in Branca et al., 2009b), by performing new field surveys of the area,including the West Rift, one of the main eruptive fissure networks of Etna.

In this paper, a detailed reconstruction of Etna western flank stratigraphy is presented(Figure 1) and has been undertaken following the stratigraphic criteria used for the fieldmapping of other sectors of Etna volcano (Branca et al., 2004; 2009a).

2. Methodology

In order to reconstruct the geological and structural evolution of the West Rift, a detailedfield survey of an area of 135 km2 at 1:10,000 scale has been performed, and here presen-ted at 1:15,000 scale. During the field survey, high resolution digital elevation models(DEMs), aerial and ortho-photos were used to improve the details and accuracy of themap. Mt Etna sedimentary basement is undifferentiated, because it does not representthe topic of this geological map.

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Figure 1. DEM of Mount Etna volcano and location of the study area.

Lithostratigraphy represents the main stratigraphic criteria used for the identification ofthe units during the survey, according to the International Stratigraphic Guide (Salva-dor, 1994), because lithological properties and stratigraphic relationships of rock bodiesare the only ones immediately recognizable during fieldwork. In addition, thin sectionswere analyzed to check if rocks cropping out discontinuously belong to the same lavaflow or to related scoria cones with their associated lava flows, where not immediately

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detectable in the field. The volcanic succession has been divided in lithostratigraphicunits of different ranks from “formation” (mainly for the older lavas) to “lava flow”rank (Ellittico and Mongibello volcanoes). For recent activity (last 15,000 years), eachlava flow was mapped because their exposure and attitude allow them to be followedalong the middle to lower flank and mapped, as they provide fundamental informationfor lava flow hazard assessment. We could not represent all the numerous recent lavaflows on the geological map with different colours because it would have produced amap that was not immediately legible. Therefore, we have chosen the same solutionproposed by Branca et al. (2004) for a preliminary geological map of the eastern flank ofMount Etna, grouping the mapped lava flows of the last 15,000 years (Torre del Filosofoformation) together into five time intervals with five different colours. In addition, wehave kept the lava flow rank on the geological map because we have drawn all the lavaflow boundaries and we refer to each lava flow by acronyms, describing the lithologicaland morphologic features of each lava flow in appendices A and B. The time intervalshave been defined by singling out the main eruptive events that mark the main stepsof the past 15,000 years of eruptive activity (for the boundaries and their meanings, seeBranca et al. (2004)). Moreover, we recognized three different facies within lava flowrank: lava flow s.s., proximal pyroclastic fall deposit (such as scoria cone or spatter ram-part), and distal pyroclastic fall deposit (widespread ashes distributed by strombolianactivity of monogenetic cone).

Furthermore, we adopted the unconformity-bounded unit (Chang, 1975; Salvador, 1987)according to the guidelines suggested by ISC for the UBU (Salvador, 1994) and by theItalian Geological Survey (Pasquare et al., 1992) and frequently used in mapping Italianvolcanoes (e.g. Calvari et al., 1995; Coltelli et al., 1994; Manetti et al., 1995; Rossi et al.,1996; Calanchi et al., 1999; Branca and Catalano, 2000; De Rita et al., 2000; Tranne et al.,2002a;b; Lucchi et al., 2003; De Astis et al., 2006). The identification of unconformitysurfaces within the volcanic succession allows grouping several lithostratigraphic unitsin synthemic units, each of them representing a well-defined phase in the geologicalevolution of the area, and relating the different lithostratigraphic units recognized in alimited area to the comprehensive evolution of the volcanic area. For the definition ofeach synthem see Branca et al. (2004; 2009a).

3. Stratigraphic succession

Starting from the older units to the more recent ones, the main features of the volcanicsuccession identified in the study area (Figure 1) allow the reconstruction of the WestRift volcanic evolution.

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The oldest volcanics of this sector of Etna consist of a lava flow (S. Maria di Licodia for-mation, Adrano Synthem) lying on the sedimentary basement along the left bank of theSimeto River. This lava flow represents a portion of a wide and thin lava plateau datedabout 330 ka extending for more than 25 km from Bronte to Paterno (Branca et al., 2008).The following products are formed by a lava flow (Timpa formation, Acireale Synthem)that cover the Adrano Synthem lava flow with an angular unconformity coupled withan erosion surface. This lava flow is related to the scattered eruptive activity that af-fected the lower SW sectors of Mount Etna between about 178 ka and 136 ka (Brancaet al., 2008). Both Adrano and Acireale Synthems lava flows are unconformably cove-red by the lava flows of the Ellittico volcano (Piano Provenzana and Monte Calvarioformations, Concazze Synthem) that were generated during flank eruptions occurringin the interval 60-15 ka (Branca et al., 2004). In particular, the Piano Provenzana for-mation consists of two superimposed lava flows cropping out close to Adrano forminga wide lava flow field with toothpaste morphology (Appendix B). The Monte Calvarioformation is made up of small and isolated outcrops of autoclastic lava breccia, withhydrothermal alteration, and lava flows.

Figure 2. Aerial view of the lower western flank of Etna where several eruptive fissures formed by scoria cones andspatter ramparts are located. In the foreground, the two cinder cones formed during the explosive activity of the 1974eruption (Mts De Fiore), the most recent flank eruption in this sector of the volcano. In the background, numerousscoria cones of prehistoric age (Photograph by S. Branca).

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Figure 3. Panoramic view and outcrops from West Rift of Etna volcano: a) Etna volcano NW flank, during autumn;b) open pit showing superimposition of two Torre del Filosofo formation lava flows; c) panoramic view of upper Etnavolcano from West Rift; d) lava channel close to Mt Intraleo; e) hornito; f) 1763 lava flow, located in the middle of WestRift; g) Aerial view from ENE of the summit craters of Etna. In the foreground, several scoria cones forming the WestRift.

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The volcanic products erupted during the past 15,000 years cover the main portion ofthe western flank of Etna and belong to the Mongibello volcano (Torre del Filosofo for-mation, Il Piano Synthem) (Figures 2 and 3). Overall, the Mongibello volcanic succes-sion is formed by superposed compound lava flow fields and by pyroclastic deposits,that are grouped into five temporal intervals (i1-i5). The lava flows are characterisedby a structure ranging from sub-aphyric to highly porphyric with centimetre-sized pla-gioclase phenocrysts. The prevalent surface morphology is aa and toothpaste even iflarge pahoehoe lava flow fields are present. Generally, the lava flows older than 122 BC(i1 and i2 intervals) are covered by discontinuous soil and/or epiclastic deposits (forthe description of each lava flow see Appendix A). Il Piano Synthem lava flows coverthe volcanics of the Adrano and Acireale synthems with an angular unconformity cou-pled with an erosion surface, whereas they show a paraconformity with the ConcazzeSynthem lava flows. The proximal pyroclastic deposits consist of spatter ramparts ofvariable size, single scoria cones of different size and elevation and coalescent scoriacones. Furthermore, limited distal pyroclastic fall deposits are present. On the whole,the proximal pyroclastic deposits formed the morphological evidence of the eruptivefissure network named West Rift.

The lava flows of the i1 time interval (post 15 ka-2640 BC) consist of the remains of 39lava flow fields with 28 eruptive fissures still preserved. Among these lava flows the MtMinardo is the best preserved. In particular, the location of the scoria cones and spatterramparts evidenced that during this time interval the fissure network of the West Riftstarted to form. The lava flows of i2 time interval (post 2640 BC- 122 BC) are formed by16 wide and well-preserved lava flow fields with 6 eruptive fissures preserved. The lavaflows crop out mainly in the central portion of the study area, in particular, forming twomajor compound lava flow fields (Grotta delle Vannette and Mt Ruvolo). The lava flowsof i3 time interval (post 122 BC-1669 AD) consist of 15 lava flow fields with 5 eruptivefissures preserved. Among these historical lava flows, some were dated with the archeo-magnetic technique by Tanguy et al. (2007) such as the lava flows of medieval age of MtGallo (1060±50 AD) and Mt Forno (1200±30 AD). Concerning the lava flows of thistime interval related to eruptions quoted in the historical accounts, the lava flow fieldsof the 1607 and 1610 flank eruptions crop out only partially. Conversely, the productsof the 1651 flank eruption are well exposed, representing one of the longest and widestlava flow fields of Etna volcano. Finally, regarding the volcanics of the eruptive activityof the past 340 years (i4 and i5) they are represented by 13 lava flows and 2 eruptivefissures for i4 interval and 4 lava flows and only one fissure for i5. These lava flowsare related both by summit and flank eruptions, mainly represented by the lava flowfields of the 1763, 1832, 1843 and 1974 eruptions, the latter being the last flank eruptionoccurring in the West Rift.

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4. Structural data

During the field survey we recognized 67 vents made of by scoria and spatter cones,spatter ramparts, and lava flow eruptive fissures in an area 10 km wide with an altituderanging from 2300 to 1100 m a.s.l. (Figure 4). According to the stratigraphic setting ofthe area, the eruptive centres developed between 15 ka and 1974, consequently the highdensity of vents and eruptive fissures as well as their age allow us to define this area asan active volcanic rift, with strong implications for the hazard assessment.

Based on morphological features (i.e. alignments and/or elongation of craters, cones,spatter ramparts, Tibaldi (1995)) or structural elements, such as lava vents and openfractures (i.e. Bocche Vituddi), 42 eruptive fissures were recognized and displayed onthe geological map and in Figure 4. Their orientations are summarized in Figure 4showing a roughly radial distribution (from 245◦ to 280◦) with respect to the summitcraters. The main directions of the eruptive fissures are ENE-WSW and E-W, mirroringthe higher density of eruptive fissures in the central and southern sector of the studiedarea. From the stratigraphic point of view, we can outline that only during the firstinterval (15 ka-2640 BC), was there a real radial distribution of the eruptive fissures;later the main active directions were the E-W and ENE-WSW, and during historicaltime E-W.

Whereas the volcanic activity in this area is very active, we could not find any evidenceof faults, maybe because of the high resurfacing rate due to frequent superimposed lavaflows.

5. Conclusions

The detailed geological field survey of the western flank of Etna volcano allowed thecompilation of a map at 1:15,000 scale based on lithostratigraphic units of differentranks, from flow to formation. We synthesise the lithostratigraphic units applying theunconformity bounded units, previously defined in other sectors of the Etna edifice(Branca et al., 2004), according to international guidelines. The new geological data en-able the definition of an updated stratigraphic setting compared to the map by Romanoet al. (1979), from the oldest lava flow of about 330 ka to the present. Furthermore, wehave reconstructed the geological and structural evolution of the West Rift, one of themain eruptive fissure networks on Etna volcano. This weakness zone of the volcanoedifice started to form during the early stage of Mongibello volcano activity, roughlyduring the past 15,000 years. In particular, the preserved 42 eruptive fissures showtwo main intrusion directions, ENE-WSW and E-W trending. From the stratigraphic

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LegendVents

! ! ! Eruptive fissureField work boundaryCertain geologic boundaryUncertain geologic boundaryFacies boundaryCrater rim

West Rift eruptive fissure

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Figure 4. Eruptive fissure map of West Rift (Etna volcano), outlining 42 eruptive fissures and 67 vents. The Rosediagram shows the eruptive fissure orientations, while the histogram subdivides the eruptive fissures in the intervalsdefined in the last 15,000 years (Torre del Filosofo formation).

perspective, we can outline that the eruptive fissures are characterised by a radial dis-tribution during the time interval from 15 ka-2640 BC. Conversely, the eruptive fissuremainly clustered according to the ENE-WSW and E-W directions during the eruptiveactivity of the last 4,000 years. In this time span, the number of flank eruptions graduallyincreased, showing an average number of 0.63 eruptions per century up to 122 BC andthen 0.75 up to 1600 AD. Finally, during the past 400 years, there has been a remarkableincrease with the occurrence of 3.5 flank eruptions per century. Some of these have cau-sed damage to cultivated areas and destroyed several farmhouses in 1610, 1651, 1832and 1843 as well as threatening the towns of Adrano and Bronte.

On the whole, the new geological and structural data represents a fundamental tool forthe hazard assessment of the West Rift zone because it stores volcanological data relatedto the recent behaviour of this important magma intrusion zone of Etna volcano.

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Software

All the data collected during the fieldwork have been imported, managed and proces-sed using ESRI ArcGIS. We compiled a georeferenced database, based on vector objects,organized in shapefiles.

Acknowledgements

We thank Mauro Coltelli for the helpful discussion during the field survey and for furni-shing high-resolution orthoimages and DEM. We also thank the Regional Park of Etna,in particular Dr. Salvatore Caffo, and Aziende Forestali Demaniali-Provincia di Cata-nia for having authorized our work in the protected areas of Mt Etna. Comments ofR. C. Orndorff (Editor), J. Marti and K. Tanaka, significantly improved the manuscriptand cartographic suggestions of P. Kennelly appreciably enhanced the map quality. Thework was funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Sezione di Cata-nia, by the CNR-Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, by the Dipartimentoper la Protezione Civile (Italy)-INGV project V3 6-Etna and by PRIN 2004 (coord. Prof.P. Tartarotti).

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A. Lava flows description of Torre del Filosofo formation

Time interval (5): 1971 AD eruption–Present

Lava flow Acronym Lithological features

Eruptive fissuresand stratigraphicdata

1999 1999 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 10%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm),px (3-4 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Summit eruptionfrom Bocca Nuova.

1977-78 1977-78 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%,with phenocrysts of pl (1 mm), px(1 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Summit eruptionfrom NE Crater.

1975-77 1975-77 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%,with phenocrysts of pl (1 mm), px(1 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is located at2920 m elevation(Mt Cumin scoriacone), outside thestudy area.

1974 1974 Short lava flow field with “aa”morphology. Dark grey lava, P.I.20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1mm), px (1 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is 270◦ orien-ted, and composedof two small ali-gned scoria cones.

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Time interval (4): 1669 AD–1971 AD eruption



1949 1949 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm),px (1-4 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is NW-SEoriented, and loca-ted at 2420-1990 ma.s.l., outside thestudy area.

1942 1942 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm),px (1-3 mm) and ol (1 mm).

Two eruptive fis-sures are NE-SWand NNE-SSWoriented, and lo-cated at 2750-2550and 2545-2530 ma.s.l., outside thestudy area.

1843 1843 Elongated lava flow field with“aa” morphology. Dark grey lava,P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (1mm), px (1-4 mm) and ol (1 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is WNW-ESEoriented, and loca-ted at 2375-1830 ma.s.l., outside thestudy area.

1832 1832 Elongated lava flow field with“aa” morphology. Dark grey lava,P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-3 mm), px (1-2 mm) and ol (1 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is E-W orien-ted, and located at2650-1700 a.s.l., for-ming Mt Nunziatascoria cone.

1792 1792 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm),px (1-8 mm) and rare ol (1-2 mm).

Summit eruption.

1787 1787 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey-black lava, P.I.20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-2mm), px and ol (2-4 mm).

The fissure ope-ned at the baseof the summitcone (Branca andDel Carlo, 2004).

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continued from previous page. . .



Dagaladell’Orso

or Lava flow edge. Dark grey lava,P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl(1-3 mm) and rare px and ol (1-2mm).

Two eruptive fis-sures are E-W andWNW-ESE orien-ted, and locatedbetween 1750 mand 2100 m a.s.l.,outside the studyarea.

1764-65 1764-65 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%,with phenocrysts of pl and px.

Flank eruptiongenerated by aneruptive fissurethat was located inthe upper northernflank (Branca andDel Carlo, 2004).

1763 1763 Two distinct lava flow fields with“aa” and toothpaste morpholo-gies. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%, withphenocrysts of pl (1-5 mm) andrare px and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptivefissure is E-Woriented, formingMt Mezza Luna(1700 m) and MtNuovo (1600 m)scoria cones.

1758-59 1758-59 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-5 mm),px (2-4 mm), and rare ol (1 mm).

Summit eruption.

1735-36 1735-36 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-5 mm),px (2-4 mm), and rare ol (1 mm).

Summit eruption.

1732-33 1732-33 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25-30%, with abundant phenocrystsof pl (1-6 mm) and rare px (2-4mm).

Summit eruption.

1727-28 1727-28 Lava flow front with “aa” mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25-30%, with abundant phenocrystsof pl (1-6 mm) and rare px (2-4mm).

Summit eruption.

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Time interval (3): post 122 BC plinan eruption-1669 ADeruption

Lavaflow Acronym Lithological features

Eruptive fissures andstratigraphic data

1651 1651 Wide lava flow field, with a tooth-paste morphology including nume-rous tumuli, mega-tumuli and lavachannels. Dark grey lava, P.I. 35%,with abundant phenocrysts of px(10-30 mm), abundant pl (3-10 mm),and ol (1-3 mm), dark grey ground-mass.

The eruptive fissure isWNW-ESE oriented at1800 m a.s.l., and iscomposed of a smallspatter rampart. His-torical accounts fromRusso and Magrı quo-ted in Recupero (1815).

1610 1610 Elongated lava flow field with wellpreserved “aa” morphology, inclu-ding numerous lava channels. Darkgrey lava, P.I. 25%, with pheno-crysts of pl (2-8 mm) and minoramount of px (2-4 mm).

The eruptive fissure isENE-WSW oriented, lo-cated at Grotta degli Ar-chi locality (1950-2350m a.s.l.) outside thestudy area. Histori-cal accounts from Oli-vieri quoted in Recu-pero (1815).

1607 1607 Lava flow field with well preserved“aa” morphology, including nume-rous lava channels. Dark grey lava,P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-8mm) and minor amount of px (2-4mm).

The eruptive fissure isENE-WSW oriented at2270 m a.s.l. outsidethe study area. Histo-rical accounts from Oli-vieri quoted in Recu-pero (1815).

Val diCanniz-zola

vz Lava flow field with “aa” morpho-logy and locally ropy surface. Darkgrey lava, P.I. 5%, with rare pheno-crysts of pl (3 mm) and px (1 mm).

The eruptive fissureis NW-SE orientedat 2450-2800 m a.s.l.outside the study area.

RifugioMtMaletto

rm Lava flow field with “aa” morpho-logy. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25%, withphenocrysts of pl (2-4 mm), ol (2mm) and px (1 mm).

Mt Arsoovest

ar Wide lava flow field with tooth-paste morphology. Grey lava, P.I.20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-5mm) and px (2-5 mm).

The eruptive fissure isE-W oriented formingMt Arso scoria cone.

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MtForno

of Narrow and elongated lava flowfield with “aa” morphology. Lightgrey lava, P.I. 25%, with pheno-crysts of pl (6-8 mm), ol (4 mm), andpx (3-6 mm).

The eruptive fissureis NE-SW orientedforming Mt Fornoscoria cone. Archeo-magnetic age: 1200±30AD (sample 1595A ATanguy et al., 2007).

Galvarina gl Lava flow field with “aa” morpho-logy. Dark grey lava, P.I. 5%, withphenocrysts of pl (2-6 mm), locallyaggregated and rare px (1-2 mm).

MtGallo

lw Wide lava flow field with “aa” mor-phology and well-developed lavachannels. Dark grey lava, P.I. 10%,with phenocrysts of pl (up to 2mm), px (1-7 mm) and ol (1-9 mm).

The eruptive fissure isENE-WSW oriented,forming Mt Testa andMt Gallo scoria cones.Archeo-magnetic age:1060±50 AD (1595A ATanguy et al., 2007).

SerradelMonte

el Lava flow field with toothpastemorphology and subordinate “aa”,and well-developed lava channels.Dark grey lava, P.I. 10-15% withphenocrysts of pl (1-3 mm), px (1-4mm) and ol (2 mm).

Bronte nt Wide lava flow field with “aa” mor-phology, locally alternated to too-thpaste. Grey lava, P.I. 20%, withabundant phenocrysts of px (1-10mm) often aggregated with ol (2-4mm), dark grey groundmass.

Archeo-magnetic ageof this lava flow is450±50 AD (Tanguyet al., 2007).

Rifugiola Cac-cia

ip Lava flow front with “aa” morpho-logy and channels. Dark grey lava,P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-4mm), px (1-6 mm) and ol (1-4 mm).

AlberoBianco

ab Lava flow field with compositetoothpaste-”aa” morphology. Darkgrey lava, P.I. 20%, with pheno-crysts of pl (4 mm), px (5-7 mm) andol (2-4 mm).

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PistaAlto-mon-tana

ao Lava flow with ”aa” morphology.Grey-black lava, P.I. 20%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (1-6 mm), px (2-3mm) and ol (1 mm).

RifugioMtPalestra

fp Wide lava flow field with prevalenttoothpaste morphology. Dark greylava, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts ofpx (2-8) mm, ol (3-4 mm) and pl (2-3 mm).

The eruptive fissure isE-W oriented, forminga small hornito super-imposed on the Mt Pa-lestra scoria cone.

Time interval (2): post 2640 BC subplinian picriticeruption-122 BC plinan eruption



PoggioLaCaccia

pc Wide lava flow field with tooth-paste morphology. Dark grey lava,P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-4mm), px (5-8 mm) and ol (2-5 mm).

The eruptive fissure isE-W oriented, formingPoggio La Caccia scoriacone.

BoccheVituddi

bv Elongated lava flow field with too-thpaste morphology. Grey lava, P.I.25%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-7mm), px (3-6 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fissureis ENE-WSW orien-ted, forming BoccheVituddi, two spatterramparts.

DagalaBoccheVituddi

db Lava flow with “aa” morphology.Light grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (2-4) mm, px and ol(2-3 mm).

Mt Rifu-gio Gal-varina

rg Elongated lava flow field with “aa”morphology. Dark grey lava, P.I.15%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-2mm), px (2-6 mm) and ol (2 mm).

The eruptive fissure isENE-WSW oriented,forming a scoria coneand two minor spatterramparts.

BoscoMtScavo

bs Lava flow with “aa” morphology.Dark grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (2-7 mm), px (1 mm)and rare ol (1 mm).

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Vipera rr Grey lava flow, P.I. 5%, with pheno-crysts of pl (2-3 mm), rare px and ol(1 mm).

Mt Fon-tanelle

ff Lava flow with pahoeohe morpho-logy. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%, withphenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm) and px(1-2 mm).

The eruptive fissure isNE-SW oriented, for-ming a small spatterrampart superimposedon the Mt Fontanellescoria cone.

DagalaGalva-rina

dl Grey and slightly weathered lavaflow, P.I. 10%, with phenocrysts ofpl (1-4 mm) and px (3-5 mm).

Nido ni Grey lava flow, P.I. 20%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (1-10 mm), px (5-10mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

BoscoMtSellato

bt Lava flow with “aa” morphology.Grey lava, P.I. 15%, with pheno-crysts of pl (4 mm), rare px (1-2mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Cisterna nr Lava flow field with a composedtoothpaste-”aa” morphology. Lightgrey lava, P.I. 15%, with pheno-crysts of pl (2-6 mm), ol (2-3 mm)and rare px (4-5 mm).

PianodelleGi-nestre

gi Wide lava flow field with “aa”-toothpaste morphology. Grey lava,P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (upto 7 mm), px (3-6 mm), and ol (2mm).

MtRossoovest

rb Narrow and elongated lava flowfield with prevalent “aa” morpho-logy. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%, withphenocrysts of px (3-8 mm), ol (3-5mm) and pl (2-3 mm).

The eruptive fissure isE-W oriented, formingMt Rosso scoria cone.

GrottadelleVanette

gv Wide lava flow field with tooth-paste morphology. Dark grey lava,P.I. 35%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-8mm), px (1-2 mm) and ol (1 mm).

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Mt Ru-volo

rv Wide lava flow field with a compo-site “aa”-toothpaste morphology,including numerous tumuli andlava channels. Light grey lava, P.I.15%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-5mm), px (2-6 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fissure isE-W oriented, formingMt Ruvolo, a large sco-ria cone.

Caffo fx Light grey lava flow, P.I. 15%, withphenocrysts of px (3-12 mm), ol (1-6mm) and pl (1 mm).

Time interval (1): post Ellittico plinian eruptions (15 ka)-subplinian picritic eruption (3960 ka=2640 BC)



Mt Minardo mm Wide lava flow field, with “aa”-toothpaste morphology, includingnumerous tumulus and lava chan-nels. Light grey lava, P.I. 20%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-7 mm),px (1-10 mm) and ol, with a maxi-mum size of 5 mm.

The eruptivefissure is 245◦

oriented, formingMt Minardo, alarge scoria cone.

Mt Fru-mentoSupino

fi Lava flow field with “aa” morpho-logy. Grey and high vesciculatedlava, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts ofpl (1-5 mm) and rare px (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is located out-side the study area.

C.da Trenta-salme

lm Lava flow field with compositetoothpaste-“aa” morphology, in-cluding lava flow channels. Lightgrey lava, P.I. 15%, with pheno-crysts of pl (1-6 mm) and px (2-4mm) and ol (1 mm).

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C.da Cuc-chiaro

hi Lava flow field with composite“aa” and toothpaste morphology,including also lava stream chan-nels. Light grey lava, P.I. 15%,with phenocrysts of pl (2-4 mm),px and ol (1-2 mm), dark greygroundmass.

Mt Scavo sc Grey lava flow, P.I. 20%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (2-5 mm), px (2-4mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptivefissure is E-Woriented, formingMt Scavo scoriacone.

Casa Om-brella

om Lava flow with pahoeohe mor-phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-5 mm),rare px (3-4 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Mt Pecoraro pd Wide lava flow field with compo-site “aa” and toothpaste morpho-logy. Grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (1-10 mm), px (1-5mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is ENE-WSWoriented, formingMt Pecoraro scoriacone, outside thestudy area.

Mt Palomba pb Lava flow field. Dark grey lava,P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-3 mm), px (2-4 mm) and ol (1-2mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is ENE-WSWoriented, formingMt Palomba.

Mt Intraleo in Grey lava, P.I. 15%, with pheno-crysts of pl (1-3 mm) and rare px(2-4 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is E-W orien-ted, forming Mt In-traleo scoria cone.

Mt Gallo-bianco

gm Dark grey lava flow, P.I. 20%, withphenocrysts of pl (2-3 mm), px (4mm) and ol (2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is ENE-WSWoriented, forming ascoria cone.

Mt Lepre lp Lava flow field with pahoeohemorphology. Grey lava, P.I. 25%,with phenocrysts of px (3-8 mm),pl (1-6 mm) and ol (2 mm).

The eruptivefissure is E-Woriented, formingMt Lepre scoriacone.

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Mts Nespole np Grey lava flow, P.I. 10%, with phe-nocrysts of px (2-8 mm), ol (2-4mm) and pl (1 mm).

The eruptivefissure is E-Woriented, formingthree aligned sco-ria cones (MtsNespole).

Mt Maletto mb Lava flow field. Grey lava, P.I.<5%, with phenocrysts of ol (1-3 mm), px (1-2 mm) and pl (<1mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is ESE-WNWoriented, formingMt Maletto scoriacone.

C.da DagalaIncognito

ib Lava flow with “aa” morphology.Dark grey lava, P.I. 30%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (4-8 mm), (px 4-10mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Mt Bivio bi Dark grey lava flow, P.I. 25%, withphenocrysts of pl (1-8 mm), px (1-2 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is E-W orien-ted, forming a sco-ria cone.

Gullotta gu Lava flow field with composite“aa” and toothpaste morphology.Grey lava, P.I. 25%, with pheno-crysts of pl (7-8 mm), px (4-10 mm)and ol (3 mm).

Colata PistaMt Albano

pf Light grey lava flow, P.I. 20%, par-tially weathered in brown, withphenocrysts of pl (1-10 mm), rarepx (2-3 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Bosco di MtForno

bf Grey lava flow, P.I. 20%, with phe-nocrysts of px (2-8 mm), ol (2-8mm) and pl (1-5 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is NE-SWoriented, forming asmall scoria cone.

Bosco Mt Al-bano

bm Light grey lava flow, P.I. 30%, withphenocrysts of pl (1-10 mm), px (2mm) and ol (1 mm).

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Casa fores-tale

cf Lava flow field with toothpastemorphology and a large relief.Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (2-3 mm), px (4-6mm) and ol (2-3 mm).

Mt Vituddi vx Grey lava flow, P.I. 15%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (1-5 mm) and rarepx (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is NE-SWoriented, forming asmall scoria cone.

Scalisi is Light grey lava flow, P.I. 2%, withphenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm).

C.da DagalaGrotta

dg Lava flow field with mainly too-thpaste morphology. Light greylava, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts ofpl (2-6 mm), and px (1-6 mm).

Piano deiGrilli

gr Lava flow field with a composite“aa”-toothpaste morphology, andnumerous lava channels and tu-mulus. Grey lava, P.I. 25%, withphenocrysts of pl (1-8 mm), px (3-6 mm) and ol (2 mm).

Mt Tre Frati tf Grey-black lava, P.I. 35%, withphenocrysts of pl (2-8 mm), px (2-10 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is ENE-WSWoriented, formingtwo adiacent sco-ria cones (Mt TreFrati).

Bosco di MtBivio

bz Dark grey lava flow, P.I. 10%, withphenocrysts of pl (1-6 mm), px (1-3 mm) and ol (1 mm).

C.da Perdi-pesce

ee Lava flow field with pahoeohemorphology. Light grey lava, P.I.35%, with phenocrysts of pl (7mm) and px (6 mm), light greygroundmass.

Musa So-prana

ms Lava flow field with toothpastemorphology. Light grey lava, P.I.20%, with phenocrysts of px (1-10mm) and ol (2-4 mm).

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Volta diRaspo

vd Grey lava flow, P.I. 5%, with phe-nocryst of pl (2 mm) and px (1mm).

C.da Figu-rella

ig Grey lava flow, P.I. <<5%.

Mt Turchio tu Wide lava flow field with “aa”morphology. Grey lava, P.I. 20%,with phenocrysts of pl (5-12 mm),px (2-6 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is ENE-WSWoriented, formingMt Turchio scoriacone.

Quartalaro qu High weathered lava flow, withphenocrysts of pink pl (6-8 mm)and rare mafics (<1 mm).

Mt Peloso oe Grey lava flow field. P.I. 25%, withphenocrysts of pl (2-8 mm), px (5-8 mm) and ol (2 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is ENE-WSWoriented, formingMt Peloso scoriacone.

Mt Sellato sh Grey lava flow, P.I. 15%, with wea-thered phenocrysts of pl (2-6 mm),px (5-8 mm).

The eruptive fis-sure is ENE-WSWoriented, formingMt Sellato scoriacone.

Casa Zam-pini

zp Light grey lava flow, P.I. 5%, withphenocrysts of pl (2-3 mm), pxand ol (1 mm).

The eruptivefissure is E-Woriented, formingan elongated scoriacone.

Casa Battiati it Grey lava flow, P.I. 25%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (4-8 mm), px (2-4mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Pizzo Pavi-glione

pg Grey and lightly weathered lavaflow, P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts ofpl (2-5 mm) and px (1-2 mm).

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C.da Zucca zu Lava flow field with “aa” morpho-logy. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-8 mm)and px (3-4 mm).

C.da Paric-chia

ph Lava flow field with “aa” morpho-logy with lava flow levees, consti-tuted by big sub-rounded blocks.Grey lava, P.I. 20%, with pheno-crysts of pl (2-7 mm, up to 15 mm),rare px (1-3 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Lithological and structural features of the main generic scoria cones

Scoria cone Acronym Lithological features Eruptive fissures

Mt Capre gsa Red scoriae, spatters and bombs,P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of px(3-9 mm), ol (3-6 mm) and pl (2-3mm), dark grey groundmass.

The eruptive fis-sure is ENE-WSWoriented, formingthree aligned andcoalescent scoriacones (Mt Capre).

Mt Albano gsb Red scoriae and spatters, P.I. 20%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-10 mm),ol (2-4 mm) and px (1-6 mm), red(altered) groundmass.

The eruptive fis-sure is ENE-WSWoriented, formingtwo scoria cones(Mt Albano).

Mt Fonta-nelle

gsc Red scoriae, P.I. 20%, with phe-nocrysts of pl (1-5 mm), greygroundmass.

The eruptive fis-sure is NE-SWoriented, formingMt Fontanellescoria cone.

Piano delMonte

gsd Thin and vesiculated lava flows.Dark grey lava, P.I. 30%, withphenocrysts of pl (2-5 mm) andrare px and ol (1 mm), dark greygroundmass.

The eruptive fis-sure is 285◦ orien-ted, forming smalloverflows.

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Scoria cone Acronym Lithological features Eruptive fissures

Mt Fornello gse Brownish red scoriae and bombs,P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (2mm), px (2-3 mm), and rare ol (1mm), dark grey groundmass.

The eruptivefissure is E-Woriented, formingMt Fornello scoriacone.

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B. Lava flows description of Piano Provenzana formation



Casa SanGiorgi

gg Wide lava flow field with “aa”morphology and numerous lavatubes. Dark grey lava, P.I. 5%,with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm),px (2-4 mm) and rare ol (1 mm),grey groundmass.

In this lava fieldare located thelava tubes namedLeonardi Macca-rone, Pellegriti,Pietralunga, DifesaLuna, Castro cavesin which cera-mics of Neolithic,Copper and EarlyBronze age werefound (Priviteraand La Rosa, 2007)

Casa dellaMacchina

ch Lava flow with “aa” morphology.Grey lava, P.I. 5%, with pheno-crysts of pl (1 mm), px (1-4 mm)and rare ol (1 mm), grey ground-mass.

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geological map of mount etna west rift (italy) · waltershausen(1844-59) carried out the ﬁrst...

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